Arctic desert. Arctic Desert Natural Conditions of Arctic Desert

Arctic deserts (polar desert, icy desert), a variety of deserts with extremely sparse meager vegetation among the snow and glaciers of the Arctic and Antarctic belts of the Earth. The most part of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as well as on other islands of the Arctic Ocean, on the northern coast of Eurasia and on Islands near Antarctica.
In the Arctic desert, small isolated plots are growing with preferably with moss and lichens and herbal vegetation. They look like peculiar oasis among the polar snow and glaciers. In the conditions of the Arctic desert there are some types of flowering plants: Polar Mac, Listokhast, Buttercup, Camery and DR.

Arctic soils are found in the field of polar deserts and semi-deserts under the "spots" of vegetation on the islands of the Arctic Ocean and on a narrow strip along the Asian coast of the mainland. Soil processes are poorly developed, and the soil profile is practically not expressed. Rare MAs and lichens practically do not give "material" for the formation of humus, their humus horizon is rarely thicker than 1 cm. A long-term impact on the formation of arctic soil is provided by a long-year period that is thawing in a short-term summer period (1-2 months) not more than 0, 5 m. Due to insufficient moisturizing in arctic soils, there is no flunk, the soils have a neutral acid reaction, sometimes carbonate or even saline. Places under the stains of algae allocate specific "soil films" with weakly-minded signs of soil formation

Usually, the arctic soils consist of a low-power (1-3 cm) of the organogenic horizon and weakly differentiated on the horizons of the mineral mass, underlayed at a depth of 40-50 cm with a multi-neurose-based layer. Walking is weak or absent. The presence of carbonates or easily soluble salts is possible. Arctic soils are distributed on the islands of the Northern Ocean.

Gumus in the upper horizons usually contains a slight amount (1-2%), but sometimes reaches large values \u200b\u200b(up to 6%). The fall of it with a very sharp depth. Soil reaction is neutral (PHH2O 6.8-7.4). The sum of metabolic bases does not exceed 10-15 mg-eq per 100 g of soil, but the degree of saturation of the bases is almost complete - 96-99%. In the desert-arctic soils can accumulate in significant quantity of mobile iron.

Arctic soils can be divided into two subtypes: 1) Arctic desert and 2) Arctic typical humus. The modern level of study of these soils allows within the first subtype to allocate two kinds: a) saturated and b) carbonate and saline.
Arctic desert carbonate and saline soils are characteristic of supererium (precipitation less than 100 mm) and the cold part of the Arctic and Oasis of Antarctica. The American scientist J. Tedrou calls these soil polar-deserted. They are found in the north of Greenland, in the northernmost part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. These arctic soils have a neutral or weakly alkaline reaction and a salt crust on the surface. Arctic desert saturated soils differ from the neoplasm-soluble salts and carbonates in the top of the profile described in the absence of neoplasms in the top of the profile.

Most characteristic features Arctic soils should be considered as follows:

1) the complexity of soil cover associated with the character of the microrelief, polygonality;

2) the shortening of the profile due to the low intensity of the soil-forming processes and the shallow seasonal thawing;

3) incomplete and non-differation of the soil profile due to the low intensity of the movement of substances;

4) significant skeletalism due to the predominance of physical weathering;

5) the absence of fluffy associated with a small amount of precipitation.

The low temperature of the summer, the meager flora and the layer of permafrost interfere with the normal soil formation process. In the season, the plate layer does not exceed 40 cm. Thaws the soil only in the middle of the summer, and by the beginning of the autumn - freezes again. The overjoyment in the period of melting and summer dryness leads to cracking of soil cover. On the larger territory of the Arctic formed soils, it is almost no observed, but only a coarse debris material in the form of plastic.

Antarctic and Arctic desert: soil, characteristics and features of soil

The lowlands and their fine-grade soil is the basis of arctic soils (very low-power, without any signs of frowning). Arctic roar, weakly acidic, almost neutral, soils have a brown color. These soils are integrated, associated with microreliefs, soil and vegetation compositions. Scientific quotation: "The main specific feature of the Arctic soil is that they are as it were, as it were, the" complex "of soils with a normal developed profile under herbal turns and with a reduced profile under the algae soils" gives complete characteristic Arctic soils and explains the features of the flora of this region.

Characteristic of the Arctic Desert

The Arctic Desert is part of the Arctic geographical belt, located in high latitudes of the Arctic. The arctic desert zone is the northernmost natural zones - located in the high latitudes of the Arctic. Its southern border is about 71 parallels (Wrangel Island). The zone of the arctic deserts extends to about 81 ° 45 'p. sh. (Islands of the archipelago Land Franz Joseph). The area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert includes all the islands in the Arctic pool: it is the island of Greenland, the northern part of the Canadian archipelago, Spitzbard Archipelago, the Islands of the archipelago of Franz Joseph, Northern Earth, New Earth, Novosibirsk Islands and a narrow strip along the coast of the Arctic Ocean within the Yamal Peninsula, Gydansky, Taimyr, Chukotka). These spaces are covered with glaciers, snow, rubble and stones.

Climate of the Arctic Desert

The climate is arctic, with long and harsh winter, summer is short and cold. Transition seasons in arctic the desert does not exist. During the polar night - winter, and the polar day is summer. The polar night lasts 98 days at 75 ° C. Sh., 127 days - 80 ° C. sh. The average temperature of winter - -10 to -35 °, lowers up to -60 °. Frosty weathering is very intense.

Air temperature in summer is slightly higher than 0 ° C. The sky is often tightened with gray clouds, it's raining (often with snow), due to severe evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean, thick fogs are formed.

Even on the "southern" island of the Arctic Desert - the island of Wrangel - according to eyewitnesses, the autumn does not happen, winter comes immediately at the short Arctic summer.

The soil of arctic deserts

The wind changes to the North and in one night comes winter.

The Arctic climate is formed not only due to low temperatures of high latitudes, but also in view of the reflection of heat from the snow and the crust of the ice. And ice and snow covers hold about 300 days a year.

Annual amount of precipitation up to 400 mm. The soil is impregnated with snow and barely flawed ice.

Vegetablecover

The main difference between the desert from the tundra is that in the tundra you can live, feeding it with the gifts, and in the Arctic desert it is impossible. That is why there was no indigenous in the territory of the Arctic Islands.

The territory of the Arctic desert has incurred vegetation, which covered about half of the surface. The desert is devoid of trees and shrubs. There are small insulated areas with precipitated lichens on rocks, mshami, various algae on rocky soils and herbal vegetation - sources and cereals. In the conditions of the Arctic desert there are some types of flowering plants: Polar Mac, Crazy, Star, Flashawable Alpine, Shuchka Arctic, Mattik, Buttercup, Camery and others. These islands of vegetation look like oasis among endless ice and snow.

Soils are low-power, with island spread mainly under vegetation. Free from the glaciers spaces are abandoned by permafrost, the depth of shocking even in the conditions of the polar day does not exceed 30-40 cm. Soil formation processes are carried out in a low-power activity layer and are at the initial stage of development.

For the upper part of the soil profile, the accumulation of iron oxides and manganese. On fragments of rocks, iron-manganese films are formed, which determines the brown color of polar-deserted soils. Polar-deserttopic soils are formed on coastal saline seeds.

There are practically no large stones in the Arctic desert. Mostly sand and small flat cobblestones. There are balls concrete, which consist of silicon and sandstone, from several centimeters to several meters in diameter. The most famous novels are spherified on the island of Champ (ZPI). Each tourist considers his duty to make photos with these balls.

Animal world

Due to scant vegetation, animal world The Arctic desert is relatively poor. Ground fauna Poor: Arctic Wolf, Lescent, Lemming, Novoemel Deer, in Greenland - Musky Bull. On the coast you can meet with lastonovy: walrles and seals.

White bears are considered the main symbol of the Arctic. They lead a semi-water lifestyle, the key areas of sushi for breeding polar bears are the north coast of Chukotka, the land of Franz Joseph, the cape of desire on the new earth. There are about 400 generic Berherries on the territory of the "Island of Wrangel", so it is called the "maternity hospital" of the bear.

The most numerous inhabitants of the harsh north edge are birds. These are Cayra, deadlocks, gaga, pink seagulls, polar owls, etc. On rocky shores in the summer sea birds nest, forming "bird bazaars". The most numerous and diverse colony of seabirds in the Arctic nests on the rock of Rubini, which is in the non-freezing bay calm at the Gucker Island (ZPI). Bird bazaar on this rock has up to 18 thousand kair, brushes, moaes and other seabirds.

What is the soil in the Arctic deserts? Urgently

Arctic soils are well-drained soils of the High Arctic and AntarcticForming under the conditions of the polar cold dry climate (precipitation 50-200 mm, the temperature of July is not higher than 5 ° C, the average annual temperatures are negative - from -14 to -18 ° C) under lichen film and duplicate moss and flowering plants (higher plants On water-sections, less than 25% of the surface occupy or there are no, they are not at all) and characterized by the underdeveloped low-power soil profile of the type A-C.

In the systematics of Soils of Russia, the type of arctic soil was introduced by E. N. Ivanova. The basis for the allocation of a special type of soil in the high Arctic was the works of domestic and foreign researchers on the islands of the Northern Ocean Ocean.

In Antarctic, vegetation cover is represented only by boiled lichens and mkhami; In the cracks of the cliffs and in the fine-seed substrate a large role in the accumulation of an organ-nic of primitive arctic soils play animal and blue-green algae. In the high-tender Arctic, due to a warmer summer and less severe winter, color-knee plants appear. However, as in Antarctic, a large role is supplied by MCHAM, lichens, various types Algae. The floral cover is timed to the frosting cracks, the drying of drying and to depressions of another genesis. Above 100 m above sea level, vegetation is practically absent. The main types of vegetable turf distribution are a stern-pillie and polygonal-mesh. Naked primer takes from 70 to 95%.

The soil is thawing only by 30-40 cm and for a period of about half a torus of months. In the spring and at the beginning of the summer, the arctic soil profile is very moistened due to the moisture forcing the moisture, which is formed by the melting of soil ice over a closed horizon; In the summer, the soil from the surface dries and cracks down due to round-daily insolation and strong winds.

The differentiation of arctic soils on the gross chemical composition is very weak. It is possible to note only some accumulation of one-hour oxides in the upper part of the profile and the uply high background of iron content, which is associated with cryogenic tightening of iron, mobilizing in the conditions of the season-needle of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The cryogenic tightening of iron in the soils of the Arctic desert is better expressed than in any other permanent soils.

The organic matter in the soils in sections with vegetable turf is contained from 1 to 4%.

The ratio of carbon of humic acids to the carbon of fulvoc acids about 0.4-0.5, often even less.

Generalized materials I. S. Mikhailov show that the arctic soils are usually a weak-like reaction (pH 6.4-6.8), with a depth of acidity even more decreases, sometimes the reaction may even be slightly alkaline. The absorption capacity fluctuates about 12-15 mg-eq per 100 g of soil with almost complete saturation of the bases (96-99%). Sometimes there is a weak removal of calcium, magnesium and sodium, but it is replenished with a pulsation of marine salts. Free carbonates Typical Arctic soils, as a rule, are not contained, except when soils are developing on carbonate rocks.

Arctic soils can be divided into two subtypes: 1) Arctic deserted and 2) Arctic typical humus. The modern level of study of these soils allows within the first subtype to allocate two kinds: a) saturated and b) carbo-nate and saline.

Arctic desert carbonate and saline soils Ha-Ractones for supererid (precipitation less than 100 mm) and the home of the Arctic and Oasis of Antarctica. The American scientist J. Tedrou calls these soil polar-deserted. They are meeting in the north of Greenland, in the most northern part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. These arctic soils have a neutral or weakly alkaline reaction and a salt crust on the surface. Arctic deserted saturated soils are different from the lack of neoplasms of impassions and carbonates in the top of the profile described.

Arctic typical humus soils Characterized by a weakly acidic or neutral reaction, have several large gumus reserves than the soil of the first subtype, are formed under the receding areas of polygons, they do not have salt accumulations. This subtype of Arctic soil prevails in the Soviet Arctic.

The most characteristic features of Arctic soil The following should be considered: 1) the complexity of the soil cover, associated with the character of the microrelief, polygonality; 2) the shortenness of the profile due to the low intensity of the soil-forming processes and shallow seasonal thawing; 3) non-notification and non-differation of soil profile due to the low intensity of substances movement; 4) significant skeletalism due to the predominance of physical weathering; 5) Outstreaming the flock, associated with a small amount of siege.

The territory of the Arctic and Antarctica lie beyond the limits of human coastal activity. In the Arctic, these areas can be used only as hunting grounds and reserves for preserving and maintaining rare species belly ( polar bear, shessbike, white Canadian goose, etc.).

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The soil of the Arctic has little studied. Their features are briefly reviewed in the works of B. N. Gorkova, I. M. Ivanova, I. S. Mikhailova, L. S. Govorukhina, V. O. Targulan, N.A.

Arctic desert

Karavaeva.

The development of arctic soil is influenced by the eternal and long-term permafrost, thawing only in a short summer period (1.5 ... 2.0 months) to a depth of 30 ... 50 cm, and the temperature of the active layer and at this time is close to zero. Merzloral (cryogenic) processes are dominated - cracking, combustion, debate, due to which the fractured polygons are formed in loose rocks and stone hills, rings, strips on stone rocks. The physical weathering is dominant, leading to the formation of a threshable, weaklyogenic, weakly acidic weathered bark. Geochemical and biochemical weathering is very slow, and from the end of August there is no time before July. Soil cover on focal watersheds, and not solid - separate sections of arctic soils against the background of soil films under the stains of algae (1 ... 2 cm).

Soil cover is formed only in areas with a finely fragmentary under vegetation, developing selectively in accordance with the conditions of relief, exposure, humidification, the nature of mother breeds. For soils, a peculiar polygonality is characterized: the soil is broken by vertical frosting cracks. The soil profile is shortened (up to 40 ... 50 cm), but its power is often changed, sometimes with seduction of individual horizons. The soil (up to 40 cm) is weakly differentiated on the horizons, the humus horizon is less than 10 cm. It is characteristic of the small flow of organic residues (0.6 t / ha), the lack of the horizon of the acidic floor of the AO, the illuvial horizon, the presence of strong stability on the surface. Soil horizons contain a lot of skeletal material. They do not have flock due to small humidification and significant aeration. For these soils, the cryogenic accumulation of iron compounds is characterized, weak movement of substances by profile or their absence, high saturation (up to 90%) bases, weakly acidic, neutral, sometimes weakly alkaline reaction.

In the Arctic zone, type is allocated - arctic deserted soils, which includes two subtypes: desert-arctic and arctic typical soils.

The desert-arctic soils are distributed in the northern part of the Arctic zone on the aligned areas, more often with samp and sandy-gravel deposits under moss-lichen curtains with single specimens of flowering plants. Large areas are under sands, crubstone, eluvial and deluvial sediments and stone mounds. Their surface is broken by the system of polygons with cracks up to 20 m.

The power of the soil profile is on average up to 40 cm. It has the following structure: A1 - humus horizon with a capacity of 1 ... 2 cm, less often up to 4 cm, from dark brown to yellowish-drier color, sampling or light source, with a fragile grainy structure, uneven or noticeable transition to the next horizon; A1c - transitional horizon with a capacity of 20 ... 40 cm, brown or yellow-brown color, less often spotted, sampling, fragilely small or unstructured, transition along the border of the thawing; C - frozen soil-forming breed, light brown, soup, dense, crushed.

Gumus in the horizon A1 contains only 1 ... 2%. Soil reaction is neutral and low-alkaline (pH 6.8 ... 7.4). The sum of metabolism ranges from 5 ... 10 to 15 mg eq / 100 g of soil. The degree of saturation of the bases of 95 ... 100%. Water mode stagnant (permanent). At the beginning of the summer, when melting of snow and soil glaciers, the soils are overwhelmed, and in the summer they quickly dry out due to round-the-clock insolation and strong winds.

In decreases with stagnant waters and in areas flooded by the thawed flow waters of snowfields and glaciers, swamp arctic soils are found under mossho-cereal vegetation. In areas with stagnant waters, stagnant horizons with severe granulometric composition are clearly expressed, and in areas flooded with flowing waters, genetic horizons differ slightly and there is no flunk.

In the mouth of rivers, marching salons are developed, and on bird bazaars - biogenic accumulation.

Arctic typical soils are formed at high plateau, placory waterproof hills, abrasion-accumulative sea terraces, mainly in the south of the Arctic zone, under the moss-diverse-cereal vegetation of frosting cracks and dried cracks.

Soil profile is low-power - up to 40 ... 50 cm: JSC - a moss-lichen bedding with a capacity of up to 3 cm; A1 is a humus horizon with a capacity of up to 10 cm, brown-brown, more often a loom, fragile grainy-lining structure, porous, with cracks, compacted, in the middle of the polygon, the horizon is tightened; The transition is uneven and noticeable; A1C - transitional horizon (30 ... 40 cm) from light brown to brown, loamy, lump-walled, dense, fractured, transition along the border of the thawing; C is a frozen soil-forming breed, light brown, often with fragments of rocks.

Soils have discrete humus horizons. The profile is predominantly uneven by the power of the horizon A1, often with humus pockets. In the A1 horizon, the amount of humus sometimes reaches 4 ... 8% and gradually decreases down the profile. Fulvocyuslotes dominate the humus (SGK: SFC \u003d 0.3 ... 0,5). Low-moving fulvats and calcium humats predominate, significantly the content of the non-treated residue. There are few hard particles, they consist mainly of hydrosluts and amorphous iron compounds. The absorption capacity is less than 20 mg eq / 100 g of soil, the soil absorbing complex is saturated with bases. The degree of saturation of the bases is high - 90 ... 100%. Movable iron contains up to 1000 mg eq / 100 g of soil and more, especially in basalts and luberites.

The Arctic desert, the northernmost of all natural zones, is part of the Arctic geographical belt and is located in the latitudes of the Arctic, extending from the Island of Wrangel to the archipelago of the Franz Joseph. This zone, consisting of all the islands of the Arctic basin, is mainly covered with glaciers and snow, as well as fragments of stones and rubble.

Arctic desert: location, climate and soil

The Arctic climate suggests a long harsh winter and short Cold Summer Without transition seasons and frosty weathering. In the summer, the air temperature barely reaches 0 ° C, it often rains with snow, the sky is tightened with gray clouds, and the formation of thick fogs is due to the strong evaporation of the ocean water. Such a harsh climate is formed both due to a critical low temperature of high latitudes and thanks to the reflection of heat from the surface of ice and snow. For this reason, animals inhabiting the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert have fundamental differences from the representatives of the fauna living in continental latitudes - they are much easier to adapt to survival in such severe climatic conditions.

Free from glaciers space of the Arctic literally enveloped by eternal MerzlotTherefore, the process of the soil formation is at the initial stage of development and is carried out in a scanty layer, which is also characterized by the accumulation of manganese and iron oxides. On the wrecks of various breeds, characteristic iron-manganese films are formed, which determine the color of polar-desert soil, while the salt particles are formed on coastal areas.

Large stones and boulders in the Arctic are practically not observed, but there are small flat cobblestones, sand and, of course, the famous sandstone balls and silicon, in particular, spherolites.

The vegetation of the Arctic desert

The main difference between the Arctic from the tundra is that in the tundra there is the possibility of existence for a wide range of living beings, which can feed it with gifts, and in the Arctic desert it is simply impossible. It is for this reason that there is no indigenous in the territory of the Islands of the Arctic and very few representatives of flora and fauna.

The territory of the Arctic desert is deprived of shrubs and trees, there are only insulated from each other and small areas of the area with lichens and moss of rocks, as well as various algae of rocky soil. These small vegetation islands resemble an oasis among endless spaces of snow and ice. The only representatives of herbal vegetation are the Easquet and cereals, and flowering plants - a stone, polar poppy, an alpine, buttercup, butterfly, frozen, and pinch.

Animal World of the Arctic Desert

The ground fauna of the North Territory is relatively poor due to very meager vegetation. It is hardly the only representatives of the animal world of ice deserts are birds and some mammals.

Among the birds are the most common:

In addition to permanent residents The Arctic Heavens, and here also appear and fleeting birds. When the day comes in the north, and the air temperature becomes higher, the birds and continental latitudes arrive in the Arctic, there are black barrots, whitewate sandboxes, white geese, broochkiy rzhanks, halitters, porciers and blacksmobiles from the coast of the Arctic Ocean . With the onset of the cold seasons of the year, the above species of birds return to the warm edges of more southern latitudes.

Among the animals can be allocated Following representatives:

reindeer;
lemmings;
white bears;
hares;
seals;
walru;
arctic wolves;
sands;
musky bulls;
beluhi;
narlali

The main symbol of the Arctic has been considered white bears, leading semi-water lifestyle, although the most diverse and numerous inhabitants of the harsh desert are sea birds, which in the summer nest on cold rocky shores, thereby forming the "bird markets".

Adaptation of animals to the Arctic climate

All of the above animals forced to adapt To life in such severe conditions, so they have unique adaptive features. Of course, the key problem of the Arctic region is the ability to save thermal regime. To survive in such a harsh environment, it is with this task that the animals must be successfully cope. For example, the sands and white bears are saved from frost due to a warm and thick fur, the blunder helps loose plumage, and for saving seals is their fat stupor.

Additional rescue of the animal world from the Arctic harsh climate is due to the characteristic color acquired directly to the occurrence of the winter period. However, not all representatives of the fauna, depending on the season, can change the color of them in nature, for example, white bears remain the owners of snow-white fur throughout the time of the year. Natural Pigmentation Predators has the benefits - it allows them to successfully hunt and feed the whole family.

Interesting inhabitants of the ice depths of the Arctic

According to the nature of the activity, it is often necessary to face the fact that the "generation of the Internet", having survived to 18 years, can not imagine all the variety of nature of our planet. For them, trees grow in the taiga, and in Tundra Grass, they do not imagine African savannah and do not know why the tight forests are called toll-tart.

Our excursion in the diversity of the world will begin with the northern nature zone itself - the zones of the Arctic desert.

1. The Arctic deserts are shown on a gray map.

The Arctic Desert is the most northern of natural zones, characterized arctic climate, all year over the arctic aerial masses. In the Arctic desert area, the islands of the Arctic Ocean are lying (Greenland, the northern part of the Canadian archipelago, Spitzbard Archipelago, North Island of New Earth, Novosibirsk Islands, and a narrow strip along the coast of the Northern Ocean within the Yamal Peninsula, Gydansky, Taimyr, and further east to Chukotka Peninsula). These spaces are covered with glaciers, snow, rubble and stones.

2. Arctic desert in winter

3. Arctic desert in summer

The climate is extremely severe. Ice and snow covers hold almost all year. In winter, there is a long polar night (75 ° C.Sh. its duration is 98 days, 80 ° S.Sh. - 127 days, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pole - half a year). The average January temperatures about -30 (for comparison, in Tomsk, the average temperature of January -17), frequent frosts below - 40. Almost constantly constantly blowing the northeast winds at a speed of more than 10 m / s, frequent tumans. In February-March, the sun appears due to the horizon, and in June, together with the onset of the polar day, comes spring. Snow cover on well-warmed southern slopes goes down to mid-June. Despite round-the-clock lighting, temperatures are rarely raised above +5, the soils are pulled by several centimeters. average temperature July, the very warm month of the year 0 - +3. In the summer, the sky is rarely clear, usually it is tightened with clouds, it is raining (often with snow), due to the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean, thick fogs are formed. The precipitate falls mainly in the form of snow. Maximum precipitation falls on the summer months. There are not many precipitation - about 250 mm / year (for comparison, in Tomsk about 550 mm / year). Almost all moisture remains on the surface, without leaking in the murous soil and is weakly evaporated due to low temperatures and low sun position in the sky.

4. Typical vegetation of the Arctic deserts - mosses and lichens.

The Arctic Desert is practically deprived of vegetation: there are no shrubs, lichens and mosses do not form solid cover. The soils are low-power, arctic deserted, with island propagation, localized under vegetation, which consists mainly of OSK, some cereals, lichen and moss. Plants rarely reach a height of 10 cm, usually pressed against stones (cold air heats up from the surface of the Earth, so plants strive as closely as close as possible to relatively warm land), and grow mainly in stocks, on southern slopes, from the leeward side of large stones and rocks. Draised floral cover is restored extremely slow.

5. SCALE

6. Moss Kukushkin Lon (right)

6.1. Lichen Yagel (Light), Leaves Barberry (below left). Barberry leaves are covered with waxing, which protects them from excess solar radiation - a polar day may continue for many days, weeks and even months.

Fauna is predominantly sea: walrus, seal, in the summer there are bird bazaars - goose, gaga, kulik, cleaner, cigarette in the summer. Ground fauna Poor: Lescent, Polar Bear, Lemming.

7. Lemming is a mouse with a very short tail and hidden in fur ears. The shape of her body is a spherical, most favorable for heat conservation - only this is possible to avoid frostbite in the conditions of the Arctic climate.

9. Most of the year, lemmings live under the snow

10.

11. And this is a sand - lemming hunter

12. Spring on the hunt

13. Do you still want to wear a coat with a fox fur collar?

14. White (polar) Bear prefers to live on the coasts. The main food of his food lives in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

15. Seal with his cub

16. Morzha

17. Dolphin Beluha - the inhabitant of the water of the Arctic Ocean

The color of the Beluhi is a monophonic, changes with age: newborn - dark blue, after a year become gray and bluish-gray; Oresher older than 3-5 years - pure white (hence the name of the dolphin).

The largest males reach 6 m and 2 tons of mass; females smaller. The head of Belukha is small, "Loby", without beak. The vertebrae on the neck is not merged together, so Belukha, unlike most whales, is able to turn the head. Breast fins small, oval shape. The dorsal fin is missing; Hence the Latin name of the genus Delphinapterus - "Bloomless Dolphin". By the way, the fact of the formation of a sustainable expression "roar by Beluga" is interesting in Russian. It is connected with loud sounds that Beluha publishes. In the 19th century, the name "Belukha" and "Beluga" was used. Currently, "Beluga" refers, first of all, to the name of the fish of Beluga, and there are blossomed dolphins called whites.

18.

19.

20. Gaga. The fluff of this particular bird is considered the best thermal insulating material for winter clothes - he "breathes." In such clothes it is not hot with thaws and is not cold with frosts. Polarovers clothing For many decades sewn with the use of gagachy fluff. Pooh is collected in empty sockets of Gaga, each nest contains about 17 grams of the fluff.

21.

22. Kulik

23. cleaner

24. Bird bazaar. Cayra.

25. Kair in flight

26. Bird Bazar.

To be continued.

Russia belongs to the very northern part of its territory and is planted in the highest latitudes of the Arctic. South Border - Wrangel Island (71 ° C. Sh.), North - Islands of Franz Joseph Land (81 ° 45 'p. Sh.). This zone includes: northern outskirts of the Taimyr Peninsula, Land Franz Joseph, Northern Earth, North Island of New Earth, Novosibirsk Islands, Wrangel Island, as well as the Arctic Sea, which are located between the land plots.

Due to the high geographic latitude in this area, very harsh nature. The peculiarity of the landscape is almost year-round cover from snow and ice. The average monthly air temperature exceeding 0 ° C is characteristic only for lowlands, and only two or three months per year, not rising even in the hottest August time higher than + 5 ° C in the south of the zone. The precipitation, in the form of snow, iszorosa and it drops no more than 400 mm. The power of snow cover is small - no more than half a meter. Often there are strong winds, fogs and clouds.

Islands have a difficult relief. For coastal sections with flat low-lying plains, a pronounced zonal landscape is characterized. For the inland areas on the islands, the presence of high mountains and dining plates. The highest mark on Franz Joseph is 670 m, on the new land and on the northern earth - about 1000 m. Only on Novosibirsk Islands the plain relief prevails. Significant space of the Arctic desert are engaged in glaciers (from 29, 6 to 85.1%)

The total area of \u200b\u200bglaciation on the Russian Islands of the Arctic is about 56 thousand km2. When the continental ice goes on the coast and clogged, it forms icebergs. Everywhere long-term permafrost with a capacity that may exceed 500 m, incl. and fossil ice of guttlers and centers.

The sea of \u200b\u200bthe Ice Ocean, which wash the archipelagoes and islands, are covered with special ice - many years of arctic pack and shore. Two main arrays - Canadian and atlantic - are divided into Lomonosov underwater ridge. It is necessary to distinguish among the drifting ice of the central Arctic and low-tech territories, the blind ice, the ice of the continental slope and stationary feeding polishes. For the last two types, the presence of outdoor water is characterized, which is quite rich in different forms of organic life: phytoplankton, birds, large animals - white bears, shrune, seals.

Due to the low temperature, there is an intense frosty weathering, which contributes to the slowdown in the intensity of chemical and natural weathering, so the soils and soils of this zone consist of large wreckage of rocks. Because of the frequent air temperature drops and the close occurrence of permafrost, solitiflication and soils are taking place. These cracked, prone to the formation of ravines and erosions, soils are called polygonal.

When the long-term Merzlot is thawing, it contributes to the formation of lakes, failures and depressions, which are characteristic of thermal landscapes (often absorbed in the Novosibirsk Islands). Thermal circuit and erosion erosion of the loose appliance layer causes the appearance of tapered earth bumps, which are called Bajarahah (height from 2 to 12 m). Bajachary fineness is often found among the landscapes of the sea and the lake coast of Taimyr and the Novosibirsk Islands.

The vegetation of the Arctic desert of Russia is distinguished by the torn of vegetable covers, with a total coverage of up to 65%. On internal plateau, mountain peaks and sea, such a coating is no longer than 3%. Prevailing plant species are mosses, algae, lichens (mainly boiling), arctic flower plants: Snowflage Snowfraga (Saxifraga Nivalis), Alpinus Alpinus, Butter (Ranunculus Sulphureus), Schuchka Arctic (Deschampsia Arctica), Popalar Polar. Total higher plants no more than 350 species. In the south there are polar willow (SALIX Polaris), stamps (SaxiFraga Oppo-sitifotia) and DRIADA (Dryas Punctata).

Productive production of phytomass is very low - less than 5 t / ha, with a predominance of an overhead part. Such a feature of the flora affects the scarce of the fauna in the ice zone. This is the habitat of lemming (lemmus), the songs (Alopex Lagopus), the White Bears (Thalassarctos Maritimus), reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus).

On the cloudy shores there are numerous colonies of sea birds. Of the 16 species of birds inhabiting here, 11 are detained in this way: Luriki, or Small Gangki (Plotus Alle), inappropsy (Fulmarus Glacialis), Cleaners (Cepphus), Cayra (URIA), Moevki (Rissa Hyperboreus ) and etc.

Video: wildlife Russia 5. Arctic / Arctic.1080R

The Arctic Deserts of Russia is an amazing and fascinating world.

I love the winter, I love snow, light frost, frown on the river. There is some kind of special charm in all this. But, if you think about, I would not want to live in a year-round winter. But on our planet there are such special places located among the ice. This is an arctic desert zone.

Location of the arctic desert zone

These territories are located on the north of our planet with you. These include the outskirts of the Asian part of Eurasia, North America, Arctic territories limited by polar belt.

This is a territory with a very special climate. Distinctive features of the climate:

The landscape of the arctic desert zone is very specific. Huge areas are covered with ice crust and lined with snow. So, for example, the Franz Joseph archipelago almost 90% is ice. The precipitation here is extremely rarely observed and then in the form of snow or drizzling rain. Despite the rare precipitation, this zone is distinguished by rich cloudiness and strong fogs.

Snow white country of ice domes

Another zone of the Arctic desert is called the kingdom of snow. Snow, as I said, it falls here not so much, but nevertheless due to the fact that he lies all year round, this name also has the right to exist.

Huge areas are busy with glaciers. They slowly move towards the sea, they are clouded and sent to swim in the form of huge icebergs.

Space, N. busy ice And the snow is a placer from stones and rubble. And only about 5-10% sushi occupies vegetation. It is represented mainly by mukhi and lichens. Sometimes you can meet the flowering.

There are no shrubs, nor trees. Plant growing here life cycle Just does not fit in a short summer period. But the plants adapted to such conditions from winter hibernation They wake up in the spring, under snow drifts.