Rest in Crimea in winter: water temperature, weather, events. December January February. Climatic features of the Crimea Where it is warm in the Crimea in winter

Crimea climate

In different regions of Crimea, the climate is different: there are three climatic macro-regions and up to 20 sub-regions on the peninsula. The variety of climatic zones is explained by several factors, including the features of the relief, the influence of several seas.

The most comfortable is climate of South Crimea, or rather - the southern coast of the peninsula: it is defined as a subtropical Mediterranean. The main resort region of the peninsula is characterized by long, dry and even hot summers, autumn is warm and dry, and winters are mild and rainy, and spring is windy. Positive temperatures all year round supported by the warm Crimean current and the influence of the mountains.

Steppe Crimea differs markedly from the coast: the region is characterized by a moderate continental climate, mostly dry. Summers are hot (on average up to + 27 ° С) and long, and winters are mild, but snowy, short. The weather in Crimea is unstable during the year due to the influence of several cyclones and can change dramatically.

The climate of the Crimean mountains and foothills moderately cold, humid, with Mediterranean features. In winter, the weather can change dramatically, the air temperature often drops to -10 ° C, and snow forms on the upper parts of the slopes. Summer in the mountains is dry and hot, characterized by temperature changes during the day: at night it can get colder to 0 ° C.

In Crimea, east and north-east winds prevail, with the exception of Feodosia, where the north-west wind blows. For different regions the influence of local winds is characteristic: breezes and hair dryers.

The amount of precipitation is unevenly distributed across the regions of the peninsula and months. So, in the steppes, no more than 350 mm usually fall per year, in Feodosia - almost 400 mm, the average in Yalta is 476 mm. The maximum precipitation falls on the foothills of the northern slope of the Crimean Mountains - more than 1000 mm with abundant summer rains, while winter is rainy on the southern slope.

You can find out what the weather is like in Crimea now using online cameras installed in popular resort towns and villages.

Weather, climate in Crimea by months and resorts

In January in Crimea, the weather is favorable for excursion tourism and alpine skiing. During the day on the coast at this time it is about +7 ° С, in the depths of the peninsula it is slightly colder. The main tourist destinations in January are the slopes of Ai-Petri and ancient architectural monuments, sights of large cities: Sevastopol, Simferopol, Yalta.

In February in coastal regions it often becomes even cooler than in January, but only by a couple of degrees. This does not interfere with independent trips, hikes, excursions: on the contrary, in the low season there is an opportunity to carefully study the trails and protected places.

March brings changeable weather to Crimea, spring is already felt: the air is warming up to + 10 ° С and higher, and there is still a lot of rain, but sometimes warm, sunny days come out. At this time of the year, the popularity of excursions in Sevastopol, Yalta, Alupka and other cities is gradually growing.

In April the peninsula is warm and very comfortable for travel. Nature appears in all its glory and increasingly attracts hikers and long hikes. At the end of the month, the Tulip Parade starts in Nikitsky botanical garden near Yalta. On the whole coast at this time it warms up to + 13 ... + 15 ° С.

May continues to delight with universal flowering. The number of sunny days is gradually increasing, and travelers can only wonder at the clear blue of the Crimean sky. The weather in the mountains of Crimea is favorable for hiking, and on the coast the thermometer more and more often rises to +20 ° С. At the end of the month, resort weather is set in Sudak, Alushta, Yalta.

June - the beginning of the holiday season on the Crimean coast. The water temperature in the resorts of the Crimea rises to +18 ° C, which is necessary for swimming. The weather conditions are ideal for those who avoid the heat: are going to combine a beach holiday with trips around the peninsula or want to improve their health in sanatoriums.

In July the peak of the high season comes in Crimea. On the entire coast - in Feodosia, Sudak, Yalta, Saki, Nikolaevka, Black Sea and other resorts - the climate is favorable beach vacation and recreation, water activities and gliding. The weather forecast for Crimea does not bode well. During the day, the air temperature generally exceeds + 27 ° С, and at night the proximity of the sea softens the drops: the thermometer rarely drops below + 16 ... + 18 ° С. Water temperature +22 ° С.

At the beginning of August the Crimean resorts are often hotter than July. During the day, the air temperature in Crimea generally does not drop below +30 ° С, and the water warms up to a maximum - up to +23 ° С. It is fresh at night, about +17 ° С. In hot weather, it is better to prefer excursions to museums and exhibitions. Second half of the month - the beginning of the velvet season in Crimea. The popularity of the main resort areas, Yalta and Alushta, villages - Ordzhonikidze, Koktebel, Primorsky, Novy Svet and others is still high. You can check the accuracy of the weather forecast for Yalta using webcams showing the resort in real time.

In September the weather in Crimea allows sunbathing and swimming. At the same time, the beaches become much freer, but all the attractions are preserved, summer cafes are open. The water temperature on the South Bank is +21 ° С, in the vicinity of Evpatoria it is a degree cooler. Warm clothes will not hurt: autumn is already felt at night, the air temperature drops to +13 ° C.

October makes you forget about the swimming season: the water quickly cools down to +16 ° С, and the number of sunny days is reduced to 7-8 for the whole month. Nevertheless, the mild climate of the Crimean coast makes it possible to travel comfortably on your own, exploring protected areas and city monuments. Regional differences boil down to the following: the coast is warmer than in the interior of the peninsula, and at the same time it is rainy. Online cameras also allow you to compare the weather in cities: for example, with their help, you can find out if it is raining in Feodosia or Alushta, see the Koktebel Bay and consider all the surroundings of Sudak, eventually deciding on the direction of the trip.

November brings with it real autumn weather, it is at this time that regional climatic differences become most noticeable. In Simferopol during the day it is about +9 ° С, at night it gets colder up to +2 ° С; in Evpatoria, temperature indicators are the same or one or two degrees higher. On the southern coast of Crimea it is warmer: in the daytime around +12 ° С, at night + 4 ... + 6 ° С.

December in the central, and sometimes in the coastal regions of the peninsula, frosts occur at night, snow falls in the mountains. Rains and fogs are frequent, while the weather in Crimea is changeable in winter. This month, a surge in tourism is observed only on the eve of the New Year.

The climate of Crimea is represented by a group of climatic zones of steppes, mountain forests, dry subtropics.

Steppe Crimea

The Crimean steppe has dry hot summers, relatively cold winters, sometimes with severe frosts. Little snow falls, it is often blown away by strong winds.

There is little rainfall in the steppe in summer. There are years when not a drop falls for the whole summer. 300 mm falls per year, evaporates up to 1000 mm on average. In summer, the air is dry, dry winds blow for a long time from the south, east, southeast. With the onset of windy weather, the temperature rises quickly and then does not drop even at night, it lasts for a number of days. Increases it and the haze of dusty mists.

In the steppe zone, there are three climatic sub-regions.

1. The first covers peninsula, Kerch, center and north of the region. These are moderately warm steppes, the humidity coefficient is less than 0.6. Summer is dry and hot here.
2. Second districts , Sokolinogo, warm forest-steppe. Summer is not very hot here, the drought is not so severe. A special type of forest-steppe is mountainous (Karabi-yayla). Summer is dry, but the temperature in summer is not higher than 20 degrees, in the coldest month of winter it is below minus three.
3. Third region, moderately warm steppes. Summers are dry and hot, the humidity coefficient is up to 0.3. The proximity of the sea helps. In the area and closer to they pass into moderately warm semi-deserts. Here summer is hot, precipitation is up to 200 mm per year.

Forest

In the center of Crimea, there are moist, moderately cold forests. In deciduous forests, mostly beech, dry summers. However, the direct rays of the sun almost do not reach the soil because of the foliage, the soil is heated poorly. Therefore, it is cool in the forest. The winters are not severe here, but the snow falls abundantly. IN there are temperatures below 25 degrees. Autumn is much warmer than spring.

the south coast of Crimea

— subtropical steppes. It has hot dry summers and rains in winter. In winter, precipitation falls twice as much as in summer, 400-600 mm per year. In July, 23-25 \u200b\u200bdegrees. There are frequent showers in summer, the period without rains lasts about forty days. Snow rarely falls and does not last long.

The zone is protected by the mountains from all winds, except for the east, which do not blow often, but with great force when it happens. During the day, breezes blow from land to sea and vice versa at night. Mountain-valley air currents appear along the gorges. Strong cold winds from the northeast of the bora (speed over 20 m / s), in summer dry warm winds from the mountains - hair dryers.

Top 10 unique climatic phenomena in the history of Crimea

1. The maximum summer temperature + 40.7 degrees is measured in the village. Klepinino (Central Crimea, August 1930).
2. The minimum winter temperature -36.8 is measured in the village. Nizhnegorsky (January 1940).
3. Winter 1953/54 went down in history as the coldest and snowiest. The cold below minus ten lasted more than fifty days.
4. Winter 1965/66 is marked as the warmest. In the mountain valleys, no snow appeared at all.
5. The maximum precipitation of 1718 millimeters in 1981 was measured at Ai-Petri.
6. The drought of 1947 was noted as the longest, with no rain for about a hundred days.
7. The maximum of foggy days (215) was noted on Ai-Petri (1970).
8. The windiest weather was on Ai-Petri (1949). Then the strongest wind lasted 125 days, reaching 50 m / s at its peak.
9. 09/12/1927 the strongest earthquake occurred, which caused massive destruction and loss of life. During the earthquake, giant pillars of fire and flares were visible at sea from a distance of 70 kilometers. Scientists associate them with the ignition of methane released from the seabed by an earthquake.
10. "Indescribable harm" was inflicted on the inhabitants of the peninsula by the legendary tsunami wave of 1341. Powerful tsunamis were also noted by chroniclers in the 17th century and during the 1927 earthquake.

Top 10 unique climatic places of Crimea

1. The warmest place in Crimea -. The average temperature in January is + 4.4C, winters in clear weather + 12C, in the year + 13.9C. In winter, only 23 frosty nights. More than half of clear days.

Attention! The warmest place in Crimea is Miskhor.

2. Most ancient dormant volcano in the world - Karadag. Last time it erupted 150 million years ago. If it suddenly explodes, Crimea will not appear on the same day, and the ashes will cover a huge territory up to Smolensk. Fortunately, according to scientists, the probability of this event is negligible, since now Karadag is not located at the junction of tectonic plates.

3. In Crimea there is mud volcanoes - Bulganak hills. They constantly throw out portions of dirt with gas. In 1926, the volume of the mud flow reached ten thousand cubic meters.

6. On Karadag there is unique nature reserve ... Winds and rains have created here rocks, gorges, bays of amazing shapes. They can be viewed while walking along a specially trodden eco-trail. Plus, the mountain's unique climate has created a refuge here for many unique species of animals and plants listed in the Red Book.

7. Nearby tourists observe a wonderful cape, which changes color depending on the weather. This is explained by its compositions of clay shale, which change the reflection of light. Plus, this cape separates sea bays with water of different colors!

8. The Crimean reserve has become a haven for dozens of species of animals and birds, over a thousand species of unique higher plants. The climatic conditions of the South Shore allow all of them to survive. This place was a favorite hunting ground for Russian emperors and Soviet secretaries general.

9. The best therapeutic mud is not in, but on the Kerch peninsula, near the village. There is an incredibly clean lake Chokrak, the mud of which heals from many diseases.

Important! The best therapeutic muds are not in Saki, but on the Kerch peninsula, near the village of Kurortnoye.

10. The driest air on the South Coast -. It is explained by the fact that in the largest resort of the peninsula the most frequent winds blowing from the mountains are hot dry hair dryers.

Attention! The driest air on the southern coast is in Yalta.

The Crimean region, small in territory, is very diverse in climatic conditions. , it is easy to consistently find yourself within one week in sharply different natural zones, each of which has its own charms for organizing recreation.

Useful video

Get to know visually the peculiarities of the climate in Crimea:

Dense beech forests will create coolness for mountain tourism enthusiasts in summer and satisfy skiers in winter. The Mediterranean climate of the South Shore invariably attracts bathers and divers. The steppes scorched by the sun also have their own category of lovers.

Everyone associates the sea with summer. Warm water, hot beaches, a lot of fun on the water ... But few people know that the Crimea in winter can offer no less entertainment than in sunny summer months. We will talk about this further.

A mixture of different peoples

Beautiful Yalta, luxurious Koktebel, tourist Alushta every summer receive thousands of visitors from different parts of the world. More and more often, travelers choose domestic resorts instead of Turkey, Egypt and Bulgaria.

The season starts here in May. Thousands of hotels and bases began to operate. You can live in the private sector or live in a tent "savage".

People who really want to have a good time are not disturbed by the cold season and snowy weather in Crimea. In winter, you can also have fun and relax here.

For many centuries in a row people of different nationalities, religions and mentalities coexisted on the peninsula. The indigenous inhabitants of this territory were the Taurus. The Greeks had a significant influence on the culture of this region. The ruins of ancient architecture are still preserved here. For some time Romans, Bulgarians, Armenians and neighboring Slavs lived here.

In 1475, the lands were conquered by the Turks, and the rule of the Ottoman state was established on the peninsula. From the middle of the 18th century, during the war, the territory passed to Russia.

Imperial period

The development of the coast as a health resort began in the 19th century. It was during this period that transport links were established between different regions of the country. The railroad has facilitated the flow of people seeking medical treatment by the sea. So the resort direction began to develop. Then practically nobody visited Crimea in winter. Here only in the summer season could they offer entertainment.

The royal family also rested on this territory. Summer estates were built for the nobles, some of which have survived to our time. Today these buildings are the historical face of the peninsula. They are also open to tourists in winter. Many of the mansions have not only aesthetic value, but also architectural value. They have become symbols of the peninsula and annually host thousands of excursion groups.

In the tsarist period, resorts were made from the territory on which forests grew, they exist there now. Crimea was beautiful in winter, but the rich visited the peninsula only in the warm season.

Due to reforms new government local Tatars were forced to leave the land. The peninsula received a new influx of tourists after the construction of the royal residence of the Livadia Palace here.

The transition from decline to prosperity

A new stage started under Soviet rule. Tourism immediately developed in several directions. People organized hiking in the mountains, medical institutions and children's camps began to work. There are a lot of hotels with different room prices.

After the consolidation of Soviet power, Crimea became the main health resort of the Union. In winter, the resorts were closed, but in summer people from all the republics came here. Scientists estimate that in 1988 over 8 million tourists rested on the Black Sea coast.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the number of holidaymakers who could afford a trip to the peninsula plummeted. If earlier 20% of travelers came to the resort free of charge (the state paid for accommodation), then after 1991 a spontaneous flow of people increased. But it was during this period that other places began to grow, which the Soviet government ignored. They were opened by "savages".

It should also be noted that it became popular in winter.

The mystery of the relief

For true lovers of active recreation, the peninsula is open all year round. Promote the flow of tourists weather.

The land area is more than 26,000 km². In such a small area, scientists identify 3 large and about 20 small climatic regions... Researchers explain this diversity by the fact that the land is washed by two seas: the Black and the Azov. The coastline stretches for more than 2500 km. The relief also plays a role in weather conditions. Almost 70% of the territory is in plains, 20% is mountainous, the rest is water bodies. The weather in Crimea in winter is undoubtedly associated with all these factors.

If the air temperature and precipitation in the summer period are the same for the entire peninsula, then in the cold months the forecast for different climatic regions varies enormously. For example, in July, the temperature difference between south and north can be 1 ° C, while in January these figures differ by 11 degrees.

Cool weather

An important role in this process is played by the mountain range, which becomes a kind of shield that protects the island part from the mainland cold and dry winds. What winter is in Crimea? The South is more like Mediterranean countries.

The cold season is mild here. Most low temperature is fixed, of course, on the tops of the mountains. There, the indicator sometimes reaches -5 ...- 6 ° C. In turn, in the steppe zone, it does not drop below -3 ° C.

The warmest part of the peninsula was recognized as the Miskhor zone. On the one hand, this territory is surrounded by the Black Sea, and on the other - by the Ai-Petri mountain. Here, even in the first month of the year, the average indicator reaches + 5 ° C. Each time severe cold weather causes significant damage to this territory. Unique plants freeze, which are the pride of many gardens.

Spring instead of frost

The average winter temperature in Crimea (in its southern part) is +2 ... + 4 ° C. In the steppe zone, the indicator is 3-4 divisions lower. The most severe cold, which can find you in this area, is -6-8 ° C. But such frosts rage only at night, and in the daytime the indicators grow. Usually, even in winter, the temperature on the peninsula is above zero (+10 ... + 15 ° C). Scientists registered the absolute minimum in the village of Klepinino, in the steppe zone. There, the thermometer once dropped to -30 ° C.

Winds often blow over the north of the peninsula, mountains. They rage in the first months of the year. But the south sometimes suffers from significant storms and storms. Meteorologists warn about all possible dangers, so the weather cannot spoil your vacation in Crimea in winter.

This land is very poor in rainfall. The main precipitation in the north falls in the summer, and in the south - in cold weather. In fact, the weather conditions in this region are more like spring.

Minor obstacles

For people accustomed to bitter frosts and snowstorms, the weather on the peninsula will seem like a real thaw. When the cold reigns in your house, the warm and mild winter of the Crimea will seem like just a cool summer. All frosts disappear with the morning sun. Sometimes insignificant rains and fogs can spoil the mood, but they do not stay on the ground for a long time.

In general, tourists note that such weather conditions are quite suitable for excursions and pleasant walks along sea \u200b\u200bcoast.

Almost everyone thinks about rest on the peninsula. The resort is worth your attention due to its democratic prices and acceptable quality of services. IN recent times more and more people visit Crimea in winter. The reviews of the guests of the resort are positive.

The benefits of cold tourism

Travelers note that prices for accommodation and entertainment are much lower, and the service is still of high quality. Due to the fact that the peninsula is resting, workers can pay more attention to each client. This kind of vacation is especially popular with tourists who are not delighted with crowds and queues.

In winter, the main resort megacities of Crimea transform from buzzing beehives into quiet and cozy cities. You can safely walk along the embankments and admire the picturesque landscapes.

Winter holidays are celebrated here - Christmas, New Year... Vacations are fun and profitable in Crimea.

Tourists who vacationed on the peninsula in winter know another advantage. When the season ends, many inexpensive but good tour desks continue to operate. While it is not easy to use the services of professionals in the summer months, in the cold season they have a lot of free time, and the prices are much lower.

Winter is a time for reflection

At the height of the holiday season, crowds head to the beaches. But in winter, Crimea also has a positive effect on the body. Healing fresh air will not only improve health, but also set the mind in a positive way. At this time of the year, as travelers say, here you can take a break from the noise of the city and concentrate on creative work... Great ideas come to mind.

Helps to move away from routine and leisure... In the mountains you can go skiing, snowboarding and sledging. This activity is no less exciting than jet skis and catamarans. There are trails for both professionals and amateurs.

Thousands of families visit Crimea with children in winter. They all give good feedback on winter sports. Guests note that the amount for the equipment is not high, and the equipment is practically new.

Minor cons

Along with positive reviews, there is also criticism. Parents note that kindergartens do not work at hotels and bases, where the crumbs could have fun while adults agree on tours. Another disadvantage is that there is poor contact between hotels and ski resorts. Therefore, you have to look for entertainment on your own.

For people who love a quiet vacation, they offer walking excursions to the Crimean caves. What could be better than walking through a snowy forest? Groups are usually small, so the guide has time to answer everyone's questions. It seems that you are walking with close friends.

It is easier to get to Crimea by car in winter. Drivers note that the roads are empty and there are no traffic jams in big cities. Also, guests of the peninsula say that almost every hotel or base has a parking lot, which is free at this time of the year.

A fairy tale in reality

Positive impressions await those who climb the top of the mountain in winter. Even tourists who have been to Crimea several times in the summer note that the snow-covered land evokes completely different emotions. If the weather was rainy, then you should visit the waterfalls. Lively, energetic streams will not leave you indifferent.

The New Year in Crimea will be unforgettable. For the weekend with the whole company you can rent a comfortable house in the mountains. For a fee, a delicious dinner can be prepared for everyone. The establishments also offer a special concert program for adults and children. You can rent a house for a day or for all vacations.

Winter in Crimea is really fabulous. Everyone who visits the peninsula will be convinced of this.

When everyone is interested in the climate of Crimea, everyone is primarily interested in the climate on the South Coast of Crimea. The Crimean coast is protected by the natural wall of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, and therefore it is here that it is preserved in its original form.

The climate on the southern coast of Crimea is subtropical - ideal conditions for rest and treatment, analogs of which exist only in famous resorts of the Mediterranean, such as aristocratic Nice, fashionable Monaco, romantic Venice. The climate of Crimea is similar to them.

Spring in Crimea it can be different - it can rain and the shores are shrouded in fog, or the sun can shine and in May the swimming season is already opening. But in September, the Black Sea cools down slowly, warming up the air over land, and even when snow falls on the continent, the golden autumn - warm, sunny, velvet resort. Loved by all summer on the south bank not hot, because the sea breezes cool it. Maximum temperature air happens in July: on the coast up to 36 - 38 ° С, and on the mountain tops - up to 27-32 ° С. However, in three summer months there are no more than twenty such hot days.

Winter Climate on the coast of Crimea it is not cold, humid, it often rains, and snow falls rarely and for a short time. But even in such weather, many locals catch cold, neglecting winter clothes and hoping that the mountain range itself will protect them from the winter climate of Crimea.

In the Crimean resorts, snow is a wonder. Falls out and melts only a few times during the winter. A stable snow cover occurs only in the mountains, and starts at an altitude of 400-600 meters above sea level. On the coast, such winters are extremely rare. The number of snowy days rarely reaches 10-12 (only in 1953-54 - 62 days). A completely different picture in the mountains - 100-120 snowy days. The height of snowdrifts in the Crimean mountains reaches - 20 - 30 centimeters (with a maximum of 100 - 125 centimeters).

The rarest snowfall occurred on the southern coast of Crimea on February 6-10, 1929. The snowdrifts reached a meter height. For the inhabitants of Crimea, this was a real natural disaster that happens on the peninsula once a century.

According to long-term climatic data, the warmest Crimean month - Julyalthough about one season in five August is even warmer. The average temperature in July on the coast is 23-24 ° С, and on the plateaus does not exceed 13-16 ° С. The coldest month on the South Shore is February... The average February temperature in Yalta is + 4 ° С. The number of days with frost is small: on the southern coast there are 30-40, on the eastern and western coasts 50-60, and only in the mountains there are 130-150 frosty days for the whole winter (for comparison: in Moscow - 180).

In the center of the South Coast there are 1,775 hours of sunshine, from April to October, little rainfall and moderate humidity. The swimming season (with sea water temperatures above 20 ° C) lasts 134 days from mid-June to late October. In August, sea water off the coast of Yalta warms up to 24-26 ° C.

The average daily winter air temperature in Alushta is 2 ° С, summer 23 ° С with a maximum of 39 ° С. There are 2300-2350 hours of sunshine per year, moreover, 1790 hours - in the warm season.

On the southern coast, from Alushta to Foros, an average of 450-550 millimeters of precipitation falls per year (this is 80-130 rainy days a year), and in the mountains - up to 1050 millimeters (150-170 days with precipitation). The usual time of bad weather is the end of autumn and winter. In summer, there are usually short, usually morning showers. On average, no more than ten rainy hours are recruited per month. In the period from April to October (214 days) in Yalta and on the tops of the mountains there are only 25-35 cloudy days.

Big Yalta, about which in late XIX Century Chekhov said that it is better than Nice, the locals jokingly call it “oven”. These valleys and beaches are densely sheltered by a mountain range of a kilometer high, without a single depression through which a cold wind could break through; this wall has grown only 5-6 kilometers from the sea. Warm breath seas and evergreen park and forest vegetation of Big Yalta soften the heat, make the air amazingly fragrant and give it medicinal properties.

The combination of the sea, flowering subtropical parks and juniper groves on the coast with a mountain pine forest makes Big Yalta (from Bear Mountain to Foros) a unique climatic resort suitable for treating people with weakened nervous system, with heart disease and, first of all, with respiratory diseases. It is easier for pulmonologists of Yalta sanatoriums than for their colleagues from any other locality, because most of the medical work is “performed” by the climate of Crimea itself!

The climate in Simeiz is drier and cooler than in Yalta. Here is the best in Crimea, a wide pebble beach, inviting mountain ranges Koshka and Ai-Petri to hike. The vegetation is diverse: near the sea it is subtropical, the forest in the mountains is coniferous and deciduous: Crimean pine, oak, ash, aspen, hornbeam, maple, beech ... The climate of these places is really Mediterranean.

Most of the Crimean sanatoriums are closed for the winter; in resort towns and villages it becomes empty and quiet. For a few winter vacationers, there are swimming pools with sea \u200b\u200bwater... The sea is often stormy in winter, the air near the coast is saturated with therapeutic sea aerosol, and its concentration is higher than in summer. In the Crimean winter climate, there is more oxygen in the cool air and there is no danger of overheating under the sun. It is not without reason that the climatic resorts of southern Europe are not empty even in winter.

Be aware that an increase in relative humidity makes the heat unbearable and the cold unbearable. Humid air carries a great danger of airborne infections. Droplets of moisture, which may contain pathogens (and there are always many sick people at the resort), are able to pass through the protective barriers of the mucous membranes. Therefore, microbes from humid air imperceptibly penetrate even the most distant parts of the lungs and reliably take root there. A relative humidity of 50% is considered ideal for humans. The air in July Yalta is 58%. Annual rainfall in Yalta averages 540 millimeters.

And even without knowing these numbers, holidaymakers always feel where in Crimea is dry subtropical climateand where wet. People with respiratory diseases, especially those who suffer from asthma attacks, feel the difference more acutely than others. So sick only the climate of the southern coast of Crimea is suitable for rest and treatment.

The Crimean climate allows plants on the South Bank to bloom all year round. In October-November, medlar blooms, roses bloom again. The December forest on the southern mountain slopes is sometimes decorated with wild daisies; a pale violet all-season bloom blooms, mullein and tansy bloom. Deceived by the unexpected December sun, a random snowdrop is ready to dissolve its bud.

Every month in Crimea it is an owl microclimate, and the flowers bloom as if on schedule:

• in January, without fear of blizzards and snowfalls, hellebore blooms in the gardens, corollas of almonds and galanthus can open.
• February is the usual flowering time for jasmine, honeysuckle, winterflower, crocus, and almonds.
• Wild almonds and dogwoods bloom in March. By the end of March, the southern slopes delight the eye with flowers of levkoy, milkweed; in the parks the corollas of the Japanese quince turn red, the scarlet blossoms and the buds of the Sulange magnolia blossom - large, lonely, pinkish-white.
• In April, all parks on the coast are in bloom, all villages and city streets are decorated with bouquets of blossoming gardens - cherry plum, apricot, peach.
• May pleases people with roses, tulips, scarlet, lush wisteria tassels, garlands of "golden rain" ...
• In June, lonely large magnolia flowers bloom, pink corollas of Lankaran acacias ... Tekoma, oleander, resin seed, cherry laurel, yucca ...
• There are so many flowers in July and August that you simply stop paying attention to them!

Due to its unique climate, the southern coast of Crimea amazes with its unusual combination and very close proximity of Central European plants with exotic people from other parts of the world - Asia, Africa. America and even Australia

An idea of \u200b\u200bthe climate of any area can be obtained over a period of 30-40 years, since during this time all possible combinations of conditions occur here: very cold or warm winters, hot or cool summers, rainy and dry seasons, and years when it falls in one and a half -two times the norm.

Many factors influence the formation of the climate. The primary factor is solar energy. It is known that the Sun sends to the Earth a fairly steady stream of rays in the form of electromagnetic waves - every minute to the upper boundary earth's atmosphere solar energy is supplied, which is about 8.36 J / h. In the atmosphere, the sun's rays are partially absorbed and scattered. With a cloudless sky, the attenuation of the rays is 20-30%. Absorption and scattering increases with cloudy skies.

In Crimea, the angle of incidence of sunlight on the earth's surface at noon in summer is 60-68 °, in winter it decreases to 22-30 °. Therefore, in summer, solar energy is supplied about 10 times more than in winter.

The amount of incoming solar energy fluctuates depending on the cloud cover. With continuous clouds, only the scattered in outer space penetrates to the earth's surface.

In Crimea, observations of the flow of solar energy are carried out in, in and Evpatoria. For this, special devices are used: actinometers - to measure the intensity of direct solar radiation; pyrano meters for measuring the intensity of scattered and total radiation; heliographs - for automatic recording of sunshine duration.

In Crimea, the largest amount of solar radiation energy is supplied to the coastal areas in the flat part, which is associated with a small amount over these areas, and the least amount to mountainous areas, where the amount of clouds and precipitation increases.

The energy of solar radiation hitting the earth's surface (bare soil, tree leaves, grass, crops, water surface, etc.) is partially absorbed and partially reflected. So, the forest absorbs 85-90% of the incoming energy, the field of ripe wheat - 70-75%, the plowed field - 90%, the sandy beach - 40-50%. Most of the radiation (up to 95%) is absorbed by the water surface, and the least (up to 5%) is absorbed by fresh snow. Naturally, the more energy a surface absorbs, the more it heats up.

The earth's surface heated as a result of absorption of the energy of solar radiation itself becomes a source of radiation (the radiation of a body is directly proportional to its absolute temperature to the fourth degree). The human eye does not perceive this radiation. This is why it seems dark to us at night, although the atmosphere is permeated with countless electromagnetic waves.

Part of the radiation from the earth's surface goes into outer space, but most of it is retained by the atmosphere and returns back. This is due to the increased content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which acts like glass in a greenhouse: it freely passes sun rays to the surface of the Earth, but retains its heat. This causes a warming up of the atmosphere known as. In recent decades, the greenhouse effect has become more pronounced, which is associated with the warming up of the atmosphere as a result of burning large amounts of coal,. This phenomenon is considered by scientists as a threat that is stable and earthly.

The difference between the incoming and outgoing streams of solar radiation is the residual radiation energy, which is spent on evaporation of water, heating the air and soil, for photosynthesis and soil formation. In Crimea, the residual energy of solar radiation per year is: 2488 MJ / mg in the Black Sea, 2299 - in Klepinino, 1973 - on. The main part of the residual radiation energy is spent on evaporation - 70-80% in the mountainous Crimea, 60-70% - in the flat steppe part; heat transfer takes from 20 to 40%, photosynthesis - about 0.5%, soil-forming processes - tenths of a percent.

• steppe temperate continental with hot dry summers and cool wet winters;
• low-continental mountain forest with warm, relatively humid summers and cool, humid winters;
• south coast sub-Mediterranean weak continental with hot dry summers and relatively warm, humid winters.

There are many intermediate options between these types of climates.

For example, in the Foothills (Simferopol, Zuya, Belogorsk) the climate is transitional from steppe to mountain-forest - it can be called foothill forest-steppe.

In the plain Crimea, the climate is steppe, moderate continental, dry: cool winters ( average temperature January from -3 to O ° С) and hot summer (average July temperature from +21 to +23 ° С). The amount of precipitation is 350-450 mm / year, and most of it falls in the summer in the form of showers.

Differences are observed between the climates of the coastal territories (,) and the central part of the peninsula (Pervomayskoye, etc.): in the coastal part, the air is higher, the intensity of solar radiation, less cloudiness and the amount of atmospheric precipitation. This climate can be called a seaside steppe.

In the foothill part (,), the amount of precipitation increases to 500-600 mm / year, summer temperatures decrease.

In the mountains, there is a decrease in summer and winter temperatures, and the amount of precipitation increases. For every 100 m of altitude, the temperature decreases on average by 0.5 ... 0.6 ° С, the amount of precipitation increases by 50–70 mm / year. Therefore, the average monthly winter temperatures on the yayls are up to -4 ... -5 ° С, and the amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm / year.

True, the amount of precipitation depends on many other factors: the orientation of the ridges, the exposure of the slopes, the influence of the neighboring ridges. That is why the distribution of precipitation is very variegated.

The South Coast is of the greatest climatic interest. This is the only place with a sub-Mediterranean, in other words - almost Mediterranean climate. Winters are mild here, with positive temperatures.

Features of winter are noted in the lines of the poet I. Brodsky:

“January in Crimea. To the Black Sea coast
winter comes as if for fun:
not able to keep the snow
on the blades and tips of the agave. "

The climate of Yalta is cooler compared to the points located on. This is especially true in winter: in Yalta, frosts sometimes occur down to -15 ° C. Such low temperatures limit the growth of subtropical crops.

Climate can be characterized both by individual meteorological indicators and by combinations of weather. Each month a different set of weather is formed: hot dry winds, warm, cloudy, rainy, frosty, etc. Karabi-Yaila, located at an altitude of about 1 km above sea level, is distinguished by the greatest number of frosty weather.

In Crimea, there are several hundred varieties of local climates. Local climate refers to a relatively small area of \u200b\u200bseveral square kilometers (for example, a separate forest, a section of the sea coast, a small town).

The climate in the Salgira valley, for example, differs from the climate on the cuesta ridges by higher daytime temperatures and lower nighttime temperatures. Valley winds often blow here, bringing cool air from the mountains.

The specific climate is formed in. This part of the valley of the Chernaya River is basin-like, therefore, in calm weather, cold air accumulates in it, flowing down from the slopes of the surrounding mountains. As a result, the absolute minimum air temperature in the valley is lower than in the adjacent areas.

The lowest air temperatures in the northern hemisphere are observed in the basin-like valleys of Yakutia (Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma) - up to -70 ° C.

A peculiar local climate was formed in the Barakol depression, located at the eastern end of the Crimean mountains near the village of Nanikovo and four kilometers north of Koktebel.

From the north and north-east, the Barakol depression is limited by the Uzun-Syrt plateau (height 250 m), from the north-west - by the Koklyuk mountain (height 345 m), from the south it is surrounded by low hills. This area is characterized by high summer daytime temperatures - in the basins the air stagnates, ventilation is weak. The effect of an increase in summer daytime temperatures increases due to the strong heating of the adjacent steep slopes of the Uzun-Syrt plateau of the southwestern exposure.

Heated portions of air rise above the slopes of the plateau. They are used by glider pilots who, with gliders, jump from the edge of the steep slope of the plateau and are picked up by updrafts.

With skillful glider control, soaring over the basin and plateau can last for hours (usually from noon to 17-18 hours), while the air temperature over this part of the basin is high.

Local climates are also formed due to hair dryers, breezes, mountain-valley winds.

Fyong is a strong gusty and warm wind blowing from the mountains to the valleys.

The influence of breezes is especially pronounced in Crimea. They occur in summer and are associated with uneven heating of the land and sea: during the day the wind blows from the sea to the land, and at night it is vice versa. Breezes can be regarded as microanalogues of the Asian monsoons, only there the mainland (Asia) and the ocean (Pacific) interact, and the wind direction changes in summer and winter. The breezes on the coast soften the summer midday and afternoon heat.

S.N.Sergeev-Tsensky wrote:

“What freshness brought to us
Here, to the shore, down,
Our orderly, our vacuum cleaner,
Our naughty breeze! "

Even more detailed climatic differences are due to the vegetation cover, the presence of small landforms (karst sinkholes, hills, etc.), buildings, roads, and other natural and artificial objects. Microclimatic differences also depend on the nature of the soil: on sandy soils, heating is more significant due to their low thermal conductivity.

The climate of a small area, which differs from the climate of the surrounding area or the general climatic characteristics of the area and is observed only in the surface (5-10 m above ground surface) is called a microclimate.

The climate is assessed for different purposes: for resort activities, for organizing agriculture (primarily for the correct placement of crops), for municipal needs, construction, etc.

The most favorable conditions for summer holidays are temperatures + 20 ... + 24 ° С, relative air humidity 40-60% and light wind. Such weather conditions are called comfortable.

The specified combination of meteorological elements is formed in June-August in 25-35% of cases.

At temperatures of + 16 ... + 20 ° C and + 24 ... + 30 ° C, one speaks of subcomfortable conditions. At temperatures above +30 ° C, severe discomfort occurs.

Heat perception of a person depends not just on temperature, but on a combination of temperature and wind speed.

For example, at a temperature of 0 ° C and a wind speed of 5 m / s, the heat sensation is the same as at a temperature of about -5 ° C and calm.

The location of the Crimea within the territory with the maritime climate variant of the Eastern Mediterranean makes its climatic conditions quite comfortable. Even in Simferopol, located not on the coast, but in the central part of the peninsula, the climate is much more comfortable for humans compared to the same latitudes (45 ') of the Eastern Hemisphere (with colder winters and a contrasting climate in the seasons) and Western (where it is relatively cooler summer).

Agricultural activities in Crimea are carried out in the flat steppe part, in the foothills and on the southern coast. Climatic differences determine the specialization of agriculture. In the steppe part, the climate makes it possible to grow grain, essential oil, and fruit crops. Due to the dryness of the climate (moisture coefficient is 0.35-0.50), drought-resistant varieties are required.

Before active use for groundwater and the waters of the North Crimean Canal in the lowland Crimea, special drought-resistant varieties of wheat and barley were grown. Grazing animal husbandry was widespread than now.

Extreme weather and climatic conditions have a great influence on human life. geniuses: droughts, strong winds leading to dust storms in dry bare soil, frosts.

With prolonged heat and drought, the yield of agricultural crops sharply decreases, the probability increases. In the flat part of Crimea out of ten
there are three to four dry seasons. If a drought occurs in March-April, that is, when the crops of agricultural crops have not yet emerged, then dust storms are likely: the dry topsoil rises into the air and is carried hundreds and thousands of meters. In spring, the wind speed in Crimea increases, which contributes to dust storms. To prevent dust storms in the 50-70s of the XX century. were created: thanks to them, the wind speed is reduced by 1.5 times, evaporation from the soil surface is reduced.

For April-May, frosts are characteristic, that is, such situations when the average daily air temperature is above 0 ° C, but at night or in the morning it reaches negative values. Frosts are especially common in low relief elements: closed valleys, hollows. Smoke can be used to prevent them - smoke acts like a blanket, trapping the heat of the earth's surface.

People have always been interested in weather and climate, but regular observations have been made since the beginning of the 19th century. The first Crimean meteorological station was founded in 1821 in Simferopol by F.K. Milhausen (by the way, the house where this popular doctor in those years lived is still preserved in the city on Kievskaya Street).

They learn about the weather in the distant past from the annals and other historical information. For example. Herodotus wrote about harsh winters in Scythia and that the Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait) froze.

Some sources inform about a severe winter in 763-764, when it froze, the height reached 10 cm, all winter crops died. And here are some "records" of the climate for the Crimean peninsula over the past 150-200 years.

• The highest temperature in summer - an absolute maximum (+ 40.7 ° C) - was recorded in August 1930 in the village of Klepinino.
• The lowest temperature in winter - the absolute minimum (-36.8 ° C) - was recorded in January 1940 in the village of Nizhnegorsky.
• The coldest and snowiest winter was 1953-1954, when the temperature kept below -10 ° С for almost 50 days.
• The warmest was the winter of 1965-1966, when there was no snow at all on the yaylakh, and in Simferopol the thaw lasted for almost three months.
• The maximum amount of precipitation - 1718 mm - was recorded in 1981 at Ai-Petri.
• The drought of 1947 was the longest, when even in the mountains there was no rain for almost 100 days.
• The maximum number of days is observed on Ai-Petri (in 1970 - 215 days).
• The most windy point of Crimea is Ai-Petri (in 1949 the wind at a speed of over 15 m / s blew here for 125 days). Ai-Petri recorded the highest wind speed - 50 m / s.