Presentation "history of the emergence of nuclear weapons". Nuclear Weapon Presentation Atomic Weapon Testing

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Nuclear weapons are weapons mass destruction explosive action, based on the use of the fission energy of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium, or in thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium, into heavier nuclei, for example, helium isotopes.

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Nuclear charges can be supplied to warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines. In terms of power, nuclear weapons are distinguished between ultra-small (less than 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100-1000 kt) and super-large (more than 1000 kt).

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Depending on the tasks to be solved, it is possible to use nuclear weapons in the form of underground, ground, air, underwater and surface explosions. The peculiarities of the destructive effect of nuclear weapons on the population are determined not only by the yield of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also by the type of nuclear device. Depending on the charge, there are: atomic weapons, which are based on the fission reaction; thermonuclear weapons - when using a fusion reaction; combined charges; neutron weapons.

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In early 1939, French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie concluded that a chain reaction was possible that would lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive force and that uranium could become an energy source like a conventional explosive. This conclusion was the impetus for the development of nuclear weapons. Europe was on the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such a powerful weapon would give any wielder tremendous advantages. Physicists from Germany, England, USA, Japan worked on the creation of atomic weapons. Physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie

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By the summer of 1945, the Americans had managed to assemble two atomic bombs, named "Kid" and "Fat Man". The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was loaded with enriched Uranium-235.

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The "Fat Man" bomb with a charge from Plutonium-239 with a capacity of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

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US President H. Truman became the first political leader who made the decision to use nuclear bombs. The first targets for nuclear strikes Japanese cities were chosen (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Kokura, Niigata). From a military point of view, there was no need for such bombing of densely populated Japanese cities.

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach from the east of two American aircraft (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause an alarm (since they were shown in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object was slowly descending by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the "Kid" bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki.

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The total human losses and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: instantly died from heat radiation (temperature about 5,000 degrees C) and a shock wave - 300 thousand people, another 200 thousand were injured, burns, radiation sickness. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90,000 buildings, 62,000 were destroyed.

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After the American atomic bombings, by order of Stalin on August 20, 1945, a special committee was formed on atomic energy under the leadership of L. Beria. The committee included prominent scientists A.F. Ioffe, P.L. Kapitsa and I.V. Kurchatov. A great service to the Soviet atomic scientists was rendered by a conscientious communist, scientist Klaus Fuchs - a prominent employee of the American nuclear center in Los Alamos. During 1945 -1947, he transmitted information four times on practical and theoretical issues of the creation of atomic and hydrogen bombs than accelerated their appearance in the USSR.

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In 1946-1948, the atomic industry was created in the USSR. A test site was built near the city of Semipalatinsk. In August 1949, the first Soviet nuclear device was blown up there. Before that, US President H. Truman was informed that the Soviet Union had mastered the secret of nuclear weapons, but nuclear bomb The Soviet Union will create no earlier than 1953. This message made the US ruling circles want to unleash a preventive war as soon as possible. The Troian plan was developed, which called for the beginning of hostilities in early 1950. At that time, the United States had 840 strategic bombers and over 300 atomic bombs.

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The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are: shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and an electromagnetic pulse.

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Shock wave. The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. It consumes about 60% of the energy of a nuclear explosion. It is an area of ​​sharp air compression, spreading in all directions from the explosion site. The damaging effect of the shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of the excess pressure. Overpressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the shock front and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of him.

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Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy that includes visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. Its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause fires, deep skin burns and damage to the organs of vision in humans. Light radiation does not penetrate opaque materials, so any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns. Light radiation is significantly weakened in dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain.

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Fire is different. Fire loyally serves people in everyday life and at work. The raging fire element is very dangerous - fire. Remember the rules to help you avoid unhappiness. Matches are our friends and assistants. Electrical appliances can cause fires. Fire is an old friend of man. Fire-fighting equipment. Be careful with fire. How do fires arise? Fire is a friend, fire is an enemy.

"The influence of bad habits on the body" - Diseases of alcoholics: Alcohol - the stealer of the mind. How do they affect bad habits on human health? Tobacco smoking. Passive smoking harms the people around you! To identify the consequences of these bad habits to human health. Subject to smoking: men 75% women 30%. Susceptible to alcohol: men 100% women 80%. Identify bad habits that negatively affect human health.

"The problem of peace and disarmament" - The brilliant painter was not so naive. States fought each other for territories. The question has been raised since the late 19th century. Activities of the 10-Sided Disarmament Committee. Introduction. Arms control problem. Wars: causes and sacrifices. United Nations. Between 1900 and 1938, 24 wars broke out. The Heidelberg Institute (FRG) registered 278 conflicts in 2006.

"Traffic rules for children" - Statistics of road accidents on Russian roads for 2008. Attention - children. Causes of death and injury of people on the roads. The traffic police released statistics of road accidents for 2008. Advice for parents. Road workshop. Let's check our knowledge. We decorate the corner according to the rules road traffic... More than 13 thousand people died as a result of road accidents in Russia. We study the road sign. Traffic situations. We are exploring the safe path from school to home.

"Types of wounds, first aid" - Make sure that there is no reaction of the pupil. Causes of strokes. Situational task. Trauma - damage to the tissues of the human body. Legal aspects of first aid. Types of wounds. Fast and careful delivery. Types of wounds and general rules first aid. Types of stroke. Calling an ambulance for the victim. Termination of the action of traumatic factors. Applying a sterile dressing.

"Terrorism in Modern Society" - Metro. Global process... Drugs. International terrorist organizations. A "special kind" crime. Taking hostages at school. Preventing terrorism. Terrorism and drug trafficking. Terrorist attack at the Domodedovo airport. Terrorism. Religious terrorists. Terrorists. Terrorism has always gone alongside drugs. Belarus. Nationalist terrorists. The result of hostilities. War. Types of terrorism. Terrorist attack in the United States.

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Modern means of destruction and their damaging factors. Measures to protect the population. The presentation was prepared by the teacher of OBZH Gorpenyuk S.V.

Homework check: Principles of GO organization and its purpose. What are the objectives of GO. How is civil defense managed? Who is the Head of HE at the school?

First nuclear test In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. In the United States, at Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, an American nuclear center was established in 1942. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 am local time, a bright flash illuminated the sky over a plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-like cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remained at the site of the explosion were fragments of green radioactive glass, which turned into sand. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

WMD Chemical weapons Nuclear weapons Biological weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND ITS HARMFUL FACTORS Research questions: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Characteristics of a nuclear explosion. Basic principles of protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

In the early 40s. XX century in the United States developed physical principles implementation of a nuclear explosion. The first nuclear explosion took place in the USA on July 16, 1945. By the summer of 1945, the Americans had managed to assemble two atomic bombs, named "Kid" and "Fat Man". The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was loaded with enriched Uranium-235. "Fat Man" with a charge from Plutonium-239 with a capacity of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

The first test in the USSR atomic bomb held in August 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb was tested in the USSR. The power of the new weapon was 20 times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size. In the 60s of the XX century, nuclear weapons are being introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, in North Korea, in Israel. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

The device of the atomic bomb The main elements of nuclear weapons are: the body, the automation system. The housing is designed to house a nuclear charge and an automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases from thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given moment in time and excludes its accidental or premature operation. It includes: - a safety and arming system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. Means for the delivery of nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, aviation. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, land mines, torpedoes, artillery shells(203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate an atomic bomb. The most advanced system is an injector-type weapon in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes into the target and forms a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb fired by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of about 20 kilotons of TNT.

Atomic bomb device

Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic impulse Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

(Air) shock wave - an area of ​​strong pressure, spreading from the epicenter of the explosion - the most powerful damaging factor. Causes destruction in a large area, can "flow" into basements, cracks, etc. Protection: Shelter. Striking factors of a nuclear explosion:

Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, and 3 km in 8 s. Damage by a shock wave is caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (high-speed pressure), due to the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are mainly affected by the propelling action of the shock wave, and objects large sizes(buildings, etc.) - by the action of excess pressure.

2. Light radiation: lasts a few seconds and causes severe local fires and burns in people. Protection: any obstacle that gives a shadow. Striking factors of a nuclear explosion:

Light radiation from a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation that lasts for a few seconds. It can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness in personnel. Burns arise from direct exposure to light radiation on exposed areas of the skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothes, in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is skin charring.

Striking factors of a nuclear explosion: 3. Penetrating radiation is an intense flux of gamma particles and neutrons, lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: Shelter or obstruction (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.) Alpha radiation is helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons, for which an aluminum plate is enough to be protected. Gamma radiation also has the ability to penetrate denser materials.

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, that is, by the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish between exposure and absorbed dose. The exposure dose is measured in X-rays (R). One X-ray is a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

Reducing the damaging effect of penetrating radiation, depending on the protective environment and material

4 . Radioactive contamination of the area: occurs on the trail of a moving radioactive cloud when precipitation and explosion products fall out of it in the form of small particles. Protection: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Striking factors of a nuclear explosion:

In the focus of radioactive contamination of the area, it is strictly prohibited:

5 . Electromagnetic impulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all the enemy's electronics (on-board computers of the aircraft, etc.) Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach from the east of two American planes (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause an alarm (since they were shown in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object was slowly descending by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the "Kid" bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total human losses and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: instantly died from thermal radiation (temperature of about 5000 degrees C) and a shock wave - 300 thousand people, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, irradiated. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90,000 buildings, 62,000 were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the race. nuclear weapons and the confrontation of two political systems of that time at a new quality level.

Atomic bomb "Kid", Hiroshima Types of bombs: Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki

Types of nuclear explosions

Ground explosion Air explosion High-altitude explosion Underground explosion Types of nuclear explosions

the main way to protect people and equipment from a shock wave is to shelter in ditches, ravines, hollows, cellars, and protective structures; any obstruction that can create a shadow can protect against the direct action of light. Dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, snowfall also weakens it. shelters and anti-radiation shelters (RCDs) almost completely protect a person from the effects of penetrating radiation.

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Questions to reinforce: What is meant by the term "weapons of mass destruction"? When did nuclear weapons first appear and when were they used? Which countries officially possess nuclear weapons today?

Fill in the table "Nuclear weapons and their characteristics", based on the data of the textbook (pp. 47-58). Homework: Striking factor Characteristic Duration of exposure after the moment of explosion Units of measurement Shock wave Light radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Electro-magnetic impulse

Law of the Russian Federation "On Civil Defense" dated 12.02.1998 No. 28 (as amended by FZ dated 9.10.2002 No. 123-FZ, dated 19.06.2004 No. 51-FZ, dated 22.08.2004 No. 122-FZ). Law of the Russian Federation "On Martial Law" of January 30, 2002 No. 1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 804 of November 26, 2007 "On Approval of the Regulations on Civil Defense in the Russian Federation". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 23.11.1996 No. 1396 "On the reorganization of the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergencies Ministry into the administrative bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergencies". Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation of December 23, 2005 No. 999 "On approval of the procedure for the creation of non-standard emergency rescue teams." Guidelines on the creation, preparation, equipping of NASF - M .: Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2005. Methodological recommendations to local authorities on the implementation of Federal Law No. 131-FZ dated 6.10.2003 "On general principles of local self-government in the Russian Federation" in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies , providing fire safety and the safety of people in water bodies. Manual on the organization and maintenance of civil defense in an urban area (city) and at an industrial facility of the national economy. Magazine "Civil protection" No. 3-10 for 1998. Duties of officials of civil defense organizations. Textbook “OBZH. Grade 10 ", AT Smirnov et al. M," Education ", 2010. Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Yu.P. Podolyan. 10th grade. http://himvoiska.narod.ru/bwphoto.html Literature, Internet resources.

Atomic Bomb Presentation

Bystrov Kirill

Grade 11 MOU Sukromlenskaya secondary school, Torzhok district.

Tver region

Teacher: Mikhailov S.B.

Atomic bomb

A single-phase or one-stage explosive device, in which the main energy output comes from the nuclear fission reaction of heavy nuclei (uranium-235 or plutonium) with the formation of lighter elements.

The atomic bomb is a nuclear weapon.

Classification of atomic bomb charges by power:

• up to 1 kt - ultra-small;
• 1 - 10 kt - small;
• 10 - 100 kt - medium;
• 100-1000 kt - large;
• over 1 Mt - extra-large.

Atomic bomb device

An atomic bomb includes a variety of different components. As a rule, two main elements of this type of weapon are distinguished: the body and the automation system.

The building contains nuclear charge and automation, and it is he who performs a protective function in relation to different types impact (mechanical, thermal, and so on). And the role of the automation system is to ensure that the explosion occurs at a predetermined time, and not earlier or later. The automation system consists of such systems as: emergency blasting; protection and cocking; power supply; charge detonation and detonation sensors.

The history of the atomic bomb

The history of the creation of the atomic bomb, and in particular weapons, begins in 1939, with the discovery made Joliot-Curie... It was from this moment that scientists realized that a chain reaction of uranium can become not only a source of enormous energy, but also terrible weapon... And so, the atomic bomb is based on the use of nuclear energy, which is released during a nuclear chain reaction.

The latter implies the process of fission of heavy nuclei or the synthesis of light nuclei. As a result, the atomic bomb is a weapon of mass destruction, due to the fact that in the shortest period of time a huge amount of intranuclear energy is released in a small space.

The first test of the atomic bomb

The first test of atomic weapons was carried out by the American armed forces on July 16, 1945 in a place called Almogordo, which showed the full power of atomic energy. After that, the atomic bombs held by the US forces were loaded onto a warship and sent to the shores of Japan. The refusal of the Japanese government from a peaceful dialogue allowed in action to show the full power of atomic weapons, the victims of which first became the city of Hiroshima, and a little later Nagasaki.

And after just four days, two planes with dangerous cargo on board, whose targets were Kokura and Nagasaki, left the US military base at once. The atomic bomb in Nagasaki killed 73 thousand people in the first days. the list has already been added to 35 thousand people.

• shock wave ( the velocity of propagation of a shock wave in a medium exceeds the speed of sound in a given medium)
• light emission ( the power is many times the power of the sun's rays)
• penetrating radiation
• radioactive contamination
• electromagnetic pulse (EMP) (disables equipment and devices)
• x-ray

Shock wave

The main striking

factor of a nuclear explosion.

Represents

area of ​​sharp compression

environment spreading

in all directions from the place

explosion with supersonic

speed.

Light emission

A stream of radiant energy, including visible,

ultraviolet and

infrared rays.

Practically distributed

instantly and lasts for

dependencies

on the power of nuclear

explosion up to 20s.

Electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms in the environment.

The action of the atomic bomb

After the explosion, a bright flash will occur, turning into a fiery sphere, as it cools, turning into a cap of a nuclear mushroom. Next comes light emission. The pressure of the shock wave at the border of the fire sphere at its maximum development of 7 atmospheres (0.7 MPa), regardless of the power, the air temperature in the wave is about 350 degrees, and in combination with light radiation, objects on the border of the sphere can heat up to 1200 degrees with an explosion with power in 1 megaton.

In the case of a person, heat will spread throughout the body. The light makes the clothes even tighter by welding them to the body. The glow time of the flash depends on the power of the explosion, from about one second at one kiloton to forty seconds at fifty megatons; one megaton will shine for ten seconds, twenty kilotons (Hiroshima) for three seconds. The shock wave can go before the end of the glow.

• Soviet intelligence had information about work on the creation of the atomic bomb in the United States coming from atomic physicists sympathizing with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs... This information was reported Beria Stalin... However, it is believed that a letter from a Soviet physicist addressed to him in early 1943 was of decisive importance. Flerova, who was able to clarify the essence of the problem in a popular way. As a result February 11 1943 the resolution was adopted GKO on the beginning of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotova, who, in turn, appointed the head atomic project I. Kurchatova(his appointment was signed 10th of March). Information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

• On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, VM Molotov, made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has not existed for a long time." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and it had these weapons at its disposal. Scientific circles in the United States of America took this statement by V.M.Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could acquire atomic weapons no earlier than 1952.

• US spy satellites have discovered the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Kaliningrad region, which contradicts the assertions of Moscow, which denies the transfer of tactical weapons there.

• The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in Semipalatinsk regions of Kazakhstan. September 25, 1949 the newspaper Truth»Posted a message TASS"In connection with the statement of US President Truman about the carrying out of an atomic explosion in the USSR":

"Nuclear Club"

Informal name of the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons. It includes the United States (since 1945), Russia (originally the Soviet Union: since 1949), Great Britain (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998) and North Korea (2006). Israel is also considered to have nuclear weapons.

The "old" nuclear powers of the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France and China are the so-called. nuclear five - that is, states that are considered "legitimate" nuclear powers under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The rest of the countries with nuclear weapons are called "young" nuclear powers.

In addition, US nuclear weapons are or may be located on the territory of several states that are NATO members and other allies. Some experts believe that in certain circumstances, these countries can take advantage of it.