What trees grow in the Kaliningrad region. Gardens and parks in Königsberg and Kaliningrad. What trees will not protect

The region reaches 22%. The largest woodlands have survived within the Nesterovsky, Krasnoznamensky, Slavsky, Polessky, Gvardeisky and Bagrationovsky districts, where the forest cover ranges from 37 to 23%. In the cover of the region there are more than 1250 species of higher plants, of which about 1000 are introduced into the culture of landscaping. These are woody, shrubby and herbaceous plants brought from other continents of our planet. Due to the softness in the area, plants grow from, Western Europe, from, from, from. Among them are the tulip tree, Japanese scarlet, Canadian poplar, Amur velvet, magnolia, oriental plane tree, European and oriental beeches, Crimean juniper and many others.

The main forest-forming species are spruce, pine, oak, maple, and birch. Spruce is most widespread in the forests of the eastern regions of the region and occupies 25% of the total area.

Pine forests occupy about 17% of the forested area in the region, they are most significant in the Krasnoznamensky, Nesterovsky, Zelenogradsky districts, on the Curonian and Baltic spits. In separate small tracts in the region there are oak forests, where European oak grows. In Polesskiy, Zelenogradskiy, Pravdinskiy, Gvardeiskiy districts there are ash and lime-trees. Insignificant areas of beech forests are located in Zelenogradsky and Pravdinsky districts.

Up to a quarter of the forest area is occupied by birch forests, oxalis and herbaceous plants in Bagrationovsky and Pravdinsky districts of the region. Decreased areas of soil with long-term excess moisture are occupied by alder and black alder forests. They are widely represented in Slavsky, Polessky, Gvardeisky and Zelenogradsky districts.

About a third are hayfields and pastures. The set of grasses in meadows includes about 30 species: bent grass, bracken, fescue, hedgehog, mint, clover, alfalfa, timothy, mouse peas, meadow rank and others. On the best floodplain hayfields, the yield reaches 40 c / ha.

On the territory of the region, there are several hundred with a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1000 km2, mainly in the interfluves and in the valley of the river. Pregolya. They have an important water protection and water regulation value, are habitats of wild animals, many of them are rich in berries (cloudberries, blueberries, blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries), mushrooms, medicinal herbs and plants.

The fauna of the region belongs to the European-Siberian zoogeographic subregion, the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, the seaside province. Animals in the region are represented by ungulates, predators, rodents, insectivores, bats. They are distributed mainly in forests, where the living conditions of animals are least changed by humans.

The group of ungulates includes the largest of the region's animals - the elk, as well as other representatives of the deer family - red and sika deer, roe deer and fallow deer.

Most of all in the forests of the region there are roe deer - several thousand. Elk and red deer number in the hundreds. Fallow deer are extremely rare, found in the Polesie region (there are several hundred of them in Russia). Sika deer were introduced to the region quite recently. They were released on the territory of the Novoselovsky fur farm, where they are bred to obtain antlers - a valuable medicinal raw material. There are small herds of wild boars in many forests of the region.

Among the predators are foxes, martens, chorises, ermines and weasels. Wolves were completely destroyed by the 70s, but since 1976 they reappeared and they are hunted all year round.

Among those leading a terrestrial lifestyle, rats and mice are most often found; leading a semi-aquatic lifestyle - beaver, nutria, muskrat; leading an arboreal lifestyle - squirrels.

Insectivores are represented by moles, hedgehogs and several species of shrews, bats are represented by bats.

The birds inhabiting forests and fields, lakes and swamps, cities and towns in the region are numerous and varied. Among them, there are both species permanently living in the region, and migratory, as well as making large and small migrations. The route of autumn and spring migrations of many millions of northern birds passes through the Curonian Spit. On the spit in the village. Rybachy is the location of the Biological Station of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, whose specialists study the migration of birds.

Most of all in the forests of the region there are birds from the order of passerines (finches, starlings, tits, swallows, flycatchers, warblers, redstarts, redstarts, larks, whiskers, warblers); from the raven squad (crow, raven, jackdaw, magpie, rook). In addition to passerines, woodpeckers, crossbills, various pigeons, such large birds as hazel grouse and black grouse live. There are also birds of prey - hawk, harrier, owls, owls, eagle owls.

In the fields and meadows live partridges, harrier, storks, waders, cranes, herons live in swamps. Reservoirs inhabited different kinds ducks, geese, seagulls. The adornment of many is the mute swan.

Fish in inland waters are represented freshwater species (58 species, in the Curonian - 42, in the Kaliningrad - up to 40 species).

Sea fish include herring, sprat, cod, flounder, salmon. Semi-anadromous species (ascending for reproduction in the lower reaches) are smelt and herring, anadromous (going to spawn up rivers) - whitefish, vimbets, Baltic sturgeon, salmon, eel. Bream, pike perch, roach, smelt, crucian carp, ruff, perch, pike are widespread. The rivers are inhabited not only by such fish typical for rivers as burbot, catfish, chub, ide, but also by trout and grayling typical of the foothills.

The Forestry Agency of the Kaliningrad Region searches for and inventory free-standing trees, shrubs and whole parks, which received the status of natural monuments 30 years ago. Many plants are more than a hundred years old, and so they are valuable. In the region, according to experts, there are 62 such monuments.

Or ex defended

Now specialists are working with the 1985 document. It contains the general coordinates rare plants: about 60 breeds and the state and forestry enterprises responsible for them, which no longer exist.

“Therefore, the necessary trees still need to be found. Ecologists and the population help us in this. In general, the trees are in good condition. However, not everyone is alive, ”says natalya Stemalschuk, Lead Consultant of the Regional Forestry Agency.

A huge plane tree was lost on Prospekt Mira in Kaliningrad. The same fate awaited the 90-year-old Siebold nut in the village of Novaya Derevnya. The owners intended to cut it down - they say, it shades the site. I had to convince them of the uniqueness of the plant. But in the village of Timiryazevo, near the teacher's house Galina Bryukhnevich, the century-old yew has perfectly fit into the landscape design.

The 800-year-old mighty oak tree is considered to be the totem of the ancient pagan Prussians. The tree grows in the courtyard of the former cheese factory in Ladushkin. This oak is also displayed on the city's coat of arms. Photo: AiF / Stanislav Lomakin

After the "census" of the natural monuments, it is planned to issue protection obligations, and then to install information boards near them. Although some exotics are already local brands.

It is difficult to imagine Svetlogorsk without the girlish grapes that hang around the mud baths and the water tower. The oldest pedunculated oak in the region became the symbol of Ladushkin. It is over 800 years old.

Treated with cement

Until the middle of the 19th century, Königsberg was a typical medieval city with densely built-up quarters, defensive fortifications and rare trees. Only noble people could afford parks and gardens.

Later they began to give them to the city. Intensive cultivation and planting of valuable ornamental woody plants in East Prussia began at the beginning of the XX century.

Varietal apples and pears from old German orchards in soviet time got to the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. True, to the stand of the Moscow region, where all the best was presented. But the gardens that survived the war did not resist modern developers.

“When I arrived in Kaliningrad in 1947, there were only ruins around. The trees that survived were still wounded. We treated them with a cement-based compound. At the intersection of st. Such a tree has survived on Komsomolskaya and Prospekt Mira, but basically those that we saved have already been cut down, - recalls 95 years old, who headed the Green Economy Trust for twenty years. "We made the city a garden by starting from scratch."

Kant island. View from above. Photo: AiF / Stanislav Lomakin

Lindens were dug up to the island of Kant and brought from the forest. Then they planted chestnuts there - the Germans also loved them very much. Talyzin was presented with blue spruces in Riga. True, under new Year out of fifty spruce trees planted in the city, local residents cut down and carried away to their homes 38. From the surviving cones they took seeds and began to plant them.

“Moscow helped us with seeds, but when we organized our nursery, all the seedlings were already our own - poplar, linden, maple, mountain ash,” recalls the veteran. “Up to a million flowers, tens of thousands of shrubs, hundreds of trees were planted on the streets every year. It is very painful to see how our garden city is being destroyed ”.

But it seems that it is still possible to return Kaliningrad-Konigsberg to its former glory as a garden city. A new green nursery will be laid in the region in spring 2016. The seeds will be brought from St. Petersburg. For the city forests, under which 1200 hectares are occupied, oaks, pine and spruce will be grown. For the needs of the city - hornbeams, rowan, linden.

Having lived for 30 years in Novokuznetsk, I sincerely believed that my hometown the greenest in Russia. The smithy was called the "garden city". I won't be mistaken if I say that every Novokuznetsk resident knows the lines of the poet Mayakovsky: "... I know - the city will be, I know - the garden will bloom!" It's all about Novokuznetsk! Erroneous judgments about the greenest city in the Russian Federation began to visit me later, much later. I still remember the visit of partners (and now friends) from Omsk to Novokuznetsk: "Damn it! We were always told that Omsk is the greenest city, and in the Kuzna, the greenery is also normal!"

I generally have recent times there is a feeling that certain myths are implanted in Siberia: "our city is the best!", "our city is the greenest!", "let the environment suffer, but we have the highest average salaries (after oil workers)." All this rushes into the ears of Siberians from official sources. Unofficial sources work even better: "why go to the sea to live? Baba Vanga said that everything will be flooded, but only Siberia will remain", "Kaliningrad? But there are eternal rains, humidity and coldness (Siberians talk about cold) !!!", " Siberia has the most beautiful nature "and so on. And this is not sarcasm, almost everyone believes about Baba Wang.

It is my opinion that these myths wind up in the heads of Siberians is not accidental. After all, if they knew that there are cities where the climate is better, where the sea does not approach the houses, where there is finally much more greenery, everyone would have left this region of little use for life long ago.

Something podzaneslo me, I wanted to write about greens. So, the city garden is not a Smithy, but Kaliningrad. Not only is there simply an order of magnitude more greenery than in the Forge, but the quality is also different. What grows in the city of Novokuznetsk: poplar, elm, mountain ash, birch, spruce. Well, maybe something else. Let's see what's growing in Kaliningrad. I will be wrong, you correct, I specially numbered each photo.

1) Dense green fruits.

2) It looks like apricots, or pears.

3) Green dense fruit with a specific smell.

4) Bah! Yes, these are walnuts!

5) Here's the proof. The nut is still milky, but the outlines are being drawn.

6) Oak and acorns.

7) In Siberia, large oaks are rare. I don't remember acorns in Siberia at all. Although no, I saw it somewhere.

8) Thuja? And what is this: flowers, cones, young shoots?

9) All the thujas that I saw here were smaller in size. This, with cones - such a good tree!

10) I have no idea what it is.

11) And here the fruits have a slightly lemon tint, maybe a plum?

12) I did not dare to try everything. You don't know ford ...

13) But it seems like a plum.

14) Bulk apples. Apples in Kaliningrad are generally in order.

15) I saw specimens hanging on the trees in autumn, like in a store! There are no such big ones in Siberia.

16) There is a fruit in Thailand: longan :)) It also grows, on branches, of the same shape and size, only the peel is different.

17) But again I suspect that it is a plum. I even tasted this one, it tasted like a plum, I even started to sweeten it already.

18) What's this? Some completely alien plants have gone.

19) Several unshaven balls hang on each branch.

20) And here, already shaved balls :) But again, I do not even have a suspicion of what it is.

And I took this as an example only the most exotic plants for me, which met 200 meters away !! I'm not lying, we just walked along the North Mountain and I fotal in a row. But there are also pyramidal poplars, maples, elms, birches with pines. And there are many more that I see for the first time!

When a conversation about greenery comes in with the locals, every time I run into a template: "nope, it's not green. It used to be ...". I don't know what was there before, but Kaliningrad is really green. In terms of the number of trees per capita, as far as I remember, the city has an honorable first place and a good lead over the second.

Despite this, I do not like what the authorities sometimes like here (as well as for the locals). The unbuilt tidbits in the center are "lined with silly trees." The craving for permits for the construction of malls in the centers of our cities is in the blood of officials. Well, take out, yopt, your boxes to the outskirts. Make a normal comfortable road, bring light and water there. The topic is rhetorical, why they don't do that.

In the meantime, Kaliningrad is the greenest city in Russia. To be continued...

The Kaliningrad region is a unique region of Russia. First of all, due to its geographical location. In our article you will find a description of the nature of the Kaliningrad region, with photos and a story about the most interesting places... In particular, you will learn about the topography, climate, flora and fauna of this region.

Kaliningrad region: geographical location and diversity of nature

The Kaliningrad Region is home to more than one million Russians. It is located in Eastern Europe and is an exclave Russian Federation, that is, it has no land borders with its main territory. The region borders on Poland (in the south) and Lithuania (in the north and east). From the west, it is washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea.

The variety of nature in the Kaliningrad region is simply amazing. Here, on a relatively small piece of land, you can see various types of landscape: sand dunes, coniferous forests, oak groves, lakes, swamps, lush meadows ... The territory of the region is densely dotted with rivers, rivulets and streams, and its bowels hide real riches.

We will now tell you in more detail about the nature of the Kaliningrad region, its relief, climate, vegetation and fauna.

Relief and minerals

The relief of the region is predominantly flat (see the map below). The maximum heights (up to 230 meters) are located in the southeastern part of the region, where the Vishtynetsk Upland enters the borders of the Kaliningrad region. Some land areas are located below sea level. Most of them are in the Slavsky district. These are the so-called polders - lands under constant threat of flooding. The average height of the surface of the region above sea level is only 15 meters.

Another unique feature of the nature of the Kaliningrad region is the presence of real sand dunes within its boundaries. They are found in the Baltic and Curonian spits. The largest of these dunes are 50-70 meters high.

The bowels of the Kaliningrad region are rich in various minerals. The main wealth of the region is, of course, amber. According to geologists, it contains about 90% of the planet's "sun stone" reserves. In addition to amber, the Kaliningrad region has deposits of oil, brown coal, rock and potassium salt, phosphorites, sand and peat.

Climate and surface waters

The climate of the Kaliningrad region is transitional from maritime to moderate continental. The Baltic Sea has a significant impact on the weather and climatic conditions of the region. So, average annual temperatures decrease from +7.5 ° C in the southwest of the region to +6.5 ° C in its northeastern part. In summer, the air here warms up to + 22 ... 26 ° C, and in winter, the thermometer can drop to –15… –20 ° C. True, both prolonged heat and lingering frosts are not typical for this region.

The average annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 750 mm. Most of them fall in summer and autumn. The snow cover does not last long. In autumn, stormy winds often sweep over the region, especially windy weather is typical for the coastal zone.

The Kaliningrad region has a dense and well-developed river network. IN total 148 rivers flow through its territory. The largest of them are Neman and Pregolya. The basins of these two rivers cover almost the entire territory of the region. There are quite a few lakes in the southeastern part of the region. The largest of them - Vishtynetskoe - is located on the border with neighboring Lithuania.

Flora and fauna

The flora of the Kaliningrad region numbers about 1250 species of higher vascular plants. Many of them were brought here from other regions, in particular from the Crimea and the Caucasus. The total forest cover of the territory reaches 18%. The most wooded eastern areas of the region are Chernyakhovsky, Nesterovsky and Krasnoznamensky. On the Curonian and Baltic spits, artificially planted forests perform an important function of restraining sands migrating inland.

All forests in the region are secondary, they were planted in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The main forest-forming species are spruce and pine. Also common are birches, maples, oaks, hornbeams, lindens. In Zelenogradsky and Pravdinsky districts there are areas of beech forest, and near Zelenogradsk there is a grove of black alder.

The fauna of the Kaliningrad region numbers over 700 different species, of which 325 species are birds. The largest representative of the animal world is the elk. Here you can find roe deer, deer, fallow deer, wild boars, among predators - ermines, foxes and martens. Wolves were exterminated by the 70s of the last century.

Curonian Spit

An amazing corner of the nature of the Kaliningrad region is the Curonian Spit, located in the northwestern part of the region. This is a narrow strip of land stretching for almost 100 km from Zelenogradsk to the Lithuanian Klaipeda. Moreover, the width of the spit does not exceed 2 km. National park, founded here, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. The most interesting natural monuments on the Curonian Spit are the Efa dune, the famous "Dancing Forest" and the beautiful Swan Lake.

Vishtynetskoe lake

This reservoir is called the European Baikal for its depth, reaching 54 meters. The border between Lithuania and the Kaliningrad region of Russia runs along the lake. The purest water, remoteness from large settlements, the richest avifauna - all this makes Vishtynetskoye Lake an excellent place for quiet rest and unity with nature.

Red forest

In the southeastern part of the region, there is the legendary Rominten (or Red Forest) - a huge forest area of \u200b\u200b360 km 2. The beauty of this part of nature in the Kaliningrad region was appreciated by German nobles, who, since the time of the Teutonic Order, have organized Sunday hunting here. Rominten is an alternation of hills, dark hollows and picturesque forest lakes that were formed during the Ice Age.

Introduction
Rapid urban development is one of the characteristic features modern era. Cities arose over four thousand years ago. The Industrial Revolution attracted people from the countryside to cities and towns. Currently, more than 1/3 of the world's population lives in cities. The growth of cities increasingly removes man from nature. The city changes almost all components natural environment: atmosphere, vegetation, soil, relief, the groundwater... Has an adverse effect on vegetation and animal world... Are the interests of civilization and nature conservation compatible? It all depends on the conditions in which the development of human culture takes place. Many Western scholars have sounded the alarm. It has been proven that the negative impact on nature adversely affects human life and health.
There was a need to preserve the elements of nature within the city. This is one of the important forms of improving the life of townspeople, allowing to increase the level of people's health, harmonious development of physical, spiritual strength and human longevity.
It is believed that the first gardens arose about 5 thousand years ago in Mesopotamia, when a palm tree was acclimatized there, which was not grown for food, but for decorative purposes. Until the end of the 17th century, parks and gardens were created at the will of rulers, aristocrats and priests. From the beginning of the 19th century, parks and gardens began to be created in cities. Today, an important task of parks is to create conditions for recreation of townspeople, preserve the aesthetic qualities of parks and conduct important environmental events.
Kaliningrad is still one of the greenest cities in Russia. Everyone who comes to our city for the first time is pleasantly amazed by the abundance of greenery. This is largely the legacy of Königsberg, which by the beginning of the 20th century was also considered one of the greenest cities in Germany.
Shady alleys, parks, squares, an abundance of flowers - all this arouses the pride of Kaliningraders.

The value of green spaces in city life.
Parks are an important component in the formation of the cityscape. The creation of an optimal landscape environment in each park to satisfy human needs for recreation is associated not only with providing functional amenities, but also with the formation of beautiful landscapes that captivate the imagination, their stability and durability. Such tasks can be successfully solved only on the basis of protection, rational and creative use of the natural landscape features of the territory. The main elements of the basis of the landscape, influencing the methods of forming the park, are soils and vegetation, which determine the possibilities of landscaping and improvement, as well as the terrain and geomorphological conditions. The biological side of the design of parks is that plants are combined according to the generality or proximity of ecological requirements, the possibility of joint growth. The combination of species according to the principle of belonging to a single biocenosis, with the same requirements for the place of growth, ensures the viability and durability of plantings, in contrast to planting trees and shrubs in monoculture.
The natural environment is most favorable for the existence of plants. Urban environment negatively affects the development of trees and shrubs. The life span of trees in urban environments is shorter than in rural ones. Therefore, when developing the park landscape, it is important to take into account environmental factors, namely: inorganic (climate, soil fertility, groundwater level, terrain, exposure of slopes); biological factors (composition and structure of the stand) and anthropogenic (economic and recreational human activity). When plantations are formed in conditions of gas-polluted and dusty air (near roads with heavy traffic, industrial enterprises), mainly gas-resistant rocks are introduced into the assortment of rocks. To isolate the inner park space from the negative impact of the urban environment, it is recommended to arrange a protective belt on the periphery of the park.
Increased recreational loads on green spaces lead to the disruption of ecological ties in them and the decay of plantations. Lawns, groves, and massive plantings are most susceptible to trampling, if visitors move here without restrictions.
Parks in a modern city are becoming "oases" of ecological balance, which have their own structural quality as the most comfortable, healthy and safe space for a person to stay. The value of the park as an island of nature lies in the fact that it is the only one available for everyday recreation of the townspeople. Consequently, when creating a park, the primary task is to preserve, as far as possible, natural elements, changing them to a minimum, making them more accessible to the maximum. Green spaces bring the urban ecological system closer to the natural one, contribute to the improvement of the urban environment, improve the microclimate of the city, reduce air pollution, and reduce the noise level.
There is a direct link between public health and air pollution with gaseous compounds. Trees reduce the level of gas pollution, dustiness, saturate the air with oxygen and phytoncides, protect against radionucleotides, create a favorable microclimate, and significantly reduce the level of noise.
Green spaces are noise mufflers. Constant exposure to strong noise causes insomnia and headaches. Curbing noise is one of the most important problems in a modern city. Noise is as killer as it could be. Dense, vertically closed stands can reduce the noise level by 5 - 8 dB. At the same time, the width of the noise protection strip does not matter much, since numerous studies have proved that the most significant noise reduction is provided by trees and shrubs with a high specific gravity of green mass. Conifers and evergreen deciduous plants do the best with this at any time of the year. In Kaliningrad, the most powerful sources of noise pollution are rail and road transport. Railroad noise is 100 decibels. A person who has lived for 5 years in such conditions is at risk of complete hearing loss. For comparison, grass noise is 10 decibels.
Lakes, rivers, streams reduce the content of dust in the air, regulate moisture exchange, and soften the microclimate in the hot season. There are 33 lakes in Kaliningrad. Some of them are surrounded by a park and are great places to relax.
Dust, vehicle exhaust gases, carbon dioxide, pathogens in parks have an adverse effect on human health, but the abundance of green spaces allows us to cope with this adverse factor. Trees and shrubs retain up to 80% of city dust, prevent the spread of heavy metals, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, phenol and other substances. It is estimated that 1 hectare of coniferous trees retains up to 40 tons of dust per year, and of deciduous trees - about 100 tons. Different species of trees and shrubs do not give the same dustproof effect. For example, elm retains dust 6 times more than balsam poplar. Knowing the dustproof properties of plants, you can achieve the greatest effect by appropriate placement and selection. Vegetation can also be widely used to protect against smoke and gases. It has the property of absorbing gaseous industrial waste.
Along with the formation of such an important element of the urban microclimate as fresh air, green spaces also affect the thermal regime. Among trees and shrubs, especially in parks, more favorable for the human body are created temperature conditionsthan in open spaces. At the entrance to a square or park, the air temperature drops by 0.6 ° C, and relative humidity increases by 5-10%. The wind speed at the entrance is maximally reduced by 7 times, and inside the plantation - by 11 times.
Trees and shrubs improve the quality of the air we breathe, absorb carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and radioactive substances. Plants protect humans from such severe and intractable diseases as lung cancer, allergies, and upper respiratory tract diseases. Maple well absorbs harmful oxides from the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. 1 hectare of the park absorbs 220-280 kg of carbon dioxide from the air per day, while releasing 180-220 kg of oxygen.
One of the important properties of green spaces is the ability to reduce bacterial air pollution, increase the ionization of the atmosphere, and enrich it with phytoncides. Strong phytoncidal properties are possessed by: thuja, pine, spruce, fir, oak, balsamic poplar, bird cherry, juniper, etc. Rowan leaves and poplar buds kill influenza viruses, pine needles retard the development of Koch's tubercle bacillus, oak copes with dysentery infection. Moreover, phytoncides, getting through the lungs, have a beneficial effect on nervous system... They help to improve metabolism, stimulate heart activity. Birch, oak, and fir are also active sources of phytoncides. Thuja leaves repel mosquitoes.
Green spaces change the ionic composition of atmospheric air, increasing the degree of ionization by 5 - 7 times. Scots pine has the most favorable effect on the ionic composition and the state of the atmospheric air, then in descending order: red oak, western thuja, Siberian larch, common spruce, pedunculate oak, hornbeam, small-leaved linden. An unfavorable ionic effect is exerted on the composition of atmospheric air: marsh oak, horse chestnut, walnut, black walnut, Norway maple, gray walnut.
And finally, properly constructed parks, gardens, lawns and flower beds are a source of aesthetic pleasure, cheer up and delight us with their colors, decorative forms of shrubs and flowers. In a city, it is important to create unique landscapes, to be able to integrate the terrain, vegetation, and water bodies into one whole.
Unfortunately, Kaliningrad is among not the most ecologically safe cities in Russia. The level of air pollution is high, mainly by vehicles (up to 80%), and the dust content is increased. In the fight against these disadvantages, green spaces can help us, which also shape the image of the city.
Clearing, often uncontrolled, for building reduces the area of \u200b\u200bgreen spaces, not only on city streets, but also in parks and squares. Some squares have completely disappeared in the city center, and buildings have been erected in their place.

Gardens and parks of Kaliningrad
What are the features of the landscaping system of Koenigsberg and Kaliningrad.
Until the mid-19th century, Königsberg bore the imprint of a typical medieval city with densely built-up neighborhoods and few trees on the streets. Due to the large number of military fortifications, the fortress city was turned into a cage surrounded by a rampart and a moat. The city was pressed into tight spaces, overcrowded, and green spaces had to disappear to give way to construction. In the 16th century, the nobility became a pioneer of the first man-made green areas. Fruits and flowers were grown in the gardens, and during receptions they organized walks. Near every rich house there was a garden for summer pastime. In the 18th century, these gardens were donated to Königsberg. So the following became the property of the city: the Royal Garden (area near Universitetskaya street), People's Garden (Ecocentre garden), Münz-platz (the southern end of the Lower Pond), the eastern section of the Zamkovy (Lower) Pond promenade. On the outskirts: Luisenval Park, Walter Simon-Platz (Baltika Stadium) and the Zoo.
In 1875 in the capital of Prussia, the Union for the Greening of the City was created. Dr. Kessel became its leader. Its main function is to transform Koenigsberg into a garden city. First of all, the Union was engaged in accounting for trees and landscaping parks. So, activists put in order the old People's Park (district of Gvardeisky Prospekt), founded in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the green decoration of Königsberg was still very sparse and consisted of flower beds in squares and a few trees on the streets, which were poorly looked after.
The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century is characterized by active urban development Koenigsberg by joining and building suburbs. The old defensive belt had lost its significance by that time. The project for the development of these areas already provided for parks, ponds, green alleys, courtyard gardens, churches and schools. The first such district in Königsberg was Ratshof (now the area of \u200b\u200bthe Carriage Works), founded in 1901 by the architect D. Blair. In 1904 the city tree and shrub nursery was founded. Thanks to the cultivation of seedlings in it, already in 1908, there were 820 thousand square meters. m of parks and gardens. By 1909, 14 thousand valuable trees were planted along the streets.
A new page in the landscaping of the city was opened by Hans Lomayer, who was elected Mayor of Königsberg in the summer of 1919. Lomaier took drastic measures to plant greenery and, above all, to create a continuous green belt of plantings. The architect Ernst Schneider was invited from Poznan to implement his plans. He headed the Parks and Gardens Directorate. We still use the fruits of his activities. At that time, on the site of the old fortifications, the well-known "Green Belt of the City" stretched from Pregel (Guards Avenue) to the North Station, from here past Rostgarten, Royal and Zakheim gates to Pregel. In the south, this green rampart continued the South Park (now the park of the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol). In 1928, Koenigsberg's green garment had a total area of \u200b\u200bover 6 million square meters. This green wealth was essential not only for the beauty of the city, but also for the health of its inhabitants. The landscaping work was completed by 1934. The green outfit arose thanks to the respect for trees and shrubs during the development of new areas, lush green spaces suburban settlements and the development of horticultural associations.
The second half of the 30s of the XX century marked the next stage in the creation of a garden city. The green islets of the districts were combined into complex systems for a bundle of gardens, parks, reservoirs with the help of promenades, alleys, canals. For example, water from the Upper Pond cascaded into the Castle Pond. A children's pool, beach and lawns have been added to the Max Ashman Park pond. From the Upper Pond, a green ribbon stretched past the Higher Trade School to Zammiter Alley (Gorky Street). These linear additions brought Koenigsberg to life.
The “Green Ring” was also supplemented with alleys. A carriage house and stables were built. Vacationers were rolled in carriages. A beer bar, a restaurant, a cafe were built in the fortifications. The park was adjoined by a hippodrome, which was very popular. Unfortunately the second world War did not spare this corner of Koenigsberg, now it is completely lost. But according to experts, today this area has the highest level of biological diversity in comparison with other parks and forest parks in Kaliningrad. Up to 48 bird species nest here on an area of \u200b\u200b40 hectares.
The north-western region was interesting in terms of landscape. The forest of Theodor Krone (between Khimicheskaya St. and Tikhonenko St.) was a wonderful resting place. Numerous squares and green areas within the city were complemented by parks, as well as old cemeteries, squares at the Eastern Station and Friedricheru Park (not preserved) in Ponart. At the South Station and the Brandenburg Gate, magnificent squares have been preserved.
All green spaces of the city (without cemeteries), including ponds and gardens, before the war were 7,872 thousand square meters. m. In addition, there were 12 city sports grounds, 2 tennis courts and 101 playgrounds, 30 large lawns, 7 baths, 6 children's pools, 7 beaches, 18 sledging and skiing tracks and ice rinks. The most favorite resting place of the Königsberg residents was the old inn "Firbrorderkrug" in the forest in the west of the city (the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Kosmodemyanskiy).
A feature of Kaliningrad parks is a wide variety of forms and species of plants. Modern landscaping of Kaliningrad includes different kinds artificial plantations squares, parks, boulevards, gardens and natural landscaped landscapes: forest parks, city forests. In general, there are about 289 hectares of well-groomed green spaces in the city, which can be classified as public green spaces.
Parks in Kaliningrad are the most common form of public green spaces and are preserved historical landscape and architectural complexes. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe parks is 101.3 hectares.
In 1965, by the decision of the regional government, a list of the most valuable parks located in the city and the region was established. There were 17 of them. In Kaliningrad - 3 (Ecostation arboretum, zoo arboretum, a park on the territory of an agricultural exhibition). In the 70s, there was about 100 square meters for each inhabitant of the region. m of greenery.
In 1985, the list was revised. As a result, 61 natural monuments and 2 city parks were identified. Arboretums of the Young Naturalists' Station (SUN) and the zoo.
In 1988, there was a new revaluation. In the region, 23 parks subject to protection were taken into account, of which 6 in Kaliningrad (park at the SUN, arboretum of the zoo, park named after Kalinin (Central), park named after the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol, Botanical garden of the university and a park of sculptures on the island).
According to the University of KSU (1990), the provision of public green spaces in Kaliningrad is 19.8 sq. m. per inhabitant. The generally accepted indicator is not less than 20 sq. m per inhabitant.
The vegetation in the parks, as a rule, is represented by tree species, there is an almost complete absence of shrubs. Broad-leaved species predominate: horse chestnut, maple, linden, downy and warty birch, etc. The average age of the trees is 7-90 years. Conifers in parks and street plantings are rare (7% of the total number of trees) and are represented by larch, blue spruce and common spruce. IN last years there was a tendency for spontaneity in the landscaping of the city, the use of randomly selected species of trees and shrubs, the impoverishment of their species composition.
In Kaliningrad, 84 squares with lawns and flower beds occupy an area of \u200b\u200b58.3 hectares. The number of species and forms in different squares varies. In general, deciduous trees account for 89% of green spaces, conifers - 11% of the total number of trees and shrubs growing in squares.

Royal garden
The oldest park in Königsberg - Königsgarten was founded in 1509 at the behest of the Grand Master of Saxe-Meissen north of the castle. A wooden sidewalk led from the castle. A hunting park was adjacent to this park. The garden was not only a vegetable garden where vegetables and potatoes were grown, but also a lot of old trees. Among the attractions of this place was an old linden tree. Marshal von Wallenrod received guests under its canopy in 1697. But in the winter of 1708-1709, in severe frosts, this tree died.
In 1731, the construction of a garrison church began, since by that time a square had been laid in the garden, where military parades and drill exercises were held. However, Frederick II stopped this construction. In 1790, the construction of a one-story royal hall began on the southern side of the park, and in 1791 the remains of an unfinished church were cleared and an arena was built. In 1806, a memorial stone was laid for the construction of the city theater. In 1809, the king donated the royal park to the city with a commitment to never re-plan it. The square became central and most beautiful in Königsberg. In 1844, a new university building was opened here. On August 3, 1851, a monument to Friedrich Wilhelm III on horseback was unveiled in the park. In 1863 the building of the arena was demolished. In 1865, the square was re-equipped: they planted chestnut and linden alleys, created lawns, beautiful groups from thickets of lilacs. In 1930, another transformation of the garden took place, tram rails were laid across the parade square, for which a chestnut alley was cut down. This is the history of the oldest park, from which nothing remains today.

Saturgus Park
It was the famous park of the merchant Saturgus, who inherited from his mother a large garden stretching to the Pregel at the new moat. In 1753, he built a house and created a one-of-a-kind park with Rococo figures, hedges, labyrinths, fountains, and expensive plumbing. After his death in 1754, the nephews and heirs of Saturgus continued the work of their uncle and set up a nature cabinet in the house, the keeper of which in 1766 was Immanuel Kant. The famous traveler A. T. Bolotov wrote: "Although this garden is not very extensive, it can be considered the best in the whole of Königsberg, for not only is it located regularly, but also decorated with all possible decorations." Then Bolotov writes about a rich greenhouse, a poultry house, a menagerie, beautiful houses and gazebos and a small cabinet of curiosities located in the office. In it one could admire the collection of ores, fossils, shells, stuffed animals, amber with an insect inside. The garden was filled with flowers, trees, the walls were covered with peach and apricot trellises, there were figuratively clipped trees and many fountains. In 1784, the Nature Cabinet was put up for auction, part of it became the basis of the Zoological Museum. In 1803 the garden was damaged by fire and has never been revived.

Ecocentre arboretum
One of the most unique gardens in Königsberg was the university garden. Its history began in 1809, when the department of botany and the position of professor of botany were approved at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Albertina. Young physician and botanist, M.D. Friedrich Schweigger was tasked with creating botanical Garden... Three years earlier, King Frederick Wilhelm III bought a villa on the northwestern side of the city that belonged to the honored military adviser Georg Scheffner, and then donated it to the university.
The construction of the garden began in 1810 under the direction of Schweigger. The territory of the Scheffner garden turned out to be small for the set goals, and plots of adjacent land were gradually added to it with difficulty. By 1818, the territory of the garden became 6 hectares and with the help of the gardener Gereke was turned into a botanical garden. 4 greenhouses and a gardener's house were built. Unfortunately, Schweigger was not keen on creating a garden, being constantly on the road. During an expedition to Sicily in 1821, the 38-year-old scientist was killed by a guide. In the center of the garden, friends erected a monument to Schweigger among limes and beeches.
Originally, the plants in the garden were placed without any system. In 1812, under the director, Professor Dr. Eissenhardt, a mandatory list was drawn up for buying and planting plants in a strict order. There were 2,367 plant varieties in the park. This was then done annually. The directors of the garden changed, and each contributed to its development. The garden area was expanded under the director, Professor Ernst Mayer, who gave the garden new look... And under the director, Professor Kaspari, its area reached 7.5 hectares. Robert Caspari built a greenhouse for tropical plants, a greenhouse, made significant changes in the work and landscape of the garden. Then, under the director, Professor Luerssen, pharmacological and chemical laboratories were built, a pond was dug and a fountain and a small island were made. Under the direction of the director, Dr. Karl Metz, were rebuilt into the better side many parts of the garden, a rock garden appeared, a swamp was laid to the south of the pond and plants characteristic of this landscape were planted. In addition, artificial sand dunes were built. The landscapes created were amazing.
The garden served as a base scientific research for scientists and a place of recreation for the townspeople. Unique plants were planted in the garden: Siebold's nut, gingo biloba, Japanese scarlet, beeches, poultry, red chestnut, Caucasian lapina, etc. In the greenhouses of the garden, fan and date palms, various cacti bloomed and bear fruit every year.
The war caused great damage to the collections and greenhouses gathered in the garden. In 1951, the territory of the botanical garden was transferred to the SUN. In 1965, the park was declared a natural monument, it is of great scientific and historical value.
Now the area of \u200b\u200bthe botanical garden is 3 hectares. This is a landscape-style arboretum with a pond in the center. The total number of species is about 50. Gingo, included in the International Red Data Book, regularly bears fruit here. From the plants of the Red Data Book of Russia: ailantholist walnut, maiden grapes, Hungarian lilac. From the plants of the "Red Data Book of the Baltic States": forest beech. Rare exotic plants: Japanese scarlet leaf, Amur velvet, Zvyagintsev's lilac, Canadian bunduk, Weymouth pine. Rare decorative woody forms: single-leaved acacia, silver maple and split-leaved.

Zoo arboretum
On May 21, 1896, the Königsberg Zoo was opened. The management of the zoo was entrusted to Hermann Klaas. In addition to its main purpose, the zoo constantly hosted various exhibitions, concerts and a dendrological collection was created.
On July 7, 1988, the arboretum of the zoo was recognized as a cultural monument. The area of \u200b\u200bthe arboretum is 7 hectares with 17.5 hectares of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe zoo. Among the valuable plants there grow Wilson's poplar, large-fruited oak, gingo biloba, berry yew, sumac, thuja, etc.
The arboretum of the zoo has preserved in its present form only a few specimens of old trees: Wilson's poplar, large-fruited oak, large-anthered oak, European larch, Jung's weeping birch, Vieri silver maple. Later it was supplemented with other unique species: berry yew, pseudo-tree, thuja, sumac. In addition, there are two weeping beeches, a purple-leaved beech.
The average age of trees in the zoo is 90-120 years.
Alley and single plantings of trees are formed in such a way that there are areas of continuous shadow in the park, abruptly turning into open, sunlit spaces.

University Botanical Garden
It was founded in 1904 by Keber, a professor at the University of Königsberg, as the city garden of the society of amateur gardeners. Keber, who later became the director of this enterprise, invited an assistant, an inspector-gardener Bulz, as an assistant. The garden area was 25 hectares. The heavy loam of the site turned out to be not the best soil for plants, but peat was found in a swampy lowland, and they began to extract it and use it as fertilizer. The resulting quarry became the bed of the pond. German gardeners, growing plants in the nursery, soon turned the gray stone city into a blooming garden.
The Caber Garden, like the oldest botanical gardens in Europe, served as a training base for the university. In memory of the merits of the scientist who headed the botanical garden from the day of its foundation to 1919, a memorial plate was installed on its territory.
During the war, the arboretum was damaged, greenhouses and other buildings were destroyed. In 1948, systematic work began to revive the collection and improve the garden. Since 1968 it has been owned by the university. The garden area is 13.7 hectares. The arboretum occupies 8.5 hectares, the arboretum 0.5 hectares. The rest of the territory houses collection greenhouses of tropical and subtropical plants, industrial greenhouses, greenhouses, lawns and a lake.
As of 1985, there were about 700 species of trees and shrubs in the garden from different regions the world. 31% were plants from East Asia, 28% – North America, 9% - Eurasian species, 8% - the Middle East and Caucasus, 1% - Central Europe, 7% - from other territories. Various forms of trees and shrubs attract with their decorativeness in the garden: these are weeping, spherical, columnar, pyramidal, creeping and unusually colored. 150 species of trees and shrubs are especially valuable and rare. 47 plant species are considered endangered and included in the Red Book of Russia.
Now the garden contains more than 3,000 plant species from different climatic zones.

South Park
Located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe South Station. The park was created by the gardener E. Schneider at the beginning of the 20th century on ramparts built in the middle of the 19th century. The defensive ramparts, which had lost their significance, were supplied with valuable species of trees, squares, alleys made of hornbeam, oak, chestnut, maple, which created its regular style, were broken. A swimming pool, playgrounds and a stadium were also arranged. The water moat was transformed into five ponds, to which two more were later added in the south of the territory, now they are almost lost.
The original name is Zuid Park. But when the Nazis came to power, this park was renamed in honor of one of the leaders of the youth movement Horst Wessel, who died during the Nazi struggle for power. A monument to him with a searchlight and eternal flame was erected in the park. Now at this place there is a memorial sign in honor of the Komsomol members.
The park covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 100 hectares. On the territory of the park, there were fortifications of the "Haberberg Front": bastions, ravelins, gates, fortress walls. The pride of the park was its water bodies. They included 2 lakes and five moats along the fortifications connected to each other. Sports played an important role in the life of the park. First, the stadium "Sportplatz Friedland Tor" was built - a stadium at the Friedland Gate. During the Third Reich, the stadium hosted Hitler Youth competitions, and rallies were organized. Secondly, the concert and sports complex “ East Prussia”For 6 thousand spectators, there were freezing units that made it possible to turn the arena into a skating rink. After the war, this building did not survive, and the freezing units were transported to Moscow to create the first artificial ice rink.
After the war, this park became the property of the Baltic Fleet and was called Sailor Park. And in 1957 it was transferred to the city and received a new name in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol. Currently, the park is in disrepair, but work has already begun on its improvement. Its area was reduced to 54.0 hectares. Here are presented: Norway maple, ash-leaved maple, linden, chestnut, elm, hornbeam, willow, etc.

Max Ashman Park
In the Middle Ages, a dense forest was located on this territory. The townspeople used to go here in families for recreation. In 1903, Max Ashmann, a wealthy wine merchant from Konigsberg, donated one hundred thousand marks to create a recreation area for fellow citizens. The park was opened in 1910. Its area was 25 hectares. It soon became famous as one of the greatest parks in Europe. The beautiful Lesnoye lake with a small island on which a small forest castle was built, oak alleys, paths, benches, pavilions and an oak planted by the German Kaiser in 1900, surrounded by bronze chains fastened to granite columns are the main attractions of this cozy corner of Koenigsberg. A chain of artificial lakes was associated with the Upper Lake. In 1912, 34 swans raised by the park staff were released into the park pond. A picturesque man-made mountain, lawns, on one of which the "Weeping Knight" sculpture was installed, beautifully loomed into its structure. Walking paths were located in a circle around the park, one of them was an equestrian route and was an alley made of oak.
After the war, the park remained abandoned for a long time. It was overgrown with self-sowing, mighty oaks were overgrown with wild underbrush, charming lawns - with thorny bushes. A powerful blow to the green massif was inflicted by the military, conducting tactical exercises on its territory. In addition, garbage was taken out here and treasure hunters dug the earth.
Now the territory covers 85 hectares. The park is a picturesque green area with three ponds: a large one for swimming and two small ones. The bottom of the ponds is lined with stone, the water level is artificially regulated, since the groundwater is too close to the surface. The northeastern end of the park is a well-preserved old oak grove (the trees are about 200 years old). The central part of the park is occupied by trees over 100 years old. Here grow English oak, hornbeam, small-leaved linden, black poplar, red oak, forest beech, several types of maples, balsamic poplar, hawthorn, wild rose, hazel, spirea, euonymus, etc.

Central park
In 1796, the school counselor Guzold bought a plot of land from the heirs of Hippel and named this magnificent estate park after his wife Louise "Luisenval". In 1808 - 1809, the Prussian king Wilhelm III and Queen Louise chose a small house of this estate as their summer residence. The highest place in the park with a magnificent view of the Pregel River has become a favorite spot for Queen Louise. In 1829 the Kunststrasse was laid through the park, and Louise's house was cut off from the park. In 1861, King William I visited this park during his childhood coronation, and in 1872 he bought the entire estate. In 1899, Luisenval became known as Cran Gut and in 1914 Emperor Wilhelm II handed it over to the city. In 1874, a marble bust of Queen Louise by Christian Rauch was installed here. In 1920, the original layout of the old park was changed and supplemented with bridges, stairs, small forms of architecture. The park was connected with the zoo along the valley of the stream.
Little has survived from Luisenval today. Part of its territory is occupied by the Kalinin Park, now renamed "Central", and is used for attractions and entertainment events, the other part is built up and cut through by a network of streets. The park area is 25.1 hectares. The plantations of the 18th century (oaks, chestnuts, lindens, hornbeams) are well preserved, and now they support the structural composition of the park. Younger trees (150 years old) form alleys, large green areas on hills, separate groups in glades. There are amazingly majestic beeches in the northern part of the park along the stream, which form the backdrop for Queen Louise's rotunda.
The quiet recreation zone is located in the eastern part of the park with a natural landscape and is separated by a stream from the zone active rest, which is located in the central part. Attractions, playground, puppet theater are located closer to the main entrance. There are also wooden hunting lodges brought from the Rominten Forest.
The park is beautiful and unique at any time of the year. In warm weather, visitors can expect compositions of flowering plants: forsythia blooms in April, spiraea, lilac, davia, weigela in May, linden in June, roses in July, flower beds are covered with flowers for the whole summer. In autumn, the brightly colored leaves of trees and shrubs enhance the color dynamics. The park is decorated with the Schweidler maple alley. The leaves of this tree change color three times. In spring they are dark purple, in summer they are greenish purple, in autumn they are red and yellow. The tree has a slender trunk covered with dark gray bark. Lives up to 100 years or more. Poorly tolerates dust, smoke and frosty winters.

Sculpture park on the island of Kant
It was established in 1984 as a branch of the Kaliningrad Regional History and Art Museum. In terms of its profile, the park belongs to the group of sculpture art museums. In addition, there is an arboretum here. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 12 hectares. The collection of sculptural works is united by the theme "Man and the World", which makes it possible to express in plastic the spiritual life of the era, to show the images of people who left a noticeable mark on history, portraits of our contemporaries. In the park were planted: Manchurian walnut, common lilac, vinegar tree, western thuja, there are also pines, spruce, acacia, etc., and also created: an alley of purple beeches, an alley of pyramidal oak, a horse chestnut alley, a curtain of forsythia, a curtain of barberries.

Plant protection in the city.
Much attention is paid to the care of trees in parks and squares of the city. Plant protection workers examine vegetation for pest infestation. No green area should be overlooked. Effective and at the same time low-toxic drugs are used in the fight against pests. The most promising are biological control agents that are safe for animals and humans. Trees often have to be healed. Dry branches are removed, the hollows are filled, mistletoe is cut off. If this is not done in time, the trees may die.

Conclusion
Before the war, there were fifteen parks in Königsberg, which were created by well-known specialists in the field of park construction. The Kaliningrad region has a historically established system of landscaping. A valuable and significant dendrological fund is concentrated here, about 80% of the total number of woody plant species are introduced.
Kaliningrad, due to its historical specifics and favorable natural and climatic conditions, has a very picturesque appearance. This is the only place in Russia where German parks have been preserved. There are six of them. The other two, the Saturgus Park and the Royal Garden, have been lost.
The vegetation in the parks, as a rule, is represented by tree species, there is an almost complete absence of shrubs. Broad-leaved species predominate: horse chestnut, maple, linden, fluffy and warty birch. The average age of the trees is 70-90 years. Conifers in parks and street plantings are rare (7% of the total number of trees) and are represented by larch, blue spruce and common spruce.
The degradation of green spaces is associated, first of all, with the general ecological disadvantage of the city. There is a deterioration in the condition of plants along highways with heavy traffic, near industrial enterprises, bus stops. All green spaces of the city require careful attention.

List of used literature
1. Grishanova IK Natural-historical characteristics of city parks. Scientific reference material. KOIHM Archive, 1994.
2. Bogovaya I. O. Teodorskiy V. S. Greening of populated places. M .: Agropromizdat, 1990
3. Aulina VD Kozlovich II On the landscape characteristics of the city of Kaliningrad. Geography issues. Kaliningrad, 1970.
4. Geographic atlas of the Kaliningrad region. Ch. ed. V.V. Orlyonok. Kaliningrad, KSU Publishing House; CNIT, 2002.
5. Malinina O.A. The green outfit of our city. Lecture. KOIHM Archive, 1988.
6. Antipov V.G. On the history of the creation of the Sculpture Park Museum. Assortment of woody plants for the Sculpture Park dendroproject. KOIHM Archive, 2001.
7. Materials for the creation of an arboretum on the Central Island in the Park of Sculptures. KOIHM Archive, 1987.
8. About some objects of the pre-war development of the city of Kaliningrad. Brief information. KOIHM Archive, 2006.
9. Burukovskaya T. G. Garden of unexpected encounters. Kaliningrad Book Publishing House, 1985.
10. Medvedev V.A. Natural monuments and other specially protected natural areas Kaliningrad region. Kaliningrad, 2003.
11. Ecological problems Kaliningrad region and the Baltic region. Collection scientific papers... Kaliningrad, KSU Publishing House, 2002.