Naked Kings. Zhores Alferov. The story of a Jew from science. See what "Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich" is in other dictionaries. Hometown Zh Alferov 7

Zhores Alferov is often called the last great Soviet scientist. In 2000 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his development in the field of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. Thanks to Alferov, the world received smartphones - as we know them, and the Internet, and thanks to heterostructures, everyone began to use CDs.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Alferov was one of the few Russian Nobel laureates, besides him, the prize was received by Vitaly Ginzburg, as well as physicists Alexei Abrikosov and Konstantin Novoselov, who have not been involved in scientific work in Russia for a long time.

Alferov as a physicist

A graduate of one of the oldest universities in Russia - the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) (LETI) - Zhores Alferov was fond of science from an early age. He graduated from a school in Minsk with a gold medal, after which, at the insistence of his physics teacher, he went to the Belarusian Polytechnic Institute (BNTU), studied there for several years and realized that the level of Belarusian teachers was clearly not enough for him.

Since 1953, he worked at the A.F. Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute - starting as a junior researcher, and almost 30 years later, in 1987, already headed it. There Alferov takes part in the development of the first transistor in the USSR, studies the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots.

In 1991, Zhores Alferov took over as vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences - during this period he was just doing research in the field of semiconductor heterostructures.

Leningrad. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zhores Alferov at a lecture at the Physics and Electronics School, created for high school students. Photo: Yuri Belinsky / TASS

Alferov almost immediately after the creation of the Skolkovo Innovation Center - in 2010 - was appointed its scientific director and co-chairman of the scientific advisory council of the Foundation. Immediately after his appointment, Alferov called for the Skolkovo Advisory Board to meet not only on the territory of the center, but also in other universities - both Russian and foreign - to compare conditions with other scientific centers and increase ties.

For which Zhores Alferov received the Nobel Prize

In 2000, Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kremer received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their developments in the field of high-speed transistors and lasers. These studies formed the basis of modern compact information technology. Alferov and Kremer discovered high-speed opto- and microelectronic devices based on semiconductor heterostructures: high-speed transistors, laser diodes for information transmission systems in fiber-optic networks, high-power efficient light-emitting diodes that can replace incandescent lamps in the future.

Most devices operating on the principle of semiconductors use a pn junction formed at the interface between parts of the same semiconductor with different types of conductivity, created by introducing appropriate impurities. The heterojunction made it possible to use different chemical composition semiconductors with different bandgaps. This made it possible to create electronic and optoelectronic devices of extremely small size - up to atomic scales.

Zhores Alferov created a heterojunction from semiconductors with close lattice periods - GaAs and a ternary compound of a certain composition AlGaAs. “I remember well this search (the search for a suitable hetero pair -“ Hi-tech ”). They reminded me of my favorite story in my youth by Stefan Zweig “The Feat of Magellan”. When I went to Alferov's small work room, it was all piled up with rolls of graph paper, on which the tireless Zhores drew diagrams from morning to evening in search of matching crystal lattices. After Zhores and his team of employees made the first heterojunction laser, he told me: “Borya, I heterojunction all semiconductor microelectronics,” Academician Boris Zakharchenya told about this period of Alferov's life.

Further studies, thanks to which it was possible to obtain heterojunctions by means of epitaxial growth of a crystalline film of one semiconductor on the surface of another, allowed Alferov's group to miniaturize devices even more, down to nanometer ones. For these developments in the field of nanostructures, Zhores Alferov received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.

Alferov - public figure and communist

It is hard to imagine a figure in Russia who is more critical of the state of modern Russian science - the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences, low salaries for teachers, the outflow of personnel from the country and the education system, while calling himself a "real patriot" and "representative of the great Slavic people" than Zhores Alferov. In terms of this scale, Alferov can only be compared with Alexander Solzhenitsyn, also a Nobel laureate, who, although extremely negative about the existing state system, was still a great patriot and seemed to understand many social processes clearly deeper than the people who dealt with them professionally.

Zhores Alferov was often called in the media almost the last real communist in Russia to publicly speak with such a position. Alferov has repeatedly said that the collapse of the USSR is "the greatest personal tragedy, and in 1991 the smile left my face forever."

Despite his post in the State Duma - in it, from 1995 until his death, he was engaged in the affairs of the Committee on Science and Technology, as well as the constant support of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Zhores Alferov remained non-partisan. He explained this by his unwillingness to go into politics, and the post of deputy was the only opportunity to influence legislation in the scientific field. He opposed the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the transfer of scientific institutions to universities according to the Western model. According to Alferov himself, the Chinese scientific model would be more suitable for Russia, where partly fundamental scientific institutions were integrated with the system higher education, but immediately expanded greatly and significantly rejuvenated.

He was one of the most ardent opponents of clericalism: he believed that theology cannot be a scientific discipline, and in no case should the theory of Orthodox culture be introduced at school - the history of religion is better. When asked whether religion and science have any commonplaces, he talked about morality and high matters, but always added that there is an important difference. The basis of religion is faith, and the basis of science is knowledge, after which he added that there is no scientific basis for religion, although often the leading priests would like someone to find them.

Zhores Alferov in many of his interviews compared the number of high-tech electronic production in the USSR and Russia, always coming to the sad conclusion that there are no more important tasks now than the revival of these industries, which were lost in the 90s. Only this would allow the country to get off the oil and hydrocarbon needle.

However, a very serious reservation is required here. Despite all the patriotism and communism of Alferov, which supposedly automatically implies the principles of great power, he reasoned only from the point of view of the development of science. I have always said that science is international in nature - there can be no national physics and chemistry. However, the income from it very often goes to the budget of this or that country, and the advanced countries are only those where developments and technologies are developed based on their own research.

After receiving Nobel Prize in physics (in 2000 its size was about $ 1 million - "Hi-tech") decided to invest a part in its own fund to support technology and science. He was the initiator of the establishment of the Global Energy Prize in 2002, until 2006 he headed International committee by her award. It is believed that the award of this prize to Alferov himself in 2005 was one of the reasons for leaving his post.

Why Russian scientists do not receive Nobel Prizes, whether teachers should be engaged in science, whether it is worth evaluating scientists by publications and why digitalization and cryptocurrencies are dangerous, Nobel laureate, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zhores Alferov told Indicator.

- Zhores Ivanovich, four months have passed since the RAS was headed by Alexander Sergeev. In the elections, you supported another candidate - Gennady Krasnikov. How do you assess the work of the new leadership of the Academy?

- First of all, I want to say that no matter who we choose, the new head of the Academy of Sciences would still find it extremely difficult to work for a very simple reason. The successful development of science is possible only under one condition. Science should be primarily in demand by the economy and society. This is the main thing. If science is demanded by the economy and society, then even the government, political leadership can make very big mistakes. As an example of a mistake that caused enormous damage to the development of our science, our biology, I can name the Lysenko session of 1948, the movement against modern genetics and what was then called Mendelism-Morganism. This was the biggest mistake, but it was somehow managed to be corrected even at that time.

Of course, many directions, including economics, were unnecessarily politicized, and everything was brought up to the demands of Marxism-Leninism. With all this, the main condition was fulfilled: science was needed by our economy and society. And so it developed successfully. The USSR Academy of Sciences was recognized throughout the world as the largest and leading scientific organization. Presidents of the Academy Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov, Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov, the best president in the history of the Academy Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh, Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov were famous scientists and made a huge contribution to science. I can name their greatest scientific achievements even today. Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov, had he lived a little longer, would have become a Nobel laureate. Aleksandrov's work on demagnetizing ships preserved our fleet during the war, and after the war he was the creator of our nuclear fleet. Nesmeyanov and Keldysh are the creators of a whole range of new fields of science. Further - Guriy Marchuk and Yuri Osipov did a lot to preserve the Academy. And then the worst thing happened. The entire high-tech economy of the country, created by the sweat and blood of many generations, was destroyed. And as a result, science has ceased to be in demand by the economy and society.

Of course, the Academy suffered a huge blow in 2013. Industrial science perished because high-tech industries perished. University science financially sat on economic agreements with industry. We somehow saved the RAS at the expense of the budget, but it was impossible to merge the RAS, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences. It was impossible to create such a gigantic Academy at once. Then a new law on RAS was adopted, and the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations was organized. Scientists develop science, and everything on which this science is done has been taken away from scientists. Of course, there were also crimes, in many institutions they rented premises. But it was necessary to deal specifically with these things, and not take everything away from the Academy. The most reasonable way would be to transfer, as in the thirties, the entire economy of the Academy to the Administration of the Academy of Sciences with the approval of the appointment of the head of the administration of the Academy with the Government.

As for the new leadership, I can say that Aleksandr Mikhailovich Sergeev is a good physicist, he has certainly good work in physics. He has endlessly hard work. The government and the country's leadership must understand a simple thing: only on the basis of modern scientific research can we return both new technologies and new companies to the country. I was recently told scary figures about who owns our largest companies and how. I don’t know how things really are, but I am afraid that in some respect we are today in the position of 1913, when many highly developed industrial technologies were in the hands of Western companies and Western countries.

- You often talk about the lack of demand for science by the economy and society. With the economy, everything is more or less clear, many note that we do not have a full cycle of "fundamental - search - applied science." But why was science not needed by society?

- So it does not exist precisely because science is not in demand by the economy. As a result of major practical mistakes, as a result, I admit, of the treacherous activities of some groups in the late 80s - early 90s, we found ourselves in a situation where there were really empty shelves, there was an economic crisis. Although, generally speaking, this was not the case in the 60s and 70s. In the 80s, there was even such a joke that the shelves in the stores were empty, and everyone had full refrigerators at home. When discussing the problems of economics, I recommend, among other things, to my fellow physicists to read an article by the greatest physicist and scientist of the 20th century and, in my opinion, the greatest scientist of all times and peoples, Albert Einstein. In May 1949, he published an article entitled "Why socialism?" At the very beginning of this article, he wrote that physicists have every right to evaluate economics and economic development, because these are actually new forms of development, which today's economists cannot evaluate, because they only know the economics of the capitalist period. One of the fundamental conclusions of this article by Einstein is that, first, capitalism legally has the right to take from and rob each other. The mass of people who own property begins to take it away and does it not breaking the law, but according to the law.

Second, Einstein emphasizes that capitalist society gives birth to oligarchy and oligarchs, which cannot be fought with democratic methods. He also notes that capitalism brings not only such a terrible economy and legal seizure of property from each other, but also causes huge damage to the educational system, where young people are brought up in the spirit of "how to be the first to grab." He saw a way out only in socialism and a planned economy. Einstein considered them to be the cardinal road of human development. But he warned that even with a planned economy it is possible to create conditions of enslavement of the individual, in which everything else seems like freedom.

The second thing, which, from my point of view, is the main one, is that there is no other way out for our country but to create new technologies based on scientific research and companies, which are not available in the West. At the same time, you need to understand that we must develop education. I do this at my small university. There are 200 schoolchildren, 240 undergraduate students, 150 undergraduates, 40 postgraduates. We teach physics, mathematics, programming, the basics of biology and medicine, condensed matter physics, of course, and our heterostructures, their application in electronics. It is difficult for the guys, but in the end they study well. Science is created from the synthesis of close areas, so it was before, is now and will be in the future. There can be a win here only if you can teach and correctly guess these directions. And a real scientist should always teach. There may be exceptions, but usually he is supposed to teach.

- Should university teachers be engaged in scientific work?

- And the teacher should be engaged in scientific work. That's what we do at the university. If a person has a tendency to teach, he may have less volume research work... But it is necessary to do both. As for education, it should be free, and this was our achievement in soviet time... How can you take money for this and give an advantage to people not for their abilities?

- Zhores Ivanovich, a couple more questions about the current activities of the Academy. Now FANO evaluates the performance of scientific institutes and divides them into three categories. What do you think about it?

- Negative. As well as to work on the distribution of researchers by class and level, depending on how many publications they have and in which journals. I can say that I would be in a very weak group if I was judged by publications for which I received the Nobel Prize. For example, in St. Petersburg there are institutes in the field of physiology and biomedical research. How can one compare, say, the Institute of Physiology named after I.P. Pavlova and the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry named after I.M. Sechenov? These are different institutions, with different areas of physiology research. There is nothing good in the fact that you separate institutions that belong to the same department into different categories. There may be some grievances, the struggle between institutions is not clear why.

- But the one who falls into the first category will receive more money than the one who ends up in the second.

- From February 1989 to December last year I was the chairman of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Before the creation of FANO, institutes were part of departments and at the same time their work was supervised by our presidium, we organized the interaction of academic institutes with industry institutes and universities. Then, as a result of the reform, they decided that such centers were not needed. St. Petersburg science Center remained, but already as a budgetary scientific institution, as a small scientific institute. In December last year, Mr. Kotyukov fired me from the post of chairman of the center, without even saying "thank you". In our Academy, generally speaking, this is not accepted. I will take it calmly, but I am talking about it to demonstrate the style of work of the head of FANO.

- Now the Duma is actively discussing a new law on science. The Ministry of Education and Science actively defends this law, the RAS, on the contrary, is “against”. What do you think about this law?

- I do not think that it is necessary to change the current law on science, adopted in 1996. There is nothing wrong with him, he responded to the changes that took place in the country. And instead of the new law, new amendments should be adopted, which are dictated by the current state of the economy and which cannot be avoided.

- Let's move on to the Nobel Prizes. For 15 years, Russian scientists, if you do not take into account Andrei Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, have not received a single prize. You have mentioned several times that, say, the last prizes in chemistry were awarded for research in the field of biochemistry, but we do not have such a class of work. Are there researches and scientists in Russia now who could receive the Nobel Prize?

- I cannot immediately name the works of the Nobel level, performed in Russia by Russian scientists, neither in physics, nor in chemistry, nor in physiology and medicine. Game and Novoselov are great, they have good job on graphene, but it is completely made abroad. Our last Nobel Prize was awarded in 2003 to Vitaly Ginzburg and Alexei Abrikosov for their work on the theory of superconductivity in the 1950s. I received the Nobel Prize for my work in the late 1960s.

It is often said in our country that the Nobel Committee did not award prizes to our scientists, although there were decent works. First of all, I would like to note that all the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry were awarded to scientists from three institutes: FIAN, Phystech and Physical Problems, there were real world-class scientific schools. Probably, the discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance by Evgeny Zavoisky and outstanding work in semiconductor optics, including the prediction and discovery of an exciton by Yakov Frenkel, Evgeny Gross and Leonid Keldysh, probably did not have time to receive the Nobel Prize.

- You say that there is no one among scientists living in Russia to award Nobel Prizes. Should the state return those who went to work abroad? Are state programs needed?

- First of all, I do not say anything about the awarding of Nobel Prizes and I have no right to speak about it. Those who have left and work successfully abroad, as a rule, already have family and friends, a position there. They will come to us if they are paid a lot of money, do the work under the grant, and go back. Those who did not succeed there, they are not needed here either.

“But there are successful scientists who come back themselves. For example, the crystallographer Artem Oganov, who successfully worked in the USA, China, and then returned to Russia. And, according to him, he lives very well here.

- Scientists can come individually, but introduce a program for the return of our scientists who have gone abroad ... I would not do that. I repeat, the one who was successful there will come to us only for a large grant and will leave again. The one who could not do anything there is not needed here either. So no state program is needed. First of all, it is necessary to change the level of salaries for scientific workers. Because today they are very low.

- The heads of FANO and the Ministry of Education and Science usually answer that those who want to earn decent earnings, and so earn. There are grants and programs for this. And those who do not really want to make money receive their 15 thousand.

- You can make money in different ways. There are research workers who receive five grants for the same work from different grant holders. And there are many such people. Yes, they make money, but in what way? When a person receives five grants for one job, he is a swindler. There are major scientific projects in which we must participate in order to move science forward. In Soviet times, we could afford to participate in a number of major projects. Today, participation in such projects must be approached extremely carefully. In many cases, it is much more profitable to take part in a western project rather than doing it here. These decisions should be made by the Academy of Sciences.

In my opinion, it is also wrong that the Kurchatov Institute, a good scientific institute, has become a second scientific center, trying to play a role a la the Academy of Sciences. When institutes that were not related to its profile began to be included in the Kurchatov Institute. We know why this is being done. Look at how much money is spent on a researcher at the Kurchatov Institute and at the RAS institutes. Is this right? And if you try to name the largest scientific achievements, then neither the Russian Academy of Sciences nor the Kurchatov Institute has anything to boast about. The RAS has even more grounds for such boasting.

- Now the digitalization of science, education, everything in the world is gaining momentum. Everyone is discussing blockchain, cryptocurrencies. What do you think of it? How will the face of science and the scientist change?

- First of all, researchers, including the creators of the digital economy and digitalization, should approach this matter very carefully. From my point of view, a large team of crooks is starting to work. You need to figure it out. Cryptocurrencies are a prime example of a team of crooks. Today, unfortunately, the principle of obtaining large additional funds, not necessarily for worthy projects, is becoming popular among scientists. And in digitalization, this can happen even more often than in other areas.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has published the names of the scientists who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. The prizes were awarded to Zh.I. Alferov (Russia) and G. Kremer (USA) for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. In the published brief curriculum vitae about the laureates, the higher educational institution that the laureate graduated from is indicated. Thus, the whole world learned that the Nobel laureate Zhores Ivanovich Alferov graduated from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).

J.I. ALFEROV: STUDENT, PROFESSOR - NOBEL LAUREATE

On October 10, 2000, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences published the names of the scientists who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. The prizes were awarded to Zh.I. Alferov (Russia) and G. Kremer (USA) for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. The published curriculum vitae of the laureates indicates the institution of higher education that the laureate graduated from. Thus, the whole world learned that the Nobel laureate Zhores Ivanovich Alferov graduated from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).

Student Zhores Alferov studied at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering and graduated in 1952 with honors. Years of study Zh.I. Alferov at LETI coincided with the beginning of the student construction movement. In 1949, as part of a student group, he took part in the construction of the Krasnoborskaya hydroelectric power station - one of the first rural power plants in the Leningrad region.

Even in his student years, Zh. Alferov began his career in science. Under the guidance of Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamentals of Electrovacuum Technology, he was engaged in research on semiconductor film photocells. His report at the institute conference of the student scientific society (SSS) in 1952 was recognized as the best, and for him he received the first scientific prize in his life - a trip to the construction of the Volga-Don canal. For several years he was chairman of the SSS of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering

After graduating from LETI Zh.I. Alferov was sent to work at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology and began working in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. Here, with the participation of Zh.I. Alferov, the first Soviet transistors were developed.

In the early 60s, J.I. Alferov began to study the problem of heterojunctions. The discovery of J.I. Alferov of ideal heterojunctions and new physical phenomena - "superinjection", electronic and optical confinement in heterostructures - made it possible to dramatically improve the parameters of most known semiconductor devices and create fundamentally new ones, especially promising for use in optical and quantum electronics.

With his discoveries, J.I. Alferov laid the foundations for modern information technology, mainly through the development of fast transistors and lasers. Created on the basis of studies by Zh.I. Alferov's instruments and devices literally made a scientific and social revolution. These are lasers that transmit information streams through the fiber-optic Internet networks, these are the technologies underlying mobile phones, devices decorating product labels, recording and reproducing CD-ROM information, and much more.

Under the supervision of Zh.I. Alferov, studies of solar cells based on heterostructures were carried out, which led to the creation of photovoltaic converters of solar radiation into electrical energy, the efficiency of which approached the theoretical limit. They turned out to be indispensable for power supply of space stations, and are currently considered as one of the main alternative sources of energy to replace diminishing reserves of oil and gas.

Thanks to the fundamental works of Zh.I. Alferov, LEDs based on heterostructures were created. Due to their high reliability and efficiency, white light LEDs are considered as a new type of lighting source and in the near future will replace traditional incandescent lamps, which will be accompanied by huge energy savings.

Among the scientific directions actively developed by J.I. Alferov, refers to the development of lasers based on quantum dots. The use of arrays of such quantum dots makes it possible to reduce the power consumption of lasers, as well as to increase the stability of their characteristics with increasing temperature. The world's first quantum dot laser was created by a group of scientists headed by Zh.I. Alferov. The characteristics of these devices are constantly improving, and today they surpass all types of semiconductor lasers in many respects.

Academician Zh.I. Alferov understands perfectly well that science and education are inseparable. Therefore, he purposefully forms a system for training scientific personnel in the latest areas of science and technology, based on the wide involvement of academic institutes and leading scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the educational process.

In 1973, Academician Zh.I. Alferov, using the ongoing close relationship with LETI, creates and heads at his native faculty of electronic engineering the country's first basic department at the P.I. A.F. Ioffe, whose teachers are famous scientists. The system of training scientific personnel at the base department has given excellent results. When in 2003 the thirtieth anniversary of the department was celebrated, the following data were given. For 30 years, the department has graduated about six hundred highly qualified specialists, the overwhelming majority of whom began to work at the P.I. A.F. Ioffe. More than four hundred people defended their candidate dissertations, over thirty - doctoral dissertations, and N.N. Ledentsov, V.M. Ustinov and A.E. Zhukov became corresponding members of the RAS.

The organization of the Department of Optoelectronics was the beginning of the activities of Zh.I. Alferov on the creation of a holistic educational structure. In 1987 he created the Physics and Technology Lyceum, in 1988 he organized the Physics and Technology Faculty at the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, of which he is the dean. In 2002, on the initiative of Zh.I. Alferov, by the decree of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academic Physics and Technology University was created, which in 2006 received the status of a state institution of higher professional education. The educational and research structures created in 2009 were merged and named Saint Petersburg Academic University - Scientific and Educational Center for Nanotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its subdivisions are housed in beautiful buildings built thanks to the efforts of J.I. Alferov.

Academician Zh.I. Alferov is doing everything in his power to maintain the international authority of Russian science. At his suggestion, the President of the Russian Federation, by his decree, established the Global Energy International Prize, which is awarded annually to three Russian and foreign scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the development of energy.

On the initiative and under the chairmanship of Zh.I. Alferov, the St. Petersburg Scientific Forum "Science and Society" is being held. Within the framework of this forum, the first meeting of the Nobel laureates "Science and Human Progress" took place in the year of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg. It was attended by 20 Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, economics. Since 2008, the meetings of the Nobel laureates have become annual. The 2008 Forum was dedicated to nanotechnology. Forum 2009 The topic of the forum was information technology. The topic of the 2010 forum is economics and sociology in the 21st century.

Academician Zh.I. Alferov is the largest Soviet Russian scientist, author of over 500 scientific papers, over 50 inventions. His works received worldwide recognition and were included in textbooks. The works of Zh.I. Alferov were awarded the Nobel Prize, the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR and Russia, the V. A.P. Karpinsky (FRG), Demidov Prize, Prize named after I. A.F. Ioffe and the gold medal of A.S. Popov (RAS), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, the Stuart Ballantyne Medal of the Franklin Institute (USA), the Kyoto Prize (Japan), many orders and medals of the USSR, Russia and foreign countries.

Zhores Ivanovich was elected a life member of the B. Franklin Institute and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences and the US National Academy of Engineering, a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria and many other countries. He is an honorary citizen of St. Petersburg, Minsk, Vitebsk and other cities in Russia and abroad. He was elected an honorary doctor and professor by academic councils of many universities in Russia, Japan, China, Sweden, Finland, France and other countries.

All these awards and titles deservedly crowned the work of not only the researcher, but also the organizer of science. Fifteen years old Zh.I. Alferov headed the renowned Physico-Technical Institute A.F. Ioffe RAS. For more than twenty years, Zhores Ivanovich has been the permanent chairman of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, whose main task is to coordinate the scientific activities of all St. Petersburg academic institutes. J.I. Alferov - Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Professor Bystrov Yu.A.

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And the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components). Vice President of RAS since 1991. Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1965.

In 1970, Alferov defended his dissertation, summarizing a new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors, and received a doctorate in physics and mathematics. In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - the head of the basic department of optoelectronics at LETI. Since the early 1990s, Alferov has been studying the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots. From 1987 to May 2003 - director.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of head and until 2006 served as chairman of the scientific council of the institute. However, Alferov retained influence on a number of scientific structures, including: the Scientific and Technical Center Center for Microelectronics and Submicron Heterostructures, the Scientific and Educational Complex (NOC) of the Physico-Technical Institute and the Physico-Technical Lyceum. Since 1988 (the moment of foundation), Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology, SPbSPU.

1990-1991 - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center. Since 2003 - Chairman of the Scientific and Educational Complex "St. Petersburg Physical and Technical Scientific and Educational Center" of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1979), then RAS, Honorary Academician of the Russian Academy of Education. Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Editor-in-chief of Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics.

He was the editor-in-chief of the journal Physics and Technology of Semiconductors, a member of the editorial board of the journal Surface: Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics, and a member of the editorial board of the journal Science and Life. Was a member of the board of the Society "Knowledge" of the RSFSR.

He was the initiator of the establishment of the Global Energy Prize in 2002, until 2006 he headed the International Committee for its award. It is believed that the award of this prize to Alferov himself in 2005 was one of the reasons for his leaving this post.

He is the rector-organizer of the new Academic University.

Since 2001 President of the Foundation for the Support of Education and Science (Alferov Foundation).

On April 5, 2010 it was announced that Alferov was appointed scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.

Since 2010 - Co-Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Skolkovo Foundation.

In 2013, he ran for president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and, having received 345 votes, took second place.

Political activity

Views

After the most severe reforms of the 1990s, having lost a lot, the Russian Academy of Sciences nevertheless retained its scientific potential much better than industry science and universities. The opposition of academic and university science is completely unnatural and can only be carried out by people pursuing their own and very strange political goals, which are very far from the interests of the country.

Awards and prizes

Awards of Russia and the USSR

• Full Cavalier of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland:
• Medals
• State Prize of the Russian Federation in 2001 in the field of science and technology (August 5, 2002) for the cycle of works "Fundamental studies of the formation processes and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and the creation of lasers based on them"
• Lenin Prize (1972) - for fundamental research on heterojunctions in semiconductors and the creation of new devices based on them
• USSR State Prize (1984) - for the development of isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds

Foreign awards

Other awards and titles

• Stuart Ballantyne Medal (Franklin Institute, USA, 1971) - for theoretical and experimental studies of double laser heterostructures, thanks to which small-sized laser radiation sources operating in a continuous mode at room temperature were created
• Hewlett-Packard Prize (European Physical Society, 1978) - for new work in the field of heterojunctions
• Heinrich Welker Gold Medal from Symposium on GaAs (1987) - for pioneering work on the theory and technology of devices based on compounds of III-V groups and the development of injection lasers and photodiodes
• Karpinsky Prize (Germany, 1989) - for his contribution to the development of physics and technology of heterostructures
• XLIX Mendeleev Reader - February 19, 1993
• A.F. Ioffe Prize (RAS, 1996) - for the cycle of works "Photovoltaic converters of solar radiation based on heterostructures"
• Honorary Doctor of SPbGUP since 1998
• Demidov Prize (Scientific Demidov Foundation, Russia, 1999)
• A.S. Popov Gold Medal (RAS, 1999)
• Nick Holonyak Award (Optical Society of America, 2000)
• Nobel Prize (Sweden, 2000) - for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics
• Kyoto Prize (Inamori Foundation, Japan, 2001) - for success in the development of semiconductor lasers operating in continuous mode at room temperatures - a pioneering step in optoelectronics
• V.I. Vernadsky Prize (NAS of Ukraine, 2001)
• Prize "Russian National Olympus". Title "Legendary Man" (RF, 2001)
• SPIE Gold Medal (SPIE, 2002)
• Golden Plate Award (Academy of Achievements, USA, 2002)
• International Energy Prize "Global Energy" (Russia, 2005)
• Title and Medal of Honorary Professor of MIPT (2008)
• Medal "For contributions to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology" from UNESCO (2010)
• Award "Honorary Order of the RAU". Awarded the title of "Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavic) University" (GOU VPO Russian-Armenian (Slavic) University, Armenia, 2011).
• International Karl Boer Prize (2013)
• Awarded the title of "Honorary Professor of MIET" (NRU MIET 2015)

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Excerpt characterizing Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich

“Do you remember,” Natasha said with a wistful smile, how long, long ago, we were still quite small, uncle called us into his study, still in the old house, and it was dark - we came and suddenly it was standing there ...
- Arap, - Nikolay finished with a joyful smile, - how can you not remember? Even now I don’t know that it was an arap, or we saw it in a dream, or we were told.
- He was gray, do you remember, and white teeth - standing and looking at us ...
- Do you remember, Sonya? - asked Nikolay ...
- Yes, yes, I also remember something, - Sonya answered timidly ...
“I asked my dad and my mom about this little black,” Natasha said. - They say that there was no arap. But you remember!
- How, as now I remember his teeth.
- How strange it is, as if it were in a dream. I like it.
- Do you remember how we rolled eggs in the hall and suddenly two old women, and began to spin on the carpet. Was it, or not? Do you remember how good it was?
- Yes. Do you remember how papa in a blue fur coat on the porch fired a gun. - They smiled with delight in recollections, not sad senile, but poetic youthful recollections, those impressions from the most distant past, where a dream merges with reality, and quietly laughed, rejoicing at something.
Sonya, as always, lagged behind them, although their memories were common.
Sonya did not remember much of what they recalled, and what she remembered did not arouse in her the poetic feeling that they experienced. She only enjoyed their joy, trying to imitate it.
She took part only when they remembered Sonya's first visit. Sonya told how she was afraid of Nikolai, because he had strings on his jacket, and the nanny told her that they would sew her into strings too.
- And I remember: I was told that you were born under a cabbage, - said Natasha, - and I remember that I did not dare not to believe then, but I knew that it was not true, and I was so embarrassed.
During this conversation, a maid's head stuck out of the back door of the sofa. “Young lady, the cock has been brought in,” the girl said in a whisper.
“Don’t, Fields, take them,” said Natasha.
In the middle of the conversations in the sofa, Dimmler entered the room and walked over to the harp in the corner. He took off the cloth, and the harp made a false sound.
- Eduard Karlich, please play my beloved Nocturiene Monsieur Field, - said the voice of the old countess from the living room.
Dimmler took a chord and, turning to Natasha, Nikolai and Sonya, said: - Youth, how quietly they sit!
- Yes, we are philosophizing, - said Natasha, looking around for a minute, and continued the conversation. The conversation was now about dreams.
Dimmler started playing. Natasha quietly, on tiptoe, went up to the table, took the candle, carried it out and, returning, quietly sat down in her place. It was dark in the room, especially on the sofa on which they were sitting, but through the large windows the silver light of a full moon fell on the floor.
- You know, I think, - Natasha said in a whisper, moving closer to Nikolai and Sonya, when Dimmler had already finished and was sitting, weakly twisting the strings, apparently indecisively to leave, or to start something new, - that when you remember that, you remember, you remember everything , you remember so much that you remember what happened before I was in the world ...
“This is metampsikova,” said Sonya, who always studied well and remembered everything. - The Egyptians believed that our souls were in animals and will again go to animals.
“No, you know, I don’t believe it, so that we were in animals,” Natasha said in the same whisper, although the music ended, “and I know for certain that we were angels somewhere and here we were, and from this we remember everything ...
- May I join you? - said Dimmler quietly approached and sat down next to them.
- If we were angels, so why did we get lower? - said Nikolay. - No, it can't be!
“Not lower, who told you that lower?… Why do I know what I was before,” Natasha objected with conviction. - After all, the soul is immortal ... therefore, if I live forever, this is how I lived before, lived for an eternity.
“Yes, but it's hard for us to imagine eternity,” said Dimmler, who approached the young people with a meek, contemptuous smile, but now spoke as quietly and seriously as they did.
- Why is it difficult to imagine eternity? - said Natasha. - Today will be, tomorrow will be, always will be and yesterday was and the day before yesterday ...
- Natasha! now it's your turn. Sing me something, ”came the countess's voice. - That you sat down like conspirators.
- Mama! I don't want to, ”Natasha said, but at the same time she got up.
All of them, even the middle-aged Dimmler, did not want to interrupt the conversation and leave the corner of the sofa, but Natasha got up and Nikolai sat down at the clavichord. As always, standing in the middle of the hall and choosing the most advantageous place for resonance, Natasha began to sing her mother's favorite piece.
She said that she did not want to sing, but she did not sing for a long time before, and for a long time after, as she sang that evening. Count Ilya Andreich from the office where he talked with Mitinka, heard her singing, and like a student in a hurry to go to play, finishing the lesson, he got confused in words, giving orders to the manager and finally fell silent, and Mitinka, also listening, silently with a smile, stood in front of graph. Nikolai did not take his eyes off his sister, and took a breath with her. Sonia, listening, thought about what a huge difference there was between her and her friend and how impossible it was for her to be in the least as charming as her cousin. The old countess was sitting with a happily sad smile and tears in her eyes, occasionally shaking her head. She thought about Natasha, and about her youth, and about how something unnatural and terrible is in this upcoming marriage of Natasha with Prince Andrey.
Dimmler sat down next to the Countess and closed his eyes, listening.
“No, Countess,” he said at last, “this is a European talent, she has nothing to learn, this softness, tenderness, strength ...
- Ah! how afraid I am for her, how afraid I am, ”said the Countess, not remembering who she was talking to. Her maternal instinct told her that something was too much in Natasha, and that she would not be happy about it. Natasha had not yet finished singing when an enthusiastic fourteen-year-old Petya ran into the room with the news that the mummers had arrived.
Natasha suddenly stopped.
- Fool! - She shouted at her brother, ran to the chair, fell on him and sobbed so that for a long time then she could not stop.
“Nothing, mamma, really nothing, so: Petya frightened me,” she said, trying to smile, but tears kept flowing and sobs squeezed her throat.
Dressed courtyards, bears, Turks, innkeepers, ladies, scary and funny, bringing with them cold and merriment, at first timidly huddled in the hall; then, hiding one behind the other, they were forced out into the hall; and at first shyly, and then more and more merrily and more amicably songs, dances, choral and Christmas-time games began. The Countess, recognizing the faces and laughing at the dressed up, went into the living room. Count Ilya Andreevich sat in the hall with a beaming smile, approving of the players. The youth disappeared somewhere.
Half an hour later, in the hall between the other mummers, an old lady in tansas appeared - it was Nikolai. Petya was a Turkish woman. Payas - it was Dimmler, the hussar - Natasha and the Circassian - Sonya, with painted cork mustache and eyebrows.
After condescending surprise, unrecognition and praise from those who were not dressed up, the young people found that the costumes were so good that they had to be shown to someone else.
Nikolai, who wanted to drive everyone along the excellent road in his troika, suggested, taking with him ten dressed people from the courtyard, to go to his uncle.
- No, why are you upsetting him, the old man! - said the countess, - and he has nowhere to turn around. Already go, so to the Melyukovs.
Melyukova was a widow with children of various ages, also with governesses and governors, who lived four miles from the Rostovs.
- Here, ma chere, cleverly, - the old count, stirring up, picked up. - Let's dress up now and go with you. I'll stir up Pasheta.
But the countess did not agree to let the count go: his leg hurt all these days. They decided that Ilya Andreevich was not allowed to go, and that if Louise Ivanovna (m me Schoss) went, then the young ladies could go to Melukova's. Sonya, always timid and shy, most urgently began to beg Louisa Ivanovna not to refuse them.
Sonya's outfit was the best. Her mustache and eyebrows went extraordinarily towards her. Everyone told her that she was very good, and she was in a lively energetic mood unusual for her. Some inner voice told her that now or never her fate would be decided, and in her man's dress she seemed a completely different person. Louise Ivanovna agreed, and after half an hour four troikas with bells and bells, screeching and whistling undercuts through the frosty snow, drove up to the porch.
Natasha was the first to give the tone of Christmas gaiety, and this gaiety, reflecting from one to the other, intensified more and more and reached the highest degree at the time when everyone went out into the cold, and, talking, calling, laughing and shouting, sat down in the sleigh.
Two triplets were accelerating, the third was the triplets of the old count with the Oryol trotter at the root; Nicholas' fourth own, with his short, black, shaggy root. Nicholas, in his old lady's attire, on which he put on a hussar, belted cloak, stood in the middle of his sleigh, picking up the reins.
It was so bright that he saw the plaques gleaming in the monthly light and the eyes of the horses, looking fearfully at the riders rustling under the dark canopy of the entrance.
Natasha, Sonya, m me Schoss and two girls sat in Nikolay's sleigh. Dimmler with his wife and Petya sat in the old count's sleigh; dressed up courtyards sat in the rest.
- Let's go ahead, Zakhar! - Nikolay shouted to the coachman of his father to have a chance to overtake him on the road.
The three of the old count, in which Dimmler and other mummers sat, screeching with runners, as if freezing to the snow, and rattling with a thick bell, moved forward. The guards huddled on the shafts and got stuck, turning hard and shiny snow like sugar.
Nikolai set off after the first three; the others rustled and screamed from behind. At first we rode at a small trot along a narrow road. As we drove past the garden, the shadows from the bare trees often lay across the road and hid the bright light of the moon, but as soon as we drove beyond the fence, a diamond-shining, with a bluish gleam, a snowy plain, all bathed in monthly radiance and motionless, opened on all sides. Once, once, he pushed a bump in the front sleigh; the next sleigh pushed in the same way, and the next, and, boldly breaking the chained silence, one after another the sleigh began to stretch out.
- Trail of a hare, many tracks! - Natasha's voice sounded in the frosty, constrained air.
- Apparently, Nicolas! - said the voice of Sonya. - Nikolay looked back at Sonya and bent down to take a closer look at her face. Something completely new, sweet, face, with black eyebrows and mustache, in the moonlight, near and far, peeked out of the sables.
“That was Sonya before,” thought Nikolai. He looked closer at her and smiled.
- What are you, Nicolas?
“Nothing,” he said, and turned back to the horses.
Having driven out onto the torny, high road, oiled with runners and all cut by the traces of thorns visible in the light of the month, the horses began to pull the reins of their own accord and add speed. The left attachment, bending her head, twitched its strings with leaps. Root swayed, waving his ears, as if asking: "Should I start or is it too early?" - Ahead, already far apart and ringing a receding thick bell, Zakhar's black troika was clearly visible on the white snow. From his sleigh could be heard shouting and laughter and the voices of the dressed up.
- Well, you, dear ones, - Nikolai shouted, on one side tugging the reins and taking his hand with the whip. And only by the wind, which seemed to intensify in a head-on, and by the twitching of the fasteners, which were tightening and increasing the speed, it was noticeable how quickly the troika flew. Nikolai looked back. With a shout and squeal, waving whips and making the indigenous people jump, the other troikas kept up. The root staunchly swayed under the arc, not thinking to shoot down and promising to add more and more when necessary.
Nikolai caught up with the top three. They drove down from some mountain, drove onto a wide-traveled road through a meadow near the river.
"Where are we going?" thought Nikolay. - “There should be a slanting meadow. But no, this is something new that I have never seen. This is not a slanting meadow or Demkina Mountain, but God knows what it is! This is something new and magical. Well, whatever it is! " And he, shouting to the horses, began to go around the first three.
Zakhar restrained the horses and wrapped his face, which was already frosty to the eyebrows.
Nikolai let his horses go; Zakhar, stretching out his arms forward, kissed and let his own people go.
- Well, hold on, sir, - he said. - Threes flew even faster nearby, and the legs of galloping horses quickly changed. Nikolay began to pick up ahead. Zakhar, without changing the position of his outstretched arms, raised one hand with the reins.
“You're lying, master,” he shouted to Nikolai. Nikolay put all the horses into gallop and overtook Zakhar. The horses covered the faces of the riders with fine, dry snow, next to them there were frequent busting and fast-moving legs tangled, and the shadows of the overtaken troika. The whistle of runners in the snow and women's screams were heard from different directions.
Stopping the horses again, Nikolai looked around him. All around was the same magical plain soaked through with moonlight with stars scattered over it.
“Zakhar shouts that I should take to the left; why left? thought Nikolai. Are we going to the Melyukovs, is this Melyukovka? We God knows where we are going, and God knows what is happening to us - and it is very strange and good what is happening to us. " He looked around in the sleigh.
“Look, he has both mustache and eyelashes, everything is white,” said one of the strange, pretty and strangers sitting there with thin mustaches and eyebrows.
“This one, it seems, was Natasha, Nikolay thought, and this one is m me Schoss; or maybe not, and this is a Circassian with a mustache, I don't know who, but I love her. "
- Aren't you cold? - he asked. They didn't answer and laughed. Dimmler was shouting something from the back of the sleigh, probably funny, but you could not hear what he was shouting.
- Yes, yes, - the voices answered laughing.
- However, here is some kind of magical forest with iridescent black shadows and sparkles of diamonds and with some kind of enfilade of marble steps, and some kind of silver roofs of magical buildings, and the piercing squeal of some kind of animals. “And if it really is Melyukovka, then it is even stranger that we went, God knows where, and arrived at Melukovka,” Nikolai thought.
Indeed, it was Melukovka, and girls and footmen ran out into the entrance with candles and joyful faces.
- Who it? - asked from the entrance.
- Counts dressed up, I see the horses, - answered the voices.

Pelageya Danilovna Melukova, a broad, energetic woman, with glasses and a swing-open hood, was sitting in the living room, surrounded by her daughters, whom she tried not to let get bored. They quietly poured wax and looked at the shadows of the emerging figures when footsteps and voices of visitors rustled in the hall.
Hussars, ladies, witches, payas, bears, clearing their throats and wiping their frost-covered faces in the hallway, entered the hall, where they hurriedly lit candles. The clown - Dimmler with the lady - Nikolai opened the dance. Surrounded by screaming children, mummers, covering their faces and changing voices, bowed to the hostess and were placed around the room.
- Oh, you can't find out! And Natasha! Look what she looks like! Really, it reminds someone. Eduard then Karlych is so good! I didn't know. How she dances! Oh, priests, and some kind of Circassian; right, as it goes for Sonyushka. Who is this? Well, they comforted me! Take the tables, Nikita, Vanya. And we sat so quietly!
- Ha ha ha! ... Hussar then, hussar then! Like a boy, and legs! ... I can't see ... - voices were heard.
Natasha, the favorite of the young Melyukovs, disappeared with them into the back rooms, where a plug and various robes and men's dresses were demanded, which, through the open door, received naked girls' hands from the footman. Ten minutes later, all the youth of the Melukov family joined the mummers.
Pelageya Danilovna, having ordered the cleaning of the place for guests and treats for gentlemen and courtyards, without taking off her glasses, with a restrained smile, walked among the mummers, looking closely into their faces and not recognizing anyone. She did not recognize not only the Rostovs and Dimmler, but also could not recognize either her daughters or those husband's robes and uniforms that were on them.
- Whose is this? - she said, turning to her governess and looking into the face of her daughter, who represented the Kazan Tatar. - It seems that someone is from the Rostovs. Well, you, mister hussar, in which regiment do you serve? - she asked Natasha. “Give the Turk, give the Turk some marshmallows,” she said to the barman who was carrying it, “this is not prohibited by law.
Sometimes, looking at the strange, but funny steps that the dancers made, who decided once and for all that they were dressed up, that no one would recognize them and therefore were not embarrassed, Pelageya Danilovna covered herself with a handkerchief, and her whole fat body shook with irrepressible kind, old woman laughter ... - Sashinet then mine, Sashinet that! She said.
After the Russian dances and round dances, Pelageya Danilovna united all the servants and gentlemen together, in one big circle; a ring, a string and a ruble were brought, and the general games were arranged.
After an hour, all the suits were crumpled and upset. Cork mustache and eyebrows were smeared over sweaty, flushed and cheerful faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the mummers, admired how well the costumes were made, how they went especially to the young ladies, and thanked everyone for having so amused her. The guests were invited to dine in the living room, and in the hall they ordered the courtyard's treats.
- No, guessing in the bathhouse, that's scary! - the old girl who lived with the Melyukovs said at supper.
- From what? - asked the eldest daughter of the Melyukovs.
- Don't go, you need courage ...
“I'll go,” said Sonya.
- Tell us how it was with the young lady? - said the second Melukova.
- Yes, just like that, one young lady went, - said the old girl, - took a rooster, two instruments - she sat down properly. She sat there, only hears, suddenly it is coming ... a sleigh drove up with bells, bells; hears, goes. She enters in a completely human form, as an officer is, came and sat down with her at the device.
- AND! Ah! ... - Natasha cried, rolling her eyes in horror.
- Why, he says so?
- Yes, as a man, everything is as it should be, and began, and began to persuade, but she should have kept him talking until the cocks; and she grew stiff; - just grew stiff and closed her hands. He picked her up. It's good that the girls came running here ...
- Well, why scare them! - said Pelageya Danilovna.
- Mother, you yourself wondered ... - said the daughter.
- And how is it in the barn guessing? - asked Sonya.
- Yes, if only now, they will go to the barn, and listen. What you will hear: hammering in, knocking is bad, and pouring bread is for good; otherwise it happens ...
- Mom, tell us what happened to you in the barn?
Pelageya Danilovna smiled.
- Yes, I already forgot ... - she said. - After all, you will not go?
- No, I'll go; Pepageya Danilovna, let me go, I'll go, ”said Sonya.
- Well, if you're not afraid.
- Louise Ivanovna, may I? - asked Sonya.
Whether they played with a ring, a string or a ruble, whether they talked, as now, Nikolai did not leave Sonya and looked at her with completely new eyes. It seemed to him that today, only for the first time, thanks to those cork mustache, he fully recognized her. Sonya really was that evening cheerful, lively and good, such as Nikolai had never seen her before.
"So this is what she is, but I'm a fool!" he thought, looking at her sparkling eyes and a happy, enthusiastic, dimpled smile from under her mustache, which he had not seen before.
“I'm not afraid of anything,” said Sonya. - Can I now? - She got up. Sonya was told where the barn was, how to stand silently and listen, and they gave her a fur coat. She threw it over her head and looked at Nikolai.
"What a lovely girl this is!" he thought. "And what have I been thinking up to now!"
Sonya went out into the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hurriedly went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
It was the same motionless cold outside, the same month, only it was even brighter. The light was so strong and there were so many stars in the snow that I didn't want to look at the sky, and the real stars were invisible. The sky was black and boring, the earth was fun.
"I am a fool, a fool! What have you been waiting for so far? " thought Nikolai, and, running to the porch, he walked around the corner of the house along the path that led to the back porch. He knew that Sonya would go here. In the middle of the road there were stacked fathoms of firewood, there was snow on them, a shadow fell from them; through them and from their side, intertwining, the shadows of old bare lindens fell on the snow and the path. The path led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof, covered with snow, as if carved from some kind of precious stone, glittered in the monthly light. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything was completely quiet. The chest seemed to breathe not air, but some kind of eternally youthful strength and joy.
From the girl's porch, feet knocked on the steps, the last one, on which snow was applied, and the voice old girl said:
- Straight, straight, along the path, young lady. Just don't look back.
- I'm not afraid, - Sonya's voice answered, and along the path, towards Nikolai, Sonya's legs screamed, whistled in thin shoes.
Sonya walked wrapped in a fur coat. She was already two steps away when she saw him; she saw him, too, not the way she knew and which she had always been a little afraid of. He was in a woman's dress with matted hair and a smile that was happy and new for Sonya. Sonya quickly ran up to him.
“Quite different, and still the same,” thought Nikolai, looking at her face, all lit by the moonlight. He put his hands under the fur coat that covered her head, hugged her, pressed her to him and kissed her lips, over which there was a mustache and which smelled of burnt cork. Sonya kissed him in the very middle of her lips and, straightening her small hands, took him by the cheeks on both sides.
“Sonya!… Nicolas!…” They just said. They ran to the barn and came back each from his own porch.

When everyone drove back from Pelageya Danilovna, Natasha, who always saw and noticed everything, arranged the accommodation so that Louise Ivanovna and she sat in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and the girls.
Nicholas, no longer overtaking, rode smoothly on his way back, and all the while peering into Sonya in this strange moonlight, in this all-changing light, from under his eyebrows and mustache his old and present Sonya, with whom he had never decided part. He peered, and when he recognized the same and the other and recalled, hearing this smell of cork, mixed with the feeling of a kiss, he breathed in the frosty air deeply and, looking at the receding earth and the brilliant sky, he felt himself again in a magical kingdom.
- Sonya, are you okay? He asked occasionally.
- Yes, - answered Sonya. - And you?
In the middle of the road Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran to Natasha's sleigh for a minute and stood on the bend.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? - Natasha asked, all suddenly beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with that mustache and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I was really angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did wrong to her. This is such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! I can be nasty, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, - Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering into her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. AND?
“Yes,” she replied, “you did well.
"If I had seen her before as she is now," thought Nikolai, "I would have long ago asked what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine."
- So you're glad and I did well?
- Oh, so good! I recently had a fight with my mother about it. Mom said she was catching you. How can you say this? I almost scolded my mother. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is one good thing in her.
- So good? - said Nikolay, once again looking out for the expression on his sister's face to find out if this was true, and, skipping his boots, he jumped off the bend and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with a mustache and shining eyes, looking out from under a sable hood, sat there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.

- 1978). And now - the success of Alferov.

True, even here it was not without a fly in the ointment, but not without a small psychological splinter: Zhores Ivanovich, together with Herbert Kroemer, will split the prize of 1 million dollars in half with Jack Kilby. By the decision of the Nobel Committee, Alferov and Kilby were awarded the Nobel Prize (one for two) for "work on obtaining semiconductor structures that can be used for ultrafast computers." (It is curious that the Nobel Prize in physics for 1958 had to be divided between Soviet physicists Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank and for 1964 between Soviet physicists Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov.) Another American, employee of the corporation “ Texas Instruments ”Jack Kilby, honored for his work in the field of integrated circuits.

So who is he, the new Russian Nobel laureate?

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in the Belarusian city of Vitebsk. After 1935, the family moved to the Urals. In the city of Turinsk A. studied at school from the fifth to the eighth grade. On May 9, 1945, his father, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, was assigned to Minsk, where A. graduated from the male high school No. 42 with a gold medal. He became a student of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FET) of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) named after I. IN AND. Ulyanov on the advice of a school physics teacher, Yakov Borisovich Meltserzon.

In his third year A. went to work in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev. There he began experimental work under the guidance of Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina. From his student years A. attracted to participate in scientific research other students. So, in 1950, semiconductors became the main business of his life.

In 1953, after graduating from LETI, A. was employed at the Physico-Technical Institute. A.F. Ioffe to the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. In the first half of the 50s, the institute was tasked with creating domestic semiconductor devices for implementation in the domestic industry. The laboratory was faced with the task of obtaining single crystals of pure germanium and the creation of planar diodes and triodes on its basis. With the participation of A., the first domestic transistors and power germanium devices were developed. For the complex of work carried out in 1959 A. received the first government award, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, which summed up the ten-year work.

After that, before Zh.I. Alferov raised the question of choosing a further direction of research. The accumulated experience allowed him to move on to developing his own theme. In those years, the idea of \u200b\u200busing heterojunctions in semiconductor technology was put forward. The creation of perfect structures on their basis could lead to a qualitative leap in physics and technology.

At that time, in many journal publications and at various scientific conferences, it was repeatedly said about the futility of carrying out work in this direction, because numerous attempts to realize devices based on heterojunctions have not come to practical results. The reason for the failure lay in the difficulty of creating a transition close to ideal, identifying and obtaining the necessary heteropairs.

But this did not stop Zhores Ivanovich. He based his technological research on epitaxial methods, which make it possible to control such fundamental parameters of a semiconductor as the band gap, electron affinity, effective mass of current carriers, refractive index, etc. inside a single single crystal.

GaAs and AlAs were suitable for an ideal heterojunction, but the latter was oxidized almost instantly in air. Hence, it was necessary to find another partner. And he was found right there, at the institute, in the laboratory headed by N.A. Goryunova. It turned out to be the triple compound AIGaAs. This is how the GaAs / AIGaAs heteropair, now widely known in the world of microelectronics, was defined. J.I. Alferov and his co-workers not only created heterostructures in the AlAs - GaAs system that are close in their properties to the ideal model, but also the world's first semiconductor heterolaser operating in a continuous mode at room temperature.

The discovery of J.I. Alferov of ideal heterojunctions and new physical phenomena - "superinjection", electronic and optical confinement in heterostructures - also made it possible to radically improve the parameters of most of the known semiconductor devices and create fundamentally new ones, especially promising for use in optical and quantum electronics. Zhores Ivanovich summarized the new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors in his doctoral dissertation, which he successfully defended in 1970.

The works of Zh.I. Alferov were deservedly appreciated by international and domestic science. In 1971, the Franklin Institute (USA) awarded him the prestigious Ballantyne Medal, called the "Minor Nobel Prize" and established to honor the best work in the field of physics. Then follows the highest award of the USSR - the Lenin Prize (1972).

Using the developed by Zh.I. Alferov in the 70s of the technology of highly efficient, radiation-resistant solar cells based on AIGaAs / GaAs heterostructures in Russia (for the first time in the world) organized a large-scale production of heterostructure solar cells for space batteries. One of them, installed in 1986 at the Mir space station, has worked in orbit for the entire service life without a significant reduction in power.

Based on the proposed in 1970 by J.I. Alferov and his coworkers of ideal transitions in multicomponent InGaAsP compounds have created semiconductor lasers operating in a much wider spectral range than lasers in the AIGaAs system. They are widely used as radiation sources in long-range fiber-optic communication lines.

In the early 90s, one of the main areas of work carried out under the leadership of Zh.I. Alferov, the production and study of the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots becomes.

In 1993 ... 1994, for the first time in the world, heterolasers based on structures with quantum dots - "artificial atoms" were realized. In 1995 Zh.I. Alferov and his coworkers demonstrate for the first time a quantum dot injection heterolaser operating in a continuous mode at room temperature. The expansion of the spectral range of lasers using quantum dots on GaAs substrates has become of fundamental importance. Thus, the studies of Zh.I. Alferov laid the foundations for a fundamentally new electronics based on heterostructures with a very wide range of applications, known today as "zone engineering".

The award has found a hero

In one of his numerous interviews (1984) to a correspondent's question: “According to rumors, you were nominated for the Nobel Prize today. Isn't it a shame that you didn't get it? " Zhores Ivanovich replied: “I've heard that we have been presented more than once. Practice shows - either it is given to the rhinestone after opening (in my case, this is the mid-70s), or already in extreme old age. This was the case with P.L. Kapitsa. So, I still have everything ahead of me. "

Here Zhores Ivanovich was mistaken. As they say, the award found the hero before the onset of ripe old age. On October 10, 2000, on all Russian television programs, it was announced that Zh.I. Alferov Nobel Prize in Physics for 2000.

Modern information systems must meet two simple, but fundamental requirements: to be fast, so that a large amount of information can be transferred in a short period of time, and compact to fit in the office, at home, in a briefcase or pocket.

With their discoveries, the Nobel laureates in physics in 2000 created the basis for such modern technology... Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kremer discovered and developed fast opto- and microelectronic components, which are created on the basis of multilayer semiconductor heterostructures.

Heterolasers transmit, and hetero receivers receive information streams over fiber-optic communication lines. Heterolasers can also be found in CD players, product decoders, laser pointers, and many other devices.

On the basis of heterostructures, powerful high-efficiency light-emitting diodes have been created, which are used in displays, brake lamps in cars and traffic lights. In heterostructure solar cells, which are widely used in space and terrestrial power engineering, record efficiency of converting solar energy into electricity has been achieved.

Jack Kilby is awarded for his contribution to the discovery and development of integrated circuits, thanks to which microelectronics began to develop rapidly, which, along with optoelectronics, is the basis of all modern technology.

Teacher, raise a student ...

In 1973 A., with the support of LETI rector A.A. Vavilov, organized the base Department of Optoelectronics (EO) at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Physico-Technical Institute named after A.F. Ioffe.

In an incredibly tight schedule, Zh.I. Alferov is ashamed of B.P. Zakharchenyi and other scientists of Phystech developed a curriculum for the training of engineers for the new department. It provided for the training of first and second year students within the walls of LETI, since the level of physical and mathematical training at FET was high and created a good foundation for the study of special disciplines, which, starting from the third year, were taught by MIPT scientists on its territory. In the same place, using the latest technological and analytical equipment, laboratory workshops, as well as coursework and diploma projects were carried out under the guidance of the teachers of the base department.

The admission of students to the first year in the amount of 25 people was carried out through entrance exams, and the recruitment of groups of the second and third years for training in the Department of OE passed from students who studied at the FET and at the Department of Dielectrics and Semiconductors of the Electrophysical Faculty. The student selection committee was headed by Zhores Ivanovich. Of the approximately 250 students enrolled in each course, the top 25 were selected. On September 15, 1973, classes for second and third year students began. For this, an excellent teaching staff was selected.

J.I. Alferov paid a lot of attention and still pays attention to the formation of the contingent of first-year students. On his initiative, in the first years of the department's work during the spring school holidays, annual schools "Physics and Life" were held. Its listeners were graduate school students in Leningrad. On the recommendation of teachers of physics and mathematics, the most gifted students were given invitations to take part in the work of this school. Thus, a group of 30 ... 40 people was recruited. They were housed in the institute pioneer camp "Zvezdny". All expenses related to accommodation, meals and services for schoolchildren were borne by our university.

All its lecturers, headed by Zh.I. Alferov. Everything went solemnly and very homely. The first lecture was delivered by Zhores Ivanovich. He spoke so captivatingly about physics, electronics, heterostructures that everyone listened to him as if spellbound. But even after the lecture, communication between Zh.I. Alferova with the guys. Surrounded by them, he walked around the camp, played snowballs, fooled around. How not formally he treated this "event" is evidenced by the fact that on these trips Zhores Ivanovich took his wife Tamara Georgievna and son Vanya ...

The results of the school's work were not slow to show. In 1977, the first graduation of engineers at the Department of OE took place, the number of graduates who received diplomas with honors at the faculty doubled. One group of students of this department gave the same number of "honors" diplomas as the other seven groups.

In 1988 Zh.I. Alferov organized a physical and technical faculty at the Polytechnic Institute.

The next logical step was to bring these structures together under one roof. To implement this idea Zh.I. Alferov started back in the early 90s. At the same time, he did not just build the building of the Scientific and Educational Center, he laid the foundation for the future revival of the country ... And on September 1, 1999, the building of the Scientific and Educational Center (REC) was commissioned.

The Russian land stands and will stand on that ...

Alferov always remains himself. In dealing with ministers and students, directors of enterprises and ordinary people, he is equally even. He does not adjust to the first, does not rise above the second, but always defends his point of view with conviction.

J.I. Alferov is always busy. His work schedule is scheduled for a month in advance, and the weekly work cycle is as follows: Monday morning - Phystech (he is its director), afternoon - St. Petersburg Scientific Center (he is the chairman); Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday - Moscow (he is a member State Duma and the vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in addition, it is necessary to resolve numerous issues in the ministries) or St. Petersburg (also issues above your head); Friday morning - Phystech, afternoon - Scientific and educational center (director). These are just big strokes, and in between - scientific work, management of the Department of OE at ETU and the Faculty of Physics and Technology at TU, lecturing, participation in conferences. You can't count everything!

Our laureate is an excellent lecturer and storyteller. It is no coincidence that all the news agencies of the world noted the Alferov Nobel Lecture, which he read at english language without a synopsis and with its inherent brilliance.

When presenting the Nobel Prizes, there is a tradition when at the banquet hosted by the King of Sweden in honor of the Nobel laureates (there are over a thousand guests present), the floor is given to only one laureate from each "nomination". In 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three people: J.I. Alferov, Herbert Kremer and Jack Kilby. So the last two persuaded Zhores Ivanovich to speak at this banquet. And he fulfilled this request brilliantly, in his word he successfully beat our Russian habit of doing “one favorite thing” for three.

In his book "Physics and Life" Zh.I. Alferov, in particular, writes: “Everything that is created by humanity is created thanks to science. And if our country is destined to be a great power, then it will not be thanks to nuclear weapons or Western investments, not thanks to faith in God or the President, but thanks to the labor of its people, faith in knowledge, in science, thanks to the preservation and development of scientific potential and education.

As a ten-year-old boy, I read a wonderful book by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains". And all the rest of my life I followed the principle of its main character Sani Grigoriev: "Fight and seek, find and not give up." True, it is very important to understand what you are undertaking at the same time. "