List of artillery USSR Second World War. Soviet post-war anti-tank artillery artillery after World War II

Aspect

So, it will be about asah-artilleryrs. As they become, we will learn a little later. In the meantime, please read the lines from the letter to the author of one veteran-Frontovik of the Great Patriotic War: "The pilots in the superiority of the enemy could get out of the battle, as under certain conditions, tankers. Artillerymen did not have such a possibility. They were destined in every battle - or stop enemy, or die. " Artilleryrs often fought to death, especially in the initial period of German aggression against the USSR, when the tank and motorized columns of the German-fascist troops rushed into the depths of our country. It was then that mainly the records of the performance of the Soviet "wars of war" were delivered, often in one or two battles.

First - Nikolai Sirotinin

On that day, Ober Lieutenant Wehrmacht Hensfald, who died subsequently under Stalingrad, recorded in his diary: "On July 17, 1941, Sokolnichi, near Krichev. In the evening they were buried by the Russian Unknown Soldier. He is alone, standing at the gun, shot a fortune of our tanks and infantry . So died. Everyone was surprised by his courage. "

Yes, this Soviet warrior buried the opponent. With honors. Much later, it turned out that it was the commander of the guns of the 137th Rifle Division of the 13th Army Senior Sergeant Nikolai Sirotinin. The feat he committed at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

Having voluntarily covering the waste of its part, Nikolai took a profitable fire position with which the highway was well visible, a small river and a bridge over her, who opened the enemy to the East. At dawn on July 17, German tanks and armored personnel carriers appeared. When the head tank went to the bridge, there was a gun shot. Fighting machine flashed. The second shell struck another, closed column. A traffic jam was formed on the road. The Nazis tried to roll off the highway, but several tanks were immediately stuck in the swamp. And the senior sergeant Sirotinin continued to send shells to the target. Black smoke clubs envelop the column. The enemy fell a powerful fire on the Soviet gun. From the West, the second tank group approached and also opened fire. Only after 2.5 hours the fascists managed to destroy the gun, which managed to release almost 60 shells. There were 10 German tanks and armored personnel carriers at the battlefield, many enemy soldiers and officers died.

The soldiers of the 137th Rifle Division, who took defense on the eastern bank of the river, the impression was the impression that the battery of the full composition was in the tanks. And only later they found out that the column of tanks was restrained by one artillerist.

Brothers Lukanina

It should be noted that artilleryrs, including anti-tankists, were struggled not only with armored cars, they had to destroy dots, other enemy strengthening, maintain infantry, to conduct street fighting. However, today is a conversation about those who have bored and proprietary tanks, assault tools and a BTR.

The first in the ranks of the Ass-artilleryrs are a natives of the Kaluga region Brothers Lukanins - Dmitry and Yakov. The first was the commander, and the second - the gunner of the 197th Guards Artillery Regiment of the 92nd Guards Rifle Division. They for war destroyed 37 tanks and assault guns, a lot of other combat technology, about 600 soldiers and opponent officers. And therefore are challengers on the palm of championship in a number of Soviet artilleryrs. Their 152-mm Gaubice-gun of the 1937 sample, with which they passed thousands of front kilometers, installed in St. Petersburg in one of the halls of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and communication troops.

He entered into martial arts with the tanks of the enemy in battles in the Kursk arc, the brothers on July 9, 1943 struck four enemy machines.

His name Lukanina glorified in battles for the right-bank Ukraine in the steppe front. On October 15, 1943, 13 tanks of the enemy with automatants were moved to the southwestern outskirts of the village of Kalozino Dnepropetrovsk region. Having submitted the enemy to a close distance, the brothers with the first shots knocked two cars. On the other hand, another 8 tanks occurred. From distance of 100-200 m Lukanins burned four of them. Attempting the enemy to break into the village was repulsed. For this feat, Dmitry and Yakov is awarded the title of Hero of the Coven Soviet.

"On October 15, at night, at 4 o'clock, we took a firing position. At that time I was a commander of the gun, and my brother Yakov - anema, - recalled the Boy of Dmitry Lukanin. - The enemy was from us at a distance of 700-800 meters, in Lescoke. Our supervisory item was located on a small fell, 30 meters from behind us. Division commander Captain Smorzh noted with NP cluster of German tanks, warned us and ordered to prepare armor-piercing shells. We quickly completed the order. And literally after a few minutes, Captain Smorzh handed the order: "Lukanins, tanks. Get ready for battle! "That's the front, 200 meters remain, and I command:" On the head - fire! "Shot - and the head machine is spinning in place. However, others continue to move forward. The gunner, not expecting the team, leads fire. 19 shells were It was released for literally a few minutes, and 6 fascist tanks remained stationary before our position, meters in 200-100. We destroyed the good third of the attacking tanks. We helped the victory over the enemy Cool, and also the fact that the opponent did not see us badly, because only Light. Driving goals to detect was easier. In addition, we did not shoot the ... "

With its Gaubita-gun Lukanina passed the whole war, and therefore an invoice (they behaved him themselves) grew.

And now briefly about the recordsmen. The twin brothers Yakov and Dmitry Lukanina were born in 1901 in the village of Fleet Kaluga region. They lived together, at school sat at one desk. In the 1920s, together were called to serve in border troops. After dismissal, worked on various construction sites of the country. In the Urals, in particular, they knew them as beautiful Masonicians. The war found the brothers at one of the plants of Pervouralsk. From here, they went to the operating army on September 3 of September 1942. And on the front twins are inseparable. With battles passed in the same shelf from Stalingrad to Vienna. One shell of them wounded, in one hospital was treated. One decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 24, 1944 was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. After the war, Lukanina lived in the Kaluga region. The village in which they were born, renamed Lukanino.

Guard Efreitor Beerov

The second result and record among anti-tank artillers belongs to the gunner of the anti-tank gun of the 207th Guards Rifle Shelf (70th Guards Rifle Division, Central Front) Guard Efreitor Kuzma Beadov. Near the village of Olkhovatka (Ponyrovsky district of the Kursk region) 6, 7 and 8, 1943, he destroyed 22 fascist tanks. That's how it was.

Early in the morning of July 6, German tanks were broken by the 207th Guards Regiment, the German tanks - the T-III and T-IV, who were first considered for the "tigers", as they were equipped with mounted screens to protect against cumulative shells. Shooting on the go, armored cars moved to fire positions The platoon of the 45mm anti-tank guns of the 2nd rifle battalion. To the enemy is already hand to file. The head tank is visible even black and white crosses. The team sounds, and the Efreitor Kuzma Beads sends a shell of Sorokhadi into a German car. "Tiger" - not "Tiger", and the German tank will not take immediately. And yet the second shot is striking. Suddenly, a enemy truck with infantry seemed from the turn of the road. Efreitor Bears hit him with a fragmentation. He caught fire. Tanks running from behind, began to bypass it. Kuzma Beerov took one of them on the sight. Shot - and the Germans began to pop up from a fenced armored mound. It began to rush shells.

But the explosion is already on the position of artillery players. T-IV, which went on the right, almost covered the gun. The calculation is covered with the earth, blinded, and the tank confidently moved forward. A little more, and he will give up the calculation. 80 meters, 75. "Fire!", - Screams the calculation commander. Beads again at the sight. Rampt shot. The German car stumbled, froze and dug. Team: "change the position!" Picked up the gun and rolled forward - closer to the enemy. And in the old place enemy shells already rushed. Tanks (these were T-III and T-IV) already in a new place stumbled on the blows of Soviet anti-tank guns, we emphasize the fortyat. We note, improved - sample 1942, whose armoredness, compared with 45-mm Fri, 1937, increased almost one and a half times. From the distance to the kilometer, the M-42 m-42 pierced the armor with a thickness of 51 mm, and from a distance of 500 m - 61-mm. And artillerymen skillfully used their weapons. Tangible losses in this direction became a surprise for German tank workers. The first attack choked. However, it was followed by the second, third ... but also the calculation of the anti-tank gun was at the height.

13 enemy tanks remained in place.

The night from July 7 to July 8 passed quietly. Only intelligence officers acted. But at dawn 8th began everything again. Again from the sky flew by the bombs of the "Junkers" here, the shells tear up, and without the land wounded. Sounded rocus of tanks, turning into a solid powerful hum. The enemy introduced new forces into battle - divisions of 2 and 4th tank divisions.

A few hours later, the Nazis broke into our advanced trenches. Now they were heard only grenade grenade, rifle, pistol shots, short automata. And the artillery beat on the enemy technique - one tank clouded after another. Anti-tankists were very difficult. The sun was paled, but even hotter breathed a hot gun, the gymnisters had long been coughly, salt from the soldiers' spin came out on the fabric.

Armored, charge! - shouted Kuzma.

He followed the shot, and the tank stopped, embraced by a flame.

However, in the instrument calculation, no one has long heard the teams: everyone acted as he knew how and could. Twisted tanks, infantry again.

With a dozen armored cars burned in front of Bisadov's gun.

On July 8, on the account of Efreitor Bisadov, there were already 22 pitched tank of the Wehrmacht. The commander of the Guards Rifle Division announced Kuzma Beadov's gratitude.

The battles did not end on this, the Kursk battle continued. On July 25, the 207th Guards Rifle Regiment again held the defense. Tanks went again, behind them - infantry.

Beaders did not have time to deploy an instrument. There was a deafening explosion. The gun failed. Rifle and grenades remained. Kuzma grabbed the rifle and, having grown to the ground, led the fire on the sealing infantry. Here one infantryman fell, the second ... and here ...

And then Self-propeller came to him. Beaders aimed, wanted to get into the viewing gap. But the gun shot thundered earlier.

This is such a simple to describe the feat. It would be possible to find other words for this may be stronger, more capacious, more colorful. But would it be true? True here, I think in one. They walked tanks, and the beads reflected their attacks with the calculation. Reflected persistently. With the resistance of this guy, apparently, possessed in innocent, then he defended his land, but otherwise, I repeat, he was lucky. They walked tanks and there were a lot of them ...

How did he become, Kuzma Beadov, the opposite recordsman? An ordinary rural guy, what majority on the front, and suddenly ... get closer with his biography, with his short life And you come to the conclusion - he became a record holder because he was an ordinary guy. Because born in the village of Kvalyashur, which is in Udmurtia in the 1925th. Because he graduated from the seven-year village in the village of Kuliga, FZO School in Votkinsk. Because he worked at the Kez Perm Railway station. And therefore, finally, in 1942 he studied in a tank school, and he became a member of Sorokaith. It happened.

What is his high feat?

In the area of \u200b\u200bOlkhovka, the shot applied selected parts of the Hitler's Banzerwaff. And he stood.

The superiority of the enemy was a huge. And the beads held.

The enemy was stronger. And Beers died. But 22 German Armored Machines from Krupovskaya Steel remained in Kursk Earth. 22 tank crew from July 1943 to the enemy had to be prepared again.

That's the high feat. The plot of the feat you need to make gold to marble. However, it is partially done. Kuzma Beers became the hero - the hero of the Soviet Union. Such a high title of nunted guns is assigned to posthumously on September 8, 1943. For unprecedented courage and heroism, manifested in battles on a Kursk arc, from the village of Olkhovatka.

Alexander Serov and others

The third result among artilleryrs at the gunner of the 8th battery of the 636th anti-tank artillery regiment of the 9th anti-tank artillery brigade of ordinary Alexander Serov (on his account 18 of the tanks and 1 assault tool) and the commander of the guns of the 122nd Guards Artillery Shelf (51- I am the Guards Infantry Division, Voronezh Front) Guard of the foreman Alexei Vlasov (19 enemy tanks).

The fateful lots ordered that Alexander Serov had to join a fierce fight with the enemy in the first days of the war in the Baltic States, South-west Shaulia. The antiquity of the shelf saddled the highway leading to the city, June 19, having left for the teaching. On June 22, they received news about the beginning of the war, and the 23rd, in the afternoon, the 636th regiment attacked 50 enemy armored cars with motor food. Commander Shelf Boris Prokudin, a participant in battles on the Khalkhin-goal river, competently organized defense. Therefore, the first few shots stopped the coming.

It was then that Alexander Serov opened his expense. His 76-mm gun was attacked by a large group of fascist tanks. To beat certainly, the gunner submitted the car to the close distance and fired in the nearest. She smoked. Alexander also suggested an instrument to another, on the third ... 11 tanks were beaten when the enemy projectile fragment was Ranil Serov. However, and then he did not leave his place at the gun, continued to fire and destroyed seven more tanks. The master ownership of a combat specialty was affected - each shell Alexander sent a goal, and this enemy did not expect anyone and could not come to himself from such a meeting. Only the second wound forced Serov to release a battle cord from his hands. It looks like this, the picture of the fierce contraction looks like, in which the gunner put the absolute record - 18 baked enemy machines in one battle.

For a long time it was believed that Alexander Serov was mortally wounded. After decades, it turned out that it was not. After a long treatment in the hospital, he quit "according to clean," returned to his homeland in Siberia, Bakseevo's native village, there was a funeral there. In the seventies, when employees of one of Lithuanian museums were found, spoke about his participation in the reflection of the tank column of the enemy.

On the first day of combat, Alexander Serov destroyed up to ten cars and then was injured, but remained in the ranks. On the second day, Hitler tanks broke through the battery. "I shot," Alexander Serov recalled, "the tank turned around and froze. Quickly brought the gun to another tank. Shot! And he plunged smoke." The weapon was led by a fell fire, hitting a tank for a tank. SEROVA from the loss of blood circled the head - the bandage slit, the wound opened. However, he still stood at the sight, took the tanks in the crossroad, shot. Then - the blow, everything fell into the darkness. The last thing he heard was the voice of the shells of the shells: "Serov killed."

Alexander Serov himself a concrete figure of destroyed cars does not call. Where did it come from? Serov was presented to the state award, and in the view, as his colleagues remembered, it appeared. But the document was lost, the reward is the Order of the Patriotic War I degree - the anti-Tankist received only many, many years later, and already on another view, but in the memory of the warriors of the 636th shelf imprinted - 18 tank destroyed by one payments in one battle.

Guard Starin Alexey Vlasov distinguished himself on July 6, 1943 in the village of Yakovlevo (Belgorod Oblast). Here, its calculation when reflecting the attack of the enemy tanks, 4 heavy and 5 medium-sized combat vehicles. The next day, the enemy threw 23 tank into battle. In 30 minutes the battle, the calculation fell 10 of them, setting a kind of record.

We also call the senior sergeant of the Sinyavsky and Efreitor of Mukozobov - commander and gunner tools of the 542th rifle regiment of the 161st Rifle Division. They became Assa in the first days of the war. From June 22 to June 26, in fierce battles on the approaches to Minsk, their calculation destroyed 17 tanks and opponents of the enemy. For this feat, the soldiers were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

The record among self-prime carrier artillery holds the SAU commander of the 383rd Guards Self-propelled-artillery shelf (3rd Guards Tank Army, the 1st Ukrainian Front) Guard Junior Lieutenant Mikhail Klimov. His settlement in March 1945 on Valdenburg and Naumburg (now Poland) disabled 16 enemy tanks.

Many other Soviet artilleryrs fought bravely. 35 commanders and gunners of the resulting artillery calculations destroyed 432 tanks, assault tools and an enemy armor.

Regional shelves

In the record holders of artilleryrs - and integers. Let's return to the actions of the 636th anti-tank regiment, which fought on June 23, 1941 Alexander Serov. Then the enemy was discarded, the regiment destroyed 59 tanks and assault guns.

Up to 50 German tanks during the battles from July 12 to August 16 "found their death" under the fire of the guns of the artillery part under the command of the Hero of the Soviet Union Sergey Nilovsky.

The 462nd Cabulus Artillery Regiment of the RGC for the first months of the war (from June to August 1941) destroyed about 100 enemy tanks, 24 armored vehicles, 33 guns, destroyed a lot of alive enemy strength. Subsequently, he was transformed into the Guards.

High results showed artilleryrs and other periods of war. 89 tanks, including 35 heavy, destroyed on July 6 and 7, 1943, when reflecting attacks in the Belgorod direction during the Kursk battle, the personnel of the 1177th-anti-anti-tank artillery regiment (47th Army, the Voronezh Front), who were commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Alexey Shalimov, a posthumously awarded title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Soviet artilleryrs for the first time days of war joined hot contractions with vermachlet tank units, having in service with a 45-mm anti-tank gun, a divisional 76-mm gun, 152-mm Gaubitsa-gun. Soviet warriors beat the enemy from anti-aircraft guns of calibers 37-mm, 76 mm and especially 85-mm, from other artsystem. During the war, new tools appear, their continuous qualitative improvement is underway. A modernized 45-mm and 57-mm anti-tank guns of the M-42 sample of 1942 and ZIS-2 sample 1943, 76-mm regimental gun of the 1943 sample and a new 76-mm divisional gun ZIS-3 sample 1942 G., 100-mm field gun BS-3 sample 1944, the mass production of which began at the oldest plants of Leningrad in the fall of 1943 in the drawings of the prototype immediately after the blockade rings breakthrough.

During the war years is created the new kind artillery - self-propelled artillery. Soviet warriors get the strongest means of fighting the tanks of the enemy: powerful armored and mobile Su-85 with a gun D-5C (sample 1943), Su-100 with a gun D-10C (sample 1944), Su-152 with a warm gun ML-20 (sample 1944), ISU-122 with a gun D-25C (sample 1944), ISU-152 with a Gaubice-gun ML-20 (sample 1943).

The good experience in the fight against the tanks of the opponent began to come to them by mid-1943 (although the highest results are achieved by individual artilleryrs at the beginning of the war). By the time the headquarters of the Artillery of the Red Army, the headquarters of the fronts and the armies staged the study of the enemy armored vehicles, his tactics, issuing recommendations to the troops on a permanent basis. Special attention was paid to ways to combat new types of heavy tanks and assault guns, such as T-VIH "Tiger", T-VG "Panther", "Elephant". In anti-tank parts was organized targeted combat training. In the armies were equipped with special rear polygons, where the shooting of tanks-layouts, including the driving, trained anti-tankists. Commands of fighters tanks were created. Memo was published "Memo to combat tanks" Tiger "," Artillertist's memo - the fighter of enemy tanks. "

All this allowed to pacify the Hitler's tank belt. Of course, our valiant tankists also played an important role, the calculations of anti-tank guns. But the role and artilleryrs are great - their duels with "tigers" and "panthers", and the other tanks of the Wehrmacht were given dozens of asces, dozens of masters of a molding firefire.

On February 12, 1942, the most massive Soviet gun of the Great Patriotic War ZIS-3 was adopted, which became, along with T-34 and PPSh-41, one of the victory symbols.

76 mm Division Gun Sample 1942 (ZIS-3)

ZIS-3 became the most popular weapon of the Great Patriotic War. A divisional gun, designed under the leadership of Vasily Gavrilovich Rubbe, appeared at the front in the second half of 1942. Easy and maneuverable ZIS-3 has found a very wide application for fighting both with a living force and the enemy's technique. The divisional gun was essentially universal, and the main thing is simple in development and production, just at the moment when it was necessary to send the maximum possible amount of guns into the current army in a short time. In total, more than 100 thousand ZIS-3 were released - more than all other tools combined during the war.

37 mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 sample

It was intended to defeat low-fat air targets. Power was carried out from the closure for five artillery cartridges. But often in the initial period of war, these guns were used as anti-tank. The gun with a high initial speed of the projectile in 1941 pierced armor of any German tanks. The disadvantage of the gun was that the failure of one of the gunners did shooting alone impossible. The second minus is the lack of an armor shield, which was originally an anti-aircraft gun was not laid and appeared only in 1944. In total, at least 18 thousand 37 mm automatic anti-aircraft guns were released.

Gubitsa-gun ml-20

A unique gun that combined the shooting range of guns and the ability of the Gaube to lead the floor fire. No battle, including Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, Berlin, did not do without the participation of these guns. At the same time, no army of the world, including German, did not have such systems at that time.
It is noteworthy that ML-20 became the first Soviet gun that opened fire in Germany. On the evening of August 2, 1944 from ML-20 in German positions in Eastern Prussia About 50 shells were released. And immediately, the report was sent to Moscow that shells are now rushing in Germany. Since the middle of war, ML-20 was established on Soviet SAU SU-152, and later on ISU-152. In total, about 6900 implements of ML-20 different modifications were released.

ZIS-2 (57-mm anti-tank sample gun. 1941) - an instrument with a very difficult fate. One of the two anti-tank cannons of the USSR in the period of the Great Patriotic War - the second was "Sorry". It appeared in 1941, but then the goals for this gun simply did not find - any German tank ZIS-2 was stitched through, and in difficult conditions for the transfer of industry on military rails from the production of technologically complex and expensive tools, it was decided to refuse. They remembered ZIS-2 in 1943, when heavy tanks appeared in German troops. Again, these guns were at the front since the summer of 1943 on the Kursk arc and in the future they have proven themselves well, coping with almost any German tanks. On distances a few hundred meters of ZIS-2, 80-millimeter onboard armor "Tigers" pierced.

85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 sample

This weapon during the Great Patriotic War was very widely used both on the front and to protect rear objects and large transport hubs. In the course of the Great Patriotic War, 85-mm anti-aircraft guns were destroyed up to 4 thousand opponent aircraft. During the fighting, this instrument was often used as anti-tank. And before the beginning of the mass production of ZIS-3, it was almost the only gun capable of fighting "tigers" at large distances. The feat of the calculation of the senior sergeant G. A. Shadunz, who in two days of fighting in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern city of Lobnya of the Moscow region destroyed 8 German tanks. The feature film "At your threshold" is devoted to this episode of the battle near Moscow.

Universal Ship Artillery Installation. On Soviet ships (for example, Kirov type cruisers) was used as a long-range anti-aircraft artillery. The gun was equipped with an armor shield. Shooting range is 22 km; Ceiling - 15 km. Since to track the movement of the opponent's aircraft with heavy guns was impossible, then shooting, as a rule, was carried out veins on a certain range. It was useful to the instrument and to defeat terrestrial purposes. Just before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, 42 guns were issued. Since production was focused in Leningrad, which turned out to be in the blockade, the buildings of the Pacific Fleet were forced to equip not 100 mm, but 85-mm cannons as a long-blood artillery.

"Sorokovyatka"

The 45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1937 sample was the main anti-tank gun of the Red Army in the initial period of the war and was able to affect almost any German technique. From 1942, its new modification was adopted for armament (45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1942 sample) with an elongated barrel. From the middle of war, when the enemy began to use tanks with powerful armor protection, the main objectives of the "Sorokovyat" were conveyors and self-propelled guns and firepoints of the enemy. A 45-mm semi-automatic ship gun 21-K was created on the basis of a 45-mm anti-automatic cannon, which turned out from low rapid firing and the absence of special sights ineffective. Therefore, the 21st possibilities were replaced by automatic guns, transferring removed artillery to enhance the positions of ground troops as field and anti-tank guns.

"Artillery is the God of War," said I. V. Stalin, speaking of one of the most significant genera of troops. In such words, he tried to emphasize the huge importance that this weapon had during the Second World War. And this expression is true, since the merits of artillery is difficult to overestimate. Her power allowed the Soviet troops mercilessly romance to enemies and approach such a desired great victory.

Further, in this article, artillery of the Second World War, which was then in service with Nazi Germany and the USSR, starting with light anti-tank guns and ending with super heavy monsters tools.

Anti-tank guns

As the history of the Second World History showed, light guns by and large were almost useless against armored vehicles. The fact is that they are usually designed during interval years and could withstand only the weak protection of the first armored machines. But before the Second World Technique began to be rapidly upgraded. Armor tanks became much thicker, so many types of guns were hopelessly outdated.

Mortar

Perhaps the most affordable and effective arms of infantry support were mortars. They perfectly combined such properties such as distances and fire power, so their use was able to reverse the course of all enemy offensive.

German troops most often used 80-millimeter "Granwer-34". This weapon deserves dark glory among allied troops for high speed and limiting accuracy of fire. In addition, its shooting range was 2400 m.

The Red Army used the 120-millimeter M1938 in 1939 for the fire support of its infantry. He was the first of the mortars with such a caliber, which ever was produced and was applied in world practice. When the German troops face this weapon on the battlefield, they appreciated his power, after which they launched a copy to production and designated as "Granwafer-42". M1932 Weighed 285 kg and was the most severe view of the mortars, which the infantrymen had to drag with them. For this, it was either disassembled into several parts, or pulled on a special trolley. The range of its shooting was 400 m less than that of the German "Granwerfer-34".

Self-propelled installations

In the first weeks of the war it became clear that the infantry extremely needs reliable firing support. The German armed forces came across the barrier in the form of well-fortified positions and a large concentration of enemy troops. Then they decided to strengthen their mobile fire support for the artillery self-propelled 105-millimeter installation of the "VESPOO", licked on the PZKPFW II tank chassis. Other such weapons - "Hummel" - was part of motorized and tank divisions since 1942.

In the same period, the Red Army in service appeared self-propelled installation Su-76 with a gun of 76.2 mm. It was installed on a modified mild tank chassis T-70. Initially, the SU-76 was assumed to be used as a fighter tanks, but during its application they realized that she had too small fireproof.

In the spring of 1943, Soviet troops received a new car - ISU-152. It was equipped with a 152,4-millimeter warmness and was intended for the extermination of tanks and mobile artillery, and to support infantry with fire. At first, the cannon was installed on the tank chassis kV-1, and then on the IP. In battle, this weapon showed itself so effective that it remained in service with the countries of the Warsaw Treaty until the 70s of the last century.

This type of guns was of great importance during the hostilities throughout World War II. The most severe of the existing artillery, consisting in the arms of the Red Army, was a M1931 B-4 Gaubita Calibrom 203 mm. When Soviet troops began to slow down the promotion of German invaders on their territory and war on Eastern Front Bought a more static character, heavy artillery turned out to be, as they say, in its place.

But the developers all the time were looking for an optimal option. Their task was to create an instrument in which it would be harmoniously merged with such characteristics as a small mass, good shooting range and the most heavy shells. And such a weapon was created. They became the 152-millimeter Gaubice ML-20. A little later, the armament of Soviet troops received a more modernized gun M1943 with the same caliber, but with a dull trunk and a large dool brake.

The defense enterprises of the Soviet Union produced the huge batches of such leaders who led a massive fire on the enemy. Artillery literally devoured German positions and thus broke the enemy offensive plans. An example of this can be the operation of the "Hurricane", which was successfully held in 1942. Its result was the environment near Stalingrad of the 6th German Army. For its execution, more than 13 thousand guns of different types were used. Unprecedented artillery preparation preceded this offensive. It was she who pretty much contributed to the rapid promotion of Soviet tank troops and infantry.

German heavy weapons

According to the First World War, Germany was banned from having tools having a caliber of 150 mm and more. Therefore, the specialists of the company "Krupp" engaged in the development of a new gun, had to create a heavy field Gaubita SFH 18 with a 149.1-millimeter barrel consisting of a pipe, a venue and casing.

At the beginning of the war, the German heavy warmness moved with the help of horse traction. But later, its upgraded version was dragged already half agenic tractor, which made it much more mobile. The German army successfully applied it on the Eastern Front. By the end of the war, the SFH 18 Warm was installed on the chassis of tanks. Thus, it turned out the self-propelled artillery installation "Hummel".

Rocket troops and artillery is one of the divisions of the land armed forces. The use of missiles during the Second World War was mainly associated with large-scale combat actions on the Eastern Front. Powerful reactive shells were covered with their fire significant territories than a certain inaccuracy of these unmanaged guns. Compared to conventional shells, the cost of missiles was much smaller, moreover, they made them very quickly. Another advantage was the relative ease of their operation.

Soviet missile artillery during the war used 132-millimeter mechanics M-13. They were created in the 1930s and by the time the fascist Germany attacked the USSR, had in very small quantities. These rockets are perhaps the most famous of all such shells used during the Great Patriotic War. Gradually, their production has established, and by the end of 1941 M-13 used in battles against the fascists.

It must be said that the missile troops and artillery of the Red Army plunged the Germans in real shock, which was caused by the unprecedented power and the deadly action of the new weapon. BM-13-16 launchers were placed on trucks and had rails on 16 shells. Later et. rocket Systems Will be known as Katyusha. Over time, they were upgraded several times and consisted of the Soviet Army until the 80s of the last century. With the advent of the expression "artillery is the God of War" began to be perceived as truth.

German rocket plants

A new type of weapon allowed to deliver combat discontinuous parts for both large and small distances. Thus, melee shells concentrated their firepower for the purposes of the front line, while Flight Rockets applied strikes on objects in the enemy rear.

The Germans also had their own missile artillery. "Vurframen-40" is a German reactive installation, which was placed on the SD.KFZ.251 semi-apertic technique. The rocket was put on the target by turning the car itself. Sometimes these systems were introduced into battle as towed artillery.

Most often, the Germans used the reactive installation "Nehelessver-41", which had a cellular design. It consisted of six tubular guides and was installed on a two-wheeled yard. But during the battle, this weapon was extremely dangerous not only for the enemy, but also for its own calculation due to the scuffed flame pulled from the pipes.

The weight of shells with had a huge impact on the range of their flight. Therefore, there was a significant military advantage of the army, the artillery of which could affect the goals located far beyond the line of the enemy. Heavy German rockets were useful only for mounted fire, when it was necessary to destroy well-fortified objects, for example, bunkers, armored vehicles or various defensive structures.

It is worth noting that the shooting of the German artillery is much inferior in the range of rocket installation Katyusha due to excessive heaviness of the shells.

Super heavy guns

In the Hitler's armed forces, artillery played a very important role. This is all the more surprising that it was almost the most important element of the fascist military car, and for some reason modern researchers prefer to focus on studying the history of Luftwaffe (air force).

Even at the end of the war, German engineers continued to work on a new grand armored machine - a prototype of a huge tank, compared to which all the rest of the military equipment would seem to be a dwarf. The draft P1500 "Monster" did not have time to implement. It is only known that the tank was to weigh 1.5 tons. It was planned that it would be armed with a 80-centimeter gun "Gustav" of Krupp. It is worth noting that its developers have always thought large-scale, did not exception and artillery. This tool entered the Nazi army during the siege of the city of Sevastopol. The gun made only 48 shots, after which her barrel was worn out.

The K-12 railway guns were in service with the 701th artillery battery deployed on the coast of La Manche. According to some data, their shells, and they weighed 107.5 kg, struck several goals in southern England. These artillery monsters had their sections of the T-shaped caterpillars required for installation and targeting on target.

Statistics

As previously noted, the army of countries that participated in hostilities of 1939-1945, entered the fight with outdated or partially modernized tools. All their ineffectiveness fully discovered the Second World War. Artillery urgently needed not only in the update, but also in increasing its quantity.

Starting from 1941 to 1944, Germany has released more than 102 thousand guns with different caliber and up to 70 thousand mortars. By the time of attacking the USSR, the Germans have already numbered about 47 thousand artillery stems, and this is excluding assault tools. If you take the United States to Example, they produced about 150 thousand cannons for the same period. The United Kingdom managed to make only 70 thousand units of weapons of this class. But the Soviet Union was the record holder in this race: during the war years, more than 480 thousand guns and about 350 thousand mortars were released here. Before that, the USSR was already in service with 67 thousand stems. This figure is shown without taking into account the 50mm mortars, artillery of the Navy and anti-aircraft guns.

Over the years, the second world artillery of warring countries has undergone great changes. Constantly the arms of the armies received either upgraded or completely new guns. A specially rapid pace developed anti-tank and self-propelled artillery (photographs of that time demonstrate its power). According to experts from different countries, about half of all losses ground Forces It is necessary to use mortars during battle.

History and heroes of the elite type of troops born during the Great Patriotic War

The fighters of these units envied and - at the same time they sympathized. "The trunk is long, the life is short," "Double salary is a triple death!", "Goodbye, Motherland!" - All these nicknames hinting at high mortality went to the soldiers and officers who fought in the fighter-anti-tank artillery (ITT) of the Red Army.

The calculation of the anti-tank gun of Senior Sergeant A. Golovna is fire on German tanks. In recent battles, the calculation destroyed 2 tank of the enemy and 6 firepoints (the battery of senior lieutenant A. Medvedev). The explosion on the right is a retaliatory shot of a German tank.

All this is true: and elevated one and a half - two times the salaries for ITTA units, and the length of the trunks of many anti-tank guns, and the extraordinarily high mortality among artilleryrs of these parts, whose positions are often located nearby, and even before the front of the infantry ... But the truth and the fact that 70% of destroyed German tanks accounted for the share of the anti-tank artillery; And the fact that among artillerymen was honored during the Great Patriotic War of the title Hero of the Soviet Union, every fourth - soldier or officer of fighter-anti-tank units. In absolute figures, it looks like this: out of 1744 artilleryrs - the heroes of the Soviet Union, whose biographies are presented in the lists of the "Heroes of the country" project, 453 people fought in the fighter-anti-tank units, the main and the only task of which was shooting direct vendor in German tanks ...
Hug out for tanks

In itself, the concept of anti-tank artillery as a separate type of this kind of troops appeared shortly before the Second World War. During the First World War II, the usual field weapons were quite successfully conducted, for which armor-piercing shells were quite quickly developed. In addition, the reservation of tanks until the beginning of the 1930s remained mainly against the opposite and only with the approach of the new World War began to grow. Accordingly, the specific means of combating this type of weapons, which became anti-tank artillery..

In the USSR, the first experience in creating special anti-tank guns fell at the very beginning of the 1930s. In 1931, a 37mm anti-tank gun appeared, which presented a licensed copy of a German gun, intended for the same purpose. A year later, a Soviet semi-automatic 45-millimeter gun was installed on the yard of this gun, and thus the 45-millimeter anti-tank gear of the 1932 sample - 19-k appeared. After five years, it was modernized, having received the 45-Millimeter anti-tank gun of the 1937 sample - 53-k. She became the most massive domestic anti-tank gun - the famous "Sorokatka".

Calculation of the anti-tank gun M-42 in battle. Photo: Warphoto.ru.

These guns are the main means of dealing with tanks in the Red Army of the Pre-Period. It was from 1938 that anti-tank batteries, platforms and divisions were armed, until the autumn of the 1940s, which were part of rifle, minor-rifle, motorized rifle, motorized and cavalry battalions, regiments and divisions. For example, the anti-tank defense of the rifle battalion of a pre-war state provided a platoon of 45 mm tools - that is, two guns; Rifle and motorized rifle regiments - the "Sorokatok" battery, that is, six guns. And in the rifle and motorized divisions since 1938, a separate anti-tank division was provided - 18 guns of a 45 mm caliber.

Soviet artilleryrs are preparing to open fire from a 45-mm anti-tank gun. Karelian front.

But the way to unfold the fighting of the Second World War, began on September 1, 1939 with the invasion of Germany to Poland, quickly showed: anti-tank defense at the divisional level may be insufficient. And then the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating anti-tank artillery brigades of the main command reserve appeared. Each such brigade would be a formidable force: the standard armament of the human number 5322 consisted of 48 guns of 76 mm caliber, 24 guns of 107 mm caliber, as well as 48 anti-aircraft guns of 85 mm caliber and another 16 anti-aircraft guns of 37 mm caliber. At the same time, there were no anti-tank guns in the staff in the staff, however, with their tasks, non-specialized field guns, received regular armor-piercing shells, were more or less successfully successfully.

Alas, to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, to complete the formation of anti-tank brigades of the RGC Country did not have time. But the undeformed, these units received at the disposal of the army and front command, allowed maneuvering them much more efficiently than anti-tank units in the state rifle divisions. And although the beginning of the war led to catastrophic losses in the entire Red Army, including in the artillery units, due to this, the necessary experience was accumulated, which was quite soon and led to the emergence of specialized anti-tank units.

Birth of artillery special forces

It became very quickly understood that regular divisional anti-tank agents are not able to confuse the tank wetcht tank wedges, and the lack of anti-tank guns of the desired caliber is forced to roll out the lightweight field guns. At the same time, their calculations, as a rule, did not have the necessary preparation, which means that sometimes they were not effective enough even in conditions beneficial for them. In addition, due to the evacuation of artillery plants and mass losses of the first military months, the lack of major guns in the Red Army became a catastrophic, so they needed to dispose of them much more careful.

Soviet artilleryrs roll up 45-mm anti-tank guns M-42, following in the ranks of the coming infantry on the central front.

In such conditions, the only correct decision was the formation of special reserve anti-tank parts, which could not just put in the defense on the front of the divisions and armies, and maneuver them, throwing on concrete tankers. The experience of the first military months also said. And as a result, by January 1, 1942, there was one anti-tank artillery brigade at the disposal of the Command of the Army and the Supreme Command, which operated on the Leningrad Front, 57 anti-tank artillery regiments and two separate anti-tank artillery divisions. And they really had, that is, actively participated in the battles. Suffice it to say that the five anti-tank shelves, according to the results of the battles of 1941, was assigned only to the title "Guards" in the Red Army.

Soviet artilleryrs with a 45-mm anti-tank gun in December 1941. Photo: Museum of Engineering Troops and Artillery, St. Petersburg

Three months later, on April 3, 1942, a decree of the State Defense Committee was published, which introduced the concept of a fighter brigade, whose main task was to fight the tanks of the Wehrmacht. True, her state was forced to be much more modest than that of a similar pre-war unit. At the disposal of the command of such a brigade, there were three times less people - 1795 fighters and commanders against 5322, 16 guns of a 76 mm caliber against 48 on a pre-war state and four 37-millimeter anti-aircraft gunners instead of sixteen. True, twelve 45-millimeter cannons and 144 anti-tank guns appeared in the list of standard weapons (they armed two infantry battalions, which were part of the brigade). In addition, for the sake of creating new Brigades, the Supreme Commander ordered during the week to revise the lists of the personnel of all kinds of troops and "to withdraw the entire junior and ordinary composition, which previously served in artillery parts." It is these fighters, passing a short retraining in spare artillery brigades, and made the backbone of anti-tank brigades. But they had to dowcompleting them all equal to fighters who do not have combat experience.

Crossing the artillery calculation and 45mm anti-tank gun 53-K across the river. Crossing is carried out on Ponteon from A-3 landing boats

By early June 1942, there were already twelve new-formed fighter brigades in the Red Army, which, in addition to the artillery units, there were also a mortar division, an engineering-mine battalion and car gunners. And on June 8, a new GKO RESOLUTION appeared, which reduced these brigades into four fighter divisions: the situation at the front required the creation of more powerful anti-tank fists capable of stopping German tank wedges. Less than a month, in the midst of the summer offensive of the Germans, who quickly moved to the Caucasus and to the Volga, came out of the famous order No. 0528 "On the renaming of anti-tank artillery units and units into fighten-anti-tank artillery parts and the advantage of the advantages of the bunch and ordinary composition of these parts".

Pushkin Elita

The appearance of the order was preceded by a large preparatory work regarding not only calculations, but also how many tools and what caliber should have new parts and what advantages their composition will be used. It was quite clear that fighters and commanders of such divisions, which will have to risk life daily on the most dangerous areas of defense, is required powerful not only material, but also a moral incentive. Assign new parts in the formation of the title of Guards, as was done with the divisions of Katyusha's reactive mortars, did not, but they decided to leave the well-proven word "fighter" and add "anti-tank" to him, emphasizing the special significance and purpose of new parts. At the same effect, how much can be judged now, the introduction of a special twist sign for all soldiers and officers of fighter-anti-tank artillery - black rhombus with crossed golden trunks of stylized Shuvalovsky "unicorns" was calculated.

All this was spelled out in the order with individual items. Special financial conditions for new parts, as well as the norms on the return of injured fighters and commanders, were prescribed by the same individual points. Thus, the bunch of the composition of these parts and units was set by one-time, and younger and ordinary - double salary of money content. For each tank, the calculation of the gun was also relying a cash premium: a commander and anema - 500 rubles, the rest of the calculation numbers - 200 rubles. It is noteworthy that initially in the text of the document appeared the other amounts: 1000 and 300 rubles, respectively, but the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Joseph Stalin itself has reduced the prices. As for the norms on returning to the system, the entire commanding of the fighter-anti-tank parts up to the division commander had to be kept on special accounting, and at the same time the whole composition after treatment in hospitals was required to return only to the specified parts. It did not guarantee that the soldier or officer would return to the very battalion or division, in which he fought before the injury, but also to be in any other units, except for fighter-anti-tank, he could not.

A new order instantly turned anti-tankists in the elite of the artillery of the Red Army. But this elitism was confirmed by an expensive price. The level of losses in the fighter-anti-tank units was noticeably higher than in other artillery parts. It is not by chance that the anti-tank parts became the only sublist of artillery, where the same order No. 0528 introduced the position of the deputy gunner: in battle, the calculations that have rummaged their tools for unequipped positions before the front of the defending infantry and the firewood, the direct vending, often dressed earlier than their technique.

From battalions - to divisions

New artillery units quickly gained a combat experience, which also spreads it quickly: the number of fighter-anti-tank parts grew. As of January 1, 1943, the anti-tank artillery of the Red Army consisted of two fighter divisions, 15 fighter brigades, two heavy fighter-anti-tank shelf, 168 anti-tank shepherds and one fighter-anti-tank division.

Division of fighter-anti-tank artillery on the march.

And to the Kursk battle, the Soviet anti-tank artillery received a new structure. The order of the People's Commissariat of Defense No. 0063 dated April 10, 1943 introduced as part of each army, first of all of the Western, Bryansky, Central, Voronezh, South-Western and South Fronts, at least one fighter-anti-tank regiment of military time: six batteries of 76-millimeters guns, that is, there are only 24 guns.

The same order in the Western, Bryansk, Central, Voronezh, South-Western and South Fronts was organized by one fighter-anti-tank artillery brigade with a number of 1215 people, which included a fighter-anti-tank regiment of 76 mm cannons - only 10 batteries, or 40 guns, and a regiment of 45-millimeter guns, which in armaled 20 guns.

The guards artillery rush 45-mm anti-tank gun 53-K (sample 1937) in the prepared trench. Kursk direction.

Relatively quiet time, separating the victory in the Battle of the Battle of the Battle of the Kursk Army, the command of the Red Army used to fully profuse, pre-reducing and retrieving the fighter-anti-tank parts. No one doubted that the coming battle would largely rely on the massive use of tanks, especially new German cars, and it was necessary to be prepared.

Soviet artilleryrs in 45 mm anti-tank gun M-42. In the background T-34-85 tank.

The story has shown that the fighter-anti-tank parts have time to prepare. The battle on the Kursk Dug became the main check of the artillery elite on strength - and she asked her with honor. And invaluable experience, for which, alas, fighters and commanders of fighter-anti-tank units had to pay a very expensive price, soon it was comprehended and used. It is after the Kursk battle of the legendary, but unfortunately, already too weak for the armor of new German tanks "Sorokovyatkov" began to remove from these units, replacing them with 57-millimeter anti-tank GS-2 guns, and where they lacked these guns, On well-proven divisional 76-millimeter GS-3 guns. By the way, it is the versatility of this tool that has well who who who visited himself and as a divisional gun, and as an anti-tank gun, along with the simplicity of construction and manufacture, allowed him to become the most mass artillery gun in the world in the history of artillery!

Masters of "Fire Bags"

In the ambush "Sorokapyatka", 45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1937 sample (53-K).

The last major change in the structure and tactics of the use of fighter-anti-tank artillery was the complete re-formation of all fighter divisions and brigades in fighter-anti-tank artillery brigades. According to the fighter-anti-tank artillery, such brigades, as part of the fighter-anti-tank artillery, are already fifty, and in addition to them, another 141 fighter-anti-tank artillery regiment. The main weapons of these divisions were the same 76-millimeters of the ZIS-3 guns, which the domestic industry produced at an incredible speed. In addition to them, the brigades and regiments were the 57 mm ZIS-2 and a number of "fortyatocks" and a 107 mm caliber instruments.

Soviet artilleryrs from the part of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps are fire on the enemy from the disguised position. In the foreground: 45 mm anti-tank gun 53-K (sample 1937), in the background: 76-mm regimental gun (sample 1927). Bryansk front.

By this time, the principal tactic was fully worked out combat application Fighter-anti-tank parts. The system of anti-tank districts and anti-tank reference points was developed and tested before the Kursk battle. The number of anti-tank guns in the troops has become more than sufficient, there was enough experienced personnel for their application, and the fight against Wehrmacht tanks managed to be made as flexible and efficient as possible. Now the Soviet anti-tank defense was built on the principle of "firing bags", arranged on the ways of movement of German tank parts. Anti-tank guns were stationed by groups of 6-8 guns (that is, two batteries) at a distance of fifty meters from each other and masked with all thoroughness. And they opened the fire in no way when the first line of enemy tanks turned out in the zone of confident defeat, and only after it was actually all the attacking tanks.

Unknown Soviet girls-ordinary out of the fighter-anti-tank artillery part (ITT).

Such "fighter bags", given the characteristics of the guns of fighter-anti-tank artillery, were effective only on medium and short distances of battle, which means that the risk for artilleryrs increased repeatedly. It was necessary to show not only the short-lasting excerpt, looking at the German tanks almost nearby, it was necessary to guess the moment when to open fire, and lead it so quickly as soon as the possibilities of technology and the forces of settlements were allowed. And at the same time, to be prepared for any minute to change the position as soon as it turned out to be under fire or tanks left the distance of confident defeat. And it was necessary to do this in a battle, as a rule, literally in the hands: to fit horses or cars most often simply did not have time, and the process of loading-unloading guns occupied too much time - much more than allowed the conditions of the fight with the upcoming tanks.

The calculation of Soviet artillery officers leads from the 45mm anti-tank gender of the 1937 sample (53-K) in the German tank on the village of Village. The calculation number supplies the charging of the 45-mm sub-caliber projectile.

Heroes with black rhombus on the sleeve

Knowing all this, no longer surprised by the number of heroes among fighters and commanders of fighter-anti-tank units. Among them were real artillery-snipers. Such as, for example, the commander of the gun of the 322nd Guards Fighter-Anti-Tank Regiment of the Guard Senior Sergeant Zakir Asfandiyarov, whose account is almost three dozen fascist tanks, and ten of them (including six "tigers"!) He fell in one battle. For this, he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Or, let's say, gunner guns of the 493rd of the fighter-anti-tank artillery regiment Sergeant Stepan Hopdhar. He fought from the very first days of the war, passed with the battles to the Volga, and then - to Oder, where four German tank destroyed in one battle, and in just a few January 1945 - nine tanks and several armored personnel carriers. This feat was assessed by the country: in April of the victorious forty-fifth Hopdard, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was assigned.

Hero of the Soviet Union Commander of the gun of the 322nd Guards Fighter-Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment of the Guard Senior Sergeant Zakir Lutfurahmanovich Asfandiyarov (1918-1977) and Hero of the Soviet Union Pressure gunner of the 322nd Guards Fighter-anti-Tank Artillery Regiment Sergeant Veniamin Mikhailovich Permyakov (1924-1990) read a letter. In the Far Plan, Soviet artilleryrs in the 76 mm divisional gun of the ZIS-3.

Z.L. Asphandios at the front of the Great Patriotic War since September 1941. Especially distinguished in the liberation of Ukraine.
On January 25, 1944, in the battles for the village of Tsibulev (now the village of Monastyrshchensky district of the Cherkasy region), an instrument under the command of the Guard of Senior Sergeant Zakira Asfandiyarova was attacked by eight tanks and twelve armored personnel carriers with an opponent infantry. Putting the attacking column of the enemy to the distance of a direct shot, the calculation of the gun opened the targeted sniper fire and burned all eight enemy tanks, of which four tiger tanks. Guard himself Senior Sergeant Asfandios Fire from a personal weapon destroyed one officer and ten soldiers. At the exit of the instrument, the brave Guardsman moved to the instrument of a neighboring unit, the calculation of which was out of order and reflecting the new massive attack of the enemy, destroyed two tiger tanks and up to sixty Hitler soldiers and officers. In just one fight, the calculation of the Guard of the Senior Sergeant Asphandiyarov destroyed ten tanks of the enemy, of which six types of "Tiger" and over one hundred and fifty soldiers and opponent officers.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Medal "Golden Star" (No. 2386) Asphandios Zakiru Lutfurahmanovich was assigned by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 1, 1944.

V.M. Permyakov was drafted into the Red Army in August 1942. In the artillery school received a specialty of the gunner. Since July 1943, on the front, fought as part of the 322rd Guards Fighter-Anti-Tank Regiment of the gun. Combat baptism took on the Kursk arc. In the first battle burned three German tank, was injured, but the battle post did not leave. For courage and resistance in battle, the accuracy of the tanks was defeated by the Permyakov Sergeant was awarded the Order of Lenin. Especially distinguished in the battles for the liberation of Ukraine in January 1944.
On January 25, 1944, in the area on the road forces not far from the village of Ivakhna and Tsibulev, now the monastery district of the Cherkasy region, the calculation of the Guard of the Senior Sergeant Asphandiiyarova, in which Sergeant Permyakov was, among the first, he met an attack of enemy tanks and armored personnel carriers. Reflecting the first Natisk, Permovakov destroyed 8 tanks, of which four tiger tanks. When an enemy landing arrangement approached the positions of artilleryrs, entered the hand-to-hand fight. It was wounded, but did not leave the battlefield. By beating the attack of car guns, returned to the tool. At the exit of the instrument, the guardsmen moved to the tool of the neighboring unit, the calculation of which was out of order and, reflecting the new massive attack of the enemy, destroyed two more tiger tank and up to sixty Hitler soldiers and officers. During the rotation of enemy bombers, the tool was broken. Permyakov wounded and contusedly sent to the rear unconscious. On July 1, 1944, the Guard Sergeant Permyakov Veniamin Mikhailovich was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Medal "Golden Star" (No. 2385).

Lieutenant-General Pavel Ivanovich Batov presents the Order of Lenin and the Medal of the Golden Star to the commander of the anti-tank gun Sergeant Ivan Spitzina. Mozyrian direction.

Ivan Yakovlevich Spetzin at the front since August 1942 distinguished himself on October 15, 1943 during the forcing Dnieper. Direct vendor Calculation of Sergeant Spitzina destroyed three enemy machine guns. Crouching at the bridgehead, the artillerymen led the shelling of the enemy until the direct hit was broken by the gun. The artillerymen joined the infantry, during the battle seized enemy positions along with the guns and began to destroy the enemy from his instruments.

On October 30, 1943, for the exemplary fulfillment of combat assignments of the command at the front of the fight against the German-fascist invaders and the courage and heroism, Sergeant Sergeant Spetsina Ivan Yakovlevich, was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Golden Star Medal (No. 1641).

But even on the background of these and hundreds of other heroes from the number of soldiers and officers of the fighter-anti-tank artillery, the feat of the only one among them twice the hero of the Soviet Union of Vasily Petrova is distinguished. Called to the army in 1939, he graduated from the Sumy Artillery School, right on the eve of the war, and Great Patriotic met Lieutenant, the commander of the platoon of the 92nd separate artillery division in Novograd-Volynsky in Ukraine.

The first "golden star" of the Hero of the Soviet Union Captain Vasily Petrov deserved after the forcing of the Dnieper in September 1943. By that time, he was already deputy commander of the 1850th Fighter-Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, and on his chest, he had two orders of the Red Star and the Medal "For Cook" - and three stripes for injured. The Decree on Petrov's highest degree was signed by the 24th, and published on December 29, 1943. By that time, the thirty-year-old captain was already lying in the hospital, having lost in one of the last fighting of both hands. And if it were not for the legendary order No. 0528, prescribing to return the wounded in fighter-anti-tank units, the freshly baked hero would hardly be a chance to continue to fight. But Petrov, always distinguished by hardness and perseverance (sometimes dissatisfied subordinates and bosses said that stubbornness), achieved his. And at the very end of 1944, he returned to his regiment, which by that time was already called the 248th Guards Fighter-anti-tank artillery regiment.

With this regiment Guard, Major Vasily Petrov and reached the Oder, forced him and distinguished himself, holding the bridgehead on the West Bank, and then participating in the development of the offensive on Dresden. And it was not out of attention: by decree of June 27, 1945 for the spring feats on Oder Guard Major Artillery Vasily Petrov was a second time awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. By this time, the regiment of the legendary major was already disbanded, but Vasily Petrov himself remained in the ranks. And remained in it until the death - and he died in 2003!

After the war, Vasily Petrov managed to finish Lviv state University And the Military Academy, he received a degree of candidate of military sciences, reached the title of Lieutenant Artillery General, which was received in 1977, and held the position of deputy head of the rocket troops and artillery of the Carpathian Military District. As the grandson of one of the colleagues, General Petrova, recalls, from time to time, choosing for a walk in the Carpathians, as far as the commander managed to literally to drive his adjutants, who did not sleep after him ...

Memory is stronger than the time

The post-war fate of the fighter-anti-tank artillery completely repeated the fate of all the Armed Forces of the USSR, changed in accordance with the changes in time calls. Since September 1946, the personnel of parts and units of fighter-anti-tank artillery, as well as units of anti-tank guns, ceased to obtain increased salaries. The right to a special vicious sign, the anti-tankists were so proud of that, preserved for ten years longer. But it also disappeared with time: the next order of the introduction new form For the Soviet Army canceled this stripe.

Gradually disappeared and the need for specialized anti-tank artillery parts. Anti-tank driven missile shells came to replace the guns, parts armed with this weapon appeared on the state of motorized rifle units. In the mid-1970s, the word "fighter" disappeared from the name of fighter-anti-tank units, and in twenty years together with Soviet army The last two dozen anti-tank artillery regiments and brigades disappeared. But whatever the post-war history of Soviet anti-tank artillery, she will never cancel the courage and those feats that have glorified their branch fighters and commanders of the fighter-anti-tank artillery of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.

Soviet artilleryrs made a great contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic War. No wonder they say that artillery is the "God of War". For many people, the symbols of the Great Patriotic War remain there are legendary tools - "Sorokapyatka", a 45-mm model of the 1937 model, with which the Red Army entered the war, and the most massive Soviet gun of the time of war - 76-mm divisional gun of the 1942 sample CIS-3 . This instrument during the war years was released a huge series - more than 100 thousand units.

Legendary "Sorcetica"

The battlefield is shrouded in smoke clubs, the circle of spiruh fire and the noise of explosions. Armada German tanks are slowly moving to our positions. It opposes only one surviving artilleryman who personally charges and suggests his fortyatyat on the tanks.

A similar plot can very often be found in Soviet films and books, he had to show the superiority of the Spirit of a simple Soviet soldier, who with the help of practically "scrap metal" managed to stop the high-tech German Horde. In fact, the anti-tank 45-mm gun was far from useless weapons, especially at the initial stage of war. With reasonable use, this tool has repeatedly demonstrated all its best qualities.

The history of the creation of this legendary cannon goes back to the 30s of the last century, when the first anti-tank gun was adopted by the Red Arms - 37-mm sample gun of 1930. This gun was a licensed variant of the German 37-mm gun 3,7-cm Pak 35/36, created by the engineers of Reinmetal. In the Soviet Union, this weapon was made at the plant number 8 in the sublip, the instrument received the designation 1-k.

At the same time, almost immediately in the USSR thought about improving the gun. Two ways were considered: either to increase the power of 37-mm guns due to the input of new ammunition, or go to a new caliber - 45 mm. The second way was recognized as promising. Already at the end of 1931, the designers of the plant number 8 were installed in the 37-mm casing of the anti-tank gear of the 1930 sample of 1930, the new trunk of the caliber of 45 mm was installed, while slightly strengthening the gun yoke. So a 45-mm anti-tank portion of the 1932 sample gun appeared on the light, its factory index was 19k.

As the main ammunition for the new gun, it was decided to use a unitary shot from 47-mm French guns, the projectile of which, more precisely, not even the shell himself, and its clocking belt, simply crawled from 47 mm to 46 mm diameter. At the time of its creation, this anti-tank gun was the most powerful in the world. But even despite this, in the GAU demanded modernization - in order to reduce the weight of the gun and bring the armor-proof up to 45-55 mm on the range of 1000-1300 meters. On November 7, 1936, it was also decided to translate 45-mm anti-tank guns from wooden wheels to metal wheels filled with spongy rubber, from a gas-a car.

By the beginning of 1937, 45-mm Punching of the 1932 sample set new wheels and the gun went into production. In addition, an advanced sight appeared on the gun, a new semi-automatic, push-button shutter, a more reliable shield mount, a subressing, the best equilibration of the swinging part - all these innovations made a 45-mm anti-tank gear of the 1937 sample (53K), which meets all the requirements of time.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, it was this tool that was the basis of the anti-tank artillery of the Red Army. As of June 22, 1941, there were 16,621 such a gun. In total, during the war, 45-mm anti-tank guns in the USSR produced 37,354 pieces.

The gun was intended to combat the opponent's armored vehicles (tanks, self-propelled, armored personnel carriers). For his time and at the time of the beginning of the war, her armor-proof was quite adequate. At a distance of 500 meters, an armor-piercing projectile pierced with 43-mm armor. This was enough to combat the German tanks of those years, the bronor of most of which was more anti-regular.

At the same time, during the war in 1942, the weapon was modernized and its anti-tank opportunities increased. 45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1942 sample, which received the designation M-42, was created by upgrading its predecessor of 1937. Works were carried out at factory No. 172 in Motovilich (Perm).

Basically, modernization was to lengthen the trunk of the gun, as well as strengthening the throwing charge and a number of technical measures that were aimed at simplifying the serial production of guns. At the same time, the thickness of the armor armor grew from 4.5 mm to 7 mm for better protection of calculation from armor-piercing bullets. As a result of the upgrade, the cutting speed of the projectile was able to raise from 760 m / s to 870 m / s. When using calibrous armor-piercing shells, the briefs of the new tool at a distance of 500 meters increased to 61 mm.

The anti-tank gun M-42 was able to fight with all the middle German tanks of 1942. At the same time, during the entire first period of the Great Patriotic War, it was the forty-fades that remained the basis of the anti-tank artillery of the Red Army. During Stalingrad battle The share of these tools accounted for 43% of all tools that were armed with fighter-anti-tank regiments.

But the appearance of new German tanks in 1943, first of all the "tiger" and "Panthers", as well as the modernized version of PZ KPFW IV AUSF H, which has a thickness of the frontal armor 80 mm, the Soviet anti-tank artillery was again set before the need to build firepower.

It was partially solved to solve the problem again, starting the release of 57 mm anti-tank GE-2 gun. But despite this, and thanks to well-established production, the release of M-42 continued. With tanks PZ KPFW IV AUSF H and Panther, this weapon could fight by maintaining fire to them in board, and on the maintenance of such a fire it was possible to count thanks to the high mobility of the gun. As a result, it was left in production and in service. Since 1942 to 1945, 10,843 such guns were manufactured.

Division Gun Sample 1942 ZIS-3

The second Soviet gun, no less legendary than the Sorcetic, became the divisional gun of the 1942 sample of the ZIS-3, which can be found today on a variety of pedestals. It is worth noting that by the time of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in service with the Red Arms of the 1900/02, 1902/26 and 1902/30, and a fairly modern guns: 76,2-mm divisional guns of the 1936 sample ( F-22) and 76,2-mm Divisional gun of the 1939 sample (SSI).

At the same time, the work on the ZIS-3 was started before the war. The design of the new tool was engaged in the famous designer Vasily Gavrilovich Grorin. He started working on an instrument at the end of 1940 after the test successfully passed its 57-mm anti-tank gun ZIS-2. Like most anti-tank guns, it was compact enough, possessed light and durable flaw, which was quite suitable for the development of a divisional gun.

At the same time, a technological barrel has already been created for 76.2-mm divisional guns of F-22 and HSI, which had good ballistic characteristics. So the designers practically remained only to apply an existing trunk on the ZIS-2 gun flaws, equipped with a stem brake to reduce the load on the gun yard. In parallel with the process of designing a divisional gun, issues related to its production technology were solved, the production of many details of the method of stamping, casting, welding was carried out. Compared to the instrument of SIR, labor costs managed to reduce 3 times, and the cost of one gun fell by more than a third.

ZIS-3 represented the weapon at the time of the construction time. The trunk of guns is a monoblock with a vengeance and a muzzle brake (approximately 30% of the rolling back energy). A semi-automatic wedge shutter was used. The descent was lever or push-button (on the guns of different production series). The stem resource of the first episodes reached 5,000 shots, but most instruments did not exceed 2000 shots.

Already in the fights of 1941, the UIS-3 gun showed all its advantages over heavy and uncomfortable to the gunners tools F-22 and SSR. This allowed robin to personally submit his tool to Stalin and receive official permission from him to launch guns into mass production, besides, the gun was already produced and was actively used in the army.

In early February 1942, formal tests of guns were held, which lasted only 5 days. According to the results of the test, the UIS-3 gun was adopted on February 12, 1942 with the official name of the "76-mm divisional gun of the 1942 sample". For the first time in the world, the production of the UIS-3 tool was carried out by a trap method with a sharp increase in productivity. On May 9, 1945, the Volga factory reported the party and the government on the production of a 100-thousand 76-mm CIS-3 gun, increasing their release during the war years almost 20 times. BUT in just over the war years, more than 103 thousand such guns were manufactured..

The UIS-3 gun could use the entire range of 76 mm cannon shells available, including a variety of old grenades of Russian and imported production. Thus, the steel fragantic feus grenade 53-of-350 when installing an explosion on a fragmentary action created approximately 870 slaughter fragments, an effective radius of the lesion of the living force with which was 15 meters. When installing the fuse to a fugasic effect at a distance of 7.5 km of a grenade could be pierced with a brick wall with a thickness of 75 cm or an earthen embankment with a thickness of 2 m.

The use of a subcaliber projectile 53-BR-354P provided a breakdown of 105 mm armor at a distance of 300 meters, and on the range of 500 meters - 90 mm. First of all, podkalibal shells went to ensure fighter-anti-tank parts. Since the end of 1944, the troops also appeared a cumulative shell of 53-BP-350A, which could break through the armor thickness up to 75-90 mm at the corner of 45 degrees.

At the time of adoption of the 76-mm divisional gun of the 1942 sample fully responded to all the requirements for it: in power, mobility, unpretentiousness in everyday use and manufacturing production. The UIS-3 gun was a typical sample of weapons of the Russian school design: technologically simple, cheap, powerful, reliable, absolutely unpretentious and easy to operate.

During the war years, these guns were made by a stream method using any more or less trained labor without losing the quality of finished samples. The guns easily mastered and could contain in order the personnel of parts. For those conditions in which the Soviet Union was in 1941-1942, the ZIS-3 tool was hardly an ideal solution not only from the point of view of combat use, but also from the point of view of industrial release. All the years of war ZIS-3 was successfully used both against tanks and against infantry and opponent fortifications, which made it so universal and mass.

122-mm M-30 Sample Gaubita M-30

The 122-mm of the 1938 sample Gaubita M-30 became the most massive Soviet Gaubics period of the Great Patriotic War. This weapon was serially produced from 1939 to 1955 and consisted, and still consists in armament of some countries. This Gaubitsa took part in almost all significant wars and local conflicts of the 20th century.

According to a number of artillery successes, M-30 can be safely attributed to one of the best samples of the Soviet delight artillery of the middle of the last century. The presence of such a warmness as part of the artillery parts of the Red Army made an invaluable contribution to the victory in the war. In total, during the release of M-30, 19,266 GABICS of this type were collected.

The Gaubitsa was developed in 1938 by the Motovilikhinsky Plants (Perm) KB, headed by the project Fyodor Fedorovich Petrov. The serial release of the Hubicians began in 1939 at once at three factories, including the Motovilikhinsky Plants (Perm) and at the Uralmash Artillery Plant (Sverdlovsk, since 1942 Artillery Plant No. 9 with OKB-9). Gaubitiza was in mass production until 1955, which brighter characterizes the success of the project.

In general, the M-30 Gaubice had a classic design: a reliable durable branch yard, a rigidly fixed shield having a raised central sheet, and a barrel of a length of 23 caliber, not having a muzzle brake. The M-30 Gaubita was equipped with the same faucet as the 152-mm Gaubita D-1. The wheels of large diameter got one-piece skates, they were filled with spongy rubber. At the same time, the modification of M-30, which after the war was produced in Bulgaria, possessed wheels of another design. Each 122nd Gaubita possessed coulters of two different types - for solid and soft soil.

122-mm Gaubita M-30 was definitely a very successful tool. The group of its creators under the leadership of F. F. Petrov managed to very harmoniously combine in one sample of artillery weapons simplicity and reliability. The Gaubitz was very easily mastered by the personnel, which was largely typical of the Gaubes of the era of the First World War, but at the same time he had a large number of new design solutions that allowed to increase the fire capabilities and mobility of the Gaubi. As a result, the Soviet Division artillery received a powerful and modern Gaubitz in his own hands, which was able to act and in the composition of highly mobile tank and mechanized parts of the Red Army. The wide distribution of this 122-mm warmness in various armies of the world and excellent artillery reviews only confirm it.

Even the Germans, who, at the initial stage of the war, managed to capture several hundred Gaubitz M-30 at the initial stage of war. They adopted a weapon for weapons under the index of a heavy warmness of 12.2 cm s.f.h.396 (R), actively using them on the eastern and western front. Starting from 1943 for this warmness, as well as some other samples of the Soviet bodily artillery of the same caliber, the Germans even launched a full mass production of shells. So in 1943, 424 thousand shots were issued, in 1944 and 1945 - 696.7 thousand and 133 thousand shots, respectively.

The main type of ammunition for 122-mm M-30, in the Red Army was a fairly effective fragmentary shell, which weighed 21.76 kg. The Gaubita could shoot with these projectiles to a range of up to 11,800 meters. Theoretically, the armor-piercing cumulative projectile 53-BP-460A could be used to combat armored goals, which, at the corner of the meeting with an armor of 90 °, pierced the armor to a thickness of up to 160 mm. Aiming distance Maintaining fire on a moving tank accounted for up to 400 meters. But naturally it would be an extreme case.

M-30 was intended primarily for the maintenance of fire from closed positions on an openly located and okedy alive strength and an enemy technique. The warmness was successfully used to defeat the enemy field fortifications (dumplings, supremies, trenches) and putting the passes in wire bodies when it was impossible to apply mortar for these purposes.

Moreover, the barracks of the Gaubitz Battery M-30 by fragantive fugasic shells represented some threat to German armored vehicles. The fragments of 122-mm shells of fragments were able to break through the armor to 20 mm thick, it was quite enough to affect the sides of light tanks and armored personnel carriers of the enemy. In machines who had thicker armor, the fragments of the Gaubic shells could deal with the gun, sights, elements of the chassis.

Cumulative shells for this Gaubitz appeared only in 1943. But in the absence of artilleryrs, it was prescribed to shoot on tanks and fragoration-fugasic shells, after setting the fuse to a fugasal effect. Very often, with direct hit in the tank (especially for light and medium tanks), it became for the armored car and its crew fatal, right up to the breakdown of the tower from the pursuit, which automatically made the tank unable.