American, or wide, monkeys. Stepper higher primates wide monkeys characteristic

Squad: Primates Infrastructure: Monkey-shaped Parvotor: Wide-up monkeys Latin name Platyrrhini. E. Geoffroy, Family

Wide monkeys are the only primates with the exception of a person living on the American continent. Their Area extends from South Mexico to Northern Argentina. On the Islands of the Caribbean Sea, there were several more extinct species relating to the group of antille monkeys ( Xenotrochini.).

In contrast to the monkeys of the old world, the nostrils are ahead of wide monkeys, and the noses are generally larger and wider. The magnitude and weight of wide-axis monkeys fluctuates widely. The smallest representative of this infrautrian is a dwarf toilet, weighing only 100 g, and the greatest are the root and some types of spine-shaped monkeys, whose weight exceeds 10 kg. All new-world monkeys live in trees and with the exception of night monkeys are active.

The most ancient fossil findings of wide monkeys belong to the era of oligocene. In relation to two other infrautors of dry monkeys, closer relationship binds them with monkeys of the old world than with long adhesives. It is likely that the ancestors of this taxon moved across the Atlantic Ocean on floating brices in the era, when the distance between the continents was not so big.

Classification

Monkeys of the new world are divided into five families:

toy ( Callitrichidae.)
clutched ( Cebidae.)
night Monkeys ( Aotidae.)
spider-shaped monkeys ( Atelidae.)
sakovy ( Pitheciidae.)

The belonging of extinct antille monkeys has not yet been clarified to the end, but most often they are counted for the family of Sakov monkeys.

Chronogram

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Literature

Switchless monkeys // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 tons and 4 add.). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Excerpt characterizing wide monkeys

- I know you saw ... I watched it many times. But they are now happy, we walk to look at them very often ... and they "former" too ... "Sad Knight said quietly.
And then I only realized that Stella, simply, when he wanted it, endured him in his past, just as she did it just !!! And she did it almost playing! .. I didn't even notice how this wonderful, the bright girl was stronger and stronger and stronger me to "tie", becoming almost a real miracle for me, for which I wanted to watch ... And which I absolutely did not want to leave ... Then I almost didn't know anything else and did not know how to understand and learn myself, and I really wanted to learn something at least if it was still possible.
- You come to me, please come! - Suddenly the piring Stella whispered quietly, "you know that you still can not stay here ... Grandma said that you would not stay very much, very long ... what you can't die. But you come ...
Everything around it became suddenly dark and cold, as if black clouds suddenly tightened such a colorful and bright Stellin ...
- Oh, do not think about such a terrible! - the girl was indignant, and, as an artist with a brush in the canvas, quickly "crushed" everything in bright and joyful color.
- Well, so the truth is better? She asked pretty.
"Was it really my thoughts? .." I didn't believe again.
- Surely! - laughed Stella. "You're strong, so you create everything around it."
- But how then thinking? .. - I still could not "enter" in the incomprehensible me.
- And you just "close up" and show only what you want to show, - as a matter of course, my amazing girlfriend said. - Grandma taught me so.
I thought that I probably came to me a little bit "shake" my "secretious" grandmother, who (I was almost confident about that!) Surely I knew something, but for some reason I did not want to learn anything yet .. .
- So do you want to see what has become with close Harold? - impatiently asked baby.
Desire, to be honest, I was not too big, since I was not sure what could be expected from this show. But in order not to offend the generous stella, agreed.
- I will not show you for a long time. I promise! But should you know about them, however? .. - a happy voice said Girly. - Here, see - the first son will be the first ...

To my greatest surprise, in contrast to the seen before, we fell into a completely different time and a place that were similar to France, and the clothes resembled the eighteenth century. On a wide powerful street, an indoor beautiful crew was drove inside which a young man and a woman in very expensive costumes were sitting, and apparently, in a very bad mood ... A young man stubbornly proved the girl, and she absolutely not listening to him, calmly Vitala Somewhere in your feces than a young man very annoyed ...

Wide-up monkeys

The wide monkeys have a wide nasal partition, the nostrils are facing the sides. Common B. tropical forests America.

Wide-up monkeys - animals of small and medium sizes, as a rule, with a chain, grabbing tail. They lead a woody lifestyle, active in the afternoon, hold by family groups.

From the book, moral animal The author Wright Robert.

Monkeys and we have another important group of evolutionary witnesses related to the differences between a man and a woman, are our close relatives. Large monkeys - chimpanzees, dwarf chimpanzees (also known as bonobo), gorillas and orangutans,

From the book Etological excursions for the Forbidden Gardens of Humanitarians Author Dolnik Viktor Rafaelievich

Man-like monkeys of their groups are numerically small and built quite simply, but in different ways different species - From family-living on the trees of Orangutans to a small herd in chimpanzees, leading a midnight lifestyle. Zoologists spent a lot of strength to explore

From the book Traces of unprecedented animals Author Akimushkin Igor Ivanovich

Two more new monkeys in 1942, the German Hormols of Rohe caught a monkey in Somalia, whose name could not find in any of the manuals. German Zoologist Ludwig Zhukovsky explained Rue that the animal caught by him is still unknown by science. This is a baboon, but a special kind.

From the book Life of animals Volume I Mammals Author Bram Alfred Edmund

Monkeys Black Cathoral - Ateles Paniscus. Delinced Catoy - Ateles Belzebuth.Regable life in captivity in the black coat - 20 years old. Miriki, another name of the spider woolly monkeys, the genus is represented by one type - Burym Brachyteles - Brachyteles ARACHNOIDES. Extensively rare

Are animals think from the book? by Physhel Verner

Smart chimpanzee monkeys use guns. We will start with the story about the experiment, which has received wide fame at one time. In 1917, German researchers expanded the premises of the anthropoid station on the island of Tenerife, attached to her spacious enclosures, and here

From the book a man in the labyrinth of evolution Author Vishnyatsky Leonid Borisovich

The first monkeys in Early Eocene (54-45 million years ago) within the detachment of primates there are already many families, childbirth and species, among which there are ancestors of modern lemures and long adhesions. Usually these early semi-esshynes are divided into lemuriforms (lemurs and their ancestors) and

From the book of human race by Barnett Anthony

4 From the monkey to a person, we must, however, finally admit that a person with all his noble qualities ... Nevertheless, wears in its physical structure an indelible seal of its low origin. Charles Darwin If you still interested us mainly

From the book the story of one chance [or the origin of a person] Author Vishnyatsky Leonid Borisovich

From the book Tropical Nature Author Wallace Alfred Russell

Mammals; Monkeys Although the highest class of animals, mammals, is quite common in the countries of a hot belt, but it is less than everyone attracts the attention of the traveler. Only one squad, monkeys, can be called the advantage of tropical, and representatives

From the book Primate Author Friedman Eman Petrovich

Section Wide Primates (Platyrrhina) The composition of the wide-axis section in Scheme 3 includes one of the prepaid Ceboidea with three families of American monkeys and 16 childbirth. This is almost one third of the birth of the entire adhesion of primates. Monkeys of small and medium sizes (the magnitude of the dog, for example

From the book of the world of animals. Volume 2 [Stories about the beasts of the winged, armored, lastonous, pipe-seeming, hare, cetacean and human-like] Author Akimushkin Igor Ivanovich

American, or wide, monkeys in the early tertiary period, in Eocene, lived monkeys in Europe and North America. Then the climate there was more suitable. Now inhabited only central and southern America, Africa and South Asia. The oceans divided by the oceans

From the Book Mammals Author Sivozyzov Vladislav Ivanovich

Man-like monkeys man-like monkeys (orangutan, chimpanzees and gorilla) - the blood of our relatives in the literal sense of the word. More recently, the blood of these monkeys could not be able to distinguish from human. Here are the same blood groups, almost the same plasma proteins. Orangutan

From the book of the author

The monkey followers most of them live in rainforests, some choose the rocky mountains. All of them are well adapted to climbing, many have a grasping tail, which is used as a steering wheel when performing a long jump. In addition, with the help of the tail

From the book of the author

Spider-like monkeys of spider-shaped monkeys, or coats, - the genus of cloth monkeys. Slender, about 70 cm long, a length of it, up to 90 cm. Golov is small with protruding jaws. Nostrils are widely placed. The front limbs are longer than the rear. Big

From the book of the author

Focused monkeys to the group of narcotic monkeys include lower cloth monkeys (monkeys, macales) and humans

From the book of the author

Man-like monkeys man-like monkeys (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees) are the most highly organized primates. The brain is large, especially the big hemisphere of his front department with numerous furrows and convolutions. The finiteness of the limbs is longer

The arrogance of higher primates - human-like.

All higher primates are divided into two sections - wide and cloth monkeys (Fig. 5). The separation is based on the differences in the structure of the nasal partition: the wide monkeys are wide and nostrils look to the side, and the narrow-skinned narrow, nostrils are drawn down. They differ in habitats. All wide monkeys live in South America and call them new light monkeys; Focusing monkeys live in Africa and Asia and they are called monkeys of the old world.

Fig. 5.

Switching section

In the section of wide monkeys, three families are distinguished - small chain-shaped, callimico and large cappuline monkeys. All toy and Callimico primitive features of the structure - the willed ear sink, a relatively simple brain, almost without sinks, is born to three young. Fains are the smallest of all primates; In addition to actually, the chambers of them are dwarf toys And Tamarina. For all, a pair family lifestyle is characteristic, only one adult female is multiplied in the group, the male is cautious for the offspring. Callimico was allocated from the family of toy monkeys relatively recently. According to the structure of the teeth, the shape of the skull, the biochemical indicators, they are similar to cappuccino-like and occupy an intermediate position between them and toy monkeys.

Cappulin-like monkeys have a grasping tail, the lower end of the tail is deprived of the hair, on it the same dermatoglyphic patterns, like on the palms. Such a tail acts as an additional limb. The first finger of the brush will not be discharged, sometimes absent, but on the foot it is well developed and opposed to the rest. The brain is sufficiently developed, these monkeys have complex behavior, easy to study complex skills. They live big groups. All of them are wood, lead a daily lifestyle, except for one kind of night monkeys. Like the semoressean, all wide monkeys have skin glands, the secret of which they will make the territory. Wide-axes are often combined into a community consisting of several species, for more successful protection against predators. They have a well-developed acoustic (voice) communication and a rich mimic is celebrated.

Section of cloth

Marty-shaped monkeys. They are small or medium size, the forelimbs are equal to rear or a little shorter. The first finger of the brush and foot is well opposed to the rest. Wool covers the whole body, with the exception of the face, usually bright coloring. There are sedal corns and grinding bags. Natural bags are special pockets - the folds of the mucous membrane in the oral cavity on both cheeks, where the monkeys are stuffing food about the reserve. In addition to sedal corns, they have the so-called "floor leather" - the skin sections that are swelling during ovulation and blush, this can serve as a signal for male on the readiness of females to mating. Seeded corn, unlike sex skin, deprived of vessels. They are comfortable when spam or seat on Earth. All mumps are moving along the ground and tree branches, among them there are ground forms (bavians, gelades), wood-terrestrial (macales, and Lapunders) and purely woody (all thin-thyroid monkeys, Langur, etc.). They are walking, rest when walking on the foot and brushes. The tail is never grateful. Some species are well developed by sexual dimorphism, that is, males are larger than females. All of them are old, live in the forests, savannas, on the rocks. Manyshko-shaped monkeys include the birth of Martyshki, Gusar, Pavianov, Mandrilov, Gelad, Mangobayev, Makakov and the subfamily of thin-rod monkeys, Children of Kolobusov, Grazers, Langurov. Very beautiful monkey - Langur Hanuman is considered a sacred monkey in India, Sri Lanka and other countries. According to the Epos "Ramayana", Langur Hanuman saved the pious frame and his wife. In Egypt, Pavian Gamadril belongs to the sacred animals, who is considered the personification of the God of Health, fertility, generosity and letters.

Gibbon family. These are small, graceful addition of the monkey, the foreheads are longer than the rear, the wool is thick, palms, soles, ears and face of bare. There are small sciatic corns. The fingers are long, the first finger is well opposed to the rest. Distributed in India, Indoise, on Java, Sumatra, Kalimantane, Malacca Peninsula. All of them are woody, inhabitants of the rainforest with a characteristic way of movement - brachia: alternately intercepting the hands of the tree branches, they fly from the tree to the tree for a distance of up to fifteen meters. They can walk on the ground on two legs, balancing their hands. Some gibbs are marked by sexual dimorphism in hair color, for example, the males of one-color Gibbon black, and the females are beige. Another feature of the Gibbon - family lifeAt the same time, each family has its own territory and echoes other families. This behavior is called "singing" or "choras" of gibbones; The initiator of singing is, as a rule, the male, then the entire family is connected to it. Surroundless Gibments - Siamangs - there are even special thorny voice bags - resonators for amplifying sound.

The Pongid family unites Asian orangutans and African human-shaped monkeys - chimpanzees and gorilla. All their distinguish between their large body sizes, the gorilla mass is up to 200 kilograms, height up to two meters. They have a relatively short torso and long limbs, no tail, shortened sacral spine, barrel-shaped rib cage, wide shoulders. For all, it is characterized by half-woven movement according to branches and land with a support for knuckles of fingers of the front limbs. They have a large and complex brain, about six times larger than the lowest vocal monkeys, for example, macales. Marsh brain gorilla 420 grams, in it a lot of convulsions. The frontal share is larger than the lower monkeys. Like a person, man-shaped monkeys are well developed, the mimic muscles, lips are very movable. Sedalized corn has chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutan are rare. Hair on the back and chest is rare, bunches of tactular hair on the face (vibruisa) are absent. Immunological and biochemical indicators in chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are very close in blood proteins. Pregnancy term - like a person (9 months), the cub develops very slowly, to seven years. All of them have high intelligence, are able to use objects as a gun in nature and in captivity.

Orangutans are common on Sumatra and Kalimantane, differ in massive physique (the growth of the male 150 centimeters is 100-200 kilograms). Females are significantly less than males. Kalimantanian orangutans have been developed by peeled growths from connective tissue and fat. The hind limbs are short, the front long, fingers on the hands are long, have a look of hooks, the first finger is shortened on the brush, on the neck - large gentle bags. Orangutan skull has a long, elongated, facial department bent. The skull has sagittal and occipital ridges. The lower jaw is massive, the teeth are large, with severe crowning crowns, fangs rarely protrude for the dental row. Brain volume - 300-500 cm3.

Gorilla

There are three subspecies: mountain, coastal and flat. Flat gorilla is distributed in Western equatorial Africa (Cameroon, Gabon), in the Valley of the Congo River and the Lake Tanganica. The growth of the male is about two meters weight of up to 200 kilograms, massive neck and shoulders, a skull with a low forehead and a powerful supervised ridge. The males have more sagittal and occipital ridges. Females smallest males. The face appears forward, the lower jaw is very massive.

Chimpanzee lives B. tropical Africa, in the Basins of the Congo and Niger River. Chimpanzees have a smaller growth and a more subtle physique, an increase of 150 centimeters, a mass of 50 kilograms, a sexual demorphism in body sizes is weaker than that of Gorilla and Orangutan. Opponent roller is also developed weaker, and there is no occupancy. The forehead is more direct, the brain skull is circular, fangs are weaker, the wrinkle of the crown is as weaker than the orangutan. Dwarf chimpanzees or bonob - the living model of early hominid, is distinguished by small growth and grace. Lives in Zaire.

Family of the gominid. Body height 140-190 centimeters. Females are less than 10-12 centimeters. Characterized vertical body position and movement only on the lower limbs. The first finger of the foot loses mobility and is not opposed to the rest. The length of the lower limb significantly exceeds the length of the upper. The development of the first finger of the brush is of great importance. The head is round, characterized by a strong brain part and a weak-driving forward face. The front department is not ahead of the brain, but under it. A large occipital hole is directed down. The teeth are poorly developed, almost no differ from the cutters. The indigenous teeth have flattened tuberculos on the chewing surface, on the upper - four tuberca, on the lower - 5. The vertebral pillar S-figuratively twisted, which is associated with the vertical position of the body. Sleepy and tail vertebrae grow into complex bones - the crushes and the tailbone. Characteristic of the strong development of the femoral bone. The brain is extremely developed, especially big hemispheres with furrows and convulsions. Pregnancy 280 days, one child is born, less often two - three. For a person, the longest among the mammals of the child's development and its learning is peculiar.

Wide-up monkeys

Primate family (or arrivals), characteristic of new light (Cebidae s. Platyrrhini). Fingers are equipped with flat nails; The inner finger of the front limbs is opposed to the rest. Tooth formula: 2/2. eleven . 3/3. 3/3. The strong development of the nasal partition, giving the right nostril from the left, determines their lateral position. Nutty bags and sedal corns never happen. Like a toys, sh. Distributed in America exclusively. Lead a woody lifestyle; Feed vegetable food. They are divided into 4 submenses. The subfamily of mycetinae (tunic): the lower cutters are vertically; Podium Bone of Swimming for the premises of the Gundy Bag; The tail is long, tenacious, on the end of the bare. Big finger (pollex) is well developed. The only genus mycetes? Ruong (see), with signs of the subfamily, in the forests South America M. Senicuclus, M. Ursinus and others. Views. Pithecinae subfamily (soft): The cutters of the lower jaw lie almost horizontally; Podium bone of normal size and outlines; A long or short tail is never chain; POLLEX is well developed. Two kinds: Pithecia? Saki, the tail is long. Satanas? By the lower flow of the Amazon. Rod Hirsuta and some other species. Uacaria? Uakari; The tail is shortened. Three views in the field of Amazon and Rio-Negro. Substitute NYCTAPITHECINAE? It differs from Pithecinae vertically standing lower cutters. Three kinds: Callithrix? The head is small, compressed from the sides; Fangs are small, eyes of ordinary sizes; In Brazil. S. Moloch, S. Ornatus, and others? All small quantities. Chryzothrix? Head with a convex backstage, fangs are long. Four types; The most famous S. Sciurea? SIMIRI; In Guiana and Northern Brazil. Nyctipithecus? Durukum; head rounded; Eyes big; With the exception of thumb, clawing nails. N. trivirgatus? Mirikina; In Brazil. The subfamily of Cehinae (chained); With the sub-band bone of ordinary sizes have a long, chain tail; Pollex is developed or undeveloped; 4 kinds. Ateles? Pollex is not expressed at all; The body is slim, limbs are elongated; Several South American species most famous? A. Melanochir, Spider Monkey; In Brazil. ERIODES? differs from the previous presence of the infection of POLLEX; Three views in Southeast Brazil. LAGOTHRIX? The body is less slim; POLLEX is developed; The tail of the tail is naked below. L. Humboldtii? In Peru, Ecuador and North-West Brazil. Cebus? Sapadji or cappression; It differs from the previous tail, everywhere covered with hair. C. Capucinus? Capuchin; Venezuela, Guiana, Peru. S. Fatuellus? Miko, carries out from Paraguay to Guiana; and others. Views.

As for chandeliers, which were first connected along with S. monkeys, then it is more correct to consider them as a special family. Hapalidae, s. Arctopitheci. In addition to the first finger of the hind limbs, covered with flat nail, all others are armed with claws. The first finger of the front limbs is not opposed to another. Tooth formula: 2/2. eleven . 3/3. 2/2; South American forms exclusively. Hapale, Wisiti and Midas, differing with relative length of the incisors relatively with fangs and hugging about 30 species from which H. jachus, Warti (see), M. Rosalia, etc.

Brockauz and Efron. Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia. 2012

Systematics Primatov

Classify primates began another Karl Linney in 1758, dividing systematics on monkeys, semi-esshynes, sludges and bats. Then the person was separated from the other four-friendly monkeys in the follow-up cross. However, further study of the peculiarities of representatives of different species led to the need to revise the established structure.

Modern systematics divides primates into two major suburbs:

mokrose, which includes memorable on the cartoon "Madagascar" Lemur, as well as the less famous Laurie, Galago, Indri and Roworozka Ai-ah;

sukhonosy, which are opposed to monkeys and crumbs-long-distance.

In terms of the number of primates, monkeys are dominated by monkeys: 241 out of 369. Those who populate Africa and South-Eastern Asia are referred to by the cloth, and the inhabitants of the new light are called wide, or placer.

How to distinguish a wide monkey

The sign that determined the name of this group is a wide nasal partition - not characteristic of all plating. But most of them have other features:

the thumb of the foot is opposed to the rest, and the same finger of the brush - no;

grass tail with on the underside;

the absence of sedlicate corns and grinding bags;

powered mainly by leaves and insects;

exceptionally wood lifestyle.

Systematics of monkeys of the suburbs of high-speed zoologists are constantly revised, but traditionally allocate two families: cebus and toy. They live in warm latitudes of new light in rainforest from Argentina to Mexico.

Family Cebus: from funny kapuchins to monkeys-spiders

Capuchins (Tsebusi) are the most famous of wide monkeys. The Europeans "saw" in their guise the monastic robes and estimated the intellect of these little colors, thanks to which Kapuchins often hold in apartments on a par with cats. They love to live in one place, knock the nuts with stones and rub the hair with any odorous substances, from formic acid to urine and expensive perfume.

Similar cappuchins are similar to proteins, however, they are able to defeat the tent camp in view of the extreme degree of curiosity and numerous flocks: up to 500 individuals.

It is difficult for a person to sleep in the terrain where the troughs settled. The males resonators are so powerful that the monkey cry is heard 2-3 km. And roars not one individual, but the whole community, and does it at any time of the day. In the jungle, Orinoco shouts also crumbs-durukuli.

Bald Shorty Uakari is deceived by the sad expression of their face. In fact, they are sociable and inquisitive. And the coats are impressive with the size of the limbs and the tail, the power of which allows them to hang, folding all the paws on the chest. The tail of the coat breaks the fruits, make up food in zoos and open the doors of unlocked cells.

Family family: monkeys with claws

A distinctive feature of the tooth is the presence of nails only on large fingers. rear paws. All other fingers are equipped with curls, thanks to which this group is called clawed monkeys.

They are extremely small - placed on the palm. Silky wool, original hair bundles on her head, a duplicate character often makes a toy and similar to them with domestic pets with them.

Elegant and unusual tamarins are animals with a cat size, mischievous and restless. In the systematics, Tamarina monkeys are somewhat different from the rest of the society: there is only one female in their small flocks, and always gives birth to twins. The remaining members of the group assigns the honor to care for young.

The main variety of wide monkeys falls on Brazil. In this regard, zoologists have two problems: to understand how primates have penetrated the American continent, and protect monkeys and animals of other types of extinction associated with the development of tropical forests.

American, or wide, monkeys. Stepper higher primates wide monkeys characteristic

Classification

Chronogram

Write a review about the article "Wide-up monkeys"

Literature

Links

Excerpt characterizing wide monkeys

Switching section

Section of cloth

See also interpretations, synonyms, the meanings of the word and what is wide monkeys in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Systematics Primatov

How to distinguish a wide monkey

Family Cebus: from funny kapuchins to monkeys-spiders

Family family: monkeys with claws

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