The February Revolution of 1917 causes the nature of the results. February revolution: day by day. Demonstrations escalate into revolution

The reasons for this revolution were political, economic and ideological.

The remnants of serfdom, namely, autocracy and landlordism, hindered the development of capitalist relations. This led to the country's lag behind the advanced powers in all spheres. economic activity... This lag was especially acute and clear during the participation of Russia in the First World War, which became a catalyst for an extensive economic crisis that affected all spheres of production and entailed a complete collapse Agriculture... All this, along with a severe financial crisis, led to the impoverishment of the masses, which, in turn, led to an increase in the strike movement and the number of peasant unrest.

Economic difficulties and, especially, Russia's failures in the war, provoked an acute crisis of power. Everyone was dissatisfied with the rule of Tsar Nicholas II. Corruption, which struck the entire administrative apparatus from top to bottom, aroused sharp discontent among the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia. Anti-war sentiment was growing in the army and navy.

The fall in the authority of Nicholas II was facilitated by the continuous change of government members, most of whom were unable to solve the urgent tasks of bringing the country out of the protracted crisis. The appearance of personalities like Rasputin in the tsarist environment also discredited the monarchy in the eyes of the entire population of the country.

All this was aggravated by the growth of the national liberation struggle of the peoples that made up the national borderlands of Russia.

Stroke

The beginning of 1917 was marked by widespread food supply disruptions. There was not enough bread, prices rose, and along with them the discontent of the masses grew. In February Petrograd was engulfed in "grain" riots - crowds of desperate disaffected people smashed the bread shops. February 23 according to Art. Art. the Petrograd workers went on a general strike, demanding bread, an end to the war and the overthrow of the autocracy. They were joined by students, office workers, artisans and peasants. The strike movement covered both capitals and many other cities of the country.

The tsarist government reacted to these riots by dissolving the Duma for two months, mass arrests of activists of the revolutionary movement and the execution of demonstrators. All this only added fuel to the fire. In addition, the military began to join the strikers. On February 28, power in Petrograd passed to the strikers. The Duma deputies formed a Provisional Committee for the Establishment of Order .. At the same time, an alternative body of power, the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, was elected. The next night, these structures jointly created the Provisional Government.

The next day was marked by the abdication of the king from power, in favor of his younger brother, who, in turn, also signed the abdication, transferring power to the Provisional Government, instructing him to elect the members of the Constituent Assembly. A manifesto about this was published on March 4.

Power, thus, was, on the one hand, in the hands of the Provisional Government, and on the other, in the hands of the Petrograd Soviet, which invited the rebels to send their delegates to it. The situation, called in the history textbooks "dual power", subsequently grew into anarchy. Constant disagreements between these structures, the dragging out of the war and the implementation of the necessary reforms have aggravated the crisis in the country ...

Results of the February Revolution of 1917

The primary result of this event was the overthrow of the monarchy, the proclamation of political rights and freedoms.

The revolution abolished inequality on the basis of class, ethnicity and religion, the death penalty, courts-martial, and the ban on political organizations.

An amnesty was held for political prisoners, and the working day was reduced to eight hours.

However, many pressing issues remained unresolved, which led to a further increase in popular discontent.

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In February 1917, against the backdrop of mass demonstrations and armed clashes in Petrograd, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated power. This event became a key point in a series of events that would soon be called the February Revolution.

The immediate cause of the revolution is considered to be "grain riots" - the actions of the inhabitants of Petrograd, worried about the lack of food in the capital. The supply interruptions were temporary and had a clear explanation. The population did not starve, because the rest of the food, besides bread, came to Petrograd in the required quantities. But it was precisely the shortage of the “last straw” that provoked popular unrest.

Of course, dissatisfaction with supply alone would not have led to the fall of the empire. The revolution had other, more essential prerequisites.

Stroke

The beginning of the revolution is considered to be on February 21, when the crowd began to smash bread shops on the Petrograd side. The next day, Nicholas II left the capital, and the Minister of Internal Affairs ordered the arrest of key members of the Military Industrial Committee who were preparing the rallies. On February 23, workers' strikes and demonstrations began. On the same day, the first clashes with the police were recorded, after which the government decided to bring the army to the streets. On February 26, some of the soldiers began to defect to the side of the protesters.

On February 27, 600 soldiers of the Volyn regiment openly opposed the government. By the middle of the day there were about 20 thousand insurgent soldiers. On the same day, some of the State Duma deputies formed a committee that represented the interests of the inhabitants of Petrograd and was ready to assume the role of government. On February 28, the tsarist government sent Nikolai a proposal for self-dissolution, and a temporary committee of the State Duma took over the functions of the council of ministers.

On March 1, Great Britain and France, without waiting for the tsar's reaction to the events in Petrograd, recognized the new government of Russia. The garrisons of Kronstadt and Moscow went over to the side of the revolution. At the headquarters of the king, at that moment they started talking about renunciation. On March 2, at the insistence of the front commanders and representatives of the Duma, the tsar abdicated in favor of his younger brother Mikhail. The next day, Michael drew up the Act of not accepting the throne. In fact, the monarchy in Russia ceased to exist.

results

The immediate result of the revolution was the appointment of a provisional government and the proclamation of a republic in September 1917. Another obvious result was the moral decay of the army and the destruction of the vertical of power. By the summer of 1917, arrests of officers had become normal life in Russia, and the actual control of the army passed into the hands of soldiers' councils and committees. The unprecedented scale of desertion from the front led to the fact that the country was flooded with weapons.

An equally important result of the revolution was the revitalization of national movements on the outskirts of the empire.

Long-term consequences

The weakness of the Provisional Government led to a coup that was later called the October Revolution. The ensuing Civil War and the establishment of Soviet power in Russia are obvious, though not a direct result of the February Revolution.

The February revolution was of a bourgeois-democratic character and had sad consequences for Russia. Which ones - we'll figure it out in this article.

Causes of the revolution

The First World War became a litmus test of the unsolved problems of Russian society. By 1917, various political gatherings, as well as anti-monarchist and anti-war protests, had become more frequent in the country.

At the front, there was a crisis of the army, in which there were 13 million peasants. On the front line, there were cases of fraternization with enemy soldiers, desertion. Revolutionary sentiments grew among the soldier masses.

The loss of many European territories created in Russian Empire the threat of hunger in large cities due to disruptions in food supplies and industry orientation towards war.

Nicholas was surrounded by no strong personalities who could solve the accumulated problems, and the tsar's authority before the people fell lower and lower every day.

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Results of the February Revolution

The historical significance of the Second Russian Revolution lies in providing Russia with the opportunity to follow the democratic path of development. The main result of the February Revolution of 1917 was the abdication of Nicholas II and the coming to power of the bourgeois-democratic Provisional Government under the chairmanship of G.E. Lvov.

Another result of the February Revolution was the proclamation of broad political rights and freedoms. The provisional government almost instantly abolished national, class and religious restrictions, martial courts were abolished at the front and the death penalty was abolished, and an eight-hour working day was declared on the territory of Russia. Russia was proclaimed a republic.

Rice. 1. Meeting of the Provisional Government.

After the overthrow of the monarchy, the new government granted amnesty to all political prisoners. Many revolutionaries and socialists gained freedom, using, among other things, illegal methods of struggle against the tsarist government.

The proletariat was given the opportunity to re-create democratic labor organizations, which were banned during the war. Trade unions and factory committees began to appear in the country.

Having become an ordinary citizen of Russia, Nicholas II asked permission from the Provisional Government to leave Petrograd and move to Murmansk with his family in order to emigrate from there to Great Britain, however, the temporary workers decided to play it safe and took the former emperor under arrest and ordered him to stay in Tsarskoe Selo.

Rice. 2. Portrait of Nicholas II.

Solving many socio-economic issues, the Provisional Government left the solution of political problems for the post-war period. As a result of this, a dual power was formed in Russia, splitting Russian society into two opposing camps - the monarchists and their opponents.

The promise of the Provisional Government to solve the main social issues at the end of the war, the land issue was also left unresolved.

The February revolution did not give Russia a solution to the painful socio-political problems, which gave rise to an even greater economic and political crisis.

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The February Revolution of 1917 got this name because the main events began to take place in February according to the then current Julian calendar. It should be borne in mind that the transition to the Gregorian calendar took place in 1918. Therefore, these events became known as the February revolution, although, in fact, it was a March uprising.

Researchers draw attention to the fact that there are certain claims to the definition of "revolution". This term was introduced into circulation by Soviet historiography, following the government, which in this way wanted to emphasize the popular character of what was happening. However, objective scientists draw attention to the fact that this is, in fact, a coup. Despite loud slogans and objectively brewing discontent in the country, broad masses were not involved in the main events of the February revolution. The working class, which began to form then, became the basic driving force, but it was too small in number. The peasantry, on the other hand, was mostly on the sidelines.

The day before, a political crisis was brewing in the country. Since 1915, the emperor formed a rather strong opposition, which gradually increased in strength. Its main goal was the transition from autocracy to a constitutional monarchy similar to Great Britain, and not what the February and October revolutions of 1917 ultimately led to. Many historians note that such a course of events would be smoother and would make it possible to do without numerous human casualties, sharp social upheavals, which subsequently resulted in civil war.

Also, discussing the nature of the February revolution, it should be noted that it was affected by the First World War that drew too much energy from Russia. People lacked food, medicine, and basic necessities. A large number of peasants were employed at the front, there was no one to sow. Production was oriented towards military needs, and the rest of the industries suffered noticeably. Cities were literally flooded with crowds of people who needed food, work, housing. At the same time, the impression was created that the emperor was simply watching what was happening and was not going to do anything, although in such conditions it was simply impossible not to react. As a result, the coup could also be called an outbreak of public discontent that had accumulated in relation to the imperial family over many years.

Since 1915, the role of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in the government of the country has sharply increased, who did not enjoy much popularity among the people, especially because of her unhealthy attachment to Rasputin. And when the emperor assumed the duties of commander-in-chief and moved away from everyone at Headquarters, problems began to accumulate like a snowball. We can say that this was a fundamentally wrong move, fatal for the entire Romanov dynasty.

The Russian Empire at that time was also very unlucky with managers. Ministers almost constantly changed, and most of them did not want to delve into the situation, some simply did not differ in leadership abilities. And few people understood what kind of threat was actually hanging over the country.

At the same time, certain social conflicts, which had remained unresolved since the 1905 revolution, escalated. Thus, when the revolution began, the beginning set in motion an enormous mechanism, resembling a pendulum. And he demolished the entire old system, but at the same time he got out of control and destroyed a lot of necessary things.

Grand Ducal Fronde

It is worth noting that the nobility is often accused of doing nothing. In fact, this is not the case. Already in 1916, even his close relatives were in opposition to the emperor. In history, this phenomenon has received the name of the "grand-prince's opposition". In short, the main requirements were the formation of a government responsible to the Duma, the removal of the empress and Rasputin from the actual government. The move, according to some historians, is correct, only a little belated. When real actions began, in fact the revolution had already begun, the beginning of serious changes could not be stopped.

Other researchers believe that in 1917 the February revolution would only have occurred in connection with internal processes and accumulated contradictions. And the October one was already a successful attempt to plunge the country into a civil war, into a state of complete instability. Thus, it has been established that Lenin and the Bolsheviks as a whole were quite well supported financially from abroad. However, it is worth returning to the February events.

Views of political forces

The table will help to demonstrate the political sentiments prevailing then.

From the above, it is clear that the then existing political forces united only in opposition to the emperor. Otherwise, they did not find understanding, and their goals were often opposite.

The driving forces of the February revolution

Speaking about what really drove the revolution, it is worth noting several points at the same time. First, there is political discontent. Secondly, the intelligentsia, which did not see the emperor as the leader of the nation, he was not suitable for this role. The "ministerial leapfrog" also had serious consequences, as a result of which there was no order inside the country, officials were dissatisfied, who did not understand who to obey, according to what order to work.

Analyzing the prerequisites and causes of the February Revolution of 1917, it is worth noting that there were mass workers' strikes. However, a lot happened on the anniversary of “Bloody Sunday”, so not everyone wanted a real overthrow of the regime and a complete change of the country, it is likely that these were just speeches timed to a specific date, as well as a means to attract attention.

At the same time, if you look for information on the topic "presentation of the February revolution of 1917", you can find evidence that the most depressive moods reigned in Petrograd. Which was frankly strange, because even at the front, the general mood was much more cheerful. As eyewitnesses later recalled in their memoirs, it resembled mass hysteria.

Start

In 1917, the February revolution began, in fact, with a mass panic raised in Petrograd over a shortage of bread. At the same time, historians later established that such a mood was created largely artificially, and the supply of grain was specially blocked, since the conspirators were going to take advantage of the popular unrest and get rid of the king. Against this background, Nicholas II leaves Petrograd, leaving the situation to the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Protopopov, who did not see the whole picture. Then the situation developed incredibly rapidly, gradually getting more and more out of control.

First, Petrograd completely rebelled, followed by Kronstadt, then Moscow, the unrest spread to others. big cities... Basically, the "lower classes" rebelled, which suppressed by their massiveness: ordinary soldiers, sailors, workers. Members of one group dragged another into confrontation.

Meanwhile, Emperor Nicholas II could not make a final decision in any way. He slowly reacted to the situation that required more stringent measures, he wanted to listen to all the generals, in the end he renounced, but not in favor of his son, but in favor of his brother, who was categorically unable to cope with the situation in the country. As a result, on March 9, 1917, it became clear that the revolution had won, the Provisional Government was formed, and The State Duma as such ceased to exist.

What are the main results of the February revolution?

The main result of the events that took place was the end of the autocracy, the end of the dynasty, the abdication of the emperor and his family members from the rights to the throne. Also on March 9, 1917, the Provisional Government began to rule the country. According to some historians, the significance of the February revolution should not be underestimated: it was she who subsequently led to the civil war.

The revolution also showed ordinary workers, soldiers and sailors that they can take control of the situation and take power into their own hands by force. Thanks to this, the foundation was laid for the October events, as well as the Red Terror.

Revolutionary sentiments flared up, the intelligentsia began to welcome the new system, and the monarchist - to call it "the old regime." New words began to come into vogue, for example, the appeal "comrade". Kerensky gained immense popularity, creating his own paramilitary political image, which was later copied by a number of leaders among the Bolsheviks.

History message.

"February" revolution of 1917

Dual power.

University: MGUIE.

Faculty student: IE

Groups I-14

Tseitin Georgy Stanislavovich.

INTRODUCTION

In this essay, I tried to reveal the topic “The February Revolution of 1917. Dual power ".

In my work, I decided:

Reflect the reasons that led to the February revolution;

Show a brief course of events during the days of the revolution and after its completion;

Lead to an understanding of the dual power in Russia, the disagreement of which, along with other reasons, led Russia to the bloody October Revolution.

The main source that helped me in realizing my goals was V.P. Ostrovsky's book. and Utkina A.I. "Russian history. XX century ".

To begin with, in the period from 1907 to 1917, two processes developed in Russia, which were mutually exclusive.

First Is a process of modernization of society, the goals of which were:

Expansion of the economic freedom of the individual,

Free market development,

Market infrastructure creation.

During this period, along with large-scale entrepreneurship, a middle class of wealthy owners was formed; civil society developed naturally; principles of law were introduced into real life... In other words, there was a transformation of the state, the state power of which could gradually become a strong observer, monitoring the implementation of laws. This process was actually broken.

Second process- this is the desire of the state for more and more control over economic life, limiting the number of owners and their rights. This process was intensified and accelerated by the First World War, which began in August 1914. This war also strengthened the trend public conscience to revolutionary change and rapid change.

All this led to the revolutions of 1917, in particular, to the February revolution, which is considered bloodless, but entailed significant changes in the political and socio-economic development of Russia.

Reasons leading to the February Revolution of 1917

On August 1, 1914, the First World War began in Russia, which lasted until November 11, 1918, the cause of which was the struggle for spheres of influence in conditions when a single European market and legal mechanism was not created.

Russia in this war was the defending side. And although the patriotism and heroism of soldiers and officers was great, there was not a single will, no serious plans for waging war, no sufficient supply of ammunition, uniforms and food. This instilled uncertainty in the army. She lost her soldiers and suffered defeat. The Minister of War was put on trial, removed from his post as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Nicholas II himself became the commander-in-chief. But the situation has not improved. Despite the continuous economic growth (the production of coal and oil grew, the production of shells, guns and other types of weapons was accumulated, huge reserves were accumulated in case of prolonged warfare), the situation developed in such a way that during the war years Russia found itself without an authoritative government, without an authoritative prime minister. Minister, and without the authoritative Headquarters. The officer corps was replenished with educated people, i.e. the intelligentsia, which was subject to opposition sentiments, and everyday participation in the war, which lacked the bare essentials, gave food for doubts.

The growing centralization of economic management, carried out against the backdrop of a growing shortage of raw materials, fuel, transport, qualified labor, accompanied by a wide range of speculation and abuse, led to the fact that the role of state regulation increased along with the growth of negative economic factors. Queues appeared in the cities, standing in which was a psychological breakdown for hundreds of thousands of workers and women workers.

The predominance of military output over civilian production and the rise in food prices led to a steady rise in prices for all consumer goods. At the same time, wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. Discontent was growing both in the rear and at the front. And it turned primarily against the monarch and his government.

Considering that from November 1916 to March 1917, three prime ministers, two ministers of the interior and two ministers of agriculture were replaced, then the expression of a convinced monarchist V. Shulgin about the situation prevailing in Russia at that time: "autocracy without an autocrat" ...

Among a number of prominent politicians, in semi-legal organizations and circles, a conspiracy developed and plans were discussed to remove Nicholas II from power. It was supposed to seize the tsar's train between Mogilev and Petrograd and force the monarch to abdicate.

Events of February 1917

Unrest in the army, village unrest, the inability of the political and military leadership to protect the national interests of Russia, which catastrophically exacerbated the country's internal situation, did not alert the tsarist government, therefore, the spontaneous February revolution that began spontaneously became unexpected for the government and all political parties.

The first riots began with the strike of workers at the Putilov factory on February 17, the workers of which demanded an increase in prices by 50% and the hiring of laid-off workers. The administration did not satisfy the stated requirements. In solidarity with the Putilov workers, many enterprises in Petrograd went on strike. They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side. Thousands of random people joined the crowds of workers: teenagers, students, small employees, intellectuals. On February 23, a manifestation of women workers of Petrograd took place.

Demonstrations demanding bread that began in Petrograd escalated into clashes with the police, which were taken by surprise by the events. Part of the Pavlovsk regiment also opposed the police.

The government did not issue an order to open fire on the demonstrators. Cossacks were not given nuts. In various districts of the city, police officers were disarmed, and dozens of revolvers and checkers were taken away from them. Finally, the police stopped opposing the demonstrators, and the city was in their hands.

According to estimates, the number of strikers was about 300 thousand! In fact, it was a general strike. The main slogans of these events were: "Down with the autocracy!", "Down with the war!", "Down with the king!", "Down with Nicholas!", "Bread and peace!"

On the evening of February 25, Nicholas II gave the order to end the riots in the capital. The State Duma was dissolved. The security service handed over to the police dozens of addresses of active leaders of all parties for their immediate arrest. In total, 171 people were arrested overnight. On February 26, rifle shots sounded into the unarmed crowd, which managed to disperse huge crowds of people. Only the 4th company of the Pavlovsk regiment, stationed in the buildings of the Stables Department, refused to act against the people.

On the night of February 26-27, the insurgent soldiers joined the workers, on the morning of the 27th the district court was burned down and the pre-trial detention house was seized, prisoners were released from prison, among whom were many members of the revolutionary parties arrested in recent days.

On February 27, the Arsenal and the Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown. On the same day, the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed, and the members of the Progressive Bloc created the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which took the initiative to "restore state and public order." At almost the same time, several people from the left intelligentsia called themselves the Provisional Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

On March 2, 1917, having learned about the opinion of the commanders of all fronts that he should leave, Nicholas II signed the abdication of the throne, making the following entry in his diary: "Around treason, and cowardice, and deceit."

On the same day, at the request of the chairman of the Provisional Committee of the Duma M.V. Rodzianko and with the consent of Nicholas II, L.G. Kornilov

Arriving on March 5 in Petrograd, Kornilov, having found himself in such a high post in an extremely politicized city, showed his qualities as a politician. Demonstrative measures - the arrest of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the tsar's children, the presentation of the Order of St. George to Ensign Kirpichnikov, the organizer of the Volyn regiment's performance in February, the purge of the officers and units of artillerymen, cadets and Cossacks most loyal to the government, as well as the development of a project for the Petrograd Front, in which was supposed to infuse, for alleged military purposes, the Petrograd garrison, demoralized and revolutionary, - the real steps of the district commander to pacify the revolutionary city.

Dual power.

With the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, the legal system that had developed since 1906 ceased to exist. No other legal system was created to regulate the activities of the state.

Now the fate of the country depended on political forces, the activity and responsibility of political leaders, their ability to control the behavior of the masses.

The structure of state power after the February events of 1917

Several political groupings have emerged in the country that have proclaimed themselves the government of Russia:

1) The Provisional Committee of the State Duma members formed the Provisional Government, the main task of which was to win the confidence of the population. The provisional government declared itself the legislative and executive branch, in which the following disputes immediately arose:

About what kind of future Russia should be: parliamentary or presidential;

On the ways of solving the national question, questions of land, etc .;

On the electoral law;

On the elections to the Constituent Assembly.

At the same time, the time for solving current, fundamental problems was inevitably lost.

2) Organizations of persons who have declared themselves to be authorities. The largest of these was the Petrograd Soviet, which consisted of moderate-left politicians and invited the workers and soldiers to delegate their representatives to the Soviet.

The Council declared itself a guarantor from a return to the past, from the restoration of the monarchy and the suppression of political freedoms.

The Council also supported the steps of the Provisional Government to strengthen democracy in Russia.

3) In addition to the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet, other bodies of actual power were formed at the local level: factory committees, district councils, national associations, new government bodies in the “national outskirts”, for example, in Kiev - the Ukrainian Rada ”.

The current political situation began to be called "dual power", although in practice it was a multi-power, growing into anarchic anarchy. Monarchist and Black Hundred organizations in Russia were banned and dissolved. In the new Russia, two political forces remained: the liberal-bourgeois and the left-socialist, but in which there were disagreements.

In addition, there was powerful pressure from the bottom:

Hoping for a socio-economic improvement in their lives, workers demanded an immediate increase in wages, the introduction of an eight-hour working day, unemployment guarantees and social security.

The peasants advocated the redistribution of neglected land,

The soldiers insisted on a relaxation of discipline.

The disagreements of the "dual power", its constant reform, the continuation of the war, etc. led to a new revolution - the October Revolution of 1917.

CONCLUSION.

So, the result of the February revolution of 1917 was the overthrow of the autocracy, the abdication of the tsar from the throne, the emergence of dual power in the country: the dictatorship of the big bourgeoisie in the person of the Provisional Government and the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, which represented the revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry.

The victory of the February revolution was a victory of all active strata of the population over the medieval autocracy, a breakthrough that put Russia on a par with the advanced countries in the sense of proclaiming democratic and political freedoms.

The February Revolution of 1917 was the first victorious revolution in Russia and turned Russia, thanks to the overthrow of tsarism, into one of the most democratic countries. Founded in March 1917. the dual power became a reflection of the fact that the era of imperialism and the world war have unusually accelerated the course of the country's historical development, the transition to more radical transformations. The international significance of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution is also extremely great. Under its influence, the strike movement of the proletariat intensified in many belligerent countries.

The main event of this revolution for Russia itself was the emerging need to carry out long-overdue reforms on the basis of compromises and coalitions, the rejection of violence in politics.

The first steps towards this were made in February 1917. But only the first ...

List of used literature:

1. Vyrubova-Taneeva A. The royal family during the revolution // February revolution.

2. Denikin A. I. "The campaign and death of General Kornilov."

3. Nolde B. "From the history of the Russian catastrophe."

4. Ostrovsky V.P., Utkin A.I. Russian history. XX century.

5. Spiridovich A.I. Great War and the February Revolution of 1914-1917.