The climatic conditions of the Far East. Far East of Russia Climate Map of the Far East

Relief

Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and high highlands (about 75% of the territory), at the same time the mountains of medium and small height prevail. The largest mountain formation - Sikhote-Alin Ridges, Bureinsky, Verkhoyansky, Broan, Juggur, Koryaksky, as well as the Chukotka and Alandanian Highlands. The East of the County is located in the area of \u200b\u200binteraction of large lithospheric plates.

Powerful global education processes and lithospheric plates continue, which is manifested in intensive earthquakes and fruitry. The Far East is the only territory of active vulcanism in Russia, which also differs in high seismicity. In Kamchatka there are 160 volcanoes, of which more than 20 acting, the largest of which is the highest point of the district - the Klyuchevskaya Popka (4750 m). Volcanoes are accompanied by geysers, numerous sources of thermal waters.

Plains and lowlands occupy only relatively small areas (about 25% of the territory), mainly on river valleys and it is in these areas that the main economic life of the region is concentrated. Chief Plains: Zeysco-Bureysky, Middle Amur, Prikhanskaya, Central Yakutskaya.

Climate

The peculiarities of the physico-geographical position of the Far Eastern region identified a variety of natural-climatic conditions - from a sharply continental to the monsoon climate of the south-east of the region. Climate just Far East Determined by the interaction of continental and marine air masses of moderate latitudes.

The entire territory of the Far East is located in the zone of three climatic belts and five types of climate. Already only one fact informs us about the diversity of nature and climate of the region. The Chukotka Autonomous District lies in the zone of arctic and subarctic climatic belts. Kamchatsky region, being south, is located in moderate climatic belt. This area is characterized by a special type of climate: the climate of Eastern coasts. This type of climate is also characteristic of the coast of the Magadan region, but it should be barely to deepen to the continent, as the climate is changing to subarctic tundra and forest tundra. More south is the Khabarovsk region, fully located in a temperate belt and the zone of two climate types: a sharp-continental on the border with Yakutia and monsoon closer to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The rest of the subjects are: Primorsky Krai, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Region, are entirely located in the zone of the monsoon type of climate.

In the cold season, mostly in winter, in the territory of the Far East, western winds, carrying dry frosty air from Siberia in the form of anticyclones prevail. Therefore, winter in the Far East is very harsh and dry. In the northern part of the region, the most severe climate with a 9-month-old cold low-cost winter (in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - the pole of the cold of the northern hemisphere).

In warm season, the wind begins to blow from the ocean, bringing cyclones and, therefore, cloudy weather, precipitation. It is this principle of circulation of air masses that flows the wind from the continent, and in the summer - from the ocean) is a monsonic climate. Therefore, the bulk of sediments falls on the summer. Over the coastal areas, devastating typhoons coming from the southern seas are often penetrated. For example, in Khabarovsk from June to September, about 450 mm of precipitation falls, and from December to March only 50-60 mm. In general, precipitation on the territory of the Far East is unevenly distributed. For example, on the territory of Chukotka AO drops from 150 to 600 mm of precipitation a year, in the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan region, the annual rainfall varies from 400 to 800 mm. In the rest of the subjects, precipitation falls relatively more - an average of 500 to 1000 mm per year.

The main feature of the temperature regime of the Far East is a sharp enhancement of frost during the cold season as the continent is deep from the shore. For example, on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the average January temperature is about -4 ...- 6 ° C, and in the center of the peninsula, it is lowered to -16 ...- 22 ° C. Similarly, on the coast of the Chukchi AO, Magadan region and Khabarovsk Region The middle January temperature reaches -16 ...- 20 ° C, and on the border with Yakutia, it is lowered to -30 ...- 35 ° C. In Primorsky Krai, the average temperature winter months On the shore is also relatively high - -6 ...- 8 ° C, and on the border with China, it drops to -20 ...- 24 ° C. In the Amur and Jewish autonomous regions, the average January temperature is about -20 ...- 26 ° C.

As for the warm time of the year, the average temperature variation is greatly reduced due to the monsoon climate. Only on far North Chukotsky autonomous District The average temperature of July is only +3 ... + 8 ° C, and in places and -2 ...- 1 ° C. Almost all of the rest of the territory of the Far East, the middle July temperature is about +10 ... + 15 ° C, only in the southern part of the region, on the border with China, the average summer month temperatures reaches +17 ... + 21 ° C.

The annual amplitude of the air temperature in the DFO is the largest on the globe - up to 70-75 degrees Celsius.

Flora and fauna

The interaction of continental and sea air masses, northern and southern flows, a complex relief, which combines mountains and lowlands, closed basins, "all this in aggregate leads to a variety of vegetation cover of the Far East, to the presence in its composition of the northern and southern species. On the northern lowlands there are tundra, in which larch forests come on rivers from the south. Most of the Kamchatka Peninsula are engaged by rare-resistant forests from a stone birch and larch, and in the slopes of the mountains grown a cedar squabble with alder and lichens. For the north about. Sakhalin is characterized by rare-resistant larch forests, and for the south - impassable bamboo and fir-fir taiga.

Humidity "href \u003d" / Text / Category / "Bookmark"\u003e Wet, coniferous-wide forests of rich species composition grow. They consist of Korean cedar, spruce, fir, linden, grab, manchore walnut, pears and many Other species. thick thickets of trees are sent by Lianami, grapes and a lemongrass. In the forests there are many healing herbs, including ginseng.

The animal world of the Far East is diverse. Industrial importance are marine animals: fish, mollusks, starfish, etc. The unique types of animals sushi are ussurian tiger, Brown and Himalayan bears, East Sibirsky Leopard and others. About 40 species of fur animals live in the Far East. To the most famous species Animals of the Far East include protein, otter, ermine, hare-white, raccoon dog, columns, fox, American mink, ondatra, sands, sable, raisin, boar, cabgar, roe, elk, reindeer, snow ram and many others. It nests up to 100 species (often rare) birds.

Characteristic dangerous natural phenomena In general, DFO

The monsonic climate of the Amur region and Primorye brings strong shower and storm wind, the southern part is often exposed to transformed typhoons. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin, in the Magadan region there are gatherings of snow avalanis.

DFO has the largest seaside length in Russia. For seafood zones, there are a danger of high excitement and a strong wind, especially in transition periods. Besides sea coasts Often there are strong blizzards, impairment of visibility, damage-niggilt phenomena. The coasts of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Primorye - Tsunamuspanny areas.

Amur and Lena rivers are among the most large rivers World. The bulk of inland water resources belongs to their pools. Almost all dangerous hydrological phenomena are observed on these rivers: hot floods, high spring floods, high rain floods. Other rivers in the region can also be called calm. A long-hazardous phenomenon is a long-lasting small breeder, which on shipping rivers DFO is periodically noted.

A large part of the district occupies a forest area, forest fires are substantial danger. Extremely high fire hazard (for meteorological indicators) is also a dangerous meteorological phenomenon.

Amur region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, South of the Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye receive a sufficient amount of heat and precipitation for the cultivation of crops. In some years, atmospheric and soil droughts may be celebrated here, with abundant and long rains - the mooring of the soil.

It is impossible not to note those dangerous phenomena that may arise as a result of human activity. For example, in the area of \u200b\u200bclose attention of specialists - HPP, especially, seasonal regulation. In addition, the spread of dangerous pollution natural environment Predicted taking into account meteorological and hydrological characteristics.

Another feature of our region is the intra-year distribution of hazardous phenomena, which is observed in Russia as a whole, where the main amount of dangerous phenomena and complexes of adverse meteorological phenomena, the combination of which form a dangerous phenomenon, falls on May-August. The peculiarity of the region is that it is on the borders of the land - the ocean, the Arctic - tropical aerial masses. As a consequence, hazardous phenomena are often formed into transition periods.

Introduction

2. Climate of Amuro Primorsky District

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. Climate of the Northern District

5. Climate Kamchatka

6. Climate Sakhalin Islands

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

The physical state of the atmosphere and the processes committed in it are qualitatively and quantitatively expressed using certain values \u200b\u200bof the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. Most important for life and economic activity The person is the following: air pressure, temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, blizzards, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. Often these elements are called weather elements. They are among themselves in close mutual communication and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and volatile combinations. The state of the atmosphere above this territory and for this timedetermined by the physical processes performed in it when interacting with the underlying surface is called the weather.

Observations over the weather for a lot summer period Allow the climate of the locality. The climate is called a natural sequence of atmospheric processes, created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and caused by the weather characteristic of it.

In addition to these factors, human activity has a certain impact on the climate, since it can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

Very often mix the concepts "weather" and "climate". There is a great difference between these concepts. The weather is the physical condition of the atmosphere above the territory and for this time characterized by a certain combination of weather modes, and under the long-term weather regime is understood not only prevailing, but also possible in this area the weather conditions.

Science, studying climate formation conditions and climatic regime different countries and districts called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. It is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution of various meteorological phenomena and climate types on the surface of the globe, as well as resolving issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. general characteristics Climate of the Far East

The Far Eastern region captures the pool of the Amur and the band, stretching along the coarse Japanese and Okhotsk seas. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra areas, is a forest zone and refers to a monsoon climate of moderate latitudes. Subzone mixed forests It takes only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having the northern border line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° C. sh.

In the Far Eastern region, the marine climate seems to meet with mainland, and the gradual transition of one to another is disturbed by alternating low and mountainous spaces. Due to the high pressure in winter over the mainland and the low summer, monsoon circulation is dominated.

In the summer, when the monsoon blows, the baric relief above this territory is of such a character that can be considered as a gutter reduced pressure, running along the marine shore, on some changing distance, with cyclone passing on it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoon as a result of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activities.

O. G. Salogen believes that the monsoon as a complex phenomenon consists of the primary and secondary monsoon, the most simply detectable on the example of the total summer monsoon.

The primary monsoon, a smaller monsoon, arising between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems that have a place in the late spring and early summer (maxima on the seas of moderate latitudes and at least in the coastal, due to thermal reasons), air The flow of primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to land and have the southern component; however, precipitation is not allowed, being dry and cold, which is determined by the area of \u200b\u200btheir formation.

Secondary monsoon - the phenomenon of macroscale. It is due to the interaction of the greatest in the continent - asia and the greatest ocean - quiet, manifest as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. It is associated with the Baric systems of a large order of the type of Pacific maxima and Asian depression (in summer).

Study summer conditions It shows that the main air flows representing the secondary monsoon are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of a higher-tontropic pressure ring.

A.I. Ways indicate that the West Musson penetrates the Nerchinsky plant, and north - to the lower houses of Amur and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with a low pressure strip gives minor precipitation, but in the case of a long rainy period, rivers are overflowed. Sometimes the maximum of sediments falls on September due to typhoon. In Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the sediments are significantly advanced in bulk due to the absence of elevations. Here he derses their maximum, as the Sea Okhotsk warms it too late. Typhine precipitations, unlike monsoon, are more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Point names of the stations (in M) Temperature Air Motion Humidity The anglence is an average annual (in%) of precipitation (in mm) Number of days with a sedimentation industry of a hydraightening of a cold monthly warm monthly annual average anniversary of the most dry month annual summersMamarkovo-26-2914-9,476-62200105241050,0217-4 , 9 ----43124717-1.09Blavechensk134-2421-0,17056485233465490.82170,4 525209511313.10

In general, the monsonic climate of the Far Eastern region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winter, cool and wet summer, sustainable circulation, frequent mist and typhoon passing. The average annual temperature ranges from -10 ° in the north, to + 6 ° in the south, annual sediments range from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (in Kamchatka - up to 1000 mm), relative humidity round year above 65% (Table 1).

Far Eastern region gets less heat than she should have geographical position. The reasons for this should be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas that take a lot of warmth, secondly, in the influence of a huge Asian mainland with its harsh winters, thirdly, in the action of summer winds with seas that determine more clouds (60 - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes to the ocean (a baric gradient is great), freezing its coast, generating exceptional dry dryness and clarity: the atmosphere along the path of air flow. In summer, sea moderate air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ridges get a lot of precipitation. Warm continental moderate air is observed, as a rule, in transition seasons and, characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversion with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In the summer, although the marine moderate air (summer monsoon) prevails, but as soon as he translates through the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, strongly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of moisture on the mountain slopes. During the periods of changing monsoons (in spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the pool of the Amur; The weather in this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. For southern areas, the passage of typhorships, more frequent in the summer and autumn, is extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average Typhoon (1893 - 1919)

IIIIIIVVIVIIIIIIXXXIXIIIIIIXXXIXIII1,20,60,70,51,31,33,53,54,23,62,01,3

The area of \u200b\u200btyphoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the yellow and Japanese sea, reaching the line of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. For its size, these sediments in July, August and September are significant: sometimes in 5-6 days 70 - 90% of the total amount falls. In May and June, the sediments from Typhoon are small, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Far, where the effect of cyclones on the climate is more affected. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is softer and warm. Here at any time of the year there may be a tropical air.

Winter regime is installed in general in October, summer - in May, in the north - respectively in September and June. Characteristic for the Far Eastern Monsoov is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as it removes from the shores to the depths of the country. In winter, the wind prevails from the North-West and the North, in the summer - from the south-east or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind directions, precipitation, but also in the annual course of relative humidity with two maxima (in summer and winter) and two minima (in spring and autumn). In the summer more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

Climate Amuro Primorsky District

The climate of the Amuro-Primorsky district wears the most pronounced monso. In Voroshilov, the summer winds of the southern quarter of 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter of 6%, in the winter of 20%.

In Vladivostok from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, i.e. 65% of the annual amount, in the winter and only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is the maximum in summer (88%), minimal autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% possible), in December maximum (75%). The most sunny season in Primorye - Winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90 - 95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). Daily amplitudes of temperature in the summer less than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in the summer. Snow cover of thin and keeps steadily only in the northern part.

For every 100 m raising in Sikhote-Alin, the annual amount of precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the district height is already 350 - 450 m are covered with clear days clouds and fogs. The coast with the highest amount of precipitation has less days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

This distribution of days with precipitation for the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of Sikhote-Alin are sharp, less wooded, air masses here are left almost all the preciputes, and the whole process proceeds intensively; And the residues of moisture on the western slope are cooled with cold and fall out in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter on the elevations is greater, so snow cover is thicker than in neighboring plains.

Climate of the Okhotsk coast

It is peculiar to the climate of the Okhotsk coast. The high latitudes and cooling effect of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk with its ice within 10 - 11 months per year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk - 25.2 ° (in Leningrad, lying almost on the same latitude, -7.6 °).

The monsonic climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by a large continentality in winter, cool sea summer, frequent mist. Coniferous forests grow here.

In the summer, the southern and southeastern wind is dominated, winter-northwest and northern; The smallest wind speed falls for the summer, most-for winter and spring. From October to March, Sustainable, often storm northwestern winds. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6 °), summer (from +12 to + 18 °) and winter (from -20 to -24 °) along the shore and watersheds indicates sharp microclumatic differences related to relief and influence seas. Temperature of July in Okhotsk + 12.5 °, in Ayan + 17.0 °. The high temperature of Ayana, due to the good security of the city from marine influences, drew the attention of A.I. Waries.

In general, the differences in the thermal mode of the Okhotsk coast are in a great dependence on the degree of extension of the coast in the sea, the directions of the coastline, the proximity of the mountains, etc. Autumn cooling It comes early: from half of October, frosts are noted, snow falls out, rivers and lakes freeze. In the mountains snow drops back since September. Cold, minor, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although the frosts are kept and May. Summer is also cool (due to ice melting at sea), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year - Autumn: smooth, relatively high temperaturesFrequently sewn. Autumn lasts only 1 1/2 - 2 months.

Climate of the North Area

The climate of the Northern District (from Shelichov Bay to the Chukotka Peninsula) is characterized by a smaller resistance of monsoon circulation, harsh winters. With the removal from the shores, these features appear stronger. In the coastal strip, the northeast is predominant, inside the northern winds, which have become more constant. The average wind speed decreases in the direction of the district. Temperature drops, it increases annual amplitudes. On the coast of winter softer, summer is cooler. For example, the average temperature of December in the Magadan area by 5.5 - 6.0 ° above, and the middle of June to the same value is lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the south-eastern part of the area (250 mm). During the years with intense cyclonic activities in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Aleutian minimum of precipitation more on the coast than in the depths of the district; In the years of the smallest development of the Icelandic gutter reduced precipitation inside the mainland area, more than in the coastal. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression takes place mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, why mountain chains Far East and do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half year (from May to September), thanks to the wet eastern winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy, windy: often fog closes the sun; Inside the area on such days is often solar, dry weather with relative lull. Due to the larger amount of heat and precipitation obtained by the hill removed from the sea, the latter are often covered with a forest from alder, talnik, aspen, birch, whereas the coast has only a low shrub, translating places in the real tundra. However, such a summer landscape takes place for a short time: the short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter overcast, rainy and windy autumn, behind which the snowy winter comes. Snow blizzards (Purga) Here - the usual winter satellite. The mainland wind carries the mass of snow, so that at 10-12 meters nothing can be seen. Blizzards sometimes continue 11/2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets although a small hill, the speed is lost, the mass of loose snow is stuffed, and near the rocky steep shores from the leeward side often the mass of snow, the so-called "slaughter" is often climbed. In open places, the snow, tightly nailed by the wind, freely withstands the severity of a person, presenting the perfect way. South Purga, which prevails in the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, with strong winds, which from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This is likely due to the hypothesis of wet air, brought to the north to the area of \u200b\u200bthe lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 - 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the slashes. On the mountains, the snow is held for a very long time - until the end of July and even before the beginning of August, and sometimes it does not have time to melting to new snow.

Climate Kamchatka

Moderately cold monsonic climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summer and autumn, snowy winter with blizzards, but clear and quiet spring. The climate here is much more severe than it could be expected, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50 ° C. sh. Cold Sea currents, mountain relief, strong winds determine low temperatures Throughout the summer. At the same time, the sharp difference in the climatic conditions between the coasts and the inside, protected by the mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the Peninsula, the climate is much continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter when freezing the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is, as it were, the continuation of the Asian mainland, and in the summer heats up weakly, cooling with melting ice. The climate here is more dry and cold, the precipitation is less, but the fogs are greater, cloudy is great, the snow is small, blizzards compared to the southeast of the Rarestone Peninsula. On the contrary, the east coast under the influence of the non-freezing ocean retains a rather long temperature above 0 °. This part of the Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian minimum. In the summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. Interestingly, in winter inside the peninsula, a beric maximum is formed, and in the summer, the minimum, as a result, there is a local monsoon circulation, which is superimposed by a common monsoon, and therefore the late and frequent occurrence of wind variables are weakened. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends to the depths of the peninsula 50 km, rarely - 100 km, especially clearly reflected in the annual course of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where there are two maxima (in winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn).

Among the winter during the mass formation of ice (usually in February), the coast of the barometer falls noticeably (which should be due to the release of a large number of hidden heat of the ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by a greater wind speed and a lot of storms. The summer monsoon is developed weaker than in winter, since the year the North-Western and Western winds prevail. The prevalence time of southeastern and southern Winds (Summer Monsoon) - June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka, the speed of the winter monsoon - 8.1 m / s, summer - 4.2 m / s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5 °) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature increases in all directions (except for the northern) to -1.0 °, on coastal stations - up to 2.2 ° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3-4 °. Annual isotherm 0 ° passes along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley p. Kamchatka, summer is warm, and winter is colder and more infinite than on the shores. The south-east coast of Kamchatka has a warmer winter and a more wet climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws are in all months, in winter there is a blizzard.

The climate of the central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, low-speed, minor fog. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In the tolnaya, for example, horses are carried out all winter at the foot of the stern. It is not by chance that with a short, usually three-hour, moving from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunca, the transition to a completely different climate is obtained. By the severity of the winters, the west coast is slightly different from the inside of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevsky, 127 days in the Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil), optimal in climatic terms for agriculture (by colosk) are: region of the valley p. Kamchatka, narrow Western Camchatsky Pregright, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky district, Kronotsky Bay coast.

Annual precipitation decreases from the southeast to the north-west (from 1000 to 300 mm). The minimum of them is in the Central Valley (Kuevskoe - about 400 mm). The southeast gets the greatest rainfall, as wet winds are blowing from the sea both in summer and in winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, winter precipitation is even dominated.

IN warm winters The height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm. In the snow winters, the height of the Pokrov reaches 3 m. These were winter 1936/37 and 1946/47. Thanks to the powerful snow in the southern half of the Kamchatka, the soil freezing is only slightly 1 cm , and then for a short time.

In the northern part of the Kamchatka observed blizzards. The origin of the bobbins: Some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and arising with a sharp pressure drop, are accompanied by abundant precipitation and increasing temperature; Others are not accompanied by snow falling, are observed with a clear sky, caused by cold monsoon or wind from the high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

Most best time The year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air, winds / weak are quickly heated, the weather is prevalent.

Due to the action of Kamchatka volcanoes less covered with glaciers than it could be expected during its climate. With the eruption of volcanoes, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firboards. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

Characteristic features The monsoon climate of Sakhalin is: continentality, low temperatures (summer cool, cold winter), more cloudy, frequent fogs.

These features are mainly associated with the thermal differences of the washing seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its island position, Sakhalin has a sharply pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold season, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in the summer and mainland winds in winter. While in the field of East Asian monsoons, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the Winter East Asian Monsoon. Sakhalin Musson, which is usually stabilized by January, is a consequence of setting low temperatures inside the island compared with the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and abovely at an altitude of 500 - 800 m is replaced by common winds of Western or North-West direction.

Summer monsoon is brighter in the stability of the winds. But along with this summer is the most quiet time of the year. In winter and in the fall, storms occur more often when cyclones come from Aleutian islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the region of Sakhalin. Typhoon only in a weak degree reaches Sakhalin.

The climate of Sakhalin abnormally harshs for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores White Sea. Winter cold is brought by northwestern monsoon and intra-break winds, and summer coolness depends mainly from the cold Sakhalin course walking from the north along the eastern shore of the island and bringing ice before August.

Decisive for the nature of vegetation on Sakhalin have not so much cold winters as low temperatures of other seasons and poor sunlight In summer, because of the big cloudiness. Cloudy on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but the distribution of her for the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on the Sakhalin frosty, with sharp thaws, there are bursts. Snow cover 50 - 60 cm quite provides everywhere Sunny Message. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In the spring there is a change of monsoon, the temperature rises, more often falls out of the precipitation, in April it becomes everywhere. In the South Sakhalin, the summer stretches 2 - 21/2 months and characterized by quiet and wet weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunny shine rarely, frequent fog, thick cloudiness and small rains, thunderstorms are enhanced. The average air temperature is +10, + 12 °, but at night there is + 4 °. Autumn wind speed increases rapidly, Western winds, frost appear, humidity falls, snow falls in October. climate Far East Musson

Mountain ridges passing in the middle of the island shall be divided into three climatic areas: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a more severe climate than West. The most favorable climatic conditions are noted in medium lowland, protected by ridges from monsoon.

On the west coast of sunshine less winter And more in the summer, since in the summer the winds pass over the island and besieged on it part of their moisture, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come on it saturated with moisture and those cloudy, and from here and a small amount of sunshine. On the eastern coast in the spring and summer there are thick fogs that do not contribute to the warmth of the earth's surface with the rays of the sun. On the western coast of fogs less often. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July comes to + 32 °, winter frosts - up to -48 °. There are days in which the temperature of -33 ° before the dawn, and snow melts at noon. The precipitation over the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here more often the weather, less often fog; When the coasts are fog, grown gray clouds swears in the mountains.

Snow cover is installed on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching the greatest capacity in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow comes out quickly in early May on the coast and to the second decade of May in the central area. Eternal Merzlota is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

Conclusion

Thus, we reviewed the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of moderate latitudes. She captures the plain part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia. And the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

In the Far East, monsoon air circulation is created. In winter, this edge is captured by a monsoon bringing the cold masses of continental air from Northeast Siberia. In the summer, the summer monsoon, bringing the wet mass of sea air from the south and south-east, is dominated in the Far East. In the seaside summer can penetrate the Pacific Tropical Air.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance of AV in winter and WC in summer. For most of the year, this area is under the action of anticyclonal processes. Summer Wet S. sea \u200b\u200bclimet, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, dry. Cyclonomic activity is characteristic of the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, the climate is more continental inside the island. In the inner areas of winter is colder than on the shores, and the summer is warmer. Much spread on the island has a long-term Merzlot.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Winter Monsoon is very weakened due to the sweeping effect of the Pacific Ocean, Bering and the partly of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable in the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula has a more continental character than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern, harsh. Spring cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summer short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

Literature

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Struknikov E.A. Climatology. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1980.

Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.

Pogosyan H.P. Total atmosphere circulation. - - L.: Hydrometeoizdat, 1984.

Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1985.

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern outskirts of Asia, subject to direct exposure to the Pacific and the seas related to it. Far East is washed by Chukotka, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact on the mainland is rapidly weakens, the Far East occupies a relatively uninformed landline of sushi, stretched from the south-west to the northeast by almost 4500 km. In addition to the mainland band, Sakhalin Island island, Shartar Islands (in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc and the Kariginsky and Commander Island Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is characterized by special contrast - from sharply continental (all Yakutia, Kolyma districts of the Magadan region) to the monsoon (southeast), which is due to the huge length of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from the West to the East (on 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of the continental and marine air masses of moderate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally severe. The winter is small, continues up to 9 months. In the southern part of the monsoon climate with a cold winter and wet summer.

The most significant differences between the Far East from Siberia are associated with the predominance of the monsoon climate in the south and monsoon and maritime in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of Northern Asia. Noticeably impact and the seasons of the Pacific Ocean, especially the Cold Okhotsk Sea. Big influence Climate has a complex, mainly mountain relief.

In winter, cold air streams are rushed from the powerful Asian maximum to the southeast. In the northeast on the outskirts of the Aleutian minimum, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia enters into cooperation with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often arise, with which a large amount of precipitation is associated. A lot of snow falls on Kamchatka, snowballs. On the eastern shore of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can be reached 6 m. Sign of snowfall and Sakhalin.

In summer, air flows rushed by the Pacific Ocean. Sea air masses interact with continental, as a result of which monsoon rains go throughout the Far East. The Monsonic Climate of the Far East covers the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. As a result, the largest Far Eastern River Amur and its tributaries differ not in the spring, and in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Over the coastal areas, devastating typhoons coming from the southern seas are often penetrated.

Under the influence of the seaside position, maritime and monsoon climate border geographical zones On the plains of the Far East, it is strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59 ° C. sh., i.e., significantly south than anything else on the mainland of Eurasia; The forests that reach the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further make up the characteristic feature of the entire outskirts of the mainland in medium latitudes, while steppe and semi-desert landscapes, widespread on these latitudes in the western internal parts of the mainland, are missing. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

A complex relief for which the combination of mountain ranges and intergountural plains is characteristic, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the widespread distribution of not only plain, forest and the tundra, but also in particular mountain forests, as well as the Golt landscapes.

In connection with the development history and position in the neighborhood with a variety of in floral and zoogeographic terms, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by the complex interweaving elements of landscapes of various origin.

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The geographical location of the Far East stretches along the Pacific Ocean by almost 4500 km from the northeast to the southwest, from Chukotka to the border with the DPRK and Japan.

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Relief and geological structure Most mountain structures of the Far East formed into the Mesozoic and Cane. Powerful formation processes and lithospheric plates are continuing. Evidence of this are intense earthquakes and fruitry. The composition of the arcuate ridges includes volcanic mountains. The biggest one is the Klyuchevskaya Natka (Kamchatka) - systematically throws ashes and Lava. Volcanic processes are accompanied by geysers, numerous sources of thermal waters. In Kamchatka, they are used for the heating of buildings and greenhouses, electricity production. Many of the Mountains of the Far East are composed of frozen lava, tuffs, pimples and other volcanic rocks.

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The climate climate of the Far East is characterized by special contrast - from sharply continental (all Yakutia, Kolyma districts of the Magadan region) to the monsoon (southeast), which is due to the huge length of the territory from north to south. This is determined by the interaction of the continental and marine air masses of moderate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally severe. The winter is small, continues up to 9 months. In the southern part of the monsoon climate with a cold winter and wet summer.

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Winter in winter on the side of a powerful Asian maximum to the southeast, cold air flows are rushed. In the northeast on the outskirts of the Aleutian minimum, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia enters into cooperation with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often arise, with which a large amount of precipitation is associated. A lot of snow falls on Kamchatka, snowballs. On the eastern shore of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can be reached 6 m. Sign of snowfall and Sakhalin.

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Summer summer air flows rushed by the Pacific Ocean. Sea air masses interact with continental, as a result of which monsoon rains go throughout the Far East. The Monsonic Climate of the Far East covers the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. As a result, the largest Far Eastern River Amur and its tributaries differ not in the spring, and in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Over the coastal areas, devastating typhoons coming from the southern seas are often penetrated.

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The waters of the river are rich in hydropower, the clearest of them is Amur. The hydrographic network of the region is very extensive and multi-way. Among the largest, you can highlight the pools of Lena, Amur, Yana, Indigirki, Kolyma, etc. "The rivers are rich in valuable fish species, are transport paths, including in winter when winter cars are laid on the ice. Rich region and thermal waters. Hot springs, especially in Kamchatka, feed rivers that do not freeze in winter. " But the majority of rivers, of course, are frozen in winter. The origin of geysers is connected with volcanic activities. Water hot springs contains zinc, antimony, arsenic, has a healing value and opens up great opportunities for creating a resort base.

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Flora is great and diverse stocks of forest resources of the Far East. Forests here are more than 35% of all-Russian resources. The most common forests are larch, in which the main part of wood reserves (more than 60%) is concentrated. Ello-fir forests make up more than 5% of the area of \u200b\u200ball forests and 12% of the stock of the Far East wood. The most valuable includes cedar-wide forests (with the greatest concentration of wood), constituting about 3 million hectares. They are covered with 1% of the territory of the Far East. From the forest resources of non-timber origin should be noted unique species medicinal plants (Ginseng, Eleutherococcus, Aralia Manchurian and others, total - more than a thousand species), as well as hundreds of types of food plants, mushrooms, etc.

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Page 16.

Introduction

The physical state of the atmosphere and the processes committed in it are qualitatively and quantitatively expressed using certain values \u200b\u200bof the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. The most important for the life and economic activity of the person are the following: air pressure, temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fogs, blizzards, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. Often these elements are called weather elements. They are among themselves in close mutual communication and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and volatile combinations. The state of the atmosphere above this territory and for this time, determined by the physical processes committed in it when interacting with the underlying surface is called the weather.

Observations over the weather for a long-term period allow you to identify the climate of the locality. The climate is called a natural sequence of atmospheric processes, created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and caused by the weather characteristic of it.

In addition to these factors, human activity has a certain impact on the climate, since it can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

Science, which studies climate formation conditions and climatic regime of various countries and districts is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. It is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution of various meteorological phenomena and climate types on the surface of the globe, as well as resolving issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristic of the climate of the Far East

The Far Eastern region captures the pool of the Amur and the band, stretching along the coarse Japanese and Okhotsk seas. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra areas, is a forest zone and refers to a monsoon climate of moderate latitudes. The subzone of mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having the northern border line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° C. sh.

Due to the huge stretch of this area from the south to the north (from 42.5 ° C. sh. Up to 67 ° C. sh.), Topographic diversity and features of the atmosphere, there are sharply different climatic areas here: Amuro-Primorsky, the Okhotsk coast, the North , Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

O. G. Salogen believes that the monsoon as a complex phenomenon consists of the primary and secondary monsoon, the most simply detectable on the example of the total summer monsoon.

The study of summer conditions shows that the main air flows representing the secondary monsoon are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of a higher-tontropic pressure ring.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Point names

Stations height (inm)

Air temperature

Relative humidity

Cloudiness average annual (in%)

Precipitation (in mm)

Number of days with precipitation

Moisturizing coefficient

the coldest month

the warmest month

average annual

the middle of the dry month

annual amount

summer

winter

Markovo

0,73

North of Hunt Sea

1,09

Blagoveshchensk

0,82

Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky

1,68

Klyuchevskoye

1,43

Bigger

3,10

In general, the monsonic climate of the Far Eastern region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winter, cool and wet summer, sustainable circulation, frequent mist and typhoon passing. The average annual temperature ranges from -10 ° in the north, to + 6 ° in the south, annual sediments range from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (on Kamchatka - up to 1000 mm), relative humidity all year round above 65% (Table. one).

The Far Eastern region gets less heat than it should be in geographical position. The reasons for this should be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas that take a lot of warmth, secondly, in the influence of a huge Asian mainland with its harsh winters, thirdly, in the action of summer winds with seas that determine more clouds (60 - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes to the ocean (a baric gradient is great), freezing its coast, generating exceptional dry dryness and clarity: the atmosphere along the path of air flow. In summer, sea moderate air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ridges get a lot of precipitation. Warm continental moderate air is observed, as a rule, in transition seasons and, characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversion with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In the summer, although the marine moderate air (summer monsoon) prevails, but as soon as he translates through the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, strongly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of moisture on the mountain slopes. During the periods of changing monsoons (in spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the pool of the Amur; The weather in this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. For southern areas, the passage of typhorships, more frequent in the summer and autumn, is extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average Typhoon (1893 - 1919)

							VIII.

2. Climate of Amuro Primorsky District

The duration of the monsoon decreases from the coast inside the country and north along the coast. So, the period of action of the summer monsoon along the line of Vladivostok - Olga Bay - 4 - 4.5 months, in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - 3 - 3.5 months, in Blagoveshchensk - 2.5 - 3 months. On the coasts were washed by cold flow, in summer, thick fogs are often observed. If it were not for the winter monsoon, the Vladivostok port, lying on the latitude of Sochi, would not resort to the help of icebreakers. The precipitate increases from 350 mm in the west to 800 mm in the mountains of Small Hingane. The number of summer precipitation in the mainland district (Blagoveshchensk) is almost 60 times more precipitation of the winter months, and on the coast (Olga Bay) 10 times, while in Moscow, located almost on the same latitude, just 2 times. Summer spills and floods - the usual phenomenon of the Amur-Primorsky district. Excess moisture during the pouring and ripening of grain crops is very harmful on the crop. Spring floods are absent, as the snow cover is small, and the sediments of spring and autumn most of the local origin. The intensity of winter precipitation is 1 mm per day, in the summer - 7 - 10 mm. When cyclones passing during the day, sometimes falls from 100 to 238 mm. Such sediments due to deforesting slopes entail destructive floods. The duration of the growing season increases from north to south from 130 to 200 days, and the duration of the smokery period is from 80 to 140 days. It is characteristic that in winter in cloudy days, warmer than in clear, and in the summer - on the contrary, as the southern warm winds bringing cloudy weather in winter, passing over the sea, moisturizes, in the warm half year the winds of southern Rumbes relatively colder northern and bringing clouds , die temperature. Summer Khabarovsk is largely reminiscent of Gorky, Nikolaev-on-Amur - Vologda. The winter here is Yakut.

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

The monsonic climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by a large continentality in winter, cool sea summer, frequent mist. Coniferous forests grow here.

In the summer, the southern and southeastern wind is dominated, winter-northwest and northern; The smallest wind speed falls for the summer, the highest-for winter and spring. From October to March, Sustainable, often storm northwestern winds. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6 °), summer (from +12 to + 18 °) and winter (from -20 to -24 °) along the shore and watersheds indicates sharp microclumatic differences related to relief and influence seas. Temperature of July in Okhotsk + 12.5 °, in Ayan + 17.0 °. The high temperature of Ayana, due to the good security of the city from marine influences, drew the attention of A.I. Waries.

In general, differences in the thermal mode of the Okhotsk coast cost in a great dependence on the degree of the depth of the coast in the sea, the directions of the coastline, the proximity of the mountains, etc. The autumn cooling occurs early: from half of October, frosts are marked, the snow falls out, the rivers and lakes are frozen. In the mountains snow drops back since September. Cold, minor, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although the frosts are kept and May. Summer is also cool (due to ice melting at sea), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent sewed. Autumn lasts only 11/2 - 2 months.

4. Climate of the Northern District

The climate of the Northern District (from Shelichov Bay to the Chukotka Peninsula) is characterized by a smaller resistance of monsoon circulation, harsh winters. With the removal from the shores, these features appear stronger. In the coastal strip, the northeast is predominant, inside the northern winds, which have become more constant. The average wind speed decreases in the direction of the district. Temperature drops, it increases annual amplitudes. On the coast of winter softer, summer is cooler. For example, the average temperature of December in the Magadan area by 5.5 - 6.0 ° above, and the middle of June to the same value is lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the south-eastern part of the area (250 mm). During the years with intense cyclonic activities in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Aleutian minimum of precipitation more on the coast than in the depths of the district; In the years of the smallest development of the Icelandic gutter reduced precipitation inside the mainland area, more than in the coastal. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression takes place mainly in the direction of the Pacific Ocean, why the mountain ranges of the Far East and do not serve as a large obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half year (from May to September), thanks to the wet eastern winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy, windy: often fog closes the sun; Inside the area on such days is often solar, dry weather with relative lull. Due to the larger amount of heat and precipitation obtained by the hill removed from the sea, the latter are often covered with a forest from alder, talnik, aspen, birch, whereas the coast has only a low shrub, translating places in the real tundra. However, such a summer landscape takes place for a short time: the short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter overcast, rainy and windy autumn, behind which the snowy winter comes. Snow blizzards (Purga) Here - the usual winter satellite. The mainland wind carries the mass of snow, so that at 10-12 meters nothing can be seen. Blizzards continue sometimes 11 / 2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets although a small hill, the speed is lost, the mass of loose snow is stuffed, and near the rocky steep shores from the leeward side often the mass of snow, the so-called "slaughter" is often climbed. In open places, the snow, tightly nailed by the wind, freely withstands the severity of a person, presenting the perfect way. South Purga, which prevails in the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, with strong winds, which from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This is likely due to the hypothesis of wet air, brought to the north to the area of \u200b\u200bthe lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

5. Climate Kamchatka

Moderately cold monsonic climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summer and autumn, snowy winter with blizzards, but clear and quiet spring. The climate here is much more severe than it could be expected, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50 ° C. sh. Cold sea currents, mountain relief, strong winds determine low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, the sharp difference in the climatic conditions between the coasts and the inside, protected by the mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the Peninsula, the climate is much continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter when freezing the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is, as it were, the continuation of the Asian mainland, and in the summer heats up weakly, cooling with melting ice. The climate here is more dry and cold, the precipitation is less, but the fogs are greater, cloudy is great, the snow is small, blizzards compared to the southeast of the Rarestone Peninsula. On the contrary, the east coast under the influence of the non-freezing ocean retains a rather long temperature above 0 °. This part of the Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian minimum. In the summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. Interestingly, in winter inside the peninsula, a beric maximum is formed, and in the summer, the minimum, as a result, there is a local monsoon circulation, which is superimposed by a common monsoon, and therefore the late and frequent occurrence of wind variables are weakened. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends to the depths of the peninsula 50 km, rarely - 100 km, especially clearly reflected in the annual course of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where there are two maxima (in winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn).

Among the winter during the mass formation of ice (usually in February), the coast of the barometer falls noticeably (which should be due to the release of a large number of hidden heat of the ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by a greater wind speed and a lot of storms. The summer monsoon is developed weaker than in winter, since the year the North-Western and Western winds prevail. The prevalence of the southeastern and southern winds (Summer Musson) - June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka, the speed of the winter monsoon - 8.1 m / s, summer - 4.2 m / s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5 °) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature increases in all directions (except for the northern) to -1.0 °, on coastal stations - up to 2.2 ° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3-4 °. Annual isotherm 0 ° passes along the 56th parallel.

In the warm winter, the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm. In the snowy winters the height of the Pokrov reaches 3 m. Such were winter 1936/37 and 1946/47. Thanks to the powerful snow in the southern half of the Kamchatka, the soil freezing is only a bit Superior 10 cm, and then for a short time.

The best time of the year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air and air, winds / weak, are prevailing clear weather.

6. Climate Sakhalin Islands

The characteristic features of the monsoon climate of O-Va Sakhalin are: continentality, low temperatures (summer cool, cold winter), more cloudy, frequent fogs.

The climate of Sakhalin abnormally harshs for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. Winter cold is brought by northwestern monsoon and intra-break winds, and summer coolness depends mainly from the cold Sakhalin course walking from the north along the eastern shore of the island and bringing ice before August.

There are not so much cold winters as crucial for the nature of vegetation on Sakhalin, as low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to the large cloudiness. Cloudy on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but the distribution of her for the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on the Sakhalin frosty, with sharp thaws, there are bursts. Snow cover 50 - 60 cm quite provides everywhere Sunny Message. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In the spring there is a change of monsoon, the temperature rises, more often falls out of the precipitation, in April it becomes everywhere. In the South Sakhalin Summer stretches 2 - 21 / 2 Monthly and characteristic of quiet and wet weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunny shine rarely, frequent fog, thick cloudiness and small rains, thunderstorms are enhanced. The average air temperature is +10, + 12 °, but at night there is + 4 °. Autumn wind speed increases rapidly, Western winds, frost appear, humidity falls, snow falls in October.

On the west coast of sunshine less in winter and more in the summer, since in summer the winds pass over the island and besieged on it some of their moisture, leaving on the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come on it saturated with moisture and those cloudy, and from here and a small amount of sunshine. On the eastern coast in the spring and summer there are thick fogs that do not contribute to the warmth of the earth's surface with the rays of the sun. On the western coast of fogs less often. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July comes to + 32 °, winter frosts - up to -48 °. There are days in which the temperature of -33 ° before the dawn, and snow melts at noon. The precipitation over the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here more often the weather, less often fog; When the coasts are fog, grown gray clouds swears in the mountains.

Conclusion

Thus, we reviewed the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of moderate latitudes. She captures the flat part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by a predominanceAV in winter and uv in summer. For most of the year, this area is under the action of anticyclonal processes. Summer wet with marine climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, dry. Cyclonomic activity is characteristic of the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern, harsh. Spring cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summer short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

LITERATURE

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Struknikov E.A. Climatology. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1980.
Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.
Agroclimatic atlas of the world / Ed. I.A. Goltsberg. - M.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1982.
Pogosyan H.P. Total atmosphere circulation. - - L.: Hydrometeoizdat, 1984.
Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1985.

The climatic conditions of the Far East. Far East of Russia Climate Map of the Far East

Introduction

1. General characteristic of the climate of the Far East

2. Climate of Amuro Primorsky District

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. Climate of the Northern District

5. Climate Kamchatka

6. Climate Sakhalin Islands

Conclusion

LITERATURE

Last

It is necessary to know