The population of siberia without the far east. Small and large peoples of Siberia. The bourgeois thirst for comfort

After the sudden death of Dmitry Maryanov, many began to be interested in the fate of his relatives and friends. Daniil Anosov occupied a special place in his life - this is The only son from the first civil marriage.

On this moment the guy is 21 years old.

Nobody knew about the boy, until the moment when Dmitry decided to get married with his second wife.

Today, special attention is paid to the legacy of Maryanov, which should be divided not only between last wife and a son from his first marriage, but also a daughter.

Of course, much attention is paid to the fate of Daniil Anosov. Currently, it is very difficult to find joint photos of Dmitry Maryanov's son and the actor himself, taken in the past few years. Their relationship has not always worked out well.

Daniil Anosov was born in 1996. At that time, Maryanov and Anosova were in a civil marriage, so the boy's surname was after his mother.

Daniel's parents met two years before his birth. Olga Anosova was a model and worked at the All-Union Fashion House.

Speaking about the biography of Daniel's mother, one cannot fail to note her worldwide popularity. Olga starred for major magazines not only on a Russian scale, but also on a European scale. At that time, she was an incredibly sought-after model. In addition, she took part as an actress in a variety of clips.

Dmitry Maryanov did not want to officially legalize his relationship. The problem was the lack of funds. Such actions of Dmitry did not please the woman. Realizing that it would not be possible to achieve serious action from Dmitry Maryanov, she set her sights on raising a child on her own.

She understood that her parents would help her raise Daniel.

Family relations worsened every day. Maryanov's particular attachment to alcohol was manifested in negative actions. He could come home a day after fun parties... Olga at this time had time both at work and to manage the child. As a result, the couple broke up, which Dmitry never regretted.

Today Olga Anosova is the owner of a large fashion agency.

Very little information is known about his son Daniil Anosov: he is studying at the university and demonstrates good results.

It is worth noting that Olga's parents were involved in raising the boy, most of the time. Dmitry Maryanov still paid attention to his child: he helped with finances and did not refuse anything when there was such an opportunity.

Daniil Anosov studied at a prestigious school. The father and mother did not skimp on the child's education and tried to give him everything he needed. Also, the boy attended a variety of theater and sports clubs and sections. The only drawback of their relationship is minimal intimacy. The actor was constantly busy on the set and did not have enough time to spend with his son.

Daniil Anosov watched his father's life only by learning news from magazines and newspapers. But according to Olga Anosova, they very often called up with ex-husband and maintained friendly relations. Maryanov helped with money and never refused anything. Of course, due to work, he had little free time, in addition, he had a new family.

The wedding of Maryanov and Ksenia Bik

Relations with developed quite quickly and in 2015 Dmitry introduced her to the public as a legal wife. At that time, they signed and were already legally married. But, there was not a single joint photo with his son Daniil Anosov.

Many representatives of the media took advantage of this situation and began to spread articles that Dmitry Maryanov had forgotten about his son and that tensions had formed between them. But no one gave official comments on this matter. Therefore, everyone forgot about what happened, and enjoyed a career and roles in the films of the actor.

A photo of Dmitry Maryanov's adult son can only be found in his social networks... Daniel is not associated with art and chose a completely different profession for himself than his father.

At present, special attention is paid to the problem of the division of inheritance; this issue is of interest not only to Maryanov's relatives, but also to the entire community. Olga Anosova does not have any share in the presented inheritance, since she was not even officially married to Dmitry. At the moment, Anosova is a wealthy woman who does not need money.

The son of Dmitry Maryanov and Olga Anosova, on joint photos appears to be a little boy. But in fact, these photos were taken a long time ago. At the moment, the guy is 21 years old. He refused the profession of an artist and today he is studying at a university of a different profile. Attention to his personality appeared after the death of his father, which was a serious blow to the entire family.

There are no comments or interviews with Daniel on the network. He categorically refuses to participate in the promotions presented, which were created only in order to raise the ratings of TV channels.

The relationship between Daniel and Dmitry

At the moment, it is reliably known that Dmitry Maryanov took an indirect part in the upbringing of his son. He sometimes came to visit him, to go to the park, but such moments were incredibly rare. That is why the relationship between Daniel and his father did not work out.

Most likely this is the reason for the lack of joint photos of Dmitry Maryanov and his son.

Dmitry Maryanov

As a child, Maryanov spent more time with the child, but after roles appeared in films, the load, he began to move away from Daniel. Subsequently, he had a separate family.

Of course, after the death of Maryanov, all relatives and friends gathered at the funeral, including Olga Anosova with her son. The main question of the division of inheritance is of interest to many and is incredibly important. At this stage, Daniel is not going to claim his share, since he is a wealthy person. Thus, the entire inheritance will go to Ksenia Bik and her daughter Anfisa.

Father's death and future inheritance

After Dmitry Maryanov died, articles about his son began to appear in the press. In fact, he remains a rather mysterious person, since only old photos of him with his father can be found on the network.

Dmitry Maryanov left no will, so the property will be divided between three close relatives. To date, the list of applicants for the inheritance includes: Ksenia Bik, her daughter Anfisa and a son from her first marriage, Daniil Anosov.

At the moment, there is no information that Daniel claims to be his father's wealth. Ksenia Bik and all the relatives of the actor are currently in mourning, as they have experienced an incredible loss. Thus, issues regarding the division of property will not be resolved soon.

It was associated with thromboembolism and internal bleeding, all of which happened suddenly. At that time, the actor was undergoing treatment in a closed clinic "Phoenix". According to Ksenia Bik, Dmitry had an addiction to alcohol, and he could not cope with this addiction. Also, Maryanov visited various medical centers for several years. The main problem that pursued him was progressive thrombosis.

After that, he was sent for treatment to the Phoenix clinic, as prescribed by one of the treating narcologists. Here a filter was installed for Maryanov, which was responsible for cleaning the blood from various clots. Thus, the doctors tried to prevent the blockage of blood vessels. In addition, the actor was constantly taking medications responsible for blood thinning.

By latest information Maryanov's death was provoked by the unqualified actions of the doctors of the private clinic where he was being treated. Dmitry underwent therapy behind closed walls for a long time, and his wife only brought money as payment.

At present, it is reliably known that sufficient conditions were not created in the institution, the required equipment was absent. Also, the deterioration of Dmitry Maryanov's condition has always been associated with the fact that he does not want to get rid of his bad habits.

Recently, the actor's relatives filed an application with the prosecutor's office, pointing out that Dmitry Maryanov died as a result of unqualified actions of doctors.

The Investigative Committee conducted a full range of investigations, which revealed the guilt of the narcologist and the entire staff of the Phoenix private clinic. As a result, Lobacheva's accusations that the actor's wife was to blame for everything were completely refuted.

Many colleagues at work claim that for Maryanov, Ksenia Bik was a real guardian angel. Their relationship has always been ideal and made many envy.

Daniil Anosov's relations with his father's second wife are strained, and there are no photos of Dmitry Yuryevich Maryanov's son with the actor himself and his new wife.

It remains only to await further decisions on the division of the inheritance on the part of loved ones.

The whales sense the pursuit and go to sea. They rarely emerge and constantly change direction, but the brigadier almost every time guesses where the male outlined by him will appear. However, it is not immediately possible to approach him at the distance of the throw of the harpoon. But now a long, smooth body appeared quite close under the green water column. As soon as part of the head appeared above the water, the harpooner throws the harpoon with all his might with his hand. The tip stuck in, the shaft bounced off, the line - a rope tied to the harpoon - began to unwind at a breakneck speed after the diving animal ... Whaling is a traditional occupation of the Chukchi and Eskimos.

Among the large and small peoples inhabiting Russia, a special place is occupied by those who in geography and ethnography are called "small (or small) peoples of the North and Of the Far East".

Some of them have autonomous territorial entities: Evenki (Evenk autonomous region in the Krasnoyarsk Territory), Khanty and Mansi (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), nenets (Nenets Autonomous District in the Arkhangelsk Region), Dolgans (Taimyr, or Dolgano-Nenets, Autonomous Okrug), Chukchi (Chukotka Autonomous District), Koryaks (Koryak Autonomous Okrug). But most of these peoples do not have national autonomies.

DIVERSITY OF PEOPLES OF THE NORTH AND FAR EAST

The peoples described in this article collectively number no more than 300 thousand people, and they belong to almost ten language groups: Sami, Khanty and Mansi - to the Finno-Ugric; Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans, Enets - to the Samoyed; Dolgans - to the Turkic; Evenks, Evens, Negidals, terms, Orochi, Nanai, Udege and Ulchi - to the Tungus-Manchu. Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen speak the languages ​​of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family, Eskimos and Aleuts - Eskimo-Aleutian, and languages Yukaghirs, Kets, Nivkhs are considered isolated, that is, they do not belong to any family.

Nowadays, many languages ​​are almost forgotten. They are remembered mainly by people of the older generation, and young people speak Russian. However, since the 90s. attempts are being made to restore the teaching of the mother tongue at school. It's not easy at all. There are not enough teachers, many children hardly hear their native language at home (usually only from grandparents), and therefore they learn their native language again, just like a foreign one.

The type of appearance of representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North and the Far East is not as diverse as their languages. The inhabitants of these regions can be attributed to northern Mongoloids : they are small in stature, dense build, with fair skin. The hair is straight and black, the eyes are black or brown, with a narrow cut, the nose is small. It is not for nothing that visitors with a European appearance are derisively called "big-nosed" or "big-nosed".

When in the XX century the Russians began to explore the north of Siberia, as a result of mixed marriages, some peoples, especially the Sami, Mansi, part of the Khanty, acquired Caucasian facial features. The cut of their eyes has become wider, light eyes, light brown or brown hair are often found. In the Nenets or Chukchi villages, you can see local residents with a clear Caucasian admixture. They lead a traditional way of life, their passports contain the indigenous nationality for this region, but their names and surnames are Russian, German, even Chechen: Nenets Wagner (German surname) or Eskimo Alibek (Chechen name). Children from mixed marriages usually choose the indigenous nationality, firstly, so as not to differ from their classmates, and secondly, in order to have benefits - the right to fish without a permit, free licenses for professional hunting, etc.

In the past, most of the peoples of the North and the Far East were adherents of shamanism. In the XVI - early XIX v. they were converted to Orthodoxy. V Soviet time there are almost no churches and priests left in the North, but nevertheless, some of the Nenets, Evens and some other peoples still keep icons and prayer books, observe Christian rituals. However, such a minority.

Even more severely than Christianity, the Soviet authorities persecuted shamanism, but it, being a traditional form of religion, still survived. True, today's shamans do without a tambourine and without a special costume, although pendants and amulets are still worn during the ceremony.

HOW THE NORTHERN PEOPLES LIVE

The nature of the lands on which the peoples of the North and the Far East live is harsh: tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. Villages are almost always located near the water - on the shores of a bay, lake or river. And this is no coincidence. It is by water that the necessary goods are brought here, and above all coal and gasoline. The navigation period is very short, and during it you need to have time to deliver everything you need for a long winter. During the rest of the year, the village can only be reached (or escaped) by helicopter.

Residents work at a fur farm where minks and arctic foxes are bred, or in a sewing workshop - both European type and national clothes are sewn here, most often from reindeer fur. Minders, mechanics, salesmen, nurses work in the village. But all this is a post office, a shop, a sewing workshop, a fur farm, and log houses, almost the same as in Russian settlements - just a modern "superstructure" brought from Russia "urban civilization".

At the heart of the national existence of small peoples, their originality is precisely what is not in the village, but in the surrounding tundra and taiga. There are not so many people working here, but they are the ones who deal with the traditional species for the small peoples of Russia. economic activity... These are reindeer herders who live most of the year with their whole family in the tundra with herds of reindeer and only a couple of times a year look into their rural houses, which are usually empty. These are hunters who spend the entire hunting season in the taiga or tundra, returning home only from time to time. They travel from one hunting tract to another on foot, on deer, on dogs, and nowadays often on motorized snowmobiles. And finally, fishermen, on the fishing season (during the period of active fishing), living far from the village, "on the sands", that is, on the sections of the banks of rivers and lakes, which are especially convenient for fishing. The coastal Chukchi and Eskimos, who hunt walruses, go hunting on distant islands and capes for many days.

Here, on the banks of a river or sea, in the taiga and in the tundra, there is real life- the life of reindeer herders, fishermen, hunters. It proceeds to a large extent the way it went a hundred and two hundred years ago - in compliance with traditional customs, rituals, and rules of relationships between people. However, here you can also see many signs of modernity - a radio station, a radio receiver, a traditional hearth is sometimes replaced with a gasoline stove stove, motors are installed on boats.

Reindeer husbandry is mainly occupied by the inhabitants of the North (except for the Eskimos, coastal Chukchi and Aleuts). The Sami, Nenets, reindeer Chukchi, Koryaks, Northern Selkups and Khanty have large herds, they receive meat, skins, milk for themselves and for sale. Other peoples have fewer deer, and they are used mainly as transport animals. In this case, reindeer are rarely slaughtered for meat, but they feed on taiga game - wild deer, elk, game birds, etc. Such is the life of the Evenks, Evens, and Mansi. The peoples of the Primorsky Territory are the southern Selkups, the Yukaghirs are excellent hunters.

Hunting takes place throughout the year. In winter, the hunter goes out into the taiga on wide skis, simple equipment is loaded onto small sleds. The dog almost always helps him to pull them. They usually hunt alone, rarely together or three. In the taiga and forest-tundra, at a certain distance from each other, hunting huts are arranged - small houses with a stove, where you can warm up, spend the night, cook food. Leaving such a hut, the hunter will definitely leave tea, matches, and a supply of firewood for the next visitor.

The main occupation of the Khanty of the Ob region and the peoples of the Amur region (Negidal, Nanai, Nivkh, Udege) is fishing. However, to one degree or another, all the peoples of the North are engaged in fishing as ancillary fishing.

KITCHEN OF THE PEOPLE OF THE NORTH

Traditional cuisine meets the requirements of the climate, although an unaccustomed person can be confused. Fish and meat are the main food. When they are fresh, they are eagerly eaten raw, with only a little salt; they drink fresh, still warm deer blood. But you need to be sure that fish and meat are not infected with worm larvae. In venison the best varieties fish (such as broads, muksun, nelma, white fish), as a rule, do not have them, but seals, bears, small fish (pike, ide, crucian carp) can be infected. They are eaten either boiled or after long drying; it is not customary for northerners to fry meat and fish. Melted seal (seal) fat can be drunk in cups, cakes are baked on it, and pieces of meat are dipped into it, as in a sauce.

Although raw or semi-cooked meat contains all essential vitamins, the inhabitants of the North are acutely aware of the lack of plant food. In summer, women go out to the tundra to pick wild-growing herbs and berries. There is an unmeasured amount of berries in the tundra - cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, crowberry ... They are eaten fresh, and also harvested for the winter. Both berries and edible herbs (wild sorrel and onions, young leaves of the polar willow) are preserved in leather bags - wineskins, filled with melted fat. In winter, they are used as a seasoning for meat. Morjatina, stewed in small pieces in fat with willow leaves, is a dish that would do honor to the most refined metropolitan restaurant. However, you will not find it in restaurants, but whale cutlets and boiled whale skin (you can also eat it raw) are sometimes found in local canteens. Dozens of dishes are obtained from different parts of the walrus: boiled tongue, boiled intestines, jelly from flippers, blood dumplings, jerky with fat, etc.

In the tundra and taiga, mushrooms grow in abundance - russula, boletus, boletus. Deer are very fond of mushrooms, and in mushroom places it is difficult to graze them - in search of delicacies, they scatter in all directions. Locals traditionally do not eat mushrooms. However, in the second half of the 20th century, under the influence of the Russians, they began to dry and salt them in reserve and for sale.

In the nutrition of the peoples of the North since the 30-40s. XX century. significant changes have taken place. Today even reindeer herders and hunters cannot live a day without bread, cereals, tea, salt and sugar. The habit of sweets affects the health of children and young people: before, local residents did not have caries at all, but now many suffer from it from an early age.

HOUSING OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH

Reindeer herders and fishermen, as a rule, roam and settle in three or four villages of almost all the peoples of the North - plague ... Chum is a conical tent several meters high. It is based on 16-20 long poles converging tops. The chum is covered with nukes - bedspreads made of reindeer skins, tarpaulins, or some other waterproof fabric. Poles and nu-ki are transported from place to place on a sleigh pulled by reindeer. On the wet, grassy tundra, sledges ride in the summer, without any snow, only the reindeer are harnessed more than in winter, usually four in a row.

Placing a chum is considered a woman's business, and two or three women can do it in less than an hour. A fire is burning in the middle of the chum, or there is a tin stove. To the right and to the left of the entrance, on matting made of willow branches, covered with skins, there are beds. Opposite the entrance there is a sacred place where there is a chest with valuables, bags with amulets hang, and the baptized have icons. If the stove goes out, it immediately becomes very cold in the tent, so you have to sleep either dressed, covered with skins, or in warm fur sleeping bags.

For fishermen, plague can be covered not with skins, but with a vice - plates sewn from yellow-brown pieces of boiled birch bark. Fishermen move from place to place in summer in boats, in winter - on sledges with a dog sled, and in last years- on snowmobiles. Evenks roam on reindeer.

Dolgans and other Taimyr reindeer herders often live not in tents, but in ravines. Beams - a rack frame house, covered with skins and canvas. Inside, it looks like a carriage compartment: bunk beds, a table, a small iron stove. Such a house is placed on a wide, strong sleigh, and four or five reindeer transport it. Initially, this type of dwelling was invented by Russian merchants who traveled around the tundra with goods.

For the Chukchi and Koryak reindeer breeders, it is not the chum, but the yaranga that serves as a dwelling place. Yaranga the plague is much wider, it has a more complex wooden frame.

Inside, two rooms are distinguished - a cold one at the entrance (here they prepare food and do household chores) and a warm back one. The back part is entirely occupied by a canopy - a canopy sewn from skins, suspended at the back wall. When the canopy is lowered, it is warm under it, and people sit without outer clothing. Sleep in the canopy. If it gets stuffy, the air supply is regulated with the help of a leather sleeve at the top of the canopy, it plays the role of a window.

In the chum and yaranga, in nomadic conditions, you can live quite comfortably, you just need to be able to equip your life. Modern boys and girls who spend the winter in dormitories of boarding schools from 8 to 18 years old and return to their parents in fishing and reindeer herding camps only for the summer do not have a good command of the special skills necessary for this. Therefore, they often find it difficult and unwilling to join the traditional economy.

WHY NORTHERN PEOPLES ARE DISAPPEARING

Small nations differ from large nations not only in numbers. It is more difficult for them to maintain their identity. A Chinese man can come to Helsinki, marry a Finnish woman, live there with her all his life, but he will remain Chinese until his days, and will not become a Finn. Moreover, even in his children, there will probably be a lot of Chinese, and this is manifested not only in external appearance, but much deeper - in the peculiarities of psychology, behavior, tastes (at least just culinary). If any of the Sami people find themselves in a similar situation - they live on the Kola Peninsula, in Northern Norway and in Northern Finland - then, despite the proximity to his native places, after some time he will essentially become a Finn.

This is the case with the peoples of the North and Far East of Russia. They preserve their national identity as long as they live in the villages, are engaged in traditional farming. If they leave their native places, break away from their own people, then they dissolve in another and become Russians, Yakuts, Buryats - depending on where they go and how life will turn out. Therefore, their number is almost not growing, although the birth rate is quite high. In order not to lose national identity, you need to live among your people, in its original habitat.

Of course, small peoples have intelligentsia - teachers, artists, scientists, writers, doctors. They live in the county or regional center, but in order not to lose touch with their native people, they need to spend a lot of time in the villages.

In order to preserve small peoples, it is necessary to maintain a traditional economy. This is the main difficulty. Reindeer pastures are shrinking due to growing oil and gas production, seas and rivers are polluted, so fishing cannot develop. Demand for reindeer meat and furs is falling. The interests of the indigenous population and regional authorities, large companies, simply local poachers collide, and in such a conflict, the power is not on the side of small nations.

At the end of the XX century. the leadership of the districts and republics (especially in Yakutia, in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts) began to pay more attention to the problems of preserving the national culture. Festivals of cultures of small peoples have become regular, at which storytellers perform, rituals are performed, and sports competitions are held.

All over the world, the well-being, standard of living, and the preservation of the culture of small national minorities (Indians in America, Aboriginal Australia, Ainu Japan, etc.) are part of the country's business card and serve as an indicator of its progressiveness. Therefore, the significance of the fate of the small peoples of the North for Russia is incomparably greater in comparison with their small number, which is only 0.1% of the country's population.

MAMMONTH IN THE LEADERSHIP AND TALES OF THE HUNTS AND MANSI

The Finno-Ugric peoples have legends about the mammoth - an animal that became extinct hundreds of thousands of years ago. This image is especially often found in the folklore of the Ob Ugrians - Khanty and Mansi. In their view, a mammoth is a very large ("like five or six moose"), powerful and strong animal. He is afraid of sun rays and therefore he lives underground, and he makes his way with “horns,” that is, with tusks. He eats plants and earth. It is no coincidence that the name of the outlandish beast in the languages ​​of the Khanty and Mansi literally means "deer-samey lands". And the Nenets, the neighbors of the Ob Ugrians, call it "the land of the bull". They have stories about his underground roar. Such natural phenomena, as the formation of river channels, collapses of banks during floods, crackling of ice during ice drift and even earthquakes.

The mammoth of the Ob Ugrians is similar to the Indrik-beast from Russian legends: "The beast lives across the ocean-sea. And the beast passes through the dungeon like a clear sun through the skies. It passes all the white-stone mountains ...".

The nature and origin of the amazing beast was explained in different ways. There was an idea that the mammoth is not some special animal - other animals or fish are reincarnated into it with age: moose, bears, pikes. According to one of the beliefs, an elk in old age, having lost its teeth and horns, migrates underground or under water. There he changes outwardly: new horns grow, but not branched, but straight ones. During the traditional Bear Festival, a figurine of a mammoth, fashioned from dough, was placed in front of the face of a bear killed during a ritual hunt, into which, as the Ob Ugrians believed, the spirit of the killed beast passes over. Figures of deer and elk were also placed in front of the bear, hoping that, having turned into an underground mammoth, it would send good luck on the hunt and ensure a good offspring of deer.

In the view of the Ob Ugrians, the mammoth is also associated with the water element. Known images of hybrid monsters - mammoth pike or mammoth fish. According to the Mansi beliefs, a mammoth appeared in the place where the river foamed and waves rose. If a boat gets there, it will turn over. It was believed that a mammoth could eat a person. Even today, no fish is caught in such dangerous places.

One of the characters in the legends of the Khanty and Mansi is the Obskoy old man, or the Obskoy master. The success of the fishing industry and the fate of people sailing along the river depend on it. The old man, as it is told in the source of the early 17th century, could drive fish from the sea to the Ob, and he attracted it with the help of a metal pipe resembling a trunk. Its head was crowned with two horns. In this description, the Ob old man is very reminiscent of a mammoth.

Stories about the underground mammoth beast are known to many peoples Northern Eurasia... In Western Siberia, they are common among Russians. According to scientists, such ideas did not arise by chance. People found bones and tusks in the ground that were striking in their extraordinary size. Such finds gave rise to the idea of ​​giant animals that invisibly lived underground or under water. However, another explanation is possible. In the form of fantastic legends about mammoths, northern hunters have preserved stories that passed from mouth to mouth about the times when these animals still roamed the earth, inspiring terror and reverence with their power.

TRADITIONAL SUIT N A N A J C E V

Traditional Nanai costume - a dressing gown with a right-wrap-around hem, narrow and short pants and leggings (part of a garment such as gaiters) ... The women wore a bib with metal pendants under the robe. Winter shoes (it was worn over fur or leather stockings) was made of fish skin, and the summer one was made of boar. In the cold, they wore fur hats with earmuffs, and in the warmer months, birch bark hats. F womens hats , especially winter ones, differed from men: they wore either a quilted hat on cotton like a helmet and with a knob on the crown, or felt hats in the form of a cap with the edges bent upwards.

The sable hunter's costume was peculiar. Its most original details are a richly embroidered cap with earmuffs topped with a sable or squirrel tail, and an apron decorated with multicolored fabric stripes.

The men adopted the custom of shaving the front of the head from temple to temple from their neighbors, the Man Chzhurs, and braiding the rest of the hair in a braid. Women, following the example of the Manchus, braided two braids and laid them around their heads.

CLOTHING CHUK CH E Y

The cold climate largely determined and determines the peculiarities of the Chukchi clothing. The outer garment was deaf, that is, without a longitudinal slit in the front or back. They sewed it from the skins of young deer and seals. Men put on a double fur shirt to their knees on their naked bodies: the lower one - with fur inside, the upper one - with fur outside. ... The hem, sleeves, and collars of the kuhlyanka (as the Russians called this type of clothing) were sheathed with dog or wolverine fur. The pants were also made double: the upper ones were made of deer fur or sealskin, the lower ones were made of deer skins. Shoes worn with fur stockings. The kukhlyanka was girded with a belt and a knife and pouch were hung from it. Summer clothes and shoes were made of rovduga (suede) and seal skins. V rainy weather the Chukchi, who lived on the coast, wore waterproof clothing made from walrus intestines.

Even in winter, the Chukchi often walked bareheaded, and wore a hat only on the road. These little caps with headphones left the crown of the head open. During the storms, a suede hoodie with a hood saved me.

For infants, the Chukchi invented special overalls. Sleeves and trousers were sewn up tightly for warmth; a hole was cut in the pants, which was closed with a special valve, and a bed of dry moss or deer hair was placed on the valve.

The Chukchi were famous for tattooing: the thread was rubbed with soot or gunpowder and tugged under the skin. Men drew a pattern (small circles) around the edges of the mouth, while women drew two straight lines on the nose and forehead and several lines on the chin. It was believed that a tattoo sheds evil spirits, and helps childless women get rid of infertility.

Men usually shaved the top of their heads, leaving the hair at the forehead and on the back of the head - a hoop of hair was obtained.

Women often braided their hair in two braids, and the ends were tied tightly with a strap.

TRADITIONAL CLOTHING E V E N K O V

Evenk traditional outerwear - caftan ... They sewed it from deer skins, and so that the raindrops rolled down without penetrating inside, a fringe of goat fur was inserted into the shoulder seam. A fur bib was worn under the caftan. The festive bib was made of rovduga (suede) and decorated with bead patterns. In more severe areas, in the forest-tundra, deaf fur clothes were worn over the caftan - soku and. The male costume did not differ much from the female one, mainly in some features of the cut and the amount of jewelry.

The headdress was made from the skin from the head of a deer ... The skin was pulled out in the shape of a person's head and dried; the holes from the eyes and horns were sewn up and decorated with beads, the edges were sheathed with leather. The Evenks also wore caps like a bonnet, trimmed with fur. To the south of Nizhnaya Tunguska, men tied scarves folded in a wide bundle around their forehead and back of the head. In winter, a long scarf made of the tails of fur-bearing animals was wrapped around the neck and head.

Evenk shoes so well adapted for long journeys through the taiga that neighboring peoples adopted it. They sew high fur boots (this is the name of this type of shoe on The far north and in Siberia) from rovduga, cloth, leather, kamus (skin from a deer's leg). High fur boots can be short (to the ankle) and long (cover the entire leg). In winter, high fur boots are worn with fur stockings.

Forty percent of the inhabitants of Siberia and the Far East want to go to live somewhere else. The rapidly emptying east of Russia, which has been mastered with such difficulty, the "treasury of the country", storing three quarters of all its resources, which no one wants to develop, is a problem at the federal level. The newly created Ministry for the Development of the Far East has not yet presented any coherent strategy on how to breathe life into this region; all statements boil down to separate large-scale undertakings such as the construction of BAM-2 or a bridge to Sakhalin. But the builders of BAM-1, who were left to live along the highway, could tell a lot about why such projects ultimately lead nowhere and why the region should be developed systematically and meaningfully. Large, but separate raw material industries (territorial-industrial complexes, as they were called in the USSR) are not enough here - you will have to develop a normal, full-fledged economy.

Point of departure and point of no return

Today, all the problems of Siberia and the Far East, which account for 60% of the country's territory, can be summed up in one word: they are leaving. Now only 25 million people live here. And although in almost all regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts fertility and mortality indicators correspond to all-Russian trends (in Tuva, the fertility rate is completely identical to the “Caucasian” one), the population of the region is decreasing from census to census (see Graph 1). Moreover, if Russia as a whole from 1989 to 2010 lost 3.5% of the population, then the Siberian Federal District - 8.6%, and the Far Eastern Federal District and 20% altogether. And the point is not in the increased mortality, but in migration from the east to other regions (see graphs 2 and 3). That is, if in Russia as a whole we see a migration increase in the amount of 13 people per 10 thousand inhabitants, then in the Siberian and Far Eastern districts, a migration outflow was recorded.

As a result, according to Rosstat data, the population of the regions that make up the current Far Eastern Federal District, in new Russia decreased by 1.7 million people, and in some, the migration balance even exceeded all conceivable values. So, in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, this figure is equal to 168 people who left per thousand living, in the neighboring Magadan region - 120. As a result, the population of the region decreased by more than two times (from 392 to 157 thousand people), and in Chukotka by more than three times. (from 164 to 51 thousand people) - figures, as it is fashionable to say, unthinkable for peacetime.

“A serious outflow of the population from the Far East took place immediately after the collapse of the USSR - then up to 60 percent of the population left some cities,” says First Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Asian-Pacific Bank SergeyTyrtsev... - Whole villages left, military units were disbanded. Now the Far East has its own migration - for people who live in Chukotka, Kamchatka, Magadan, the “continents” where they would like to go are the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territory... At the same time, many of them leave for the south of Russia, and Moscow for many active people remains the goal of their life. "

Depopulation could not help but sk

According to researchers from different regions, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this area in the late Paleolithic era. It was this time that was characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a trade.

Today, most of the tribes and peoples of this region are small and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of ​​the geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, features of the language and housekeeping will be given in the article.

Understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, possibly, awaken in readers an interest in travel and unusual impressions.

Ethnogenesis

The Mongoloid type of man is represented practically throughout the entire territory of Siberia. It is considered its homeland. After the glacier began to retreat, people with such facial features settled in the region. In that era, cattle breeding was not yet developed to a significant extent, therefore, hunting became the main occupation of the population.

If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tunguska, Mongolian and Turkic languages ​​on the one hand - and Samoyed Ugric on the other.

Socio-economic features

The peoples of Siberia and the Far East before the development of this region by the Russians basically had a similar way of life. First, tribal relations were widespread. Traditions were kept within the framework of individual settlements, marriages tried not to spread outside the tribe.

Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large waterway nearby, then there were often settlements of sedentary fishermen, who developed agriculture. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding, for example, reindeer herding was very widespread.

It is convenient to breed these animals not only because of meat, unpretentiousness in food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed such peoples as, for example, the Evenks, to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.

After coming to these territories firearms the way of life has changed significantly.

Spiritual realm of life

The ancient peoples of Siberia are still adherents of shamanism. Although over many centuries it has undergone various changes, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.

Most of the remaining tribes were formally baptized after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we drive through the villages and settlements where the small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. Most adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovation, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.

Especially these facets of life are manifested on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs are encountered. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of a particular tribe.

Aleuts

They call themselves Unangan, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total population barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.

Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them to be an independent ethnic formation, others - that they stood out from among the Eskimos.

Before this people got acquainted with Orthodoxy, of which they are adherents today, the Aleuts professed a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shamanic costume was in the form of a bird, and the spirits of various elements and phenomena were represented by wooden masks.

Today they worship a single god, which in their language is called Agugum and is a complete compliance with all the canons of Christianity.

Within the territory of Russian Federation, as we will see later, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live only in one settlement - the village of Nikolskoye.

Itelmens

The self-name comes from the word "Itenmen", which means "the person who lives here", local, in other words.

You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is a little more than three thousand people, judging by the 2002 census.

By appearance they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.

The original religion is animism and fetishism, the Raven was considered the first ancestor. It is customary to bury the dead at the Itelmens according to the rite of "air burial". The deceased is suspended before decay in a tree house or laid on a special platform. Not only nations can boast of this tradition Eastern Siberia, in ancient times it was distributed even in the Caucasus and North America.

The most common trade is fishing and hunting for coastal mammals such as seals. Besides, gathering is widespread.

Kamchadals

Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines, an example of this can be the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nationality, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.

Their language is Russian with admixtures of local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan Region, and the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates around two and a half thousand people.

Actually, as such, Kamchadals appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and merchants were strenuously establishing contacts with the locals, some of them entered into marriages with Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.

Thus, the descendants of precisely these inter-tribal unions bear the name of Kamchadals today.

Koryaks

If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place in the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.

In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves soapy or chavchuven. According to the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.

Kamchatka, Chukotka and Magadan Oblast are the territories of residence of the representatives of these tribes.

If classified based on lifestyle, they are divided into coastal and tundra.

The first are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in sea crafts - fishing and hunting for seals. Kereks are close to them in culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a settled life.

The second are the nomads of the Chavchiv (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in the Penzhinskaya Bay, Taigonos and adjacent territories.

A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, is the yarangi. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.

Muncie

If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, one cannot fail to mention the Ural-Yukaghir region. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.

The self-designation of this people is "Mensy" or "Voguls". "Mansi" in their language means "man".

This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Uralic and Ugric tribes in the Neolithic era. The former were sedentary hunters, the latter were nomadic herders. This duality of culture and economy continues to this day.

The earliest contacts with western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get to know the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, the colonization policy intensifies. By the end of the seventeenth century they were pushed to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.

Today there are two phratries in this people. The first is called Por, he considers the Bear to be his ancestor, and the Urals make up its basis. The second is called Mos, its founder is the woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross marriages between phratries are recognized. Only a few indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have this tradition.

Nanai

In ancient times they were known under the name of Golds, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.

Judging by the population census, there are slightly more than twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the territory of the Russian Federation and China. The language is Nanai. On the territory of Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is used, in China - the language is unwritten.

These peoples of Siberia became famous thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scholars consider them to be the ancestors of the settled farmers of the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanai simply came to these lands.

In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people turned out to be citizens of two states overnight.

Nenets

When listing the peoples, it is impossible not to dwell on the Nenets. This word, like many names of the tribes of these territories, means "man". Judging by the data of the All-Russian Population Census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to theirs. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

They are divided into two groups. The first is tundra, the majority of which are, the second is forest (there are few of them left). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one will not understand the other.

Like all peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets have the features of both Mongoloids and Caucasians. Moreover, the closer to the east, the fewer European signs remain.

The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. The main dish is corned beef, but the cuisine is replete with raw meat from cows and deer. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not have scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.

Chukchi

If you think about what peoples lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from the point of view of anthropology, we will see several ways of settling. Some tribes came from Central Asia others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are locals.

The Chukchi, or luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmen and Eskimos and have facial features, as in It prompts reflections on their origin.

They met Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for over a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.

The Anyui fortress, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr fortress, became an important trading point. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.

A richer group of Chukchi - the Chauchu (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they roamed in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.

Eskimos

The self-name of this people is Inuit, and the word "Eskimo" means "one who eats raw fish." So they were called by the neighbors of their tribes - the American Indians.

Researchers distinguish this people into a special "arctic" race. They are very adapted to life in this area and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.

Judging by the 2002 census, there are only about two thousand people in the Russian Federation. Most of them live in Canada and Alaska.

The Inuit religion is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.

For exotic lovers, it will be interesting to learn about the igunaka. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who hasn't eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a slaughtered deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under pressure from gravel for several months.

Thus, in this article we have studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, economy and culture.

MOSCOW, March 3 - RIA Novosti. The population of the Siberian and Far Eastern parts of Russia has decreased by 2 million people over the past 20 years due to internal migration to the western and central parts of the Russian Federation, the trend is unlikely to change in the coming years, says the report of the Institute of Demography of the State University - Higher School of Economics "Migration in the Development of Russia". prepared as part of the finalization of the "Strategy-2020".

The need to finalize the provisions of Russia's economic strategy for the period up to 2020 appeared after the crisis of 2008-2009, which seriously affected economic indicators and forecasts. The strategy adjustment work was entrusted to a group of experts who represent High school Economics (HSE) and the Academy of National Economy (ANKh). The group includes, among other things, the rector of the Academy of National Economy Vladimir Mau and the scientific director of the Higher School of Economics, ex-Minister of Economy of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Yasin. A meeting will be held at the HSE on Saturday, March 5 expert group on the topic "Labor market, professional education, migration policy. "Head of the Department of Demography Mikhail Denisenko will make a keynote speech.

"The districts of the eastern part of the country are steadily losing population, while the western ones are attracting migrants. In 1990-2009 alone, as a result of the so-called" western drift, "the migration losses of the regions of Siberia and the Far East amounted to 2 million people," the report says.

After the crisis in the early 1990s, Moscow's attractive role not only recovered, but also increased. The capital region, thanks to migration, is steadily growing by 100-130 thousand people a year, and the leading role is played not by international, but by interregional migrants, the document says.

"So far, no reason is clear why the western drift of the Russian population could be stopped or, even more so, reversed. In the country, unlike in previous decades, there are simply no resources that could be directed" to the east, "they came to to the conclusion of the authors of the report.

Demographic considerations do not allow us to expect significant changes in the territorial mobility of Russian labor resources, the speakers believe. With a general decline in the working-age population in the coming decades, the contingents of young people (17-29 years old) will decrease especially strongly, and it is at this age that the peak of territorial mobility is noted. Only by changing the structure of the population within the working age (reducing the proportion of young people), the migration activity of the population will decrease by 9% by 2025.

Territorial mobility of labor for Russian market labor is low, this well-known fact was once again confirmed by studies of the mobility of the unemployed during the economic crisis. With the assistance of the territorial bodies of Rostrud in October 2008, 2,525 thousand were interviewed, and in December 2009 - 2,747 thousand unemployed and job seekers applying to employment centers. All regions of Russia took part in the survey.

Among the unemployed and people looking for work with the assistance of employment agencies, only 11-13% of the respondents were ready to look for work outside their region, and 4% of the respondents had clearly expressed intentions to move to another region.

Even with the provision of well-paid work and housing, the share of those wishing to move "for work" did not rise above 24%. At the same time, the amount of wages that would be attractive during relocation should be on average 3-4 times higher than at the last place of work, and for relocation to the regions of Siberia and the Far East, the expected wages should be 5-6 times higher than at the last place of work. In addition, the majority of respondents are ready to move while maintaining the same housing conditions or the possibility of improving them, the report says.