A new approach to waste: what modern waste disposal methods are in demand in Russia. New technologies for processing household and waste production in the modern world The use of physical and chemical processing methods
Processing of garbage is one of the ways to dispose of it. The most promising and rational. Meanwhile, neclacial and burial and burning are actively used (albeit due to the economy for disposal, as well as in view of the waste themselves).
All waste is divided into 5 hazard classes. Grade 1 is the most harmful. To obtain the right to work with waste, it is necessary to obtain a license. The main classical methods for utilizing garbage: burning and disposal. We separately identify processing as the most interesting and promising method of waste disposal.
Disposal of household waste - Methods
Recycling
Recycling is the developing and most promising method for utilizing waste both industrial and household. Hundreds of waste are processed. For instance:
- The used car tires with the help of the crusher are crushed into the crumb, then rubber coatings, decorative mulch, etc. rubber, and other are produced in special reactors at a temperature of 4500 ° C.
- Lamps - mainly in the use of mercury-containing lamps, so they require special processing.
- On the processing and disposal of construction waste, the disposal of sand.
- Recycling of vehicles + processing of nonwoven materials.
- Paper waste: In the hydraulic devices, they are dissolved on fibers, by filtration, precipitation, thermomechanical processing are purified from impurities. Then there is a discoloration and formation of paper mass. By reuse, cardboard is made, toilet paper, fuel briquettes, etc. A separate procedure is provided for the disposal of official documents.
- Exhaust oils (motor, hydraulic, compression, etc.) - purified and regenerated with industrial installations. It is possible to obtain both oil and diesel fuel. However, the spent little is used in special furnaces for heating + filter disposal.
- Metal waste is collected, sorted (large parts are cut and pressed) and the mirror will be released again into production.
- Exhaust batteries: First, the housing is cut, then the electrolyte is drained. By melting, metal and plastic are separated, with further use of components.
- Processing of polymers, plastic waste - processed into granules, which are used in further production (plastic bottles, film).
Work in the plastic processing workshop. Manual sorting: Mountains are brought plastic bottles And the sorters are manually divided by them, remove the covers.
- Household and Org equipment sorted, separated parts containing drag. Metals, plastic, metal. How to order office equipment utilization. Promotional attention is paid to the processing of the cable.
- Old furniture disassemble and sort the details based on materials.
- Wood waste, chips, sawdust processed in pellets or heating briquettes.
- Batteries disassembled into components, each of which has its prospects for further use.
- Galvanic waste requires special accuracy due to their toxicity.
- Glass crushed and interpret.
- Fat waste is processed into solid mass.
- Solvents and paints and varnishes can be used as fuel (after processing and only in some cases, since the material is very poisonous).
Equipment for garbage disposal
The utilization of garbage, which is not recycled and further use, occurs in various ways.
Equipment for burning waste
The burning is made in special furnaces that are several species.
For burning solid household waste MSW installations are used, for waste of agriculture, for example, sunflower seed husks, and utilization boilers.
In medicine, a small apparatus is used - the burner of the needle. It is used to ensure that the used syringes are not reused. This burner is running from the electrical network and burns the needle in 2-3 seconds.
Recyclars are used everywhere in industry. These are whole complexes that destroy the sludge, cellulose waste and the refinery in large volumes. Heat that is produced during burning is used to heat the rooms, and other technical needs.
Waste disposal equipment
The disposal of waste is made on special polygons. They are outside the settlements, in places where groundwater is not suitable for the surface of the earth and there are no reservoirs.
The main equipment during the burial of garbage - bulldozers and rollers seals. This technique allows the use of space as rationally as possible, sealing garbage.
The burial is subject to waste that cannot be recycled or disposed by other paths. It may be construction garbage, woodworking industry waste, as well as hazardous materials containing mercury, lead, suleix and others chemical substances. Radioactive substances are refined on separate polygons where strict security monitoring is performed for the environment.
The burial should be made on a strictly defined technology, for which it is necessary to special equipment. The burial installation is a technique for transporting waste, the unit for placing them into the container, and the subsequent room in the pit. There are equipment for solid, liquid and dry waste.
Before the burial, some chemicals need to be neutralized. Neutralization is made by chemical reactions in special bunkers or thermally in thermal chambers. Such chambers do not burn waste, but make them safe for humans and nature with high temperatures.
Cleaning industrial emissions
Industry in huge volumes processes a variety of raw materials. At the output of technological processes, not only the final product appears, but also waste - liquid, solid and gaseous.
The main requirement for technologies and equipment for processing waste is not the assumption of harmful substances into the environment in quantities above the permissible concentration. Almost all enterprises for cleaning waste use complex sequential purification methods, including mechanical, physicochemical, electrochemical, chemical and biological components.
Sewage treatment
Purification of waste from insoluble impurities is made by hydromechanical means - filtering, upholding, capturing, by filing, treatment of suspended particles in centrifuge.
These processes are provided fairly easy to use equipment - sumps, grids, grids, sandplants, centrifuges, hydrocyclones (or sand separators). The design features of such devices are bound primarily with water discharge volumes. Accordingly, these volumes are designed for wastewater storage drives used to ensure a closed production cycle.
Purification of waste from soluble impurities is made by chemical methods - neutralization (for example, acids are mutually neutralized with alkalis with losing a solid less dangerous precipitate), coagulation, when emulsions and dispersed substances are deposited by salts of some metals, oxidation by oxidizing agents - oxygen, ozone, potassium permanganate and T.P. To reduce the harmfulness of substances, flocculation - precipitation of flakes of substances with starch.
Small-dispersed impurities and dissolved gases are removed from water by physico-chemical methods - the saturation of wastewater, using absorbents, ionization.
Side impurities may be present in wastewater, which are valuable raw materials for other industries. Such impurities are isolated by the electrochemical method by means of electrolyzers. Also such methods are despicable sea waterPurified radioactive water.
Biological purification is performed by bacteria living in oxygen or oxygen-free medium.
Purification of atmospheric emissions
Purification of atmospheric gaseous and dust-containing industrial emissions occurs in several stages. The main components of such emissions are dust (weighted solid particles), fog (suspended particles of liquids), smoke (gases, extremely small particles of substance or condensing aerosols), mixed aerosols (consisting of three previous components. Cleaning occurs sequentially - from larger particles - Dust, to the smallest - loves.
At the first stage of cleaning, dust collectors are used, the following mechanical purification of emissions in the so-called cyclones or dust chambers occurs. Next step - wet mechanical cleaning - occurs in gasparmers different designsacting on different absorbents. The choice of the active substance depends on the properties of the extracted substance. For example, carbon dioxide is absorbed by ammonia solution. Last steps - dry filtration. It uses fabric, biological and electrical filters. Electrofalters are precipitated the smallest smoke particles on the electrodes due to their ionization with a corona discharge.
Cleaning solid waste
Depending on the nature and physical properties of the recyclable waste, they are burned, processed in special biogenerators by means of microorganisms, hydrolysis and fermentation - as follows, ethanol from cellulose wastes are obtained. Most. effective way Purification is pyrolysis - high-temperature decomposition of the substance on components with a lack of oxygen. For industrial pyrolysis, tubular pyrolysis reactors are used.
Recovery of emissions
An important aspect of waste purification, often used on an industrial scale - recovery, that is, the inclusion of production waste into a closed production cycle after appropriate purification. Structurally recovery installations differ significantly depending on the industry.
Nadezhda Alekseeva
This year in Russia it is planned to begin construction of several incinerate factories: four enterprises should appear in the Moscow region, one thing in Tatarstan. In Crimea, according to the Minister of Construction and Housing and Communalishing Mikhail Me, from 2017 to 2019, five such factories will be erected, and the garbage points in the republic will open. Environmental organizations are protesting against flaring solid household waste (MSW) and argue that such a way to eliminate them may damage environment. However, experts do not support Eco -activists. When a culture of separate garbage collection can be formed in the country and what new utilization methods are applied today - in the RT material.
- RIA News
Trash landscape
On January 1, the year of ecology started in Russia. To improve the environmental situation in the country, you must first get rid of garbage dumpswho are expanding for many kilometers from the year. The problem is noticeable not only to the expert community - according to the results of recently a survey, Russians called the cluster of household garbage the most dangerous to the environment factor. Such an answer was given 44% of respondents.
In early January of the current year, the Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Crimea Gennady Naraiov said that the Waste Disposal Plant will appear in the region. A preliminary agreement on construction was achieved during the negotiations between representatives of the regional authorities and the company RT-Invest (the subsidiary of the State Corporation Rostech). For the peninsula, the issue of garbage disposal is sharp - the region always experiences additional load in tourist season. On the need for the construction of a waste-incompeted plant in September last year, a special representative of the President of the Russian Federation on environmental activities, ecology and transport Sergei Ivanov said.
- Sergey Ivanov
- RIA News
On Friday, February 10, the Federal Minister of Construction and Housing and Communal Services Mikhail Meni voiced plans for the construction of garbage incorporation plants in Crimea at once for three years.
Nobody has ever been involved in the problem of waste disposal of waste, the utilization of garbage was carried out by the method of depositing (warehousing) in landfills - this practice is widespread in most subjects of the Russian Federation.
According to November, which voiced Sergey Ivanov, about 100 billion tons of various wastes accumulated in Russia.
The total area of \u200b\u200bgarbage polygons is more than 500 square kilometers, including unauthorized landfills representing the greatest danger. To date, alternative deposition in Russia is disposed of only about 5% of all MSW.
- RIA News
According to Greenpeace, six incineration plants work in the country.
At the same time, the total damage from bad ecology reaches 15% of GDP in Russia.
In December 2016, the Government submitted the project "Clean Country", whose goal is to create effective system Processing and disposal of garbage. According to Dmitry Medvedev, during the implementation of the project, it is planned to build five thermal processing facilities, one plant will be built in Tatarstan and four more - in the Moscow region.
The Swiss-Japanese-Japanese company Hitachi Zosen Inova will take part in the implementation of the project on the construction of garbage incorporation plants in Russia. The concern has already built about 600 waste disposal enterprises in the world. On average, a plant with two waste-marginal lines is able to dispose of up to 400 thousand tons of non-hazardous waste per year. An integral part of this process is energy generation.
As Sergey Ivanov noted in an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, modern waste-inflating enterprises utilize MSW with zero emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, the degree of purification reaches 90-95%.
"Green" protest
Government plans for the construction of incinerate plants, as expected, outraged green. So, in January, representatives of several environmental NPOs announced the formation of a coalition, which will counteract the construction of plants for thermal disposal of MSW. In this union included Greenpeace in Russia, the "Separate Collection" movement and others. According to activists, the burning of garbage will inevitably lead to an emission of such hazardous substances such as dioxins, especially since the garbage burning in the country is not pre-sorted.
- Garbage tanks installed on the territory of the Elk Island
- globallookpress.com.
- Eva Steinlein / DPA
However, the incineration plants continue to work not only in Russia, but also abroad. For example, in Germany, about 90 factors for thermal disposal of household garbage are operated. And this is despite the fact that the country is strongly the influence of the green, which even managed to achieve the refusal of the use of nuclear power.
While the main way to dispose of solid household waste in Russia is burning in layer furnaces in grate. This technology will be used in new factories, the construction of which is only planned. In the justification submitted in 2012 by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, it states that such a processing method is not only the most profitable compared to others, but also does not harm ecology (subject to the use of modern filters). The document says that such a method of utilization of garbage does not imply its pretreatment, and this is an important factor for the stability of the reaction. In order to fulfill full hurry, in gratecases used natural gas: This allows you to achieve the necessary temperature.
In addition, alternative heat utilization technologies are being introduced - pyrolysis (decomposition under the influence of high temperature without access of oxygen) and plasma pyrolysis. The last method involves the heating of garbage to temperatures of about 2000 ° C in plasma torment, as a result of which the waste disintegrates to an atomic state, turning into pyrolysis gas and safe glass slag for ecology. Gas can be used for chemical synthesis, as well as energy. Such methods are more environmentally friendly than simple burning on grate, but have not yet been widespread due to the complex technological process. However, on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", a complex for the disposal of MSW with the help of high-temperature plasma technologies has been created.
The main thing is to control
Are the fears of eco -activists reasonable?
According to the experts, with whom RT, the incinerate plants do not pose a danger to ecology - but only subject to strict adherence to all technological standards and the use of modern equipment.
As RT explained Senior Researcher, the Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University Yuriy Rutchakov, dioxins can be formed directly during the combustion process of MBS, in which there are chlorine-containing components (primarily PVC plastic) if the combustion temperatures are below 850-1100 ° C. In addition, the formation of dioxins is possible during insufficiently fast cooling of hot waste gases in which the burned waste is transferred.
That is why the key role in the environmental safety of the incineratory plant plays modern system Gas cleaning, the cost of which can reach up to 60-70% of the cost of the entire complex on the combustion of MSW.
Many incinerate plants introduce injection systems - this is instant gas cooling. Thus, the temperature range in which dioxins are most likely the formation of dioxins, it is partly possible to avoid. After the gas passes through the cooling system, it enters the gas cleaning system consisting of a large number of different devices.
"In the event that all the production regulations are strictly observed, including timely maintenance and replacement of the elements of the gas cleaning system, strict requirements for organizing sanitary protection zones are maintained, it can be said that the incinerator plants are relatively safe in terms of harmful emissions," RT said Yuriy . - To date, taking into account the current waters with the utilization of MSW in metropolisms, there is no real alternative to burning waste, although the development of more advanced utilization techniques is maintained. "
If there is no proper control by the supervisory authorities, the leadership of such enterprises often occurs to the temptation to save on the replacement of filters. Therefore, inspections and environmental monitoring in this field should be carried out often and unscheduled - this will be the key to the fact that the burning of garbage will not damage the environment.
According to the expert, it is extremely important that, when burning garbage, not outdated Western technologies, but the most modern ones. In technical tasks for suppliers, rigid environmental requirements for the composition of exhaust (exhaust) gases should be formulated, in which case the risk of contamination of the atmosphere is minimized.
It should be noted that representatives of the Eco -activist community often say not only about the danger of emissions into the atmosphere, which occur during thermal utilization of garbage, but also on toxic ashes remaining after the combustion of MSW. At the same time, a lot of publications can be found on the network, the authors of which are offered to use such waste in construction.
"As for ash, remaining after the combustion of MSW, there are different opinions. Many scientific studies have shown that impurities of heavy metals and other dangerous elements remain in ashes, which can carry environmental risks for the environment. It needs to be disposed of and not allowing secondary use - unless after the glazed, which makes such waste insoluble, "the edges explained.
It should be noted that today such an ash is not used in most cases, but bursts on special polygons.
Question of culture
As an alternative to combustion, it is most often proposed to establish a separate collection of waste and their subsequent processing. However, the formation of a culture of separating waste collection, as well as the creation of the necessary infrastructure, takes time.
- globallookpress.com.
- DONA, S./arco Images GmbH
Russia still makes only the first steps in this direction, and for receiving tangible results may require years and even decades. During this time, in the absence of incineration complexes, the landfill can grow up to completely unacceptable sizes, which will result in serious consequences for ecology.
Of course, no one will deny the need to introduce a separate collection of garbage, including for more "pure" burning, but to submit it as the only alternative to today should not be. Moreover, not the entire amount of waste is recycled, and the remaining garbage still needs to be destroyed in some way.
"Garbage burning technology used in Russia is quite acceptable. Much depends on the quality of garbage sorting, unfortunately, we have not yet formed a culture of separate collection of waste, but the deputy chairman of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature Society Valentin Grakovich noted in an interview with RT. - Society must have access to information on the work of incinerate plants. It is not necessary to shout about the growing factories - it's just illiterate. The problem is just that they are slowly built in Russia. " The expert added that some environmental activists are protesting for the protest itself, without calculating the consequences.
"What Greenpeace offers is the path to nowhere. The biosphere will not forgive us if we wait for the moment when in Russia will begin massively sort garbage. We still will not leave for a separate collection of waste. In the same Switzerland, it was about 50 years old, "Strakovich stressed.
Enter .............................................................................2
Types of waste .................................................................. .4
Modern processing technologies ........................ .6
Concept of safe production ........................ ..9
Recycling in the Saratov region .............................. 11
Conclusion ............................................................... ... ........ 13
List of references ......................................................... ..14
Introduction
Currently, problems associated with an insufficient level of processing, neutralization, safe disposal of waste, exacerbate the ecological and sanitary and epidemiological situation in Russia. According to state policies in the field of environmental protection of the MPR of Russia, the most unfavorable situation is consisted in the Primorsky, Krasnodar Territories, Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Of the total mass of waste in the Russian Federation, 95% refer to V hazard class and are presented mainly by large-tonnage waste.
The greatest amount of production waste and consumption is accounted for by the Siberian Federal District - 62%, the smallest - to the South - 0.4%.
Waste - substances (or mixtures of substances) recognized as unsuitable for further use within the framework of existing technologies, or after the domestic use of products.
Recycling - reuse or return on the turnover of waste or garbage waste. The most common secondary, tertiary, etc. Processing in a particular scale of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic. Also with deep antiquity used in agriculture organic agricultural and domestic waste.
The recent realization of the crisis situation with the waste, with which our society faced, led to the fact that the management of waste from a secondary problem turned into a question of political debate. In someone who has a prospect of capital restructuring system of disposal causes a panic, but a new, more positive attitude to this problem is also formed. There is an increasing readiness to consider waste as a source of opportunities and look for solutions within a wider look, covering and changing climate, and resource management, and the revival of cities.
From the point of view of environmental pollution, the problem comes down to the question of what waste is. From the point of view of rational use of resources, this is the question of what is possible to turn waste. If we consider waste as pollutants, then they need control. However, if we consider them as a source of energy and materials, there are alternative solutions. One of these solutions is reduced to ensure that everything remains in old. Other solutions open the way to a new one.
Types of waste
Classification of waste
Waste differ:
by origin:
Production waste (industrial waste)
Consumption waste (utility domestic)
By aggregate state:
Gaseous
by the class of danger ( for humans and / or environmental environment)
The Russian Federation identifies the following classes of danger to the environment:
1y - extremely dangerous
2y - highly dangerous
3d - moderately dangerous
4th - low hazard
5th - practically non-hazardous
In Russia, there is a federal classifier for waste, in which each type of waste, depending on the source of its origin, is assigned an identification code.
Waste production
Industrial waste - solid, liquid and gaseous production waste obtained as a result of chemical, thermal, mechanical and other transformations of materials of natural and anthropogenic origin.
Waste of certain products - non-consistent residues of raw materials and / or in the course of technological processes of substances and energy that are not subjected to disposal.
Some of the waste, which can be used in the same production, is called return waste. This includes residues of raw materials and other types of material resources formed in the process of manufacturing goods (performance of work, providing services). Because of the partial loss of some consumer properties, return waste can be used in conditions with reduced product requirements, or with an increased consumption, sometimes they are not used for direct purpose, but only in the utility production (for example, automotive waste oils - for lubricating non-unique nodes Technique). At the same time, the remains of raw materials and other material values, which are transmitted to other units as a full-fledged raw material, in accordance with the technological process, as well as associated products obtained by the implementation of the technological process are not refundable.
Waste, which within the framework of this production cannot be used, but can be applied in other industries, referred to as secondary raw materials.
Waste, which at this stage of economic development is inexpedient. They form irretrievable losses, they are pre-neutralized in the case of danger and stamped on special funds.
In industrial ecology, under production, waste is understood by waste in a solid aggregate state ( some gaseous and liquid waste can switch to a solid phase, for example in filters or sumps). The same applies to consumption waste - industrial and domestic (Fig. 1).
Fig. one. Classification of the main types of solid waste
Waste consumption are products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or moral wear.
Industrial consumption waste is machines, machines and other outdated equipment of enterprises.
Domestic waste is waste resulting from the vital activity of people and removed by them as unwanted or useless. The solid household waste includes cardboard, newspaper, packaging or consumer paper, all kinds of packaging (wooden, glass, metal), which came out of use or losing consumer properties of items and products from wood, metal, leather, glass, plastics, textiles and other materials, broken or outdated household appliances - garbage, as well as agricultural and communal food waste - Garbage.
A special category of waste (mainly industrial) is radioactive waste (RW), which are formed during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as a fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, atomic submarines) and other purposes.
Much danger to the environment toxic waste, including part of the non-hazardous waste in their appearance, which acquire toxic properties during storage.
Modern technology recycling
Modern technologies for processing waste agro-industrial complex to obtain biogas
In an alternative energy, the bios mass is occupied by a special place ( organic agricultural and household waste) Methane fermentation to obtain biogas containing about 70% of methane, and disinfailed organic fertilizers. The most important disposal of biomass in agriculture, where a large amount of fuel is consumed on various technological needs and the need for high-quality fertilizers is continuously growing. In total, about 60 varieties of biogas technologies are currently used or developed. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide formed during the anaerobic ferrous process. The residue formed in the process of obtaining biogas contains a significant amount of organic substances and can be used as fertilizer. The preparation of biogas is economically justified and is preferable in the processing of a constant waste flow (stocking of animal farms, vegetable waste, etc.). Efficiency is in free source raw materials (waste), in a low-cost organization and management of their feed. The preparation of biogas is especially effective on agro-industrial complexes, where there is the possibility of a complete ecological cycle.
Getting biogas out organic Waste It has positive features:
1. High efficiency biogas can be used to produce heat and electrical energy;
2. Anaerobic recycling of waste of animal husbandry, crop production and active ral allows to obtain mineral fertilizers with a high content of nitric and phosphoric component (in contrast to traditional methods for the preparation of organic fertilizers, composting methods under which up to 30-40% of nitrogen are lost);
3. Disinfection of the residue and elimination of pathogenic microorganisms occurs, waste after anaerobic processing meets the requirements for the provision of nature conservation;
4. Biogas plants can be placed in any region of the country and do not require the construction of expensive gas pipelines and complex infrastructure;
5. Biogas plants can partially or completely replace small outdated boilers and provide electricity and warm-up nearby villages, villages.
Dehydration of solid household waste
Currently, the main technological process of neutralizing solid household waste is their combustion in devices of various types. The first enterprise in Russia, which implements a four-stage gas cleaning system, ensuring the requirements of European standards for emissions of harmful substances with smoke gases for incineration of MSW, was the Moscow Gas-In-region Plant No. 2 (MSZ No. 2). In the first stage of purification, high-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides to elementary nitrogen is carried out. In the second stage, the content in the flue gases of dioxins is reduced. In the third stage there is a process of neutralization of acidic gases (HCl, HF). In the fourth stage, flue gases are cleaned of dust.
Fig. 3. Scheme of the Technological line MSZ №2
On the fig. 3. The diagram of the waste cleaning line is shown. Solid household waste through the hopper is fed to the grille of the garbage growing boiler. The slags and ashs formed during the burning are transmitted to the slag processing workshop. The flue gases from the combustion zone enter the afterburning chamber, where the daisy of incomplete combustion products and the decomposition of chlororganic polycyclic compounds occur. The steam-incommated steam-income boilers with parameters 15kc \\ cm2 and 2400c goes to the own needs of the plant and is sent to the thermal insulation power station (TUES).
Tab. 1. The main parameters of the operation of the incineration boilers installed on MSZ No. 2.
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Flue gases, m 3 \\ h |
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Fig. 4. Technological scheme of the flue gas purification system from nitrogen oxides.
The developed control system performs the functions of automatic control and automated software and logic process control. The solution of these tasks is carried out by the intelligent control device - a microprocessor controller. The experience of operating the flue gas purification system showed that this system allows you to fully solve the task and maintain the concentration of NO in the flue gases after cleaning in the range from 30 to 70 mg \\ m3.
Recycling radioactive waste
As another example, it should be said about the processing of production waste, namely radioactive waste.
Russia has developed a plaspertermic treatment technology of radioactive waste, which is proposed for use in countries where there is a need for the disposal of radioactive waste of low and medium-sized radioactivity. Satisfaction of this need can be demonstrated by the example of Bulgaria. There are 2 main enterprises in this country, which accumulate radioactive and hazardous waste of various origins: Kozloduy NPP and Novi Khan storage. Technology proposed by the RNC Kurchatov Institute has been implemented in these enterprises.
The process of plasma waste recycling consists in the use of plasma arc heaters (plascript) to provide gasification of organic components, followed by combustion of the formed pyrogas, cleaning combustion products and emissions of neutralized gas-shaped products into the atmosphere.
Benefits:
high degree of reduction in primary waste;
environmental safety of the process;
a slight share of radioactivity coming out of the reactor in the gas cleaning system;
controlling the level of radioactivity of the resulting slag.
Concept of safe production
Due to the constant growth of waste accumulation in the 1980s. The concept of waste-free production appeared. Many institutions have been connected to the development of such technologies, but it became clear that the concept of at-meni only to very limited group production. In particular, oil refining and petrochemistry cannot be waste.
Since all approaches could not fundamentally resolve a non-ecological situation at the end of the XX century. The world community was put forward by a completely new concept - preventing politics. It consists in finding an opportunity to prevent or reduce waste formation. This policy is called "cleaner production" (BCP), by now it is adopted worldwide as an innovative concept that can solve the environmental problems of enterprises.
The concept of the BCP is universal. It is clear that in order to ensure the work of the enterprise with the lowest waste and emissions, with low energy costs and high quality products, the mechanism of well-coordinated work of all illustration links is necessary. But, as practice shows, in many enterprises each division decides to have a task isolated.
The essence of the BCP is to analyze the production efficiency by the forces working Group from employees of the enterprise. The work is carried out in accordance with the methodology developed by the global environmental community in order to identify the causes of significant waste and emissions, low product quality, as well as the solution to improve the work of the enterprise.
The program usually lasts about a year, since it is necessary not only to identify the causes of the problems, but also with the help of experts to find the optimal solution.
It is advisable to stay in detail on several technologies recommended for implementation.
Two technologies for processing sludge are interesting in that one of them is suitable for processing different species Slobs, including old highly stable. The technology is a combination of several stages, such as separation, settling, flotation, degassing, air conditioning, dehydration, add lime, seal, drying. The products obtained are proposed to burn, extract beneficial components and use in agriculture, which is not always allowed due to the danger of migration of pollutants.
Another technology developed and used in the United States uses a cavitation method of separating emulsions using enzymes.
Equipment can be in stationary and mobile forms and is distinguished by reliability. And although the cost is high enough, the installation is already working in several places and provide a very high level of water purification and solid fraction (sand).
Special attention deserves technologies using the Tornado principle. First, this is a hydrotransport technology that allows you to pump the sludge, sand, etc. long distances. The installation is small and can be mounted both in the mobile variant and in stationary.
The second technology allows you to quickly separate the mixture of oil with water using centrifugal force and may be indispensable on fishery. She is already in demand in China, it is planned to introduce its introduction in Russia.
Opportunities for the use of industrial waste
It is fundamentally possible to use industrial waste in the following main directions:
1. Recultivation of landscapes, planning of territories, dumping roads, dams, etc., for which they use rock rocks, alert, gravel, sand, domain slags and other types of solid industrial waste.
The implementation of this cost-effective direction of waste disposal, nevertheless, is insignificant - about 10% of the amount of waste available for this purpose.
2. The use of waste as raw materials in the production of building materials:
1) like porous concrete aggregates, construction ceramics, masonry solutions (empty rock, alert, sand);
2) As raw materials for the production of white cement, construction lime and glass (rocks containing Mel SASO3), Portland cement (clay shale), ceramisite (plastic clay), silicate and construction bricks (greaselawic waste of thermal power plants and metallurgical plants), etc.
Industry of building materials is the only industry, in a significant scale using multi-duct waste production.
3. Secondary use of waste as the feedstock, since some waste by their properties are close to natural raw materials to obtain a certain substance or raw materials to obtain new types of products.
In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is implemented, for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the graphite soot is generated.
Recycling of waste in the Saratov region
In the Volga Federal District, an immediate decision requires the problem of ensuring environmental safety when working with industrial and household waste. The pace of introduction of areas and technologies of processing and reuse of the most common wastes is very low, as well as the pace of construction of waste placement facilities, including polygons of solid household waste in many regions.
Almost all subjects of the Volga Federation are relevant to the resolution of issues with MSW, sewage precipitation with sewage treatment plants prohibited and unsuitable for the use of pesticides and pesticides.
One of the main ways to solve waste management is to organize their collection and processing with the receipt of commercial products.
The Bulgarian Consortium "Ecoenergo" proposes to consider cooperation in the processing of waste in the territory of the Saratov region. According to Mikhail Mikhov, in the plans of the Ecoenergo Consortium, the implementation of projects on the placement of garbage processing complexes on the territory of Russia with a full production cycle and the creation of a depth processing site. Saratov is considered as one of the cities where the garbage processing complex is possible.
During the presentation, the Ecoenergo consortium president noted that the production process on garbage processing complexes of the company is built as follows: In the first stage of production, the incoming garbage passes the sorting, then part of the components (glass, waste paper, plastic bottles, polyethylene, construction garbage, etc.), Recycled for recycling. Part of the TBE that cannot be reused is subject to burial.
Investors from Misty Albion intend to build three complexes in Saratov and Engels. The cost of one plant is estimated at about 25 million euros. Two factory in Saratov will practically close all the problems of the city (the third will be in Engels - "Sog"), confidently guide.
The British are planning to introduce highly efficient processing technologies - up to 90 percent of the total mass. Although, apparently, and this is not the limit - biological waste The company intends to process in alcohol. For this, the whole "BIOS" after packaging in polyethylene will be exported outside Russia. According to the minister, the Chairman of Chopin, investors are ready to invest in the project, provided that over the next 20 years, the city authorities will provide raw materials factories. Actually, we have that kind of good, what is called, fell.
According to the Saratov Interdistrict Environmental Prosecutor Alexander Gonchar, in general, over the past 5 years, the number of household waste has increased by 1.5 times. This problem is relevant, according to the environmental prosecutor, and for the Saratov region ( of course, first of all for the regional center with its almost Million population).
It should only be noted that the "garbage business" has already come to Balakovo and Volsk, where the first sorting complexes in the field are launched. And in Balakov, the plant is best in the Volga district.
Conclusion
The problem of waste processing is no longer the first year at the point of attention.
It is no secret that the capacity of the polygons for the disposal of waste on the outcome. It makes the state intensify the search for the exit of the current situation. However, while these attempts were not crowned with success.
As a result, it is worth saying that the main problems in the field of production of production and consumption are reduced to:
the lack of a single system of regulatory acts on waste management, primarily on their classification and certification;
the creation of specialized industries and the promotion of new technologies is hampered by the lack of legislative mechanisms for economic stimulation of enterprises carrying out the collection, transportation and recycling of waste.
Elementary mechanisms for economic stimulation of enterprises in the field of waste management could be:
property tax benefits for objects used for environmental protection;
a special regime of taxation on land tax, VAT and income tax;
the use of accelerated depreciation of the main production funds associated with the implementation of environmental activities.
In connection with the above, it seems appropriate:
1. Ensure the creation of a unified system of federal regulations on waste management.
2. Develop a regulatory framework for the creation and implementation of the state inventory of waste as a federal information system in the field of waste management.
3. Prepare regulations on the procedures for identifying the best technologies in the field of waste management.
4. Develop economic mechanisms for stimulating waste recycling.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
IS HE. Kulish, S.A. Kuzhvatov "Cleaning flue gases of incinerating boilers from nitrogen oxides." "Industrial Energy" No. 10-2002, M., Folium, p. 54-59.
Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources "On Approval of Criteria Relating Hazardous Waste to the Hazard Class for the Environmental Environment" of 06/15/2001 No. 511
SanPine 2.1.4.1074-01
Catherine de Sylgi. The history of garbage. M., Text, 2011.
GOST 25100-95 * "Soils. Classification". UDC 624.131.3.001.33: 006.354. ISS 13.080. 93.020 OKSTA 5701
V.G. Groundenko, I.V. Goryachev "Application of plaspertermic technology is the path to solving the problems of radioactive waste disposal." "Conversion in Mechanical Engineering" No. 6-2006, M., Inform King, p. 37-41.
S. Zigunhenko "Hot Raple". M., Firm April, p. 4-5.
V. Sharov "Waste will destroy us or enrich?". "Inventor and rationalizer" No. 4-2005, M., Moscow True, C.20-21.
B.E.Sefeld, A.Z. Oschenpova "Improving waste management". "Ecology of production", No. 5-2004, M., Industry Vedomosti, S.58-59.
V.S. Dementiev "Handling in the Volga region". "Ecology of production", No. 5-2004, M., Industry Vedomosti, P.60-61.
D.M. Zobova "Waste placement permits: Practice and legislation". "Ecology of production", No. 5-2004, M., Industry Vedomosti, P.80-82.
V.A. Sapozhnikova "State waste management regulation." "Ecology of production", №1-2005, M., Industry Vedomosti, p. 30-36.
S.V. Meshcheryakov, O.A. Helubinsk "New technologies in the field of waste management". "Ecology of production", №1-2005, M., Industry Vedomosti, p. 30-36.
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
State budgetary educational institution
Higher professional education
Saratov State Agrarian University
THEM. N.I. Vavilova
Life safety
Head of the Department:
Teacher:
Modern technology processing
(by type of waste)
Performed:
4th year student,
faculty
Veterinary medicine I.
biotechnology
Modern technologies for the disposal and processing of solid household and industrial waste
According to experts, from the beginning of the twentieth century. 80 billion tons of solid waste have accumulated in Russia and another 7 billion tons are added to them every year. Annual amount of solid household waste -130-140 million m 3, of which most of them are toxic and especially toxic.
The burial of solid waste.
The share of waste that is subjected to burial or that are exported to landfills is currently very large. Special polygons operating within 25 years, alienate significant areas. After full loading of the polygon, it is covered with vegetable ground, the surface of which can be used to further for the device of parks, gardens, playgrounds. In closed on contact with air of household and food industrial waste located in the polygon embankments, an anaerobic process occurs, while the biogas (mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) is released, which can be used as fuel under certain conditions. Such experience is available. With the height of filling of waste 7 m and more this gas is selected with pipes. Additional devices necessary for the selection of biogas and its disposal quickly pay off.
Burning solid waste
In the 70-80s, thermal waste processing was developed by burning them and the furnaces on garbage incorporation factories. Such factories work in many countries of the world, in Moscow, in St. Petersburg, in Murmansk and in other cities of the country. Existing combustion systems give a high degree of waste destruction (up to 99%), allow recovery waste heat. However, the disadvantages of such systems are more significant. First, the value of the incineration process in comparison with traditional methods (exporting to a dump, discharge into the sea, burial to the spent mines) is sufficiently high. Secondly, the incinerational installations are sources of emissions to the atmosphere of zinc compounds, tin, cadmium, chloride, hydrogen fluoride and other harmful substances. Among the toxic metals is particularly dangerous to mercury, which in the process of burning due to increased volatility easily goes into vapor-shaped-standing and stand out into the atmosphere. Only the appropriate careful sorting and trapping of garbage, as well as the effective cleaning of flue gases (using electrostilifers) can reduce the level of air pollution.
Recycling solid waste
The cycle of substances in nature is an excellent example of waste-free production. Waste natural processes (dry, leaves, etc.) are preferred, and naturally fertilize the land. Aerobes are microbes that breathe oxygen and processes low-income substances into organic fertilizers rich in nitrogen, i.e. - in compost. This highlights thermal energy. Nature suggested to people a scheme of household waste composting technology.
In 1970, an experienced factory for mechanized processing of household waste was put into operation in Leningrad. At the initial stage of processing from the mass of waste, a black metal of electromagnetic separators was distinguished. Next, the waste was crushed in crushers and entered rotating drums - enzymers, in which waste was being recycled to compost. However, in the treated mass there were noncompostyable elements (polyethylene films, glass, tin cans, etc.). littering fertilizer. It was necessary to learn to clean compost.
In the late 70s - early 80s, the second generation of waste recycling factories with improved and improved technology has appeared. Currently, Russia has nine specialized solid waste recycling factories. There is a design in St. Petersburg such a plant for Omsk.
The technology of waste recycling is such. In a wide overpass, garbage trucks approach the receiving office and unload waste to eight platforms. Then the waste is loaded into eight heat-insulated drums up to 60 m long, into the inner cavity of which, with the help of fans, air enriched with oxygen is supproed. When rotating drums, waste is stirred and crushed, the specific surface area increases. Permanent aeration (1 kg of waste is supplied 0.2-0.8 m 3 air) awakens aerobic microflora to life. Microorganisms (mesophilas), warming weight up to 50 0 s, the microflora of another species is actively multiplied with the microflora of another type - thermophile, due to which the temperature reaches 70 0 C. Avalanche-shaped biothermal process for two days is disinfecting waste. Dehydrated waste through the perforated nozzle at the end of the drum is evenly fed to the belt conveyor. But this is not a compost - there are pollution in the form of glass, pieces of wood, plastics, stones, tin cans, etc. Next is clean. First, the black metal is separated using an electromagnetic separator, which is strengthened over the conveyor. This metal falls into the hopper drive, is pressed into briquettes weighing 80 kg and sent to the smelting. Freused from ferrous metal mass continues its way. It enters the cylindrical sieve (roar) with cells with a diameter of 45-60 mm. The roar rotates rather quickly, at a speed of 15 rpm, so small particles fail. And large - remain above the grille. Both products are prerequisite and adjacent - are released from non-ferrous metal using special installations that create an electromagnetic field under the action of which objects made of non-ferrous metal are discarded to the side. Ballistic glass packages are used from the glass compost. The release of the compost from the polyethylene film is carried out by a strong jet of air. The resulting compost is used in agriculture. But at the beginning, the compost was still unworthy and for a long time the biothermic process continues in it and a high temperature is kept. Such compost can be used as biofuels for heating the soil in greenhouses. The cooled and allowed compost is used secondly in the open ground in the fields or in urban landscaping as an organic fertilizer. For processing noncompostying fractions, pyrolysis is used - heat treatment without access of oxygen. In the process of pyrolysis, a vapor-gas mixture is formed, as well as a solid carbon residue - pyrocarbon, which is used in metallurgy as a graphite substitute. The economic feasibility of the considered process is obvious, because 20 kg of ferrous metal is released from one ton of solid waste, 2 kg of non-ferrous metal, 200-250 kg of noncompetitive fractions and 600-700 kg of compost. From one ton of noncompetible fractions, approximately 200 kg of oil-made oils, 190 kg of gaseous products, 330 kg of pyrocarbon are obtained.
According to the data as a whole in Russia, the industrial method (on garbage incorporation and garbage processing plants) is processed only about 5% of the waste, and the rest are exported to the polygons and landfills (authorized and unresolved). Recently, the problem of processing precipitation of water supply and sewage water treatment plants has arisen.
Waste disposal methods from polymeric materials.
Waste from polymeric materials are not amenable to natural decomposition and therefore they are strong environmental pollutants. Most polymers are well lit, highlighting a significant amount of heat and consuming a large amount of air that is secreted by energy can be used. However, during combustion, many polymers form harmful gases, such as ammonia, nitrogen oxides, cyanide compounds, hydrogen chloride and other substances, which requires additional devices for cleaning and processing gas emissions.
The most common way to dispose of waste from polymeric materials is the burial and export of them for landfills. Currently, special polymer materials for polymer materials are increasingly used.
There is experience in the processing of the old plastic film and turning it into a new, as well as the production of pipes, impossible corrosion. Creating polymers with adjustable service life is an effective, promising way to protect the environment. A number of countries have been developed and already produced special, self-courtesy types of packages. This is a photo or biodegradable polymers, which under the action of light, heat, air oxygen or microorganisms decompose to low molecular weight products, not polluting the soil.
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Significant climate change and a decrease in biological diversity are only two of many serious environmental problems that continue to grow globally. Population of Planet by this moment It is more than 7 billion and therefore concern about the lack of food, water, energy and other resources is growing. To reduce the harm caused by the environment and the deficit of resources, we should close to the secondary processing of items. Electronics processing is very important.
Electronic waste (by English E-Waste) includes all the device service, whose work depends on the electric current and / or electromagnetic field. Phones, laptops, TVs, etc. Turn into waste, obsolete faster and faster, coming to disrepair to ensure the need to buy new devices.
Electronic waste includes, including printed circuit boards, which are about 3% of the total amount of this type of waste, due to the high concentration of toxic substances are very dangerous. Similar waste without proper disposal negatively affect the ecosystem, both biotic and on the abiotic parts of it. The presence of a variety of highly toxic materials and heavy metals makes burial on a landfill or a simple burning of unacceptable methods for managing such waste. Therefore, the most optimal method of disposal of electronic waste is their processing.
In addition to the fact that electronic waste is a greater danger to the environment, it is necessary to remember that mobile phones And personal computers are leaving the significant shares of gold, silver and palladium mined annually throughout the world. Of course, each separate device of precious metals contains a meager amount, but if we consider global production (more than 1.2 billion annually), then this amount is already unwise to negotiate. It should be noted that the concentration of these precious metals in printed circuit boardoh more than ten times more than their concentration in the mined ore. However, the processing of printed circuit boards is a technologically complex process due to the inhomogeneity of the materials, because they consist of a variety of heterogeneous components.
The number of electronic waste in Russia and in the world
According to some estimates, electronic waste make up approximately 8% of the total number of household waste.
Unfortunately, it is very difficult to determine the exact amount of electronic waste produced. According to UNEP estimates 10 years ago, electronic waste was about 20-50 million tons per year (2005). In Russia, they are estimated at about 1.5 million tons. The United States Agency for Environmental Protection reported that each family in the United States uses about 34 electronic devices and electrical appliances (2010 data). This average leads to the formation of more than 5 million tons of electronic waste per year. For the EU, it was estimated that on average, every citizen produces about 15 kg of electronic waste per year, which leads to the formation of 7 million tons of waste (2010 data).
Statistical data also indicate the development of electronic waste in China exceeding 1.1 million tons, in particular from the manufacturing industry. A recent study showed that the total number of electronic waste in India in 2007-2011 amounted to 2.5 million tons at an annual electronic waste growth rate of 7-10%.
In addition, the amount of electronic waste in new industrial and developing countries is increasing due to imports of waste from developed countries. According to recent studiesCurrently, up to 50-80% of electronic waste produced in developed countries are supplied to developing countries for reuse and disposal, which often contradicts international laws.
Electronics processing
Electronic waste recycling is made both officially and unofficially. With official disposal, well-developed methods are used to separate the necessary fractions from waste. However, the plants built in compliance with all necessary requirements for technological processes are obtained by expensive both during construction and when starting. In various underdeveloped and developing countries, where waste recycling is not funded properly, it is often implemented unofficially and is carried out without compliance with the necessary requirements and norms, and pregnant women and children can work at such factories.
Hazardous chemicals in electronics
The most common ways of exposure to hazardous components of electronic waste during processing is to enter the hazardous substances in contact with the skin and inhalation, through contaminated soil, water, food and air.
Hazardous chemicals in electronic waste can be either in their components, or stand out when recycling them. The main pollutants in electronic waste are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have a large half-life. Some of the most common POPs that are released during the processing process are brominated antipirens (BFRS) (polybromed di-phenyl ethers), polychlorinated biphenyls, hexabromcyclododicans, poly-bromidifenils, di-brominated di-phenyl ethers, poly-chlorinated or poly-brominated dioxins and di-benzo found dioxins. POPs generated during disassembly and melting, consist of polychlorinated dibenzofuran, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons appear due to incomplete combustion of fuel, such as coal, gas, oil, etc. Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, chrome, mercury, copper, manganese, nickel, arsenic, zinc, are also dangerous.
Processing technology printed circuit boards
Printing boards is one of the most important components of electronic equipment. They represent the platform on which microelectronic components are installed and associated with interconnecting chips and condensers. Recycling of boards includes three types of processing: pre-processing, physical recycling and chemical processing. Pre-processing includes dismantling reusable and toxic elements, grinding or separation. Then follows physical recycling. Then the materials are removed by the chemical processing process.
Physical methods
Mechanical recycling
This is a physical processing method, in which disassembled parts are molded to the required sizes, after which they come to the installation of fine grinding. The resulting powder is exposed to vortex currents in separators, where metals are separated by their electrical conductivity. Then the powder is separated depending on the density and size of the particles. The bundle on various materials can be observed on a fluid post.
The method of air separation
In this method, the separation of dispersed solid particles is due to various sizes of particles and their different densities. Hung in the gas particles mainly in the air, occupy different positions in the separator under the influence of various forces depending on the material. In heavy particles, the extreme rate of deposition is greater than the air velocity, while in lighter particles, the limiting deposition rate is less than air velocity. Consequently, heavy particles move down against the air flow, while the light particles rise along with the air flow into the upper part of the separator.
Principle of air separation of printed waste
Electrostatic separation method
In this method for separating bulk materials, an electrostatic field is used, which affects non-charged or polarized bodies. These technologies are used to process metals and plastics from industrial waste. Electrostatic separation technologies can be used to separate Cu, Al, Pb, Sn and iron, and some noble metals and plastic.
Magnetic separation
Magnetic separators are widely used to separate ferromagnetic metals from non-ferrous metals and other non-magnetic waste. The lack of magnetic separation is the agglomeration of particles, as a result of which the magnet pulls together with ferromagnetic metals and non-metallic inclusions. Consequently, this method is not very effective.
Chemical methods
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is a chemical method that is widely used for the processing of synthetic polymers, including polymers with fiberglass. In the pyrolysis of such polymers, gases, hydrocarbons and a charred residue are formed. These substances can further be used as chemical raw materials or fuel. The boards are heated to a sufficiently high temperature to melt the solder used to bind electrical components. A charred conglomerate, which is also called "Black Metal", contains a large percentage of copper, as well as a small amount of iron, calcium, nickel, zinc and aluminum, which can then be restored.
Hydrometallurgical method
This method is mainly used to process boards in order to extract the metal fraction. The method consists in leaching metals using acid solutions and alkalis, followed by electrodeposition of the desired metals. This method is considered more flexible and energy saving, therefore, cost effective. Widely used leach holders are royal vodka, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide solutions. In the case of non-metallic substrates, the metals are leached into the solution from the substrate. In the case of a metal substrate for the restoration of metals, electrochemical processing can be used. Thus, the hydrometallurgical method allows you to restore metals without any additional processing, the remaining materials in the board before repeat Or the burial should be subjected to additional thermal processing. The main disadvantage of this method is the causticity and poisonousness of the liquids used.
Biometallurgical separation method
This method is used to extract precious metals and copper from ore for a long time, but still it is not very well developed. Microorganisms use metals present in the outer medium and on the cell surface, for its intracellular functions. Each type of microorganism has a characteristic tendency to transfer a specific metal in a specific environment. Biomphaeling and biosorption - in general, the two main directions of biometallurgy used to extract metals. Bike is successfully used to extract precious metals and copper from ores for many years. The same technique can be used to extract copper and other valuable metals from printed beverage waste.
Gasification
The main application of the gasification process is the generation of synthesis gas (CO, H2). Gasification occurs approximately at a temperature of 1600 ° C and a pressure of about 150 bar. Synthesis gas is rich in hydrogen - the main product of gasification, which is valuable raw materials for the production of methanol. After appropriate processing, some fractions of this gas can be used to produce heat and electrical energy.
Principle of the gasification process of printed waste
The use of physical and chemical processing methods
Advantages of physical processing methods, such as magnetic separators, separators separating materials depending on the density, etc., relative to chemical processing are that they do not require large financial investments, they are relatively simple, convenient, less pollute the environment, require less costs Energy. Metal fractions obtained by physical processing methods can be used for commercial purposes without significant recovery procedures. However, for use for commercial purposes of non-metallic fractions, they must be subjected to chemical processing. Thus, physical processing methods are more cost-effective for processing metal fractions than non-metallic. The main objective of chemical processing methods, such as pyrolysis, is to transform polymers contained in non-metallic fractions in chemical raw materials or fuel. Chemical processing methods have advantages in converting anti-viewbrome and removing heavy metals left after physical processing methods.
Use non-metallic printed circuit board fractions
A large number of non-metallic printed waste wastes that are often dangerous to people and the environment (due to the presence of brominated flames and heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, etc.) are discharged in landfills. To prevent it, it is necessary to find them optimal use.
Nonmetallic fractions are easier than cement and sand, their granules are much smaller, therefore, they have a more reliable microstructure. The mechanical strength of the material increases in the presence of coarse fiberglass. Therefore, due to the above properties, non-metallic fractions can be successfully used as a filler in building materials, for the manufacture of adhesives and decorative agents.
A technique of using non-metallic fractions of printed circuit boards in the production of non-metallic plates, which can be used to obtain composite plates. Composite plates are used in many areas, including the automotive industry, furniture, various equipment and finishing materials.
Phenolic compounds are used in the production of radio components and kitchen utensils. In connection with the decrease in forest resources and the increase in their value, manufacturers are looking for alternatives to the wooden floor. Non-metallic paper-based printed circuit boards fractions seem to be a good option for replacing the wooden floor.
Output
Electronics processing is very important, as the components of technical means and electronics items are rather resources than waste. In the components of electronics to be recycled, a sufficiently high content of useful resources, which makes their extraction is cost-effective. But minimization of harm caused by the environment, which we achieve in the processing of electronics, is much more important!