The physical and geographical position of the Chukchi Upland. Geographical position of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Who are the Chukchi, and what we do not know about them

The unexplored and harsh Chukotka region inexplicably attracts and fascinates. You cannot be indifferent to her. Whoever has visited those lands at least once will never forget its greatness. The Chukchi Upland evokes the strongest emotions, leaves vivid impressions in the memory and reverses the spatial parameters that determine the rules of life. The appearance of this region was formed in

The pristine landscape has been preserved here to this day: the unique expanses of the lowlands, the relief outlines of the archipelagos and the coast. The Chukotka Upland is increasingly attracting specialists with historical and natural structures. In the past few years, there have been active Scientific research in the field of tourism and recreation. The tourism industry is developing fruitfully: ski, water, extreme and adventure tours, as well as hunting, fishing and swimming in hot mineral springs.

Climate

Despite the harsh climatic conditions, people continue to admire the Chukotka Okrug. Almost all 9 months of the year there are heavy snowfalls and strong winds. The Chukotka Upland is distinguished by frosty winters with temperatures down to -30 ° C. The climate here is subarctic.

In summer, it is cold in the region, there are constant heavy rains, in some places there is snow. Regardless of the time of year, blizzards and frosts crackle. Permafrost is explained by the merging of two oceans with different atmospheric circulation. The Autonomous Okrug is characterized by the most severe climatic conditions (few sunny days, strong winds, hurricanes, storms).

Chukchi landscapes

The Chukchi Highlands delights with pristine virgin beauty. The nature here is truly unique and beckons with Chozeni groves, stone kekura (rocks peeping out from under the water surface) and hot springs. You can admire the polar lights and the migration of whales for an infinitely long time. The region is distinguished by relic ice: ice veins, sheet deposits and rock glaciers - large underground ice.

Often, archaeologists during excavations discover the oldest remains of glaciers and cave boulders. Another feature of the Chukchi Territory is the shelf seas, which are valuable natural resources. The coldest is the East Siberian Sea, the water in which rarely rises to +2 o C. The Bering Sea is warm.

The lakes Krasnoye, Pekulneiskoye and the crater lake Elgygytgyn can also be called the decoration of the region. Alders and birches grow in river valleys in talik areas. They are found mainly near the Anadyr basin. The amazing Chukchi Highlands are characterized by several important factors - relief, cut through through valleys, and deep seas (the Arctic and Pacific Oceans).

Fauna and flora

The extreme climate did not become an obstacle for the life and development of flora and fauna. There are more than 900 plants on the territory of the ChAO. Bushes of lingonberry, blueberry, cedar elfin, alder grow on the Chukchi land. In the river valley you can find black and red currants, birch, the site boasts a variety of lichens (more than 400 species).

Chukchi Upland is famous for unique fauna... Found in local forests such as polar bear, bighorn sheep, as well as 24 species of birds and Marine life(blue and gray whales, fin whale, minke whale, narwhal). The land is rich in ermine, sable, arctic fox, reindeer, wolves, mink and others. Delightful birds (tundra partridges, swans, ducks, guillemots, seagulls) and insects (midges, mosquitoes, horseflies) live in the area.

The Bering Sea is overcrowded different kinds fish, as well as shrimp, crabs and shellfish. In reservoirs there are burbot, salmon, smelt, pike, etc. There are nature reserves in the district: Tundrovy, Wrangel Island, Omolonsky, Avtotkuul, Beringia, Chaunskaya Bay.

Conclusion

The Chukotka Upland is a land of permafrost. The district is interesting for its natural resources as well as a tourist destination. The previous governor, Abramovich, significantly ennobled the mountainous lowland, building on it an entertainment center and a museum with archaeological, ethnographic, paleontological and mineralogical collections.

The current authorities, represented by Roman Kopin, are actively involved in social sphere: healthcare, education and social support. Both leaders made the maximum contribution to the development of the PJSC. Of course, while the region is of little use for tourist recreation, but still ahead ...

Is in Russian Federation, on the Far East such an autonomous region is Chukotka. Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai are located nearby. Alaska is nearby, it's a pity it belongs to the United States (that's what everyone thinks, anyway). Swam across the Bering Strait - that's America.

The capital of Chukotka is the city of Anadyr. The area of ​​the district is over 720 thousand km2. The Chukotka Okrug occupies land between the lower reaches of the Kolyma in the west and Cape Dezhnev on the Chukchi Peninsula, as well as the following rather large islands: Wrangel, Aion, Arakamchechen, Ratmanova, Gerald and others.
Chukotka cuts like a rocky wedge into two oceans: the Pacific and the Arctic. The waves of the East Siberian, Chukchi and Bering seas beat against the coast of Chukotka.

The relief of Chukotka

Mountainous terrain prevails. In the northeast there is the Chukotka Upland, in the center - the Anadyr and Anyui Uplands, in the southwest - the northern extremities of the Kolyma Upland, in the southeast - the Koryak Upland. Above the highlands, there are separate ridges with a peak height of more than 1 km. The highest point in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in the Anyui Upland, its height is 1853 m above sea level.

Lowlands adjoin sea bays. Chukotka is a very young region from a geological point of view the earth's surface... Its relief was formed as a result of vertical tectonic movements of the earth's crust. These movements began in the Neogene period and have not ended to the present.

Climate

The area is located on far north, so the climate is harsh: on the coasts - humid sea air (cold in winter), in the inner mountainous regions - the climate is sharply continental. Winter is very long - up to 10 months a year. Average temperatures in January are up to –40 ° С (the minimum is even lower, naturally), in July - from +5 to + 10 ° С. The soils are permafrost everywhere.

Chukotka nature

Chukotka is the land of rivers and streams. The largest and most famous:

• Anadyr (with tributaries Main, Belaya, Tanyurer),
• Great (flows into Onemen Bay of the Bering Sea),
• Bolshaya Anyui and Malaya Anyui (originate in the mountains of Chukotka and flow into the Kolyma).

The rivers are fed mainly from melting snows or rains; the water is cold, but in most places you can drink it directly, without boiling. There are also many lakes, mainly of thermokarst origin, mainly located within tectonic depressions. Largest lakes: Krasnoe and Elgygytgyn (maximum depth - 169 m). There are lakes with salt water within the northern coastal strip. There are three known deposits of mineral heat and power waters with temperatures up to 80 ° C (Chaplyginskoe, Lorinskoe and Dezhnevskoe).

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Chukotka is the land of the forest-tundra, tundra and arctic deserts. Tundra, low-lying vegetation prevails. On the tops of the mountains and on Wrangel Island there are arctic deserts. In the basins of the Anadyr River and others large rivers- island forests (larch, poplar, Korean willow, birch, alder, etc.).

In Chukotka, mainly in the forests, several dozen species of mammals live (fox, arctic fox, wolf, wolverine, brown and polar bears) and a couple of hundred species of birds (white and tundra partridges, geese, ducks, swans). On the coast there are noisy "bird colonies" - eiders, guillemots, seagulls. There are a lot of fish, I don't want to catch it. So fishing in Chukotka should be successful.

For tourists and extreme people

The Chukchi Territory is one of those places in the world that seem to be created to test a person "for strength". The edge of permafrost, there are almost always winds and blizzards. Chukotka shows its unique beauty only to those who are ready to face difficulties. The life philosophy of indigenous peoples is shaped in this extreme climate. Everyday life and life of people here is initially subject to the goal of survival. That is why, when going to Chukotka, it is very important to understand whether you have strength of mind and body strength, whether you are physically enduring.

Natural unique places in Russia. The Chukchi Sea is the cleanest sea in Russia. The West Siberian Plain is the largest plain in Russia (an area of ​​about 3 million km2). The Bering Sea is the largest and deepest sea off the coast of Russia (area 2315 thousand km2, average depth - 1640 m, maximum - 5500 m).

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Russia

"Economic Geography of Russia" - Methods of economic and social geography. For example: Subdivisions of economic geography: What the geography of the economy and geographic regions of Russia studies. The object of economic and social geography is society: population and economy. Geography began as an area study and developed along the lines of in-depth study.

"Seven Wonders of Russia" - The eight separate churches of the temple symbolize the eight decisive battles for Kazan. The construction of the cathedral was started in connection with the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. Three man-made and four natural attractions became the winners. The temperature of the hot springs is 96-990. Seven wonders of Russia. There are 150 fountains and three cascades in the Peterhof park.

"Traveling in Russia" - Determine the type of power plant Provide examples of location in Russia. Define, with the help of illustrations: the subject of the federation, the economic region. Blast furnace, color, full cycle, processing plant. Novosibirsk, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Omsk, Vladivostok. AVTOVAZ Togliatti. Tundra, Taiga, Rainforests, Steppes.

"Russia borders" - Population - 141 million people. Close to the border with Finland. Chukotka. Kamchatka, Vilyuchinskaya Bay. Border outpost in Franz Josef Land (FZI). Geographical position and the borders of Russia. Curonian Spit, border with Lithuania. Tunkinskaya steppe, border with Mongolia. Greater Caucasus Range (border with Georgia).

"Motherland" - Russia is my Motherland. Homework. Draw your homeland. The boundless fields of Russia, My sad land ... Prepared by a student of the 5th grade "B". Covered pretty with the dust of centuries of past existence.

"Position of Russia" - From which extreme mainland point is the closest to the North Pole? USA. 19 ° 38? in D. DPRK 15.169 ° 40? H. D. States with which Russia has borders only on land: 169 ° W D. Kazakhstan 12. States with which Russia has only sea borders: 77 ° 43? S.Sh. - 41 ° 11? S.Sh. = 36 ° 32? (over 4,000 km).

There are 30 presentations in total

More than 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island - the northernmost land area of ​​Chukotka - has no less than 385 plant species, which is much more than the flora of any island of the same size in the Arctic zone.

At first glance, the vegetation here is very poor. Only sometimes in the river valleys one can find light-coniferous forests of lean Daurian larches and dwarf birches, and very rarely - relict Chozenia-poplar forests. Tundras with unpretentious shrub alder and dwarf cedar, sedge and cotton grass, blueberries and lingonberries are more common. The most typical landscape is mountainous and arctic tundra with small, pressed to the ground shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens.

Meanwhile, this plant scarcity is rather visible: over 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island - the northernmost land area of ​​Chukotka - has no less than 385 plant species, which is significantly more than the flora of any island of the same size in the Arctic zone.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in several natural areas, and therefore its vegetation cover is very diverse. Here you can select a zone arctic desert(which includes the Wrangel and Herald Islands, as well as a narrow strip of land along the coast of the Arctic Ocean), a zone of typical and southern hypoarctic tundra and forest tundra (Western Chukotka, Chukotka Peninsula, Nizhneanadyr lowland, southern part of the Anadyr river basin and Beringovsky region), and larch taiga zone (basins of the Anyui and Omolon rivers).

No less diverse and animal world Chukotka, which belongs to a typical "Arctic complex" centered in Alaska and is quite unique for the Russian North, since many species of Arctic fauna do not spread further to Chukotka to the west.

The Bering Sea is home to 402 fish species (65 families), 50 of which and 14 families are commercial. 4 types of crabs, 4 types of shrimps, 2 types of cephalopods are also objects of fishing. About 30 kinds freshwater fish inhabits the inland waters of the Okrug, but mainly salmon, char and whitefish, as well as grayling, smelt, pike, wild boar and burbot are caught.

Birds are numerous: tundra partridges, ducks, geese, swans; on the coast - guillemots, eiders and seagulls, forming "bird colonies". There are about 220 species in total.

Are found here white and brown bears, reindeer, bighorn sheep, sable, lynx, wolf, arctic fox, wolverine, ermine, chipmunk, white hare, fox, muskrat, mink, etc.

The seas are rich in sea animals: walrus, seals and whales.

There are many insects: mosquitoes, midges, horseflies.

The Red Book of the Russian Federation includes the polar bear and bighorn sheep, marine mammals narwhal, humpback whale, fin whale, sei whale, gray and blue whales, minke whale, as well as 24 bird species.

There are nature reserve"Vranlega Island", natural-ethnic park "Beringia", state zoological reserve of republican significance "Swan", state nature reserves regional (district) meaning "Autotkuul", "Tumansky", "Tundrovy", "Ust-Tanyurersky", "Chaunskaya Bay", "Teyukuul", "Omolonsky".

In addition, there are 20 natural monuments of regional significance on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Russian Civilization

One of the many constituent entities of Russia, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, is located in the Far East of our country. Its borders pass through Yakutia, Magadan Region and Kamchatka Territory. There is also a sea border with the United States.

It is worth noting that all the territory of the district belongs to the Far North.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a border zone. Therefore, not only a tourist, but also an ordinary person will not be able to enter these territories without the permission of the authorities of the Russian border service or documents that allow them to be in the border zone.

The flora of Chukotka

The flora of Chukotka may seem rather poor. This is due to the conditions and climate of these territories. But despite this, the flora of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is quite diverse.

Not often, but nevertheless, light coniferous forests are found here, in which Daurian larches and dwarf birches grow. Poplar forests are also rare for Chukotka.

Much more often there are tundras, with shrub alder, dwarf pine, sedge, cotton grass, blueberries and lingonberries growing in them.

And the main representatives of the flora of Chukotka are mountain and arctic tundra, suitable for the growth of small shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens.

If we talk about mosses and lichens, then it is worth noting that the soil of these places is ideal for their life and growth - there are about 400 species of both mosses and lichens.

Huge impact on vegetable world permafrost renders. Due to the fact that it prevents soil moisture, many parts of Chukotka turn into swamps. It also affects the life of all plants - the roots cannot sink deep into the soil, so the plants do not differ in special height and volume.

It is also worth noting that Chukotka is located in several natural zones - the arctic desert, southern and hypoarctic tundra, forest-tundra and larch taiga.

Fauna of Chukotka

The fauna of Chukotka can be called arctic. It is unique and very diverse.

Reindeer, long-tailed ground squirrels and northern pikas are found here. Also, yellow-bellied and hoofed lemmings and tundra partridges live in the territories of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Bighorn sheep and unique musk oxen can be found in the mountains. There are numerous wolves and arctic foxes, wolverines and sables, lynxes and ermines. There are chipmunks, white hares, foxes, muskrats and minks.

The Chukchi conditions and climate have attracted marine mammals - walruses, ringed seals, seal seals, bearded seals.

The underwater world of Chukotka also deserves special attention. The waters of these territories are inhabited by: dallias, ocean herring, pollock, Pacific salmon, cod, navaga, smelt and flounder. The commercial species are: salmon, char, whitefish, grayling, pike, whitefish and burbot.

The aquatic inhabitants of Chukotka are crabs and shrimps, cephalopods.

Some bays are also visited by whales: herring, humpback, blue, gray and killer whales.

Many animals are on the verge of extinction, for example: polar bears, gray and bowhead whales, walruses, seals and others.

The bird world is worthy of attention. Here you can find thin-billed and thick-billed guillemots, guillemots, auklets, and gulls. The tundra is also home to a considerable number of birds - geese, swans, ducks, loons and waders.

Insects survive in a harsh climate: mosquitoes, various midges and horseflies.

Chukotka climate

The Chukchi climate is extremely harsh. This is especially felt in the winter. It happens that the air temperature drops to -60 degrees. The eastern regions are influenced by strong winds and snowstorms.

Due to collisions between the Asian front and the Arctic anticyclones, the weather in Chukotka can change dramatically from severe and snowy to wet and relatively warm.

Spring is shortest time of the year in Chukotka. It starts in June and ends in July when summer comes. During this period, a huge amount of rainfall falls.

The summer period in Chukotka passes very quickly. In many areas, the snow cover does not have time to melt in such a short period of time. Due to the collisions of cyclones and anticyclones, summer weather cannot be called stable - thaws are replaced by frosts, and sometimes snow falls. average temperature July is only +14 degrees.

Autumn begins in mid-August in Chukotka. Its duration is about a month. During this time, nature has time to prepare for the cold and long winter, which will come in mid-September.