Maritime climate zone Eurasia conditions. Climatic zones of Eurasia. The climate of the natural zones of Eurasia

Domogatsky. 7th grade part 2. Workbook

Test tasks

1. Within what climatic zone is the largest part of Eurasia located?
a) subarctic
b) subtropical
c) tropical
d) moderate

2. Which of the listed peninsulas of Eurasia is located in a monsoon climate?
a) Apennine
b) Korean
c) Iberian
d) Scandinavian

3. In which of the listed regions of Eurasia is the annual amount of precipitation the least?
a) Arabian Peninsula
b) Lake Baikal area
c) the Indian subcontinent
d) Scandinavian Peninsula

4. Are the following statements true?

1. The Pole of Cold of the Northern Hemisphere is located in the region of the sharply continental subarctic climate of Eurasia.
2. The territory of Eurasia is located in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

a) only the first statement is true
b) only the 2nd statement is true
c) both statements are true
d) both statements are wrong

5. Arrange the listed types of Eurasian climates in descending order of the annual amount of precipitation, starting with the largest.
a) monsoon temperate climate
b) sharply continental temperate climate
c) subequatorial climate
d) tropical climate

v)

a)

b)

G)

6. Establish a correspondence between the extreme points of Eurasia and the climatic regions in which they are located.

EXTREME POINT
1) Cape Dezhnev
2) Cape Piai
3) Cape Roca
4) Cape Chelyuskin

CLIMATIC AREA
a) arctic climate
b) Mediterranean subtropical climate
c) subarctic climate
d) equatorial climate

1	2	3	4
v)	G)	b)	a)

Thematic Workshop

1. Complete the drawing of the monsoon process.

2. In one of the countries of Eurasia there is an ancient city. He stands on the shore not too major river which gave the city its name. If you swim along it, then very soon you can find yourself in a huge drainless reservoir. There are several weather stations in this city, some of which have been collecting weather information for over 100 years. According to the proposed data, construct a climatogram for this city and answer the questions.

1) In what climate zone is this city located?temperate continental climate
2) On what grounds did you determine the climate zone? Name at least two signs.

• summer average temperatures reach + 18ºС - + 19ºС, that is, it is quite warm in summer;
• winter average temperatures do not fall below -12ºС, that is, the winter is not very cold, quite moderate;
• the amount of precipitation in both winter and summer does not differ much: in winter 40-60 mm, and in summer 68-80.

3) What is the name of the river on the banks of which this city is located? In what drainless reservoir can a lifebuoy thrown into this river end up?

The river on which the city is located is called the Kostroma River. It is indeed a small river. Its length is 354 km. Having overcome this distance of Kostroma, it flows into the Volga and carries its waters to the largest drainless lake on the planet - to the Caspian Sea. Therefore, if we throw a lifeline into Kostroma, sooner or later it will end up in the waters of the Caspian Sea.

4) What else can you tell about this city? Maybe you can even name the country in which it is located?

On the territory of Eurasia, quite a lot of cities are named after the rivers on the banks of which they are located: Warsaw, Terek, Tunguska, Sosva, Pechora, Kharkov, Amsterdam, Moscow, Kabul, Pyarnu, Barnaul, Bugulma, Okha, Luga and many many other cities, located both on the territory of Russia and abroad.

In our case, the city and the river Kostroma (the country of Russia) most closely match the proposed description. Kostroma is an ancient city founded in 1152. The city got its name from the name of the Kostroma River, on the banks of which the city was founded.

On the territory of the city of Kostroma, there are indeed several meteorological stations. The very first of them was opened in 1883. She worked at a real school in the city. For more than a century of existence, the work of the station was interrupted only a couple of times in total for 4 years. The station changed its location several times and is currently located in the village of Koryakovo. it is literally 1.5 km from modern borders Kostroma.

Cartographic workshop

1. Arrange geographical objects in the order of their location from the northernmost to the southernmost.
1) Indus river
2) Baltic Sea
3) Lake Baikal
4) the island of Sri Lanka
5) Scandinavian Peninsula
6) Yellow Sea
7) Himalaya mountains

5

2

3

6

7

1

4

2. "Shadowboxing".

No. p / p	Question	What do you think?	How about really?
	Which bay is located to the north: Bengal (1) or Biscay (2)?	2	2
2	Is Cape Piai located in the Northern (1) or Southern (2) hemisphere?	1	1
	Which river is located to the east: Indus (1) or Ganges (2)?	2
	Does the Euphrates river flow into the Persian Gulf (1) or the Red Sea (2)?	1	1
5	Which of the rivers is located to the north: the Yangtze (1) or the Amur (2)?	2	2

The material tells about the climatic zones of the largest continent on the planet. Explains the meaning of branching and diversity of climatic zones.

Climatic zones of Eurasia

Based on the data obtained by observing weather changes and their seasonality, scientists have obtained comprehensive information on the climatic zones of Eurasia.

All their diversity is expressed on the mainland. Each of the belts is divided into independent regions, which are characterized by special climatic conditions.

Rice. 1. Zones of influence of climatic zones on the map of Eurasia.

If we combine the climatic zones of Eurasia into a table, we get a list with a branched structure.

Such branching of the structure is due to the fact that in each of the belts of Eurasia there are small areas that are also subject to division.

The main climatic zones of the mainland are presented as follows:

TOP 4 articleswho read along with this

• Arctic;
• Subarctic;
• Moderate;
• Subtropical;
• Tropical;
• Subequatorial;
• Equatorial.

It is customary to start assessing the climatic zones of Eurasia from the Arctic zone. Its zone of influence includes island territories located in the northern regions of the mainland and bordering the Arctic Ocean.

Eurasia is a unique place on earth also in that here you can observe not only the sandy deserts familiar to everyone, but also the polar deserts, which are geographically located on the mainland islands. This area is also called the periglacial regions of Eurasia. These islands are the territories of the Canadian archipelago, which are located in the north of Greenland.

Rice. 2. Ice deserts of Eurasia.

The deserts of Eurasia are truly unique both in their composition and in their territorial distribution relative to the poles.

On the territory of Eurasia, extratropical desert regions lie in the region Caspian lowland, as well as on the Central Asian and South Kazakh plains, in the Central Asian basin and in the Western Asian highlands.

The Central Asian desert formations are characterized by a sharply continental climate.

Climate of Eastern Eurasia

This part of the mainland is dominated by a predominantly temperate climate zone. His possessions run from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay, and then extend to the Black and Caspian Seas. In these areas all year round prevailing winds characteristic of temperate latitudes.

The main part of the mainland is influenced by a temperate continental climate.

The Russian Plain is completely under his authority. Continental climate is typical for Siberia, Middle and Central Asia.

Rice. 3. Eastern Eurasia on the map.

The monsoon climate arose in the regions of northeastern China, as well as in the region of the Korean Peninsula, on about. Hokkaido and the northern tip of about. Honshu. In winter, the region is subject to the influence of dry frosty air, which moves from the baric center of Central Asia.

During the summer months, the air mass flows are warm and contain a high percentage of humidity. Moisture comes here thanks to the Pacific monsoon. The summer period is characterized by more than half of the annual precipitation.

Winters here are quite cold and summer period characterized by sullenness.

What have we learned?

From the article, we found out which climatic zones influence the largest continental territory of the Earth. We learned about the diversity and vastness of the desert territories of the mainland. We found out that deserts can be located not only in warm latitudes. We received information about the climate characteristic of the eastern part of the mainland.

Topic quiz

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In the climate Eurasia shows features associated with the huge size of its territory. The position of the main part of the mainland between the equator and the Arctic Circle, the massiveness of the eastern and central parts, the dissection of the western and southern margins, the influence of ocean basins, and the complex structure of the surface create exceptional diversity in Eurasia. climatic conditions.

Annual total radiation in Eurasia, it varies within the following limits (Fig. 5): on the Arctic islands it is 2520 MJ / m 2 (60 kcal / cm 2), in the western part of Europe - from 2940 to 5880 (from 70 to 140), in the south and south -East of Asia - 5000-7570 (120-180), and in Arabia reaches the maximum value on Earth - 8400-9240 (200-220).

Rice. 5. Total solar radiation per year

The annual radiation balance varies within Eurasia from 420 to 3360 MJ/m 2 (10-80 kcal/cm 2). In January, north of the line Brittany - the north of the Adriatic - the center of the Black Sea - the south of the Caspian - the north of the Korean peninsula - the north of the Japanese islands, the radiation balance is negative (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Radiation balance for the year

Main atmospheric process for most of Eurasia - west-east transport and associated cyclonic activity. With the western transfer to the mainland throughout the year, air enters from the Atlantic Ocean and spreads to its eastern outskirts. As it moves east, the Atlantic air transforms, giving off moisture, cooling in winter and warming up in summer. Due to the large horizontal dissection of the western part of Eurasia and the absence of sharp orographic obstacles, the process of transformation of air masses over Europe is relatively slow, and therefore climatic conditions change gradually. Only beyond the Urals, within Asia, is the predominance of continental air masses observed throughout the year. Sharp contrasts in heating and in baric conditions between the mainland and the Pacific Ocean, enhanced by the peculiarities of the orography of the Central and East Asia, determine the monsoon circulation typical for the east of Eurasia, which is most pronounced here in comparison with all other regions of the Earth. The circulation over the southern parts of Eurasia also has a monsoon character, only here it manifests itself in the interaction between the mainland and the Indian Ocean.

Consider how meteorological conditions change in Eurasia by season.

in winter the contrasts in heating and pressure distribution over the mainland, on the one hand, and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, on the other, are especially pronounced. The January isobar maps over Eurasia and neighboring oceanic basins clearly show the following baric regions ( rice. 7).

Rice. 7. Air pressure and winds in January

In the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean there is a closed area of ​​low pressure(North Atlantic, or Icelandic, low), due to the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current and the frequent passage of deep cyclonic depressions moving from the coast North America to the East. Due to the impact warm current and the deep penetration of sea basins into the interior of the continent, the reduced pressure also extends to the southern part of the Arctic Ocean and the western coast of Europe.

The boundaries of the greatest distribution of floating ice (in March, April - for the northern hemisphere, in September for the southern hemisphere) Areas for which the values ​​of the radiation balance have not been determined: mountainous areas

To the south, 30° N, there is high pressure area(North Atlantic, or Azores, maximum), which is part of the subtropical high pressure zone of the northern hemisphere. The interaction of these baric regions is of particular importance for the formation of meteorological conditions in Europe. The air flowing along the northern and eastern periphery of the North Atlantic Maximum is drawn into the area of ​​low pressure over the North Atlantic and the western margin of Europe, creating in temperate latitudes a system of cyclonic winds of the western and southwestern direction, blowing from the relatively warm ocean to the mainland and bringing a lot of moisture. In the polar latitudes, winds with an easterly component prevail at this time. The main routes of movement of cyclonic depressions in winter pass through Iceland, the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Barents Sea. Over the waters mediterranean sea, accumulating a large amount of heat, local cyclogenesis develops in winter. Most often, cyclones form over the Ligurian Sea and the Gulf of Lion, over the southern part of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the island of Cyprus. From here they head east and northeast, penetrating in some years up to the Indus Valley.

Passage of cyclones in Europe it is accompanied by cloudy weather with rain or sleet, typical of the Western European winter. Often the sea air of temperate latitudes is replaced by arctic air, causing a sharp decrease in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Arctic air spreads to the south, but relatively rarely penetrates into the southern part of Europe, as it is delayed by sublatitudinally located mountain ranges. The farther to the east, the more frequent and longer the arctic air intrusions.

When driving western air flow over the continent is its cooling and drying. In hinterland In Asia, due to the cooling of the surface layers of the atmosphere, an area of ​​increased pressure is created, above which a hollow is formed in the upper troposphere. Transformed air coming from the west is drawn into this hollow, cools and settles, replenishing the high pressure area in the surface layers. The influence of the relief of the inner parts of Asia also has an effect: high mountain structures rising south of the maximum formation region prevent the spread of cold air masses and contribute to their concentration in a relatively limited space. As a result of the interaction of all these processes, the largest high-pressure area on Earth, the Asian quasi-stationary maximum, is created over the interior of Eurasia in winter.

Along the northern and eastern periphery of this maximum, cold and dry continental air flows towards the Pacific Ocean, which is warmer at this time. The resulting northerly and northwesterly winds are known as the winter monsoon.

Asian High can form a spur, which sometimes extends as far as Western Europe, causing severe cooling there.

Southern Asia v winter time is under the influence of the trade wind circulation. The Arabian Peninsula, together with the neighboring Sahara, is influenced by the eastern periphery of the North Atlantic High and the dry northern winds associated with it. Over Hindustan and Indochina, on the island of Sri Lanka, the Philippines and in the north of the Sunda Islands, the northeast trade wind dominates, flowing from the North Pacific maximum towards the equatorial trough, shifted to the south at this time. In the countries of South and Southeast Asia, it is called the winter monsoon.

Despite the negative radiation balance north of 39-40° N, in areas adjacent to Atlantic Ocean, the average temperature in January is much higher than 0 ° C, since in winter the Atlantic air is a relatively warm air mass. The January isotherms extend submeridionally over most of temperate zone Eurasia and only east of the Yenisei take a sublatitudinal direction (Fig. 8).

Rice. eight. average temperature air in Eurasia at the level earth's surface(January)

off the west coast In the Scandinavian Peninsula, the zero isotherm of January rises up to 70° N, fixing the highest positive anomaly of mid-latitude winter temperatures (over 20°). The farther to the east, the lower the average winter temperature becomes. Already in the eastern part of foreign Europe, it acquires a negative meaning.

Atlantic air brings a large amount of moisture to land, which falls in the west of Europe in the form of rain or sleet. Especially a lot of precipitation occurs on the mountain slopes of the western exposure. Winter cyclonic precipitation is also characteristic of the Mediterranean coast and the western regions of Asia. Their number sharply decreases from west to east due to the weakening of frontal activity in the inner parts of the continent.

In most of overseas Asia in winter precipitation missing. In the interior, this is due to the anticyclonic state of the atmosphere and strong supercooling of the surface. On the eastern edge of the mainland, the reason for the lack of precipitation is the continental monsoon, which carries dry cold air towards the ocean. In this regard, Central and East Asia is characterized by low winter temperatures with a pronounced negative anomaly, which is felt up to the tropic, where temperatures can drop to 0 °C. In the north, the average January temperature is -20, -25 °C.

In the southern peninsulas and islands of Asia, where trade winds operate in winter, dry weather also prevails. Precipitation occurs only in those areas where the trade winds or northern winds bring enough moisture (windward slopes of the Philippine Islands, the southeastern tip of Hindustan and the islands of Sri Lanka). On the Sunda Islands, located on the equator and south of it, convective rain falls. The January temperature in the entire southern part of Asia is high: 16 ... 20 ° C, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago it reaches 25 ° C in places.

Summer meteorological conditions in Eurasia and its neighboring oceans are changing significantly. The Asian maximum disappears, and low pressure sets in over the heated continent with a closed center in the Indus River basin and on the shores of the Persian Gulf (South Asian Low). It is the northern margin of the equatorial trough, which in Eurasia extends farthest from the equator (up to 22-28° N). The pressure rises towards the oceans. The Iceland Low is weakening and the North Pacific Low is disappearing. An area of ​​high pressure persists over the polar basin. The North Atlantic and North Pacific highs intensify and widen to the north. In the Indian Ocean, south of the tropic, the South Indian High grows in the winter season of the southern hemisphere. This distribution of pressure in the surface layers of the atmosphere creates conditions for the transfer of air masses to Eurasia from the surrounding oceans ( rice. 9).

Rice. 9. Air pressure and winds in July

In the northwest of Europe, between the area of ​​high pressure in the Arctic and the spur of the North Atlantic High, there is a band of relatively low pressure. Cyclonic activity associated with the Arctic front takes place within its limits. In this regard, western and northwestern winds prevail, which carry relatively cold air from the ocean to the mainland. Over the warmed mainland, it quickly transforms into a continental one. At the same time, the marine Arctic masses are undergoing transformation. This increases not only the temperature, but also the moisture content of the air due to evaporation from the underlying surface. July isotherms in Europe extend sublatitudinally everywhere, with a slight deviation to the south near the coast of the ocean. The average July temperature in the west varies from north to south from 12 to 24 °С, in the east it sometimes reaches 26...28 °С (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Average air temperature in Eurasia at ground level (July)

Summer in Europe rains are less plentiful than in winter, as cyclonic activity weakens. In Southern Europe and Western Asia, where winds blow from the eastern periphery of the North Atlantic High, carrying tropical air, there is almost no precipitation.

Ascending the average July temperature and a decrease in precipitation due to the transformation of the Atlantic air when moving from west to east is felt almost throughout the mainland. It is especially dry and hot in the inner parts of the mainland (Central Asia), protected by mountain rises from moist air currents from the oceans. Dryness and high temperature average july up to 32 °C) are also characteristic of most of the Arabian Peninsula, which is under the influence of the northeast trade wind flowing from the North Atlantic High.

In other conditions are eastern and southern suburbs mainland adjacent to the Pacific and Indian oceans. The temperature and baric contrasts between them and the vast landmass of Eurasia are especially strong in summer. Humid and relatively cold air enters Asia along the western periphery of the Pacific High. As a result of its interaction with continental air masses, heavy rain showers fall. This air current is called the summer monsoon in East Asia.

In the south of Asia(Indostan, Indochina) the role of the summer monsoon is played by the flow of equatorial air, carrying huge masses of moisture from the Indian Ocean. Due to the configuration and size of Eurasia and the expansion of the equatorial trough, the equatorial air in the form of a monsoon of the prevailing southwesterly direction penetrates very far to the north. Where the monsoon flow meets mountain rises, precipitation is especially abundant (for example, on the southeastern slopes of the Himalayas, on the southern slope of the Shillong massif, in Cherrapunji, the maximum amount of precipitation on the globe is recorded - 10719 mm per year, etc.). On equatorial islands, convective intramass precipitation is of great importance (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Average annual precipitation in Eurasia, mm

In the Pacific and Indian Oceans Every year from June to November, tropical cyclones, or typhoons, are born, bringing great disasters to the population of the countries of East and South Asia. These are the strongest cyclonic eddies, the speed of which over the open ocean in exceptional cases can reach 100 km/h (usually 30-50 km/h). They are accompanied by downpours, during which 150 mm of precipitation or more can fall. On the coasts, surge waves pose a great threat, which, together with showers, cause catastrophic floods. The Philippines and the Japanese islands are especially affected by typhoons, but sometimes the disaster also captures the outskirts of the continent right up to the south. Far East. In the Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones move north and northwest to the northern coasts of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

According to its size and geographical position, Eurasia with the islands adjacent to it is located in all climatic zones of the northern hemisphere, and within each zone all the climatic regions. Thus, we can say that in Eurasia there are all types of climates known on Earth.

northernmost islands Eurasia, and in the east and the strip of the mainland adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, are located within arctic belt. Of the foreign territories of Eurasia, the Arctic climate is typical for the Svalbard archipelago and small oceanic islands. Due to the geographical position and the influence of warm currents, the islands have a maritime arctic climate with relatively high winter temperatures (from -16 to -20 ° C) and a significant amount of precipitation (about 300 mm).

In a narrow strip, capturing Iceland and Scandinavia north of the Arctic Circle and expanding somewhat in the east, it crosses Eurasia subarctic belt . It is located between the summer and winter positions of the Arctic front and is characterized by the predominance of westerly circulation in summer and cold eastern Arctic winds in winter. In the west of Europe, especially in Iceland, the subarctic regions are characterized by relatively mild (-5, -10 °С) winters, cool (not more than 10 °С) summers and a large amount of precipitation (300-700 mm) falling in all seasons in the form of rain and snow.

The widest and most massive part of Eurasia lies within temperate climate zone, whose southern boundary, determined by the summer position of the polar front, runs from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay through the middle of the Black and Caspian Seas to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and the middle part of the island of Honshu. Despite the dominance of the west-east transfer throughout the year, the temperate zone within Eurasia is characterized by large differences in climatic conditions, which gives reason to consider it by region.

Region oceanic temperate warm climate includes the south of Iceland, the western outskirts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the British Isles and the extreme west of the mainland - the Jutland Peninsula, the west and north of France. There are reasons to attribute the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula to this region of the temperate zone. Throughout the year, the Atlantic air, brought by the western winds, prevails there, and cyclonic activity is manifested. Winter is characterized by unstable rainy and foggy weather with an average temperature of the coldest month from 1 to 6 ° C, frosts and snowfalls are rare, and there is no stable snow cover. The average summer temperature is 10 ... 18 "C. Precipitation falls throughout the year, with a maximum in winter due to especially intense cyclonic activity. Annual precipitation in almost the entire region is more than 1000 mm, and evaporation does not exceed 800 mm per year. Therefore the Atlantic regions of Europe are characterized by excessive moisture ( rice. 12).

Rice. 12. The difference in precipitation and evaporation for the year

The climate of the rest of the temperate zone of Europe up to Ural mountains can be called transitional, from oceanic to continental. The most important role in climate formation belongs to the transformation of the Atlantic air and the ever-increasing influence of continental air masses that form over the mainland itself. Compared to the previous one, this area is characterized by less precipitation, large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, and the presence of a frosty period of various durations. Within the area under consideration, more than in the previous one, differences between north and south are expressed. Scandinavia and Finland are characterized by long and severe winters. The Scandinavian mountains enhance the transformation of the Atlantic air and at the same time do not prevent the penetration of cold air masses from the Arctic. Therefore, the temperature in Sweden and Finland can drop to -40 °C, and in exceptional cases even to -50 °C, with an average January temperature of -10, -15 °C. Summer north of the 50th parallel is cool, with maximum precipitation at its beginning. Annual rainfall of 500 to 1000 mm with evaporation less than 600 mm provides excessive moisture throughout the year. The southern part of the region is characterized by less sharp temperature amplitudes, moderately cold winters with an average January temperature only slightly below 0 °C. The duration of snow cover and freeze-up on the rivers is short, it increases from west to east. Summer is warm, with an average July temperature of 12...20 °C. The maximum precipitation occurs in the first half of summer, evaporation increases to 800 mm, and moisture decreases compared to the northern regions.

A significant part of Asia within Russia, the countries of Central Asia, as well as Mongolia and Northwestern China (Gobi and Dzungaria) are located in the region continental climate temperate zone, which is under the influence of inland air masses all year round. Due to the influence of the Asian High, the region is characterized by cold winters with sharp temperature differences from place to place. With an average January temperature from -3 °С in the west of China to -12 °С in the north of Kazakhstan and -25 °С in Mongolia, in calm and cloudless weather, there are drops to -35 ... -50 °С. Due to persistent low winter temperatures and the almost complete absence of snow, permafrost develops in the eastern regions of the region. Almost the entire annual amount of precipitation (about 200 mm) falls in summer in the form of frontal rains. The average July temperature reaches 30 °C in the south of the region. Humidification is insufficient.

East of the Greater Khingan Range, including Northeast China, northern Korean Peninsula, Hokkaido and northern Honshu, climate monsoonal. This whole area is characterized by sharp differences in temperature, precipitation and moisture according to the seasons of the year. In winter, dry frosty weather prevails with strong winds blowing from the Asian High and raising a lot of dust. Only on the Japanese islands do heavy snows fall, since the continental air, passing over the relatively warm Sea of ​​Japan, is saturated with moisture in the lower layers. In summer, the southeast monsoon blows, bringing humid unstable air from the southern and western periphery of the Pacific anticyclone. Approximately 70% of the annual amount of precipitation is associated with its arrival, falling in the form of showers at intervals of 4-5 days.

Subtropical the climatic zone also crosses Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Within its limits, the west-east transfer in summer is replaced by tropical circulation. Of great importance is the system of mountain uplifts of High Asia, which in winter causes the splitting of the western transport stream into two branches - northern and southern. The latter passes south of the Himalayas, causing, according to G. N. Vitvitsky, a shift in comparison with other continents of the southern border of the subtropical belt in the direction of the equator.

The Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas, the south and west of the Balkan Peninsula, the west and south of Asia Minor, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean islands, the south of the Crimean Peninsula and the north of Mesopotamia are in a subtropical climate with a dry summer ( Mediterranean). Summer dryness is associated with winds flowing along the eastern periphery of the extended North Atlantic High. The prevailing wind direction is northwest in the Western Mediterranean and northeast in the East. The average temperature in July is from 23 to 28 °C. With an almost complete absence of precipitation, the evaporation rate is 3-4 times higher than the actual evaporation. In winter, the Azores High shifts to the south and the Mediterranean falls into a system of westerly transport and cyclonic activity, with which 75-80% of the annual precipitation is associated. The average temperature of the coldest month increases from north to south from 4 to 12 °C. In the western part of the region of the Mediterranean climate, Atlantic air is predominant, in the east - continental. Therefore, when moving from west to east, the amount of precipitation decreases and the temperature amplitudes increase.

Inside the mainland, from the Iranian Plateau to the middle Huang He basin, including the Tarim Basin, Beishan, the south of the Gobi and other areas of the Central and Central Asia, climate subtropical continental. This area is characterized by hot summers (25...35 °C) and cool winters with an average temperature above 0 °C, although in some years frosts can reach -20 °C. Precipitation is less than 200 mm per year, the air is very dry, the daily and annual temperature amplitudes are significant. In the rainfall regime, there are differences between west and east. In the west, winter precipitation is associated with the Iranian branch of the polar front and cyclonic activity. The east is dominated by summer precipitation brought by the southeast monsoon.

Special, extracontinental The climate of the highlands is typical for the interior regions of Asia (Tibet), which can be attributed to the subtropical zone only by geographical location, and not by actual climatic conditions. Due to significant absolute heights, temperatures do not rise above 10 ... 15 ° C even in summer, in winter these areas are characterized by the same negative temperatures. The amount of precipitation, even in the most humid areas, does not exceed 500 mm per year, and in some places decreases to 100-150 mm, which causes aridity of the climate.

The climate of the eastern sector of the subtropical zone, as well as the temperate one, monsoonal. It extends to the Yangtze River basin and the southern part of the Japanese Islands. From the monsoon climate of the temperate zone, the subtropical monsoon climate is distinguished by a higher average winter temperature (from 4 to 8 ° C) and large annual precipitation, which exceeds 1000 mm and completely covers the evaporation rate. Winter dryness south of the Yangtze River valley is less pronounced than north of it, since there a front is created between the air flowing along the eastern periphery of the Asian high and the air of the southern branch of the western transport, and therefore rain falls. When the front breaks and the invasion of cold continental air to the south, up to the tropic, the temperature can drop to 0 °C. Noteworthy are the differences in winter conditions in the Mediterranean region and the Yangtze basin. In the first case, due to the direct influence of the Atlantic air, the winter is very warm with an average temperature of the coldest month from 10 to 12 ° C, in the second case, the average January temperature is almost twice as low, and significant drops are possible. This is due to the influence of the Asian high, the air of which is carried far to the south. In this regard, the southern border of the subtropical belt in East Asia has shifted almost to the tropic.

After analyzing the observational data on weather conditions and their seasonal changes, scientists identified the climatic zones of Eurasia. On the territory of the mainland, all their diversity is represented. Each belt is subdivided into separate regions with special climatic conditions.

If you bring together the climatic zones of Eurasia, the table will be in the form of branches. This is due to the fact that in each of them there are smaller zones, which are also crushed.

arctic belt

The characteristic of the climatic zones of Eurasia begins with the Arctic. Its zone includes islands located far to the north of the continent, and a small continental strip in the Asian part, which borders the Arctic Ocean.

• Marine is located in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. It includes Svalbard and other small islands. They are influenced by the warm current from the North Atlantic, which leads to mild winters with temperatures ranging from -16 to -20 ºC. Up to 300 mm of precipitation falls per year.
• The continental arctic climate is characterized by cold dry air currents. Under their influence, the entire ocean is under the ice crust all year round, with the exception of coastal waters. From the territory dominated by this climate, cold air currents move to the south.

subarctic belt

It stretches in a narrow strip along the mainland. The cold climatic zone of Eurasia includes about. Iceland and the northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. To the east of the continent, the zone expands, approaching the Bering Strait. The belt is located between the borders of the Arctic front in summer and winter. In the warm season, it is affected by moderate air currents, and in the cold season, by arctic ones. The belt is divided into two regions: continental and marine. The latter captures Iceland and part of the islands west of Scandinavia. amount of 300-700 mm per year in the form of snow and rain. The climate is characterized warm winter(-5 and -10 ºC) and cold summers (up to +10 ºC).

Temperate zone

The temperate climatic zone of Eurasia has a border running from the southern coast and crossing the Black and Caspian Seas. It stretches to the northern part of the Korean peninsula and the middle of about. Honshu.

Winds of temperate latitudes prevail in this zone all year round. The main part of Eurasia within the belt is influenced by the following climates:

• Moderate continental: under his authority is the entire Russian plain.
• Continental: Siberia, Middle and Central Asia.
• Monsoon formed in northeastern China, on about. Hokkaido and the northern part of about. Honshu.

In winter, the region is dominated by dry frosty air coming from the baric center in Central Asia. In summer, warm with high moisture content, falling into this region with the Pacific monsoon. More than half of the annual precipitation falls during the summer. Winter is frosty and summer is hot.

temperate climate zone in Western Europe It is subdivided into 2 subregions: northern and southern.

Northern subregion

The zone includes Fennoscandia and Scotland. Characterized temperate climate with cold summers. The subregion is divided into 2 districts:

• Maritime - Norwegian in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and northern Great Britain. Summer here is cool and short. There is a lot of precipitation in the form of rain and snow. The weather is almost always cloudy, damp with constant winds.
• Continental - Swedish type of climate on the territory of the country of the same name and Finland. The cold season in this area is frosty. Snow cover is forming. The summer period is short, cool and rainy. On the flat tops of the mountains of Scandinavia, a cool climate has formed with high humidity and average summer temperatures of no more than +10 ºC.

Southern subregion

It includes the following climatic regions:

• Marine formed in European countries adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by mild winters without negative average temperatures. The summer period is moderately warm. Winds in the region are strong and blow frequently, rains are plentiful.
• Transitional from maritime to continental. In winter, a snow cover forms, which does not lie for a long time. Within 2-3 months the average temperatures are below zero. The summer period is hotter and more humid. Spring and autumn are distinctly expressed. The climate was formed in the eastern part of the German-Polish lowland.
• Continental is located on the territory of the plains near the Danube. In summer temperatures reach +22-24 ºC. Little precipitation falls. In winter, frosty winds from the east and north are frequent guests, causing a rapid drop in temperatures.
• Hercynian midlands. Humidity in this area is high compared to the plains located at the foot. The western slopes are more abundantly rained than the eastern ones. The temperatures in the mountains are lower, and the snow cover lasts for 3-5 months.
• Alpine is characterized high humidity, mountain peaks with low temperatures, snow cover and glaciers.

subtropical belt

The subtropical climatic zone of Eurasia runs through the entire continent from one ocean to another. In his power is the entire southern part of the Old World, the highlands of Western Asia up to 30º N. sh., the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, Tibet and the river basin. Yangtze. characteristic feature It can be said that in summer the air is dry and hot, and in winter it is humid and warm.

Climatic zones Eurasia is subdivided into smaller areas with special conditions. Their value depends, first of all, on the relief and the proximity of large water bodies. In the subtropical zone, the following are distinguished climatic zones:

• The marine Mediterranean was formed on some peninsulas (Apennines, Balkans) from the sea and is distinguished by hot summers and mild winters.
• Continental Mediterranean is located in the European part of the Mediterranean Sea, the western and southern coasts of the weather conditions it is similar to the previous one. The temperature in winter in different areas ranges from +2 to +12 ºC. In flat areas, about 500-600 mm of precipitation falls annually, and in mountainous areas up to 3000 mm.
• Continental. There is little precipitation: 100-400 mm per year, the main part falls on the autumn-winter period. Formed in the highlands of Western Asia, in the north of the Arabian Peninsula. During the year, temperature fluctuations reach 90ºС.
• The high-mountain sub-region is located in the region of Tibet. In winter, little snow falls, summers are dry and cold. Only the east of Tibet is rich in precipitation, which is supplied with monsoon moisture from the Pacific Ocean. Dry and cool air is recorded here year-round.
• Monsoon. East End The Yangtze has a humid climate. Monsoon from the Pacific Ocean brings rain in the summer, when they fall ¾ of the annual rate. Fronts contribute to precipitation during the cold season. Depending on the relief, their number per year ranges from 700 to 2000 mm.

tropical belt

The mainland of Eurasia has various climatic zones, including the tropical trade wind. It includes: the Thar desert, the south of the Arabian Peninsula and the southern part Tropical air masses. In summer it is hot, winter is warm. High temperature fluctuations during the day. There is a lack of precipitation in the region, for the most part their annual amount does not exceed 100 mm. The exception is the Yemeni mountains, where they fall 400-1000 mm.

subequatorial belt

It was formed on the territory of Ceylon, the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, southern China and a number of other islands. In winter, dry air masses come from the continent, and in summer - wet from the Indian Ocean. Spring is the hottest time. The winter-spring period is very dry, and the summer-autumn period is wet.

If we compare the climatic zones of Eurasia, then sub equatorial belt has very contrasting half-years. Dry and wet periods alternate throughout the year.

a brief description of climatic zones of Eurasia

climate zone	Dominant air	Description
Arctic	Arctic	Dry and cold
Subarctic	Arctic in winter, temperate in summer	Winters are cold and dry, summers are wet and moderately warm
Moderate	Moderate	Depends on the season
Subtropical	Moderate in winter, tropical in summer	Winters are humid and moderately warm, summers are dry and warm
Tropical	Tropical	Warm and dry
subequatorial	Tropical in winter, equatorial in summer	Winters are warm and dry, summers are warm and humid.
Equatorial	Equatorial	Warm and humid

equatorial belt

If you arrange the climatic zones of Eurasia, the table will turn out to be very bloated due to their number. The equatorial belt is the southernmost region of the continent. It was formed on most of the islands and peninsulas near the equator. Precipitation throughout the year is evenly distributed with 2 peak periods.

Other climatic zones of Eurasia do not have such high average annual temperatures, like this. The amount of precipitation is 1500-4000 mm per year.

I hear and read about the weather every day. But few people talk about how it is formed and what does the climatic zones of our continent of Eurasia have to do with it. So, I will write about it.

Climatic zones

Geographers have divided our whole world into peculiar climatic zones - belts. They are mirrored in both hemispheres from the equator. There are seven in total:

• subtropical;
• arctic;
• equatorial.
• moderate;
• tropical;
• subequatorial;
• subarctic.

Only the equatorial belt is not duplicated. Scientists in the southern hemisphere use the name "Antarctic" instead of the subarctic and arctic belts. Although geographers separate the tropic, they do not specify which, southern or northern, climatic zone they mean when determining the climate.
Eurasia is the longest continent. There are all climatic zones here, changing with the advancement from its eastern or western extremity inland.

Climatic zones also change with the rise in the mountains. If the mountains are high (5000 - 6000 m), then the Arctic belt will be located at their peaks. At their foot will be the zone of climate in which they are located relative to the distance from the equator.

From here we have: the climatic zone - the surface of the planet with the prevailing types of climate, which will change with the rise in the mountains and the distance from the equator to the pole or deep into the mainland from its tip.

Climatic zones of Eurasia

The location of the extreme points of this huge piece of land on the planet without islands from north to south is 77 ° 43 "(Cape Chelyuskin, Russia) and 1 ° 16" (Cape Piai, Malaysia).
Also, in Eurasia, the highest mountain system, the Himalayas, was formed. There is the highest peak in the world - Chomolungma (Everest). Above sea level, it rises to 8848 meters.
The coordinates within which the equatorial belt is located are 00 - 80 north latitude. The coordinates of the Arctic belt are from 700 to 900 north latitude.

The entire range of mountain climate zones is located within the range of 0 - 6000 meters.

It turns out that Eurasia occupies all climatic zones of the northern hemisphere of the Earth and all mountainous climatic zones.