The geographic location of the zone of variably moist forests. Nature, plants and animals of south america. Variable wet monsoon forests

"Peoples of Eurasia" - Romanesque peoples with dark hair, dark skin. Russian Ukrainians Belarusians. Frenchwoman. Eastern. On the territory of Eurasia live peoples belonging to different linguistic families and groups. About 3/4 of the world's population lives in Eurasia. Slavic peoples. Religions of Eurasia. Poles Czechs Slovaks. The Germanic peoples are characterized by blond hair and fair skin.

"Climatic features of Eurasia" - High average annual and summer temperatures. Temperature. Determination of climate types. Climatic zones and the region of Eurasia. The climate is mild. Arctic air. January temperature. You learned to read. Temperatures and winds in January. Climate charts. Relief. Climatic features Eurasia. Most precipitation.

"Geography Lesson Eurasia" - Introduce students to the concept of Eurasia. Explain the effect of size on natural features... Semenov-Tan-Shansky P.P. The highest mountain in the world is Chomolungma - 8848 m. Geographical position of Eurasia. General information about Eurasia. Name the travelers and explorers of the continent. Obruchev V.A.

"Nature of Eurasia" - Square. Minerals. Inland waters... Natural areas. Climate. Eurasia. Relief. Organic world... Geographical position. Continental records.

“Lakes of Eurasia” - Correct answer. -Tectonic lakes in the faults have great depth, elongated shape. Lacustrine basin of glacial origin. Such lakes are lakes - seas: Caspian and Aral. Inland waters of Eurasia. Determination of types of lake basins in Eurasia. Lacustrine basin of tectonic origin.

"Natural zones of the temperate zone of Eurasia" - Vegetable world... The flora of the taiga. Fauna of the taiga. Fauna: very similar to the animal world of the taiga ... Animal world. In Eurasia, the forest-steppe stretches in a continuous strip from west to east from the eastern foothills of the Carpathians to Altai. Taiga. In Europe and in the European part of Russia, light broadleaf forests from oak (oak grove), beech, linden, chestnut, ash, etc.

Alternately moist forests grow in those areas of the Earth where rainfall does not fall all year round, but the dry season is short-lived. They are located in Africa north and south of the humid equatorial forests, as well as in northeastern Australia.

See geographical position zones of variably moist forests on the map of natural zones.

The life of variably humid forests is closely related to seasonal climatic changes: during the dry season, in conditions of moisture deficiency, plants are forced to shed their foliage, and during the wet season they have to put on foliage again.

Climate. In the summer months, the temperature in areas of variable moisture forests reaches 27 degrees Celsius, in winter months the thermometer rarely drops below 21 degrees. The rainy season comes after the hottest month. During the summer rainy season, thunderstorms are frequent, for several days in a row there can be continuous clouds, often turning into rain. During dry seasons, some areas may not rain for two to three months.

Variably humid forests are dominated by yellow-earth and red-earth soil... The structure of the soil is granular-lumpy, the humus content gradually decreases downward, on the surface - 2-4%.

Among the plants of variably humid forests, there are evergreen, coniferous and deciduous trees. Evergreens include palm trees, ficuses, bamboo, all kinds of magnolia, cypress, camphor tree, tulip tree. Deciduous trees represented by linden, ash, walnut, oak, maple. Fir and spruce are often found among evergreens.

Animals.

The fauna of variably humid forests is rich and varied. The lower tier is inhabited by many rodents, from large animals - elephants, tigers and leopards, among the branches of trees monkeys, pandas, lemurs, and all kinds of felines have found refuge. There are Himalayan bears, raccoon dog and wild boar. The variety of birds is represented by pheasants, parrots, partridges and black grouse. Pelicans and herons are found on the banks of rivers and lakes.

Man has destroyed a significant part of the variably moist forests. Rice, tea bush, mulberry, tobacco, cotton, citrus are grown on the site of the deforested forests. It will take a long time to recover the lost forest areas.

The mainland South America is located in all geographic zones, except for the subantarctic and antarctic. The wide northern part of the continent lies in low latitudes, so the most widespread are the equatorial and subequatorial belts. Distinctive feature the continent is extensively developed forest natural zones (47% of the area). 1/4 of the world's forests are concentrated on the "green continent"(Fig. 91, 92).

South America gave mankind many cultivated plants: potatoes, tomatoes, beans, tobacco, pineapple, hevea, cocoa, peanuts, etc.

Natural areas

The equatorial geographic zone contains a zone humid equatorial forests occupying the Western Amazon. They are named A. Humboldt gilea, and the local population - selva. Wet equatorial forests South America - the richest in species composition forests on Earth. They are rightfully considered the “gene pool of the planet”: they contain more than 45 thousand plant species, including 4000 trees.

Figure: 91. Endemic animals of South America: 1- giant anteater; 2- goatsin; 3 - lama; 4 - sloth; 5 - capybaras; 6 - battleship

Figure: 92. Typical trees of South America: 1 - Chilean araucaria; 2 - wine palm; 3 - chocolate tree (cocoa)

Distinguish between flooded, non-flooded and mountain giley. In the river floodplains, flooded by water for a long period, depleted forests of low trees (10-15 m) with respiratory and stilted roots grow. Cecropia ("ant tree") predominates, giant victoria-regia float in the reservoirs.

On elevated areas, rich, dense, multi-tiered (up to 5 tiers) unheated forests are formed. Single-standing ceiba (cotton tree) and bertoletia, giving the Brazil nut, rise to a height of 40-50 m. The upper tiers (20-30 m) are formed by trees with valuable wood (rosewood, pau brasil, mahogany), as well as ficus and hevea, from the milky sap of which rubber is obtained. In the lower tiers, under the canopy of palm trees, grow chocolate and melon trees, as well as the oldest plants on Earth - tree ferns. The trees are densely intertwined with lianas; among the epiphytes, there are many brightly colored orchids.

Mangrove vegetation is developed near the coast, poor in composition (nipa palm, rhizophora). Mangroves - This is a thicket of evergreen trees and shrubs of the swampy zone of sea ebb and flow of tropical and equatorial latitudes, adapted to salt water.

Wet equatorial forests form on red-yellow ferralitic soils, poor nutrients... Falling foliage in a hot and humid climate quickly decays, and humus is immediately absorbed by plants, not having time to accumulate in the soil.

Gilea animals are adapted to life in trees. Many have a prehensile tail, like a sloth, a possum, a chain-tailed porcupine, wide-nosed monkeys (howler monkeys, arachnids, marmosets). Pig bakers and tapir live near the reservoirs. There are predators: jaguar, ocelot. There are numerous turtles and snakes, including the longest anaconda (up to 11 m). South America is the "continent of birds". Gilea is a home for macaws, toucans, goatsins, tree chickens and the smallest birds - hummingbirds (up to 2 g).

The rivers are teeming with caimans and alligators. They are home to 2000 species of fish, including the dangerous predatory piranha and the largest in the world - arapaima (up to 5 m in length and weighing up to 250 kg). There are electric eel and freshwater dolphin inia.

In three geographical zones stretched zones variable wet forests ... Subequatorial variable wet forests occupy eastern part Amazonian lowlands and the adjacent slopes of the Brazilian and Guiana highlands. The presence of a dry period causes the appearance of deciduous trees. Among evergreens, cinchona, ficuses, balsa, which have the lightest wood, prevail. IN tropical latitudes rich evergreens grow on the humid eastern edge of the Brazilian Highlands on mountainous red soils rainforests, close in composition to the equatorial. The southeast of the plateau on the red and yellow soils is occupied by sparse subtropical variable moisture forests. They are formed by the Brazilian araucaria with an underbrush of yerba mate ("Paraguayan tea").

Zone savannah and woodlands distributed in two geographic zones. In subequatorial latitudes, it encompasses the Orinoco Lowland and the inner regions of the Brazilian Highlands, in tropical latitudes - the Gran Chaco plain. Depending on the moisture content, there are wet, typical and deserted savannas,red, brown-red and red-brown soils develop under them, respectively.

Tall grass wet savannah in the Orinoco river basin is traditionally called llanos... It is flooded for up to six months, turning into an impassable swamp. Grains and sedges grow; the Mauritian palm dominates among the trees, so the Llanos is called the “palm savannah”.

On the Brazilian Highlands, the savannahs were named campos... Wet shrub-woody savanna occupies the center of the plateau, typical herbaceous - south. Against the background of cereal vegetation (bearded grass, feather grass), low-growing shrubs grow. Palm trees dominate among the trees (wax, oil, wine). The arid northeast of the Brazilian Highlands is occupied by the deserted savannah - caatinga. This is a sparse forest of thorny bushes and cacti. There is a bottle-shaped tree storing rainwater - Bombax cotton wool.

Savannahs continue in tropical latitudes, occupying the Gran Chaco plain. Only in tropical woodlands is the kebracho tree ("break the ax") found with hard and heavy wood sinking in water. In the savannas, plantations of coffee trees, cotton, bananas are concentrated. Dry savannas are an important area for grazing cattle.

The savannah animals are characterized by a protective brown color (spoke-horned deer, red nosuha, maned wolf, ostrich rhea). Rodents are abundantly represented, including the largest in the world - the capybara. Many animals of the gilea (armadillos, anteaters) also live in the savannas. Termites are ubiquitous.

On the Laplat lowland south of 30 ° S. sh. formed subtropical steppes ... In South America, they got the name pampa... It is characterized by rich herb-grass vegetation (wild lupine, pampas grass, feather grass). The black earth soils of the pampa are very fertile, therefore they are heavily plowed up. The Argentine Pampa is the main wheat and forage growing area in South America. The fauna of the pampa is rich in rodents (tuko-tuko, viscacha). There are pampas deer, pampas cat, puma, and ostrich rhea.

Semi-deserts and deserts South America extends in three geographic zones: tropical, subtropical and temperate. In the west of the tropics, a narrow strip along the Pacific coast and on the high plateaus of the Central Andes stretches tropical deserts and semi-deserts. This is one of the driest areas on Earth: the Atacama Desert may not rain for years. Dry grasses and cacti grow on the marginal gray soils of coastal deserts, which receive moisture from dews and fogs; on gravelly soils of alpine deserts - creeping and pillow-like grasses and thorny bushes.

The fauna of tropical deserts is poor. The inhabitants of the highlands are llamas, spectacled bear, and a chinchilla with valuable fur. There is the Andean condor - the largest bird in the world with a wingspan of up to 4 m.

To the west of the pampa in a continental climate, subtropical semi-deserts and deserts are widespread. On gray soils, light forests of acacias and cacti are developed, on salt marshes - solyanka. In the harsh temperate latitudes in the lowland Patagonia, dry grasses and thorny shrubs grow on brown semi-desert soils.

The southwestern outskirts of the mainland in two zones are occupied by forest natural zones. In the subtropics in the Mediterranean maritime climate a zone is formed dry hard-leaved forests and shrubs ... The coast and slopes of the Chilean-Argentine Andes (between 28 ° and 36 ° S) are covered with forests of evergreen southern beeches, teak, Persei on brown and gray-brown soils.

To the south are located wet evergreen and mixed forests ... In the north of the Patagonian Andes, in a subtropical humid climate, moist evergreen forests grow on mountain brown forest soils. With abundant moisture (more than 3000-4000 mm of precipitation), these rainforests are multi-tiered and rich, for which they were called "subtropical gilea". They are composed of evergreen beeches, magnolias, Chilean araucaria, Chilean cedar, South American larch with a rich undergrowth of tree ferns and bamboo. In the south of the Patagonian Andes, in a temperate maritime climate, there are mixed forests of deciduous beech and coniferous podocarpus. Here you can meet pudu deer, Magellanic dog, otter, skunk.

Highland region of the Andesoccupies a vast territory with a well-defined altitudinal zonality, most fully manifested at equatorial latitudes. Up to an altitude of 1500 m widespread hot belt - gilea with an abundance of palms and bananas. Higher up to 2000 m there is a temperate zone with cinchona, balsa, tree ferns and bamboos. A cold belt stretches up to 3500 m - a high-mountain gilea from a low crooked forest. It is replaced by a frosty belt with alpine meadows of paramos of grasses and low-growing shrubs. Above 4700 m there is a belt of eternal snow and ice.

List of references

1. Geography grade 8. Textbook for grade 8 institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk "Narodnaya Asveta" 2014

Vietnam

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located in the South East Asia, on the east coast of the Indochina Peninsula. Occupies an area of \u200b\u200b331,600 km 2, which is comparable to the territory of Germany. Vietnam is bordered by China in the north, Laos in the west, Cambodia in the south-west, and the South China Sea in the east. Vietnam owns two large archipelagos - Hoang Sha and Truong Sha and a large number of islands. Three quarters of the country's territory is mountainous; there are two fertile deltas of the country's main waterways, the Mekong (Fig. 2.73) and Red. The length of the coastline of Vietnam, excluding the islands, is 3444 km. Population - 92, 477 million people (2013 data).

The climate, according to Köppen's classification, belongs to the types Aw (tropical savannah on the plains of the south of the country) and Cwa-Am (warm monsoon climate in the mountainous north).

Vietnam's economy has been developing rapidly since 1990, when the country, following the example of China, began to combine state and private property. GDP growth ranges from 5.3 to 8.5%.

There are 13 big rivers and about 3500 rivers with a length of at least 10 km. Water resources have become an important factor in ensuring food and energy security, as well as in the industrialization and modernization of the country. At the end of the 20th century, Vietnam came out on top in the world in terms of rice exports (Vietnam ..., 1993) (Fig. 2.74-2.78).

Water resources are also a decisive factor in increasing the production of other agricultural and industrial crops such as tea, coffee, black pepper, etc. Currently, 70% of the water used for agricultural production comes from the Red and Mekong rivers. However, in the use of water resources, the country faces numerous challenges.

Mekong is one of the most large rivers of the world: its length is 4350 km, and its area is 795 thousand km 2. Food is rain, snow and glacier. Its basin is home to 250 million people from several countries (Fig. 2.73).

Figure: 2.74

Valley type of settlement. Fields and villages are located in the valleys of small rivers

The Mekong Basin ranks second in biodiversity after the Amazon. The Mekong flows through the territory of 4 states: China, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. The state borders of Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand run along the right bank of the river. The experts call the cooperation of the countries to which this river is directly related - “the spirit of the Mekong”. Since 1957, this cooperation has been taking place within the framework of the Commission on the R. Mekong (Rysbekov, 2009; FB.ru: http://fb.ru/article/222437/mekong).

Figure: 2.75

Rice fields in Mu Kang Chai District, Yen Bai Province

Figure: 2.76

Figure: 2.77

Figure: 2.78

On the territory of Vietnam, there is only a relatively small section (200 km long) of the lower reaches of the river. Mekong, representing a delta of two wide branches and many smaller channels (Fig. 2.79, 2.80). Many canals have been dug here. The delta, with an area of \u200b\u200b70 thousand km 2, is home to 17 million Vietnamese. The climate within the delta is subequatorial monsoon. Average annual temperature 27 ° C; the year is divided into two seasons - wet and dry.

Figure: 2.79

The provincial economies in the Mekong Delta are based on agriculture (rice cultivation (Fig. 2.81, 2.82)) and aquaculture. An important role in the delta is played by artificial canals, which are transport arteries and breeding grounds for aquatic products. The most famous Vinh Te canal is 87 km long and 40 to 60 m wide. It was dug by hand with shovels and hoes in 5 years, from 1819 to 1824 during the reign of the royal dynasty of Nguyen.

The fishing fleet includes more than 25 thousand vessels of various tonnage. More than 1 million tons of fish (pangasius), about 300 thousand tons of salted shrimp and a large number of other fish, arthropods and molluscs are grown annually. About 200 factories have been built to process seafood. In the last two decades, tourism has been developing intensively.

Fig. 2.80

Figure: 2.81

Figure: 2.82

The role of water resources in providing food to the population of Eurasia. Based on our review of the most common types of agricultural land in Eurasia, we will try to assess the role of water resources in solving the food problem on this continent. The world's population is projected to grow to 9 billion by 2050. At the beginning of Section 2.2, we outlined one of the food programs proposed by J. Foley (2014), which includes five steps. This program aims to increase production food products by 2050 twice, but does not consider the issue of water resources availability. Table 2.4. The "steps" of the Fowley program are numbered 1-5. The last column gives our estimate of the water availability of the program as a percentage of the volume that doubled food production.

"The first step" - stabilization of the agricultural land area is accepted as feasible in all considered territories as necessary initial condition implementation of the Foley program. The "second step" (continuation of the "green revolution") is possible on the irrigated lands of countries with warm climate, while in the zone of the northern and middle steppes, it has limitations - the unsuccessful experience of introducing Italian durum wheat in the steppe zone of Russia is known.

Table 2.4

Assessment of the feasibility of implementing the food program J. Foley (2014) "Five steps" taking into account the potential of water resources

Figure: 2.83 Map of the use of nitrogen fertilizers in Eurasia (fragment of the world map).

Africa is an amazing continent where a large number of geographic areas... In no other place are these distinctions so noticeable.

Natural areas of Africa are very clearly visible on the map. They are distributed symmetrically about the equator and are subject to uneven rainfall.

Characteristics of the natural zones of Africa

Africa belongs to the second largest continent on Earth. It is surrounded by two seas and two oceans. But the most important feature is its symmetry in position in relation to the equator, which divides Africa into two parts along the horizon.

In the north and south of the mainland, there are stiff-leaved evergreen moist forests and shrubs. Then there are deserts and semi-deserts, then savannahs.

In the very center of the continent there are zones of variable wet and constantly wet forests. Each zone is characterized by its own climate, flora and fauna.

Zone of variable humid and humid evergreen equatorial forests of Africa

The evergreen forest zone is located in the Congo Basin and runs along the Gulf of Guinea. More than 1000 plants can be found here. In these zones, mainly red-yellow soils. Many species of palms grow here, including oilseeds, tree ferns, bananas, and lianas.

Animals are placed in tiers. In these places animal world very diverse. A huge number of shrews, lizards and snakes live in the soil.

A huge number of monkeys live in the wet forest zone. In addition to monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees, more than 10 species of individuals can be found here.

Dog-headed baboons are of great concern to local residents. They are ravaging plantations. This species is quick-witted. They can only be frightened with a weapon; they are not afraid of a man with a stick.

African gorillas in these places grow up to two meters and weigh up to 250 kilograms. The forests are inhabited by elephants, leopards, small ungulates, forest pigs.

Good to know: in the eucalyptus zones of Africa, the tsetse fly lives. It is very dangerous to humans. Her bite infects a deadly sleeping sickness. The person begins to experience severe pain and fever.

Savannah zone

About 40% of the entire territory of Africa is savannah. The vegetation is represented by tall grasses and umbrella trees towering above them. The main one is the baobab.

This tree of life is of great importance to the people of Africa. , leaves, seeds - everything is eaten. The ash of the burnt fruit is used to make soap.

In dry savannas grow aloe with fleshy and thorny leaves. In the rainy season, the savannah has very abundant vegetation, but in the dry season it turns yellow, and fires often occur.

The red soils of the savanna are much more fertile than the wet forest zone. This is due to the active accumulation of humus during the dry period.

Within the territory of african savannah large herbivores live. Giraffes, elephants, rhinos, buffaloes live here. Savannah area is a place of residence of predators, cheetahs, lions, leopards.

Zones of tropical deserts and semi-deserts

Savannahs are replaced by zones of tropical deserts and semi-deserts. Precipitation in these places is very irregular. In certain areas, it may not rain for several years.

The climatic features of the zone are characterized by excessive dryness. Sandstorms often occur, during the day there are strong temperature differences.

The relief of the deserts is a placer of stones and salt marshes in the places where there were once seas. There are practically no plants here. There are rare thorns. There are types of vegetation with a short life span. They only grow after rains.

Areas of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs

The most extreme zone of the continent is the territory of evergreen hard-leaved leaves and shrubs. These places are characterized by wet winters and hot dry summers.

This climate has a beneficial effect on the condition of the soil. In these places it is very fertile. Lebanese cedar, beech and oak grow here.

The highest points of the mainland are located in this zone. On the peaks of Kenya and Kilimanjaro, even in the hottest period, snow constantly lies.

Africa natural zones table

The presentation and description of all natural areas of Africa can be clearly presented in the table.

Position climatic zones the mainland is very clearly delineated. This applies not only to the territory itself, but also to the definition of fauna, flora and climate types.