Prove that the deciduous forest is an ecosystem. Why the broadleaf forest is considered a more resilient ecosystem. Sustainability of forest ecosystems
Help please. Biology. and got the best answer
Answer from Daria Gubina [newbie]
1. Birds that eat insects nest in hollow trees. If you cut them down, insect pests will damage young trees, plants, which will lead to the gradual death of the forest.
2. The first to develop are herbaceous light-loving plants, then sprouts of birch, aspen, pine appear, the seeds of which were caught by the wind, birds, insects, a small-leaved or pine forest is formed; shade-tolerant spruces develop under the canopy of light-loving species, which will subsequently completely displace other trees.
3. Grass gives off oxygen less than wood per m2 of land! The grass is covered with snow in winter, and the tree continues to carry out its mission of producing oxygen.
5 The food network is formed from a variety of interconnected food chains, which means that its diversity is based on the diversity of species, the presence of producers, consumers, decomposers among them and the variety of their food (broad food specialization).
A forest ecosystem is a collection of living organisms, the main life form of which is trees. Forests occupy one third of the Earth's land mass, which is 38 million km 2. Half of this area is occupied by tropical, the rest coniferous, mixed, deciduous and deciduous forests.
According to its structure, the forest ecosystem is divided into tiers. The height of each layer and the composition of living organisms in it depends on the species diversity of the plants that form it.
The main in the ecosystem as a whole and in its food chain are obviously producer plants. The rest of the food chain - consumers and destroyers of the forest ecosystem, play an important, though dependent, role in it. And if the "activity" of consumers in all types of ecosystems is approximately the same, then the "existence and work" of destroyers is different in each type.
The ecosystem of the coniferous forest is formed in cold climatic conditions. Average annual temperature this natural area from +5 0 С to - 5 0 С. Low level of precipitation - up to 200 mm. Mostly they fall as snow. The winter is long. Summer is short. But the daylight hours are long. Such temperature and light conditions do not allow moisture to quickly evaporate from the soil surface, and these are excellent conditions for the growth of coniferous trees.
They are distributed in North America and Eurasia. In the southern hemisphere, such forests do not form a single massif. In South America and Australia, they are found mainly in the mountains.
Another name for the coniferous forest is taiga. There are many plant species in it, but coniferous trees dominate and occupy the upper tier in the ecosystem. The needle, which replaces the leaf in these breeds, does not fall off depending on the season. Snow easily rolls along it. It is "sheltered" from frost with a layer of resin, and the small surface allows it to tolerate cold well and give less moisture during evaporation. These trees do not stop photosynthesis even at 0 ° C.
In the tropics, pine forests can grow on certain types of soil. They have their own species composition.
The main types are: fir, pine, spruce, hemlock and larch. Another of them hallmarkbesides needles instead of leaves, there are cones. The presence of needles instead of leaves does not mean that all conifers are evergreen. There are tree species that shed their needles seasonally.
Coniferous forest ecosystems are inhabited by mosses and lichens, which, together with trees, are also producers. They not only participate in the process of photosynthesis, but also serve as a nutrient base for the next link in the food chain - consumers - animals.
The main and top of the trophic chain of this type of forest are predators, in particular, felines - the tiger and lynx. There are wolves, bears, foxes and other predators. Herbivorous mammals are mainly from the deer family. There is a hare, a squirrel, a marten, a sable, a hedgehog and a tree porcupine, different types of birds.
The "work" of reducers or destroyers in them depends on the density of crown or canopy closure. There are dark coniferous and light coniferous forests. The first ones consist of varieties of shade-tolerant trees that are closely closed, which is why the canopy density is high. This slows down the processing of organic matter and the formation of humus. The soils are therefore less fertile. In light conifers, sunlight penetrates the soil more easily and processes in it are faster.
To the south of the coniferous is the mixed one.
Mixed
Ecosystem mixed forest is a mixture of two ecosystems, due to the presence of deciduous and coniferous species in it. Thus, ecosystems complement and strengthen each other, and the resulting common one becomes more sustainable. It is considered mixed when one type of tree is mixed with another in the amount of at least 5%. Therefore, it is no coincidence that such forests are located between conifers from the north and broad-leaved ones from the south. They are mainly found in climatic zones with warm summers and cold winters. With an average annual rainfall of up to 700 mm. The soils of their growth are sod-podzolic or brown with a large amount of humus.
The natural area of \u200b\u200bthese forests - temperate zone: southern part of Scandinavia, East European and West Siberian plains, Carpathians, Caucasus, Far East, South East Asia... On the American continent - the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes region and California in North America, most South America and New Zealand.
The main tree species are: spruce, pine, oak, maple, linden, ash and elm. In the Caucasus and the Far East, beech and fir are added. In mountainous regions - larch, and in America - sequoia. Plants from the lower tiers also have a wide species diversity.
Rich flora mixed forests - these are producers and autotrophs, that is, organisms that synthesize oxygen and organic substances from inorganic ones using solar energy. They are the backbone of any ecosystem and mixed forests are no exception.
The next stage in the food chain belongs to consumers or consumers, heterotrophic organisms. Their total mass is an order of magnitude less than the plant mass - green, which is the main rule of the ecosystem vitality. These include: animals, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, fungi and bacteria. It is less diverse. These are: rodents - hares, squirrels, mice; mammals - deer, moose, wolves, foxes; birds - an owl, a woodpecker; insects - ticks, mosquitoes, spiders; protozoa are bacteria.
The food chain is closed by gravediggers - destroyers or decomposers: insect larvae, worms, microorganisms.
A feature of the mixed forest food chain is sustainability, due to the species complementarity and, if necessary, replacement. With a decrease in the population or the disappearance of any type of producer, it is replaced by the number of individuals of another. This rule does not work for insects. They are plant pollinators, and their larvae are decomposers. Their disappearance will lead to the decay of the ecosystem.
Mixed forest ecosystems are replaced by broad-leaved ones.
In a deciduous forest, the ecosystem is characterized by species diversity deciduous or summer green plants, that is, shedding foliage in the autumn-winter period. Their leaves have wide leaf plates. Such forests grow in a humid and moderately humid climate with high temperature... Summer is long. Winter is mild. Soils they prefer gray, podzolic, brown or even black soil. Areas of distribution - Europe, North America, East Asia, New Zealand and southern Chile.
The basis of the forest and its upper tiers are represented by: hornbeam, linden, ash, elm, maple, beech, oak and chestnut. Below are hazel, bird cherry and euonymus. The "first floor" is near the foresters, dream, zelenchuk, lungwort and so on. These are all producers.
Consumers are consumers, such mammals as: wild boar, deer, elk, bison, beaver, squirrel, hedgehog, fox, lynx, wolf, tiger, skunk, raccoon and brown bear. Birds: siskin, hazel grouse, nightingale, tit, bullfinch, wood grouse, black grouse, owl, owl, stork, duck and others. Reptiles, amphibians and fish are also consumers. This is already, viper, copperhead, frog, toad, salamander, catfish, pike, carp and salmon.
Reducers or gravediggers of a broad-leaved forest are practically all the same as in other ecosystems - worms, insect larvae, microorganisms.
The broadleaf forest ecosystem is also resilient and well-regulated. A special feature is the period when trees are without leaves. The photosynthesis process stops. The "main" role goes to reducers, which must maximally convert organic compounds into inorganic ones.
At the equator, deciduous trees are reshaping tropical forest ecosystems.
Have rainforest the ecosystem was formed on the basis of warm tropical, subtropical and equatorial climates. They encircle the Earth at the equator. The diversity of flora and fauna is dictated solely by the amount and distribution of rainfall by the seasons. There are forests of wet equatorial belt and dry tropical. If the humidity is about the same throughout the year, then they are evergreen. If not, then green only in winter.
Rainforests have a very diverse flora. It is dominated by trees, which can be up to 100 species per hectare. The main tree species are: dipterocarp, legumes, myrtle and palms. From other types of vegetation, it is necessary to distinguish ferns that exist on different layers of the tropical forest. There are three such tiers in total. The upper reaches 55 meters in height, the next up to 30 and the lower up to 20. The grasses here can reach a height of 6 meters. For example: banana. Plants such as lianas, epiphytes, bamboo, fern and so on blur the boundaries of the tiers.
The seasonal deciduous forests are home to terminalia, dalbergia, albicia, bamboo, teak and ebony, palm trees, laurel and sugarcane. The main herbs are cereals. Sometimes, the plants are covered with thorns to retain moisture.
The species diversity of tropical consumers surpasses any other forest. Many species of animals spend most of their time in trees. The most famous are monkeys, flying squirrels, sloths. Birds also live there - parrots, woodpeckers, toucans, hummingbirds and many others. Reptiles also live in places of maximum "accumulation" of food, that is, in trees. These are chameleons, snakes, geckos, jaguans, agamas, and even amphibian frogs trying to climb higher. There are not many exclusively terrestrial animal species, but they are very large. Their main types are: elephant, rhino, hippopotamus, buffalo, giraffe. Diverse in appearance invertebrates - ants, termites, centipedes and butterflies.
Plants of the second tier, usually close the canopy so tightly that they do not let sunlight... This negatively affects the "activity" of the destroyers. In deciduous forests, decomposers, and these are mainly fungi and termites, which also cannot process such a huge amount of organic matter. Therefore tropical, with such an intensive "production" of oxygen - about 55.5 Gt per year, "canned" in their organic matter up to 4.6 Gt of carbon dioxide.
Conclusion
A characteristic common for a forest ecosystem can be as follows. They are all built around dominance flora over the animal. Among plants, one or more tree species play a major role. Depending on this, the systems are referred to as single-species or mixed. An ecosystem of any kind has tiers. The amount of sunlight and oxygen that penetrates into its lower tiers depends on the density of tree crowns closing. Especially in the layers inhabited by decomposers - destroyers. And this, in turn, affects the amount of inorganic "food" synthesized by them for the trees themselves. Ecosystems in which there is an imbalance in favor of any living organisms are not stable enough and can be damaged and destroyed. The most stable are forest ecosystems with a mixture of species and their interchangeability.
Video - Forest ecosystems
PRACTICAL WORK
evolution.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Using the figure, determine what form of selection it illustrates, justify it. Will the size of the ears of hares change during the evolution of the action of this form? natural selection and under what conditions of life will this selection manifest itself?
Number of individuals
Sign value
PRACTICAL WORK
SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 11 CL
- What types of environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem? Explain the answer.
- Explain why not all the energy received from food is spent on the growth of the animal. Give at least three reasons.
- Brown trout live in water with an oxygen concentration of at least 2 mg / L. When its content decreases to 1.6 2 mg / L or less, trout dies. Explain the cause of the death of the trout using knowledge of the rate of response of the trait.
- What characterizes the geographic mode of speciation? Specify at least three items.
- How is the regulation of the number of insects, insectivores and birds of prey carried out in a mixed forest ecosystem if the number of insects increases?
- Blood-sucking insects are common inhabitants of many biocenoses. Explain in what cases they occupy the position of consumers II, III, and even orders in food chains.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. A species criterion is a set of features that distinguish a given species from another. 2. The basis of the physiological criterion is a combination of factors external environmentin which the species exists. 3. The genetic criterion is characterized by a certain karyotype. 4. An ecological criterion is a specific area occupied by a species in nature. 5. Other criteria for a species include: morphological, biochemical, geographical, etc. 6. To establish a species, it is enough to use any one criterion.
- In the biogeocenosis of the forest, trees were treated with pesticides to destroy mosquitoes and midges. Indicate at least four consequences of the impact of this event on the forest biogeocenosis.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. Charles Darwin defined the driving forces of evolution organic world.
2. He attributed to them the diversity of species, the struggle for existence and natural
selection. 3. Charles Darwin believed that the material for evolution is not
hereditary variability. 4. He also called it a modification of
variability. 5. Natural selection, in Darwin's opinion, plays a creative role
role. 6. He considered natural selection as the main driving force)
evolution.
- Antibiotic treatment of human diseases caused by microorganisms becomes ineffective over time. It is necessary to search for new drugs. Explain, from an evolutionary perspective, how antibiotic resistance develops.
- Rodents are the largest order of mammals in terms of the number of species in the latitude of distribution. What makes rodents thrive in nature? Give at least three reasons.
- Why a decline in the number of a species can cause its extinction. Give at least three reasons. Explain the answer
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. The share of visible rays accounts for most of the energy of solar radiation, reaching earth surface... 2. Life on Earth is possible only because long-wave rays are blocked by the ozone screen. 3. In small doses, infrared rays prevent rickets in humans. 4. Infrared rays are an important source of internal energy. 5. The influence of three areas of solar radiation on organisms is referred to as biotic environmental factors impact.
- Why broadleaf forest consider more sustainable ecosystemthan a herb meadow? Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
- The rate of photosynthesis depends on factors, among which light, carbon dioxide concentration, water, temperature are emitted. Why are these factors limiting the photosynthetic response?
- Explain why the reduction in the number of wolves due to shooting in the biocenoses of the tundra leads to a decrease in the reserves of lichen - the food of reindeer.
- The oxygen cycle is carried out in nature. What role do living organisms play in this process?
- Carps were launched into an artificial reservoir. Explain how this might affect the number of larvae of insects, crucians and pikes that live in it.
- Why is a mixed forest ecosystem considered a more resilient ecosystem than an ecosystem spruce forest?
- In a small reservoir formed after the flood of the river, the following organisms were found: ciliates, slippers, daphnia, white planaria, big pond snail, cyclops, hydras. Explain. can this reservoir be considered an ecosystem. Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
- What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem?
- How does a natural ecosystem differ from an agroecosystem?
- What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
- Squirrels tend to live in coniferous forest and feed mainly on spruce seeds. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the squirrel population?
- Clover grows in the meadow, pollinated by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the clover population?
- What changes in biotic factors can lead to an increase in the population of the naked slug that lives in the forest and feeds mainly on plants?
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. A population is a collection of freely crossing individuals different typesinhabiting the common territory for a long time. 2. The main group characteristics of a population are size, density, age, sex and spatial structure. 3. The collection of all genes in a population is called a gene pool. 4. The population is a structural unit of living nature. 5. The population size is always stable.
- Why are plants (producers) considered the initial link in the cycle of substances and energy conversion in the ecosystem?
- As a result of volcanic activity in the ocean, an island was formed. Describe the sequence of ecosystem formation on a newly formed land area. Specify at least three items.
- As a result of the forest fire, part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how it will heal itself. List at least three stages.
- In some forest biocenoses, daily birds of prey were mass-shot to protect chickens. Explain how this event affected the chicken population.
- The color of the white hare's coat changes throughout the year: in winter the hare is white, and in summer it is gray. Explain what kind of variability is observed in the animal and what determines the manifestation of this trait.
- What is the difference between the ground-air environment and the water environment?
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Explain how acid rain can damage plants. Give at least three reasons.
- What are the morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to the temperature of the environment in warm-blooded animals?
- What role do birds play in the forest biocenosis? Give at least three parameters.
- Using the figure, determine what form of selection it illustrates. Justify the answer. Will the size of the ears of hares change in the process of evolution under the action of this form of natural selection, and under what conditions of life will this selection manifest itself?
Number of individuals
Sign value
- Birds and mammals have achieved great success in the evolution of being mastered? ground-air environment compared to other vertebrates. Explain which common features their organizations have contributed to this. Give less than three signs.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. A population is a collection of freely crossing individuals of the same species, inhabiting a common territory for a long time. 2. Different populations of the same species are relatively isolated from each other, and their individuals do not interbreed with each other. 3. The gene pool in populations of the same species is the same. 4. The population is an elementary unit of evolution. 5. A group of frogs of the same species living deep in one summer is a population.
- What are the characteristics of plants living in arid zones?
- The body shape of a callima butterfly resembles a leaf. How did the butterfly's body shape form?
Exercise 1.
Consider the proposed scheme. Write down the missing term indicated on the diagram with a question mark in the answer.
Explanation: reproduction of organisms is sexual and asexual (without the participation of germ cells).
The correct answer is asexual.
Task 2.
Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Hybridological research method is used
1. Embryologists
2. Breeders
3. Genetics
4. Environmentalists
5. Biochemists
Explanation: hybridological method - a method for producing hybrids. They are used in genetics to clarify the characteristics and inheritance of a trait and in breeding for breeding new breeds, varieties, strains.
The correct answer is 23.
Task 3.
An mRNA molecule takes part in protein synthesis, a fragment of which contains 96 nucleotide residues. Determine the number of nucleotide residues in the region of the template DNA chain that carry information about the primary structure of the protein.
Explanation: when transcribing (copying a section of DNA - gene - to mRNA) on DNA and mRNA, the result is the same number of nucleotides, since the gene encodes the protein and the mRNA must transmit this encoded information unchanged.
This task neglects non-coding regions of DNA - introns, which are cut from DNA, so that mRNA is less than DNA.
The correct answer is 96.
Task 4.
The signs listed below, except for two, are used to describe the structure, functions of the depicted organoid of the cell. Identify two signs that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1. Packs and removes synthesized substances from the cell
2. Participates in the formation of lysosomes
3. Provides oxidative phosphorylation
4. Consists of one membrane
5. Contains interconnected faces
Explanation: the figure shows the Golgi apparatus. It packs and takes out synthesized substances from the cell (for example, proteins from the ribosomes enter the Golgi apparatus, and then are distributed throughout the cell), participate in the formation of lysosomes, are single-membrane. They do not carry out oxidative phosphorylation (like mitochondria) and do not contain gran (like chloroplasts).
The correct answer is 35.
Task 5.
Match the characteristics and phases of photosynthesis.
Characteristics
A. Photolysis of water
B. Fixation of carbon dioxide
B. Cleavage of ATP molecules
D. Excitation of chlorophyll by light quanta
E. Glucose synthesis
Phases of photosynthesis
1. Light
2. Dark
Explanation: the light phase of photosynthesis requires light. It includes: photolysis of water, splitting of ATP molecules, excitation of chlorophyll by light quanta. All processes take place on the membrane. The dark phase of photosynthesis does not require light. It includes the Calvin cycle, during which CO2 is fixed and glucose is synthesized.
Correct answer: 12112.
Task 6.
Determine the ratio of females to males in the offspring formed by crossing two heterozygotes. Write down the answer in the form of a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of phenotypes, in descending order.
Explanation: the question is posed incorrectly, since the offspring does not depend on the genotype. The female to male ratio will always be 50:50 (i.e. 1: 1).
The correct answer is 11.
Task 7.
The characteristics below, except two, are used to describe the causes of combinative variability.
1. Accidental meeting of gametes during fertilization
2. Spiralization of chromosomes
3. DNA replication in interphase
4. Recombination of genes in crossing over
5. Independent divergence of chromosomes in meiosis
Explanation: Combinative variability is due to: a chance meeting of gametes during (various combinations) fertilization, recombination of genes during crossing over or independent divergence of chromosomes in meiosis. Chromosome coiling and DNA replication in interphase are not characteristics of combinative variation.
The correct answer is 23.
Task 8.
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and stages of formation of the lancelet embryos.
Characteristics
A. Invagination of a group of cells into the blastula
B. Mitosis of the zygote
B. Formation of the walls of the primary intestine
D. Blastocoel formation
E. Blastomere formation
Embryogenesis stages
1. Single-layer embryo
2. Double-layered embryo
Explanation:blastula is a single-layer stage, which means that everything that is included in it belongs to the single-layer period of development of the embryo (zygote mitosis, blastomere formation, blastocoel formation). During gastrulation, invagination occurs and the protruding cells represent the second layer, that is, the following characteristics belong to the two-layer embryo: The invagination of a group of cells into the blastula and the formation of the walls of the primary intestine.
The correct answer is 21211.
Task 9.
1. Are perennials
2. Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll
3. Have flowers and inflorescences
4. Form fruits with seeds
5. Represented by a variety of life forms
6. Propagated by seeds
Explanation: angiosperms are the most progressive group of plants. They differ from all others by the presence of a flower and a fruit. Also, unlike gymnosperms, they are represented by various life forms: grasses, shrubs, trees (gymnosperms are only arboreal forms). Common signs: perennial plants, the presence of chloroplasts with chlorophyll, seed reproduction.
The correct answer is 126.
Task 10.
Establish a correspondence between animals and the characteristics of the body temperature.
Animals
A. House Sparrow
B. Nimble lizard
B. Common dolphin
G. Nile crocodile
D. Common newt
E. Common mole
Features of body temperature
1. Constant
2. Fickle
Explanation: in birds (house sparrow) and mammals ( common dolphin, common mole) - constant body temperature (they are warm-blooded). In amphibians (common newt) and reptiles (nimble lizard, nile crocodile) inconsistent body temperature (they are cold-blooded).
Correct answer: 121221.
Task 11.
Establish the sequence of the arrangement of taxonomic groups of plants, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1. Common radish
2. Angiosperms
3. Cruciferous
4. Dicotyledons
5. Radish
6. Eukaryotes
Explanation: we arrange the systematic groups, starting with the smallest.
Species Common radish
Rod Radish
Family Cruciferous
Class Dicotyledons
Department of Angiosperms
The Eukaryote Kingdom
The correct answer is 153426.
Task 12.
Choose three correct answers out of six.
Leukocytes are blood cells that
1. Formed in the red bone marrow
2. Are able to change their shape
3. Contain kernels
4. Synthesize hemoglobin
5. Substances for thrombus formation are isolated
6. Ripen in the nerve nodes
Explanation: leukocytes are white blood cells, they are responsible for immunity, can absorb foreign particles by changing the shape of the cell (phagocytosis), have nuclei, are formed in the red bone marrow. They do not synthesize hemoglobin, do not participate in the formation of a blood clot, do not mature in the nerve nodes.
The correct answer is 123.
Task 13.
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and departments of the nervous system.
Characteristics
A. Coordinates work internal organs
B. Regulates metabolic processes
B. Acts autonomously, regardless of the wishes of the person
D. Provides voluntary movements of the limbs
E. Regulates smooth muscle activity
E. Regulates skeletal muscle contraction
Divisions of the nervous system
1. Vegetative
2. Somatic
Explanation: somatic nervous system controls the work of muscles. The autonomic (autonomic) nervous system - controls the work of internal organs, that is, the autonomic nervous system coordinates the work of internal organs, metabolic processes, the activity of smooth muscles. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary movements of the limbs, that is, the contraction of skeletal muscles.
The correct answer is 111212.
Task 14.
Establish the sequence of the location of the structures of the eyeball, starting with the cornea. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1. Retinal neurons
2. Vitreous humor
3. Pupil in the pigment membrane
4. Light-sensitive cells-rods and cones
5. Convex transparent part of the tunica albuginea
Explanation: consider the structure of the eyeball.
The most external structure is the convex transparent part of the membrane, then the pupil in the pigment membrane, then the vitreous body, then the retinal neurons and, finally, the light-sensitive cells - rods and cones.
The correct answer is 53214.
Task 15.
Choose from the text three sentences that describe the pathways of the macroevolution of the organic world. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Explanation:the paths of macroevolution of the organic world are described in sentences 1, 4 and 5.
Macroevolution is the process of forming large systematic units. We draw attention to the phrases: "aromorphosis", "general degeneration", "increased level of organization", "morphophysiological regression".
The correct answer is 145.
Task 16.
Match the characteristics and criteria of the Honey Bee species.
Characteristics
A. Social lifestyle
B. Difference in size of males and females
B. Development of larvae in combs
D. Presence of hairs on the body
E. Feeding on nectar and pollen from flowers
E. Faceted eyes
View criteria
1. Morphological
2. Environmental
Explanation:the morphological criterion describes the external structure of organisms, that is, the difference in the size of males and females, the presence of hairs on the body, faceted eyes. The ecological criterion describes the interaction of a species with the environment and with other organisms: social lifestyle, development of larvae in combs.
The correct answer is 212121.
Task 17.
Choose three correct answers out of six.
In biogeocenosis, heterotrophs, in contrast to autotrophs,
1. Are producers
2. Provide ecosystem change
3. Increase the supply of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere
4. Extract organic matter from food
5. Convert organic residues into mineral compounds
6. Play the role of consumers or reducers
Explanation: Heterotrophs are living organisms that consume organic substances and convert them into mineral compounds. In the food chain, heterotrophs play the role of consumers or reducers. Producers are autotrophs, green plants emit oxygen during photosynthesis, increasing its supply in the atmosphere.
The correct answer is 456.
Task 18.
Match the characteristics and types of ecosystems.
Characteristics
A. Diverse supply circuits and networks
B. Large variety of species
B. Presence of monocultures
D. Closed circulation of substances
E. Instability over time
E. Need for additional energy
Types of ecosystems
1. Agrobiocenosis
2. Biogeocenosis
Explanation:agrobiocenosis - an artificial community, is unstable, as it has a number of disadvantages: the presence of a monoculture, instability in time, the need for additional energy.
Biogeocenosis is a natural community, quite stable, since there are various food chains and networks, a wide variety of species, and a closed cycle of substances.
The correct answer is 221211.
Task 19.
Establish the sequence of the formation of aromorphoses in animals in the process of evolution. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1. The appearance of internal fertilization
2. The emergence of the sexual process
3. Chord formation
4. Formation of five-toed limbs
Explanation: among the listed signs, the earliest is the appearance of the sexual process (even in the intestinal cavity), then internal fertilization, the appearance of the chord and the formation of five-fingered limbs.
The correct answer is 2134.
Task 20.
Consider a drawing depicting cell division and determine its phases, the set of chromosomes in daughter cells and what specific cells are formed as a result of such division in plants.
Fill in the blank cells in the table using the terms in the list. For each letter cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.
List of terms
1. Prophase, metaphase, telophase
2. Somatic
3. Diploid
4. Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
5. Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1
6. Haploid
7. Dispute
8. First meiotic division
Explanation: the figure shows the second division of meiosis, as haploid cells are formed. In plants, spores are formed during meiosis, and gametes during mitosis (vice versa in animals).
The correct answer is A - phases of cell division - prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
B - a set of chromosomes in daughter cells - haploid
B - what specific cells are formed in plants - spore
The answer is 467.
Task 21.
Analyze the graph "Mouflon Survival at London Zoo". Select statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the presented data.
Assertions:
1. A group of animals was investigated, consisting of 79 individuals
2. 3-4 individuals live to approximately 9.5 years
3. Born individuals often die in the third year of life
4. Most of the individuals live up to eight years
5. In the initial population, the average age of individuals is one year
Explanation:as can be seen from the graph, the largest number of individuals are 1-4 years old (12-48 months old). A total of 79 individuals were examined, but only 3-4 of them survive to 9.5 years (114 months).
The correct answer is 12.
Task 22.
They took several whiskers from one plant, rooted them and got adult plants, which were transplanted to another part of the plantation. However, the fruits of some daughter plants were found to be smaller than those of the parent plant. What is the method used for breeding strawberries? Explain the reason for the appearance of small fruits.
Explanation: the task provides a vegetative method of reproduction. Fruit size may vary within the normal reaction range depending on environmental conditions. This type of variation is called modification or phenotypic.
Task 23.
What plant organs are indicated in the figure by numbers - 1, 2, 3? What is their role in plant life? What organ are they a modification of?
Explanation: 1 - tuber, 2 - bulb, 2 - rhizome. These organs are modified shoots. With the help of the modified shoot, the plant can reproduce vegetatively.
Task 24.
Find errors in the text provided. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which mistakes were made, correct them.
1. The endocrine glands have ducts through which the secret enters the blood. 2. These glands secrete biologically active regulatory substances - hormones. 3. All hormones are proteins by chemical nature. 4. Pancreatic hormone - insulin. 5. It regulates blood glucose. 6. With its lack, the concentration of glucose in the blood decreases.
Explanation: mistakes were made in sentences 1, 3, 6.
Proposition 1 - the endocrine glands secrete a hormone into the blood and do not have ducts, the endocrine glands secrete a secret into the duct.
Sentence 3 - Not all hormones are proteins (for example, adrenaline is not protein).
Proposition 6 - insulin helps glucose to get into cells, so if it is lacking, the concentration of glucose in the blood does not decrease, but increases (this disease is called diabetes mellitus).
Task 25.
Class Mammals are a thriving group of vertebrates. Explain what aromorphoses allowed them to achieve biological progress. List at least four signs.
Explanation: aromorphoses of mammals:
1. Warm-bloodedness - independence from temperature environment (high metabolic rate).
2. The appearance of wool - keeping warm.
3. Differentiation of teeth - can eat different foods.
4. Four-chambered heart - complete separation of venous and arterial blood.
5. Strongly developed cerebral cortex (characterized by complex behavior).
6. Outer ear - the sound is collected and passed into the auditory tube.
7. Ability to feed young with milk and care for offspring.
Task 26.
Why is a broadleaf forest considered a more resilient ecosystem than a herb meadow? Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
Explanation:
1. A herb meadow is represented by plants with only one life form - herbaceous plants, while in a broad-leaved forest there are grasses, shrubs, and trees (there is tiering).
2. In the broadleaf forest there are more branched chains.
3. The broadleaf forest has more species diversity.
Task 27.
The chromosome set of wheat somatic cells is 28. Determine the chromosome set and the number of DNA molecules in the cells of the root tip in prophase at the end of the telophase of mitosis. Explain the results obtained in each phase.
Explanation: somatic cells contain a diploid set of chromosomes. In the cells of the root tip in prophase, the set of chromosomes and the number of DNA molecules - 2n4c - 56 molecules (since replication has occurred), at the end of the telophase of mitosis - 2n2c - 28 molecules (sister cells are located in daughter cells single-chromatid chromosomes).
Task 28.
Blood type and Rh factor are autosomal recessive signs.
The blood group is controlled by three alleles of one gene: I0, IA, IB. Alleles IA and IB are dominant in relation to the I0 allele. The first group (0) is determined by the recessive genes I0, the second group (A) is determined by the dominant allele IA, the third group (B) is determined by the dominant allele IB, and the fourth (AB) is determined by the two dominant alleles - IAIB. A positive Rh factor (R) dominates over a negative one (r).
The mother has a second group and is Rh positive (heterozygote for the Rh factor), the father has a third blood group and positive Rh (homozygote for the Rh factor). The son has the first blood group and is Rh positive. Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents and son. Determine what blood groups and Rh factor children in this family can have, their possible genotypes and the ratio of phenotypes. What is the law of heredity manifested in this case?
Explanation:maternal genotype - IAI0Rr
father's genotype - IBI0RR
son's genotype - I0I0R_
P: IAI0Rr x IBI0RR
Gametes: IAR, I0r, IAr, I0R x IBR, I0R
We have the following splitting into 4 phenotypes and 8 genotypes.
F1: IAIBRR, IAIBRr - fourth blood group, Rh positive
IAI0RR, IAI0Rr - second blood group, Rh positive
IBI0Rr, IBI0RR - third blood group, Rh positive
I0I0Rr, I0I0RR - first blood group, Rh positive
The ratio of phenotypes is 1: 1: 1: 1.
The law of independent inheritance is manifested.
Option 7. Biology. A set of materials for preparing students for the USE 2018. Kalinova, L.G. Prilezhaeva.