What types of environmental factors contribute to the regulation of wolves. What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves. What is the difference between the ground-air environment and the water
PRACTICAL WORK
evolution.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Using the figure, determine what form of selection it illustrates, justify it. Will the size of the ears of hares change in the process of evolution under the action of this form of natural selection, and under what conditions of life will this selection manifest itself?
Number of individuals
Sign value
PRACTICAL WORK
SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 11 CL
- What types of environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem? Explain the answer.
- Explain why not all the energy received from food is spent on the growth of the animal. Give at least three reasons.
- Brown trout live in water with an oxygen concentration of at least 2 mg / L. When its content decreases to 1.6 2 mg / L or less, trout perishes. Explain the cause of the death of the trout using knowledge of the rate of response of the trait.
- What characterizes the geographic mode of speciation? Specify at least three items.
- How is the regulation of the number of insects, insectivores and birds of prey carried out in a mixed forest ecosystem if the number of insects increases?
- Blood-sucking insects are common inhabitants of many biocenoses. Explain in what cases they occupy the position of consumers II, III and even orders in food chains.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. A species criterion is a set of features that distinguish a given species from another. 2. The basis of the physiological criterion is a combination of factors external environmentin which the species exists. 3. The genetic criterion is characterized by a certain karyotype. 4. An ecological criterion is a certain area occupied by a species in nature. 5. Other criteria for a species include: morphological, biochemical, geographical, etc. 6. To establish a species, it is enough to use any one criterion.
- In the biogeocenosis of the forest, trees were treated with pesticides to destroy mosquitoes and midges. Indicate at least four consequences of the impact of this event on the forest biogeocenosis.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. Charles Darwin determined the driving forces of the evolution of the organic world.
2. He attributed to them the diversity of species, the struggle for existence and natural
ny selection. 3. Ch. Darwin believed that the material for evolution is not
hereditary variability. 4. He also called it a modification of
variability. 5. Natural selection, according to Darwin, plays a creative role
role. 6. He considered natural selection as the main driving force)
evolution.
- Antibiotic treatment of human diseases caused by microorganisms over time becomes ineffective. It is necessary to search for new drugs. Explain, from an evolutionary perspective, how antibiotic resistance develops.
- Rodents are the largest order of mammals in terms of the number of species in the latitude of distribution. What makes rodents thrive in nature? Give at least three reasons.
- Why a decline in the number of a species can cause its extinction. Give at least three reasons. Explain the answer
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. The share of visible rays accounts for most of the energy of solar radiation, reaching the earth's surface... 2. Life on Earth is possible only because the long-wavelength rays are blocked by the ozone screen. 3. In small doses, infrared rays prevent rickets in humans. 4. Infrared rays are an important source of internal energy. 5. The influence of the three areas of solar radiation on organisms is referred to as biotic environmental factors of influence.
- Why broadleaf forest consider more sustainable ecosystemthan a herb meadow? Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
- The rate of photosynthesis depends on factors, among which light, carbon dioxide concentration, water, temperature are emitted. Why are these factors limiting the photosynthetic response?
- Explain why the decrease in the number of wolves due to shooting in the biocenoses of the tundra leads to a decrease in the reserves of reindeer reindeer forage for lichen.
- Oxygen is circulated in nature. What role do living organisms play in this process?
- Carp were launched into an artificial reservoir. Explain how this can affect the number of larvae of insects, crucians and pikes that live in it.
- Why is a mixed forest ecosystem considered a more resilient ecosystem than an ecosystem spruce forest?
- In a small reservoir formed after the flood of the river, the following organisms were found: ciliates, slippers, daphnia, white planaria, big pond snail, cyclops, hydras. Explain. can this reservoir be considered an ecosystem. Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
- What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem?
- How does a natural ecosystem differ from an agroecosystem?
- What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
- Squirrels tend to live in coniferous forest and feed mainly on spruce seeds. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the squirrel population?
- Clover grows in the meadow, pollinated by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the clover population?
- What changes in biotic factors can lead to an increase in the population of the naked slug that lives in the forest and feeds mainly on plants?
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. A population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of different species that have been inhabiting a common territory for a long time. The main group characteristics of a population are size, density, age, sex and spatial structure. 3. The totality of all genes in a population is called a gene pool. 4. The population is a structural unit of living nature. 5. The population size is always stable.
- Why are plants (producers) considered the initial link in the cycle of substances and the conversion of energy in the ecosystem?
- As a result of volcanic activity in the ocean, an island was formed. Describe the sequence of ecosystem formation on a newly formed land area. Specify at least three items.
- As a result of the forest fire, part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how it will heal itself. List at least three stages.
- In some forest biocenoses, daytime birds of prey were mass-shot to protect chickens. Explain how this event affected the chicken population.
- The color of the white hare's coat changes throughout the year: the hare is white in winter and gray in summer. Explain what kind of variability is observed in an animal and what determines the manifestation of this trait.
- What is the difference between the ground-air environment and the water environment?
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
- Explain how acid rain can damage plants. Give at least three reasons.
- What are the morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to the temperature of the environment in warm-blooded animals?
- What role do birds play in forest biocenosis? Give at least three parameters.
- Using the figure, determine what form of selection it illustrates. Justify the answer. Will the size of the ears of hares change in the process of evolution under the action of this form of natural selection, and under what conditions of life will this selection manifest itself?
Number of individuals
Sign value
- Birds and mammals have achieved great success in the evolution of being mastered? ground-air environment in comparison with other vertebrates. Explain what common features of their organization have contributed to this. Give less than three signs.
- Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. A population is a set of freely crossing individuals of the same species, inhabiting a common territory for a long time. 2. Different populations of the same species are relatively isolated from each other, and their individuals do not interbreed with each other. 3. The gene pool in populations of the same species is the same. 4. The population is an elementary unit of evolution. 5. A group of frogs of the same species living in deep within one summer constitutes a population.
- What are the characteristics of plants living in arid zones?
- The body shape of a callima butterfly resembles a leaf. How did the butterfly's body shape form?
Part C assignments
1. What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem?
Response elements:
1) anthropogenic: reduction of forest area, excessive hunting;
2) biotic: lack of feed, competition, spread of diseases
2. What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
Response elements:
1) heterotrophic bacteria - reducers decompose organic substances to minerals that are assimilated by plants;
2) bacteria-autotrophs (photos, chemotrophs) - producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, ensuring the circulation of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
3. Ribosomes from different cells, the entire set of amino acids and the same mRNA and tRNA molecules were placed in a test tube, all conditions were created for protein synthesis. Why will one type of protein be synthesized in a test tube on different ribosomes?
Response elements:
1) the primary structure of a protein is determined by the amino acid sequence;
2) templates for protein synthesis are identical mRNA molecules in which the same primary protein structure is encoded.
4. Explain why it is dangerous to eat beef that is not sanitized, undercooked or undercooked.
Response elements:
1) beef meat may contain bovine tapeworm Finns;
2) an adult worm develops from the Finns in the digestive canal, andman becomes the ultimate master.
5. In the leaves of plants, the process of photosynthesis proceeds intensively. Does it occur in ripe and unripe fruits? Explain the answer.
Response elements:
1) photosynthesis occurs in immature fruits (while they are green), since they have chloroplasts;
2) as they mature, chloroplasts turn into chromoplasts, in which photosynthesis does not occur.
6. What processes ensure the movement of water and minerals in the plant? Explain the answer.
Response elements:
1) from the root to the leaves, water and minerals move through the vessels due to transpiration, as a result of which sucking force arises;
2) the upward current in the plant is facilitated by the root pressure, which arises as a result of the constant flow of water into the root due to the difference in the concentration of substances in the cells and the environment.
7. Red algae (crimson) live at great depths. Despite this, photosynthesis takes place in their cells. Explain why photosynthesis occurs if the water column absorbs the rays of the red-orange part of the spectrum
Response elements:
1) for photosynthesis, rays are needed not only in the red, but also in the blue part of the spectrum;
2) red pigment is contained in the crimson cells, which absorbs the rays of the blue part of the spectrum, their energy is used in the process of photosynthesis.
8. What plant organs are damaged by May beetles at different stages of individual development?
Response elements:
1) plant roots damage larvae;
2) the leaves of trees are damaged by adult beetles.
9. Which milk, sterilized or freshly milked, will sour faster under the same conditions? Explain the answer.
Response elements:
1) freshly milked milk will sour faster, since it contains bacteria that cause the fermentation of the product;
2) during sterilization of milk, cells and spores of lactic acid bacteria die, and milk is stored longer.
10.Why can antibiotic treatment cause intestinal dysfunction? Give at least two reasons.
Response elements:
1) antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria that live in the human intestine;
2) breakdown of cellulose, water absorption and other processes.
11. Why under the tourniquet, which is applied to stop bleeding from large blood vessels, put a note indicating the time of its application?
Response elements:
1) after reading the note, you can determine how much time has passed since the application of the tourniquet;
2) if after 1-2 hours it was not possible to deliver the patient to the doctor, then the tourniquet should be loosened for a while. This will prevent tissue necrosis.
Part C1-C4 assignments
1. What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem?
Answer:
1) anthropogenic: reduction of forest area, excessive hunting;
2) biotic: lack of food, competition, spread of diseases.
2. Determine the type and phase of cell division shown in the figure. What processes are taking place in this phase?
Answer:
1) the figure shows the metaphase of mitosis;
2) the spindle filaments are attached to chromosome centromeres;
3) in this phase, dichromatid chromosomes are aligned in the equatorial plane.
3. Why does plowing the soil improve the living conditions of cultivated plants?
Answer:
1) promotes the destruction of weeds and weakens competition with cultivated plants;
2) contributes to the supply of plants with water and minerals;
3) increases the supply of oxygen to the roots.
4. How does a natural ecosystem differ from an agroecosystem?
Answer:
1) great biodiversity and diversity of food links and food chains;
2) a balanced circulation of substances;
3) long periods of existence.
5. Explain the mechanisms that ensure the constancy of the number and shape of chromosomes in all cells of organisms from generation to generation?
Answer:
1) due to meiosis, gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes are formed;
2) during fertilization in the zygote, the diploid set of chromosomes is restored, which ensures the constancy of the chromosome set;
3) the growth of the organism occurs due to mitosis, which ensures the constancy of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.
6. What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
Answer:
1) heterotrophic bacteria - reducers decompose organic substances to minerals, which are assimilated by plants;
2) bacteria-autotrophs (photos, chemotrophs) - producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, ensuring the circulation of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
7. What are the characteristics of bryophytes?
Answer:
2) mosses reproduce both sexually and asexually with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte);
3) an adult moss plant is a sexual generation (gametophyte) and a capsule with spores is asexual (sporophyte);
4) fertilization occurs in the presence of water.
8. Squirrels, as a rule, live in the coniferous forest and feed mainly on spruce seeds. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the squirrel population?
9. It is known that the Golgi apparatus is especially well developed in the glandular cells of the pancreas. Explain why.
Answer:
1) enzymes are synthesized in the cells of the pancreas, which accumulate in the cavities of the Golgi apparatus;
2) in the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are packed in the form of bubbles;
3) from the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are carried into the pancreatic duct.
10. Ribosomes from different cells, the entire set of amino acids and identical mRNA and tRNA molecules were placed in a test tube, all conditions for protein synthesis were created. Why will one type of protein be synthesized in a test tube on different ribosomes?
Answer:
1) the primary structure of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids;
2) templates for protein synthesis are identical mRNA molecules, in which the same primary protein structure is encoded.
11. What structural features are typical for representatives of the Chordov type?
Answer:
1) internal axial skeleton;
2) the nervous system in the form of a tube on the dorsal side of the body;
3) cracks in the digestive tube.
12. Clover grows in the meadow, pollinated by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the clover population?
Answer:
1) decrease in the number of bumblebees;
2) an increase in the number of herbivorous animals;
3) reproduction of competitors' plants (cereals, etc.).
13. The total mass of mitochondria in relation to the mass of cells of various organs of the rat is: in the pancreas - 7.9%, in the liver - 18.4%, in the heart - 35.8%. Why are there different mitochondrial content in the cells of these organs?
Answer:
1) mitochondria are the energy stations of the cell, in which ATP molecules are synthesized and accumulated;
2) intensive work of the heart muscle requires a lot of energy, therefore, the content of mitochondria in its cells is the highest;
3) in the liver, the number of mitochondria is higher in comparison with the pancreas, since there is a more intensive metabolism in it.
14. Explain why it is dangerous to eat undercooked or lightly cooked beef that is not sanitized.
Answer:
1) in beef meat there may be Finns bovine tapeworm;
2) an adult worm develops from the Finns in the digestive canal, and the person becomes the final owner.
15. Name the plant cell organoid shown in the figure, its structures, indicated by numbers 1-3, and their functions.
Answer:
1) the depicted organoid - chloroplast;
2) 1 - grana thylakoids, participate in photosynthesis;
3) 2 - DNA, 3 - ribosomes, participate in the synthesis of the chloroplast's own proteins.
16. Why can't bacteria be classified as eukaryotes?
Answer:
1) in their cells, the nuclear substance is represented by one circular DNA molecule and is not separated from the cytoplasm;
2) do not have mitochondria, Golgi complex, EPS;
3) do not have specialized germ cells, there is no meiosis and fertilization.
17. What changes in biotic factors can lead to an increase in the population of the naked slug that lives in the forest and feeds mainly on plants?
18. In the leaves of plants, the process of photosynthesis proceeds intensively. Does it occur in ripe and unripe fruits? Explain the answer.
Answer:
1) photosynthesis occurs in immature fruits (while they are green), since they contain chloroplasts;
2) as they mature, chloroplasts turn into chromoplasts, in which photosynthesis does not occur.
19. What stages of gametogenesis are indicated in the figure by the letters A, B and C? What set of chromosomes do cells have at each of these stages? What specialized cells does this process lead to?
Answer:
1) A - stage (zone) of reproduction (division), cells are diploid;
2) B - stage (zone) of growth, the cell is diploid;
3) B - the stage (zone) of maturation, the cells are haploid, spermatozoa develop.
20. What is the difference in structure of bacterial cells from the cells of organisms of other kingdoms of living nature? Please indicate at least three differences.
Answer:
1) there is no formed nucleus, nuclear envelope;
2) a number of organelles are absent: mitochondria, EPS, Golgi complex, etc .;
3) have one ring chromosome.
21. Why are plants (producers) considered the initial link in the cycle of substances and energy conversion in the ecosystem?
Answer:
1) create organic substances from inorganic ones;
2) accumulate solar energy;
3) provide organic matter and energy to organisms of other parts of the ecosystem.
22. What processes ensure the movement of water and minerals in the plant?
Answer:
1) from the root to the leaves, water and minerals move through the vessels due to transpiration, as a result of which sucking force arises;
2) the upward current in the plant is facilitated by the root pressure, which arises as a result of the constant flow of water into the root due to the difference in the concentration of substances in the cells and the environment.
23. Consider the cells shown in the figure. Determine which letters represent prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Provide evidence of your point of view.
Answer:
1) A - prokaryotic cell, B - eukaryotic cell;
2) the cell in Figure A does not have a formed nucleus, its hereditary material is represented by a circular chromosome;
3) the cell in Figure B has a formed nucleus and organelles.
24. What is the complication of the circulatory system of amphibians in comparison with fish?
Answer:
1) the heart becomes three-chambered;
2) the second circle of blood circulation appears;
3) the heart contains venous and mixed blood.
25. Why is a mixed forest ecosystem considered more resilient than a spruce forest ecosystem?
Answer:
1) in mixed forest more species than spruce;
2) food chains in a mixed forest are longer and branched than in a spruce one;
3) there are more tiers in a mixed forest than in a spruce one.
26. The section of the DNA molecule has the following composition: GATGAATAGTGCTTC. List at least three consequences of accidental replacement of the seventh nucleotide of thymine with cytosine (C).
Answer:
1) a gene mutation will occur - the codon of the third amino acid will change;
2) in a protein, one amino acid may be replaced by another, as a result, the primary structure of the protein will change;
3) all other protein structures can change, which will entail the appearance of a new trait in the body.
27. Red algae (crimson) live at great depths. Despite this, photosynthesis takes place in their cells. Explain how photosynthesis occurs if the water column absorbs the rays of the red-orange part of the spectrum.
Answer:
1) for photosynthesis, rays are needed not only in the red, but also in the blue part of the spectrum;
2) red pigment is contained in the crimson cells, which absorbs the rays of the blue part of the spectrum, their energy is used in the process of photosynthesis.
28. Find errors in the text provided. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which mistakes were made, correct them.
1. Intestinal - these are three-layer multicellular animals. 2. They have a gastric or intestinal cavity. 3. The intestinal cavity includes stinging cells. 4. Intestinal have a reticular (diffuse) nervous system. 5. All coelenterates are free-floating organisms.
1) 1 - coelenterates - two-layer animals;
2) 3 - stinging cells are contained in the ectoderm, and not in the intestinal cavity;
3) 5 - there are attached forms among coelenterates.
29. How is gas exchange in lungs and tissues in mammals? What is the reason for this process?
Answer:
1) gas exchange is based on diffusion, which is due to the difference in the concentration of gases (partial pressure) in the air of the alveoli and in the blood;
2) oxygen from the high-pressure area in the alveolar air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide from the high-pressure area in the blood enters the alveoli;
3) in tissues, oxygen from the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure in the capillaries enters the intercellular substance and then into the cells of the organs. Carbon dioxide from the high pressure area in the intercellular substance enters the blood.
30. What is the manifestation of the participation of functional groups of organisms in the cycle of substances in the biosphere? Consider the role of each of them in the cycle of substances in the biosphere.
Answer:
1) producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic (carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals), release oxygen (except for chemotrophs);
2) consumers (and other functional groups) of organisms use and transform organic substances, oxidize them during respiration, absorbing oxygen and emitting carbon dioxide and water;
3) reducers decompose organic substances to inorganic compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., returning them to the environment.
31. A region of a DNA molecule encoding a sequence of amino acids in a protein has the following composition: G-A-T-G-A-A-T-A-G-TT-Ts-T-T-Ts. Explain the consequences of accidentally adding a guanine (G) nucleotide between the seventh and eighth nucleotides.
Answer:
1) a gene mutation will occur - the codes of the third and subsequent amino acids may change;
2) the primary structure of the protein may change;
3) a mutation can lead to the appearance of a new trait in an organism.
32. What plant organs are damaged by May beetles at different stages of individual development?
Answer:
1) plant roots damage the larvae;
2) the leaves of trees are damaged by adult beetles.
33. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which mistakes were made, correct them.
1. Flatworms are three-layered animals. 2. The type Flatworms include the white planaria, the human roundworm, and the hepatic fluke. 3. Flatworms have an elongated flattened body. 4. They have a well-developed nervous system. 5. Flatworms are dioecious animals that lay eggs.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - the type of Flatworms does not include the human roundworm, it is the Roundworm;
2) 4 - in flatworms, the nervous system is poorly developed;
3) 5 - Flatworms are hermaphrodites.
34. What is the fruit? What is its significance in the life of plants and animals?
Answer:
1) the fruit is the generative organ of angiosperms;
2) contains seeds, with the help of which there is a reproduction and dispersal of plants;
3) the fruits of plants are food for animals.
35. Most of the bird species migrate for the winter from the northern regions, despite their warm-bloodedness. Indicate at least three factors that cause these animals to fly.
Answer:
1) food items of insectivorous birds become inaccessible for harvest;
2) ice cover on water bodies and snow cover on the ground deprive herbivorous birds of food;
3) change in the duration of daylight hours.
36. Which milk, sterilized or freshly milked, will sour faster under the same conditions? Explain the answer.
Answer:
1) freshly milked milk will turn sour faster, since it contains bacteria that cause fermentation of the product;
2) during sterilization of milk, cells and spores of lactic acid bacteria die, and milk is stored longer.
37. Find errors in the text provided. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which mistakes were made, explain them.
1. The main classes of the arthropod type are Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects. 2. The body of crustaceans and arachnids is dismembered into the head, chest and abdomen. 3. The body of insects consists of the cephalothorax and abdomen. 4. Arachnid antennae do not. 5. Insects have two pairs of antennae, while crustaceans have one pair.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - the body of crustaceans and arachnids consists of the cephalothorax and abdomen;
2) 3 - the body of insects consists of a head, chest and abdomen;
3) 5 - insects have one pair of antennae, and crustaceans have two pairs.
38. Prove that the rhizome of a plant is a modified shoot.
Answer:
1) the rhizome has nodes in which there are rudimentary leaves and buds;
2) at the top of the rhizome there is an apical bud, which determines the growth of the shoot;
3) adventitious roots extend from the rhizome;
4) the internal anatomical structure of the rhizome is similar to the stem.
39. Man uses chemicals to control insect pests. Indicate at least three changes in the life of the oak forest if all herbivorous insects are chemically destroyed in it. Explain why they will happen.
Answer:
1) the number of insect pollinated plants will sharply decrease, since herbivorous insects are pollinators of plants;
2) the number of insectivorous organisms (consumers of the second order) will sharply decrease or they will disappear due to disruption of food chains;
3) some of the chemicals used to kill insects will get into the soil, which will lead to disruption of the life of plants, the death of soil flora and fauna, all violations can lead to the death of the oak forest.
40. Why can antibiotic treatment lead to intestinal dysfunction? Give at least two reasons.
Answer:
1) antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria that live in the human intestine;
2) breakdown of cellulose, water absorption and other processes.
41. What part of the sheet is indicated in the figure with the letter A and what structures does it consist of? What functions do these structures perform?
1) the letter A denotes a vascular-fibrous bundle (vein), the bundle includes vessels, sieve tubes, mechanical tissue;
2) the vessels provide the transport of water to the leaves;
3) sieve tubes provide transport of organic matter from leaves to other organs;
4) cells of mechanical tissue give strength and are the skeleton of the leaf.
42. What are characteristic signs the kingdom of mushrooms?
Answer:
1) the body of the mushrooms consists of filaments - hyphae, which form the mycelium;
2) reproduce sexually and asexually (by spores, mycelium, budding);
3) grow throughout life;
4) in the cell: the membrane contains a chitin-like substance, a reserve nutrient - glycogen.
43. The following organisms were found in a small reservoir formed after the flood of the river: slipper ciliates, daphnia, white planaria, large pond snail, cyclops, hydras. Explain if this body of water can be considered an ecosystem. Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
Answer:
The named temporary reservoir cannot be called an ecosystem, since it contains:
1) there are no producers;
2) there are no reducers;
3) there is no closed circulation of substances and food chains are disrupted.
44. Why under the tourniquet, which is applied to stop bleeding from large blood vessels, put a note indicating the time of its application?
Answer:
1) after reading the note, you can determine how much time has passed since the application of the tourniquet;
2) if after 1-2 hours it was not possible to deliver the patient to the doctor, then the tourniquet should be loosened for a while. This will prevent tissue necrosis.
45. Name the structures of the spinal cord, indicated in the figure by numbers 1 and 2, and describe the features of their structure and function.
Answer:
1) 1 - gray matter, formed by the bodies of neurons;
2) 2 - white matter, formed by long processes of neurons;
3) gray matter carries out a reflex function, white matter - a conductive function.
46. \u200b\u200bWhat is the role of the salivary glands in mammalian digestion? List at least three functions.
Answer:
1) secret salivary glands moistens and disinfects food;
2) saliva is involved in the formation of a food lump;
3) enzymes of saliva contribute to the breakdown of starch.
47. An island was formed as a result of volcanic activity in the ocean. Describe the sequence of the formation of an ecosystem on a newly formed piece of land. List at least three items.
Answer:
1) the first to settle are microorganisms and lichens, which provide soil formation;
2) plants settle on the soil, spores or seeds of which are carried by wind or water;
3) as vegetation develops, animals appear in the ecosystem, primarily arthropods and birds.
48. Experienced gardeners apply fertilizer to the grooves located along the edges of the near-trunk circles of fruit trees, rather than distributing them evenly. Explain why.
Answer:
1) the root system grows, the suction zone moves behind the apex of the root;
2) roots with a developed suction zone - root hairs - are located at the edges of the trunk circles.
49. What is the modified shoot shown in the figure? Name the structural elements indicated in the figure by the numbers 1, 2, 3, and the functions they perform.
Answer:
1) onion;
2) 1 - a juicy scaly leaf, in which nutrients and water are stored;
3) 2 - adventitious roots, ensuring the absorption of water and minerals;
4) 3 - kidney, ensures the growth of the shoot.
50. What are the features of the structure and life of mosses? List at least three items.
Answer:
1) most mosses are leafy plants, some of them have rhizoids;
2) mosses have a poorly developed conducting system;
3) mosses reproduce both sexually and asexually, with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte); the adult moss plant is the sexual generation, and the spore pod is asexual.
51. As a result of the forest fire, part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how it will heal itself. List at least three stages.
Answer:
1) the first to develop are herbaceous light-loving plants;
2) then shoots of birch, aspen, pine appear, the seeds of which were caught by the wind, a small-leaved or pine forest is formed.
3) shade-tolerant spruces develop under the canopy of light-loving species, which subsequently completely displace other trees.
52. To establish the cause of the hereditary disease, the patient's cells were examined and a change in the length of one of the chromosomes was found. What research method allowed to establish the cause of this disease? What kind of mutation is it associated with?
Answer:
1) the cause of the disease is established using the cytogenetic method;
2) the disease is caused by a chromosomal mutation - the loss or attachment of a chromosome fragment.
53. What letter in the figure indicates the blastula in the developmental cycle of the lancelet. What are the features of blastula formation?
Answer:
1) blastula is indicated by the letter G;
2) blastula is formed when the zygote is cleaved;
3) the size of the blastula does not exceed the size of the zygote.
54. Why are mushrooms isolated in a special kingdom of the organic world?
Answer:
1) the body of the fungi consists of thin branching filaments - hyphae, which form the mycelium, or mycelium;
2) mycelium cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen;
3) fungi cannot be classified as plants, since there is no chlorophyll and chloroplasts in their cells; the wall contains chitin;
4) mushrooms cannot be attributed to animals, since they absorb nutrients from the entire surface of the body, and do not swallow them in the form of food lumps.
55. In some forest biocenoses, daytime birds of prey were shot massively to protect chickens. Explain how this event affected the number of chickens.
Answer:
1) at first, the number of chickens increased, since their enemies (naturally regulating the number) were destroyed;
2) then the number of chickens decreased due to lack of feed;
3) the number of sick and weakened individuals increased due to the spread of diseases and the absence of predators, which also influenced the decrease in the number of chickens.
56. The color of the white hare's coat changes throughout the year: the hare is white in winter and gray in summer. Explain what kind of variability is observed in the animal and what determines the manifestation of this trait.
Answer:
1) in a hare, a manifestation of modification (phenotypic, non-hereditary) variability is observed;
2) the manifestation of this trait is determined by a change in environmental conditions (temperature, day length).
57. Name the stages of embryonic development of the lancelet, indicated in the figure by the letters A and B. Expand the features of the formation of each of these stages.
A B
Answer:
1) A - gastrula - the stage of a two-layer embryo;
2) B - neurula, has the rudiments of a future larva or an adult organism;
3) the gastrula is formed by invagination of the blastula wall, and the neural plate is first laid in the neurula, which serves as a regulator for laying the rest of the organ systems.
58. What are the main signs of the structure and vital activity of bacteria. Indicate at least four features.
Answer:
1) bacteria - prenuclear organisms that do not have a formed nucleus and many organelles;
2) by the way of feeding bacteria - heterotrophs and autotrophs;
3) high reproduction rate by division;
4) anaerobes and aerobes;
5) unfavorable conditions are experienced in a state of dispute.
59. What is the difference between the ground-air environment and the water environment?
Answer:
1) oxygen content;
2) differences in temperature fluctuations (wide amplitude of fluctuations in the ground - air environment);
3) the degree of illumination;
4) density.
Answer:
1) seaweed has the ability to accumulate the chemical element iodine;
2) iodine is essential for normal thyroid function.
61. Why is the ciliate-shoe cell considered an integral organism? What organelles of ciliates-shoes are indicated in the figure with numbers 1 and 2 and what functions do they perform?
Answer:
1) the ciliate cell performs all the functions of an independent organism: metabolism, reproduction, irritability, adaptation;
2) 1 - small nucleus, participates in the sexual process;
3) 2 - a large nucleus, regulates vital processes.
61. What are the features of the structure and life of fungi? Indicate at least three signs.
62. Explain how acid rain causes damage to plants. Give at least three reasons.
Answer:
1) directly damage the organs and tissues of plants;
2) pollute the soil, reduce fertility;
3) reduce the productivity of plants.
63. Why are passengers advised to suck lollipops when taking off or landing?
Answer:
1) a rapid change in pressure during takeoff or landing of an aircraft causes discomfort in the middle ear, where the initial pressure on the eardrum lasts longer;
2) swallowing movements improve air access to the auditory (Eustachian) tube, through which the pressure in the middle ear cavity is equalized with the pressure in the environment.
64. What is the difference between the circulatory system of arthropods and the circulatory system of annelids? Indicate at least three signs that prove these differences.
Answer:
1) in arthropods, the circulatory system is open, and in annelids, it is closed;
2) arthropods have a heart on the dorsal side;
3) annelids do not have a heart, its function is performed by an annular vessel.
65. What type is the animal shown in the picture? What are the numbers 1 and 2? Name other members of this type.
Answer:
1) to the type of intestinal cavities;
2) 1 - ectoderm, 2 - intestinal cavity;
3) coral polyps, jellyfish.
66. What are the manifestations of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to the temperature of the environment in warm-blooded animals?
Answer:
1) morphological: heat-insulating integument, subcutaneous fat layer, changes in body surface;
2) physiological: increased intensity of sweat and moisture evaporation during breathing; narrowing or dilation of blood vessels, changes in the level of metabolism;
3) behavioral: the construction of nests, burrows, changes in daily and seasonal activity depending on the temperature of the environment.
67. How is the flow of genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome carried out?
Answer:
1) mRNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus in accordance with the principle of complementarity;
2) mRNA - a copy of a piece of DNA containing information about the primary structure of the protein, moves from the nucleus to the ribosome.
68. How is the complexity of ferns manifested in comparison with mosses? Give at least three signs.
Answer:
1) ferns have roots;
2) ferns, unlike mosses, have developed conductive tissue;
3) in the fern development cycle, the asexual generation (sporophyte) prevails over the sexual one (gametophyte), which is represented by an outgrowth.
69. Name the germ layer of a vertebrate animal, indicated in the figure with the number 3. What type of tissue and what organs are formed from it.
Answer:
1) the germ layer - endoderm;
2 epithelial tissue (epithelium of the intestine and respiratory organs);
3) organs: intestines, digestive glands, respiratory organs, some endocrine glands.
70. What role do birds play in the forest biocenosis? Give at least three examples.
Answer:
1) regulate the number of plants (distribute fruits and seeds);
2) regulate the number of insects, small rodents;
3) serve as food for predators;
4) fertilize the soil.
71. What is the protective role of leukocytes in the human body?
Answer:
1) leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis - devouring and digesting proteins, microorganisms, dead cells;
2) leukocytes take part in the production of antibodies that neutralize certain antigens.
72. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
According to the chromosomal theory of heredity:
1. Genes are arranged in a linear order on chromosomes. 2. Each occupies a certain place - an allele. 3. The genes of one chromosome form a linkage group. 4. The number of linkage groups is determined by the diploid boron of chromosomes. 5. Disruption of gene linkage occurs during conjugation of chromosomes in the prophase of meiosis.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - the location of the gene - the locus;
2) 4 - the number of linkage groups is equal to the haploid set of chromosomes;
3) 5 - disruption of gene linkage occurs during crossing over.
73. Why do some scientists attribute green euglena to plants, and others to animals? Give at least three reasons.
Answer:
1) is capable of heterotrophic nutrition, like all animals;
2) is capable of active movement in search of food, like all animals;
3) contains chlorophyll in the cell and is capable of autotrophic nutrition, like plants.
74. What processes occur at the stages of energy exchange?
Answer:
1) at the preparatory stage, complex organic substances are decomposed to less complex ones (biopolymers - to monomers), energy is dissipated in the form of heat;
2) in the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid (or lactic acid, or alcohol) and 2 ATP molecules are synthesized;
3) at the oxygen stage, pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is decomposed to carbon dioxide and water and 36 ATP molecules are synthesized.
75. In a wound formed on the human body, bleeding stops with time, but suppuration may occur. Explain what properties of blood this is due to.
Answer:
1) bleeding is stopped due to blood coagulation and the formation of a blood clot;
2) suppuration is due to the accumulation of dead leukocytes that have carried out phagocytosis.
76. Find the mistakes in the given text, correct them. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which mistakes were made, explain them.
1. Proteins are of great importance in the structure and life of organisms. 2. These are biopolymers, the monomers of which are nitrogenous bases. 3. Proteins are part of the plasma membrane. 4. Many proteins perform an enzymatic function in the cell. 5. In protein molecules hereditary information about the characteristics of the organism is encrypted. 6. Protein and tRNA molecules are part of ribosomes.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - amino acids are monomers of proteins;
2) 5 - hereditary information about the characteristics of an organism is encrypted in DNA molecules;
3) 6- rRNA molecules, not tRNA molecules, are part of the ribosomes.
77. What is myopia? In which part of the eye does a nearsighted person's image focus? What is the difference between congenital and acquired forms of myopia?
Answer:
1) myopia is a disease of the organs of vision, in which a person can hardly distinguish distant objects;
2) in a myopic person, the image of objects appears in front of the retina;
3) with congenital myopia, the shape of the eyeball changes (lengthens);
4) acquired myopia is associated with a change (increase) in the curvature of the lens.
78. What is the difference between the skeleton of the human head and the skeleton of the head of great apes? Indicate at least four differences.
Answer:
1) the predominance of the cerebral section of the skull over the facial one;
2) reduction of the jaw apparatus;
3) the presence of a chin protrusion on the lower jaw;
4) reduction of the superciliary arches.
79. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time?
Answer:
1) part of the water is used by the body or is formed in metabolic processes;
2) some of the water evaporates through the respiratory system and sweat glands.
80. Find errors in the text provided, correct them, indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, write down these sentences without errors.
1. Animals are heterotrophic organisms, they feed on ready-made organic substances. 2. Distinguish between unicellular and multicellular animals. 3. All multicellular animals have bilateral symmetry of the body. 4. Most of them have developed various organs of locomotion. 5. Only arthropods and chordates have a circulatory system. 6. Postembryonic development in all multicellular animals is direct.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 3 - not all multicellular animals have bilateral symmetry of the body; for example, in coelenterates, it is radial (radial);
2) 5 - the circulatory system is also present in annelids and mollusks;
3) 6 - direct postembryonic development is not inherent in all multicellular animals.
81. What is the significance of blood in human life?
Answer:
1) performs a transport function: oxygen delivery and nutrients to tissues and cells, removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic products;
2) performs a protective function due to the activity of leukocytes and antibodies;
3) participates in the humoral regulation of the body's vital activity.
82. Use information about early stages embryogenesis (zygote, blastula, gastrula) to confirm the sequence of the development of the animal world.
Answer:
1) the zygote stage corresponds to a unicellular organism;
2) the blastula stage, where the cells are not differentiated, is similar to the colonial forms;
3) the embryo at the gastrula stage corresponds to the structure of the coelenterate (hydra).
83. The introduction of large doses of drugs into a vein is accompanied by their dilution with saline (0.9% NaCl solution). Explain why.
Answer:
1) the introduction of large doses of drugs without dilution can cause a sharp change in the composition of the blood and irreversible phenomena;
2) the concentration of physiological solution (0.9% NaCl solution) corresponds to the concentration of salts in the blood plasma and does not cause death of blood cells.
84. Find errors in the text given, correct them, indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, write down these sentences without errors.
1. Animals of the arthropod type have an outer chitinous cover and articulated limbs. 2. The body of most of them consists of three sections: head, chest and abdomen. 3. All arthropods have one pair of antennae. 4. Their eyes are complex (faceted). 5. The circulatory system of insects is closed.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 3 - not all arthropods have one pair of antennae (arachnids do not have them, and crustaceans have two pairs);
2) 4 - not all arthropods have complex (faceted) eyes: in arachnids they are simple or absent, in insects, along with complex eyes, they can have simple ones;
3) 5 - the circulatory system in arthropods is open.
85. What are the functions of the human digestive system?
Answer:
1) mechanical processing of food;
2) chemical processing of food;
3) movement of food and removal of undigested residues;
4) absorption of nutrients, mineral salts and water into the blood and lymph.
86. What is the characteristic of biological progress in flowering plants? Indicate at least three signs.
Answer:
1) a wide variety of populations and species;
2) widespread settlement on the globe;
3) adaptability to life in different environmental conditions.
87. Why should food be chewed thoroughly?
Answer:
1) well-chewed food is quickly saturated with saliva in the mouth and begins to be digested;
2) well-chewed food is quickly saturated with digestive juices in the stomach and intestines and therefore is easier to digest.
88. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
(1) A population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of the same species, inhabiting a common territory for a long time. 2. Different populations of the same species are relatively isolated from each other, and their individuals do not interbreed with each other. 3. The gene pool of all populations of one species is the same. 4. The population is an elementary unit of evolution. 5. A group of frogs of the same species living in a deep puddle for one summer is a population.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - populations of the same species are partially isolated, but individuals of different populations can interbreed;
2) 3 - the gene pools of different populations of the same species differ;
3) 5 - a group of frogs is not a population, since a group of individuals of the same species is considered a population if it is a large number generations occupies the same space.
89. Why is it recommended to drink salted water in summer with prolonged thirst?
Answer:
1) in the summer, a person's sweating increases;
2) with sweat, mineral salts are excreted from the body;
3) salted water restores the normal water-salt balance between tissues and the internal environment of the body.
90. What is the proof that a person belongs to the class of mammals?
Answer:
1) the similarity of the structure of organ systems;
2) the presence of hairline;
3) the development of the embryo in the uterus;
4) feeding the offspring with milk, taking care of the offspring.
91. What processes maintain the constancy of the chemical composition of human blood plasma?
Answer:
1) processes in buffer systems maintain the reaction of the medium (pH) at a constant level;
2) neurohumoral regulation of the chemical composition of plasma is carried out.
92. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, explain them.
(1) A population is a set of freely crossing individuals of different species that have been inhabiting a common territory for a long time. 2. The main group characteristics of a population are size, density, age, sex, and spatial structure. 3. The totality of all genes in a population is called a gene pool. 4. The population is a structural unit of living nature. 5. The number of populations is always stable.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 1 - the population is a set of freely crossing individuals of the same species, inhabiting the general territory of the population for a long time;
2) 4 - the population is a structural unit of the species;
3) 5 - the number of populations can change in different seasons and years.
93. What structures of the body integument provide protection of the human body from the effects of temperature environmental factors? Explain their role.
Answer:
1) subcutaneous fatty tissue protects the body from cooling;
2) sweat glands form sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating;
3) hair on the head protects the body from cooling and overheating;
4) a change in the lumen of skin capillaries regulates heat transfer.
94. Give at least three progressive biological traits of man, which he acquired in the course of long evolution.
Answer:
1) an increase in the brain and cerebral section of the skull;
2) upright posture and corresponding changes in the skeleton;
3) release and development of the hand, opposing the thumb.
95. What division of meiosis is similar to mitosis? Explain how it is expressed and what set of chromosomes in the cell leads to.
Answer:
1) similarity to mitosis is observed in the second division of meiosis;
2) all phases are similar, sister chromosomes (chromatids) diverge to the poles of the cell;
3) the resulting cells have a haploid set of chromosomes.
96. What is the difference between arterial bleeding and venous bleeding?
Answer:
1) with arterial bleeding, scarlet blood;
2) beats from the wound with a strong stream, a fountain.
97. The diagram of what process in the human body is shown in the figure? What is the basis of this process and how does the blood composition change as a result? Explain the answer.
capillary
Answer:
1) the figure shows a diagram of gas exchange in the lungs (between the pulmonary vesicle and the blood capillary);
2) gas exchange is based on diffusion - the penetration of gases from a place with a high pressure to a place with a lower pressure;
3) as a result of gas exchange, the blood is saturated with oxygen and turns from venous (A) to arterial (B).
98. What effect does hypodynamia (low physical activity) have on the human body?
Answer:
physical inactivity leads to:
1) to a decrease in the level of metabolism, an increase in adipose tissue, overweight;
2) weakening of skeletal and cardiac muscles, an increase in the load on the heart and a decrease in the body's endurance;
3) stagnation of venous blood in the lower extremities, vasodilation, circulatory disorders.
(Other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning.)
99. What are the characteristics of plants living in arid conditions?
Answer:
1) the root system of plants penetrates deeply into the soil, reaches the groundwater or is located in the surface layer of the soil;
2) in some plants, water during a drought is stored in leaves, stems and other organs;
3) the leaves are covered with a waxy coating, pubescent or modified into spines or needles.
100. What is the reason for the need for iron ions to enter the human blood? Explain the answer.
Answer:
2) red blood cells provide transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
101. Through which vessels and what blood enters the chambers of the heart, indicated in the figure by numbers 3 and 5? With what circle of blood circulation is each of these structures of the heart connected?
Answer:
1) venous blood flows from the superior and inferior vena cava into the chamber designated by the number 3;
2) arterial blood from the pulmonary veins enters the chamber designated by the number 5;
3) the chamber of the heart, indicated by the number 3, is associated with a large circle of blood circulation;
4) the chamber of the heart, indicated by the number 5, is associated with the pulmonary circulation.
102. What are vitamins, what is their role in the life of the human body?
Answer:
1) vitamins - biologically active organic substances required in small quantities;
2) they are part of enzymes, participating in the metabolism;
3) increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences, stimulate growth, development of the body, and the restoration of tissues and cells.
103. The body shape of a Kalima butterfly resembles a leaf. How did the butterfly's body shape form?
Answer:
1) the appearance in individuals of various hereditary changes;
2) preservation by natural selection of individuals with a changed body shape;
3) reproduction and distribution of individuals with a body shape resembling a leaf.
104. What is the nature of the majority of enzymes and why do they lose their activity when the level of radiation increases?
Answer:
1) most enzymes are proteins;
2) under the influence of radiation, denaturation occurs, the structure of the protein-enzyme changes.
105. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.
1. Plants, like all living organisms, feed, breathe, grow, reproduce. 2. According to the way of nutrition, plants are classified as autotrophic organisms. 3. When plants breathe, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. 4. All plants reproduce by seed. 5. Plants, like animals, grow only in the first years of life.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 3 - when breathing, plants absorb oxygen and emit carbon dioxide;
2) 4 - only flowering and gymnosperms reproduce by seeds, and algae, mosses, ferns - by spores;
3) 5 - plants grow throughout their life, have unlimited growth.
106. What is the reason for the need for iron ions to enter the human blood? Explain the answer.
Answer:
1) iron ions are part of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes;
2) the hemoglobin of erythrocytes provides the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as it is able to bind with these gases;
3) the supply of oxygen is necessary for the energy metabolism of the cell, and carbon dioxide is its final product to be removed.
107. Explain why people of different races belong to the same species. Please provide at least three pieces of evidence.
Answer:
1) the similarity of structure, life processes, behavior;
2) genetic unity - the same set of chromosomes, their structure;
3) from interracial marriages there is offspring capable of reproduction.
108. In ancient India, a suspect in a crime was asked to swallow a handful of dry rice. If he did not succeed, the guilt was considered proven. Give a physiological rationale for this process.
Answer:
1) swallowing is a complex reflex act, which is accompanied by salivation and irritation of the root of the tongue;
2) with strong excitement, salivation is sharply inhibited, the mouth becomes dry, and the swallowing reflex does not occur.
109. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, explain them.
1. The food chain of biogeocenosis includes producers, consumers and reducers. 2. The first link in the food chain is consumers. 3. Consumers in the light accumulate energy, assimilated in the process of photosynthesis. 4. In the dark phase of photosynthesis, oxygen is released. 5. Reducers contribute to the release of energy accumulated by consumers and producers.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - producers are the first link;
2) 3 - consumers are not capable of photosynthesis;
3) 4 - oxygen is released in the light phase of photosynthesis.
110. What are the causes of anemia in humans? Indicate at least three possible reasons.
Answer:
1) large blood loss;
2) malnutrition (lack of iron and vitamins, etc.);
3) violation of the formation of erythrocytes in the hematopoietic organs.
111. The wasp fly is similar in color and body shape to a wasp. Name the type of her protective device, explain its meaning and relative character fitness.
Answer:
1) type of adaptation - mimicry, imitation of the color and shape of the body of an unprotected animal to a protected one;
2) the resemblance to a wasp warns a possible predator of the danger of being stung;
3) the fly becomes the prey of young birds, which have not yet developed a reflex to the wasp.
112. Build a food chain using all of the following objects: humus, spider-spider, hawk, great tit, housefly. Identify third-order consumers in the chain.
Answer:
1) humus -\u003e housefly -\u003e cross spider -\u003e great tit -\u003e hawk;
2) the consumer of the third order is the great tit.
113. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which mistakes were made, correct them.
1. Annel worms are the most highly organized cut animals of other types of worms. 2. Ringed worms have an open circulatory system. 3. The body of the annelid worm consists of identical segments. 4. The body cavity of annelids is absent. 5. The nervous system of annelids is represented by the periopharyngeal ring and the dorsal nerve cord.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - Ringed worms have a closed circulatory system;
2) 4 - Ringed worms have a body cavity;
3) 5 - the nerve chain is located on the abdominal side of the body.
114. Name at least three aromorphoses in land plants that allowed them to be the first to master the land. Justify the answer.
Answer:
1) the emergence of integumentary tissue - the epidermis with stomata - contributing to protection against evaporation;
2) the emergence of a conducting system that ensures the transport of substances;
3) the development of mechanical tissue that performs a supporting function.
115. Explain what is the reason for the great diversity of marsupial mammals in Australia and their absence on other continents.
Answer:
1) Australia separated from other continents during the heyday of marsupials before the appearance of placental animals (geographical isolation);
2) the natural conditions of Australia contributed to the divergence of marsupial traits and active speciation;
3) on other continents, marsupials were supplanted by placental mammals.
116. In what cases does a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence not affect the structure and function of the corresponding protein?
Answer:
1) if, as a result of a nucleotide substitution, another codon appears that encodes the same amino acid;
2) if the codon formed as a result of a nucleotide substitution encodes a different amino acid, but with similar chemical properties, which does not change the structure of the protein;
3) if changes in nucleotides occur in intergenic or non-functioning DNA regions.
117. Why is the relationship between pike and perch in the ecosystem of the river considered competitive?
Answer:
1) are predators, eat similar food;
2) live in the same body of water, need similar conditions for life, mutually oppress each other.
118. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which mistakes were made, correct them.
1. The main classes of the arthropod type are Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects. 2. Insects have four pairs of legs, and arachnids have three pairs. 3. The crayfish has simple eyes, and the spider-spider has complex ones. 4. Arachnids have arachnoid warts on their abdomen. 5. The spider-spider and the beetle breathe with the help of lung sacs and trachea.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - insects have three pairs of legs, and arachnids have four pairs;
2) 3 - the crayfish has compound eyes, and the spider-cross has simple ones;
3) 5 - the May beetle has no lung sacs, but only trachea.
119. What are the features of the structure and life of cap mushrooms? Name at least four features.
Answer:
1) have mycelium and fruiting body;
2) reproduce by spores and mycelium;
3) by the way of feeding - heterotrophs;
4) most form mycorrhiza.
120. What aromorphoses allowed the ancient amphibians to master the land.
Answer:
1) the appearance of pulmonary respiration;
2) the formation of dismembered limbs;
3) the appearance of a three-chambered heart and two circles of blood circulation.