The origin of interesting words etymological dictionary. Etymology of some Russian words. Old Russian or East Slavic stage of lexical development
What I found on various sites about Russian words. You can go to the sites themselves by the link and read other information - what seemed to me uninteresting or controversial. In particular, there are practically no religious meanings of words here. The point of view that most words with a particle of Ra mean the Divine light named after the Sun God Ra - paradise, joy, rainbow, beautiful - for all its attractiveness, it does not seem to me proven, something is doubtful that we have the same God as in Ancient Egypt ....
The word "sorcerer" comes from the distorted Russian "kolyadun" - the one who carols during the winter Christmastide (Christmas carols), celebrated in Russia from 23 to 31 December.
Of School etymological dictionary of the Russian language
ORANGE - .... literally "Chinese apple"
THE GOD - Indo-European, related to Old Indian bhada
"lord", Persian baga "lord, god". Initial value -
"giver, bestowing master; share, happiness, wealth." Religious meaning is secondary
CHEESECAKE - in ancient Persia, the god Vatra is the guardian of the home
hearth, the 23rd lunar day is His day and therefore it is necessary to drink more milk,
there is cottage cheese and other dairy products, the "VATRUSHKI" oven in which
bake nuts well. The specified etymological connection is not just
coincidence, it also testifies to the cultural relationship of the Slavs and
Persians, and about their origin from the same root. Oral Avestan
legends say that a very long time ago, more than 40 thousand years ago, on
the mainland Arctida in the Arctic Ocean there was a civilization
Aryans. In ancient times, this continent was called "Khair" - sometimes it
translates as "bear". As a result of some natural
cataclysm Arctida sank to the bottom of the ocean simultaneously with
Atlantis, Pacifis and Lemuria. The escaped arians came out
The northeast of Europe and in the Cis-Urals created a state
education - northern Khairat. Some of them went on, eventually
which in the Volga region, on a vast territory from the Urals to the Caspian Sea, there was still
one Hairat, where the prophet Zeratustra (or
Zarathushtra) - Son of the Star. The words "Khair", "arias", "Kharaiti"
(apparently, "Hairaiti" is an ancient name Ural mountains) have one
root. As a result of several invasions of nomadic peoples from Asia
the Aryans were forced to leave their habitable places They passed the North and
Eastern Europe (their descendants here are Slavs, Balts, Scandinavians,
the Scythians who have already left the historical arena). Some reached the Western and
Southern Europe, others through Asia Minor moved to Persia and India.
This was the path of our ancient relatives - the Avestan and Vedic
Aryans. There was a mixture of cultures. In India the Vedas were created by the Aryans,
those. "Knowledge" (cf. the verb "to know"); in Persia for several millennia
later, the knowledge of the ancients was restored and recorded in writing
Aryans - Avesta (cognate words - "message" and "conscience"), i.e.
sacred knowledge of cosmic laws. The language of the ancient Aryans is Sanskrit.
It served as the basis for Indo-European languages, including the language
ancient Parsis
DOCTOR - formed with the help of suf. -Take away from vrati "speak".
Initially - a "talking wizard".
From the book of V.D. OsipovaRussians in the mirror of their language
True - this is what it really is. Truth from "is", more precisely from "ist", as this word was pronounced in antiquity.
It reminded me of the European verbs "is" - is, est, ist .....
Goodbye!Means "forgive me all the insults, you will not see me again." It means that this meeting was the last in this world, and therefore the custom of dying forgiveness, absolution of sins comes into play. The French and Italians in this case say "to God!" (respectively "adie" and "addio").
Too from "too", that is, "with dashing." Anything beyond measure was considered bad, evil, dashing. From "famously" also: "excess", "excess".
To burn... Literally: "go up". In the old days, instead of "up" they said"grief". Hence the "upper room" (the bright room above).
Good... Literally: "pleasing to Khoros". Words are formed in a similar way in other languages. In English, "good" is a good consonant "year" - god. It's the same in German: "goth" is good and "goth" is god.
Witch... Literally: "she who knows." The witch has access to knowledge unknown to others. The name of the Vedas, the sacred books of the Vedic religion, comes from the same basis "to know".
Garnish literally means "decoration". French "garnish" means "to decorate". It is related to the Latin "ornament" and the Ukrainian "garniy" - beautiful. NV Gogol was one of the first to use the word "garnish" in its present meaning. In "Dead Souls" we read: "... a side dish, a side dish of all sorts ... And let the beets with an asterisk in the lining of the sturgeon."
Month... For the countdown of times and in antiquity served and change lunar phases... The Russians also called the moon the month. Having switched to solar chronology, the Slavs did not abandon the familiar word "month", but began to call them 1/12 of the year. In one of his poems M. Yu. Lermontov writes:
The moon changed six times;
The war is long over ...
In this "the moon changed" instead of "a month passed" an echo of the past, lunar chronology inherited by the Muslim world.
I also remember the English Moon Moon and month month
The origin of the word barbarian is very interesting. In Ancient Rus, the Greek letter β (beta) was read as the Russian "B" (ve). Therefore, such Greek names as Barbara are pronounced here Varvara, Baltazar - Valtazar. Our Basil - in ancient Greek Basileus, which means "royal". Rebecca became Rebekah and Benedict became Venedict. Bacchus, the god of wine, became Bacchus, Babylon became Babylon, Sebastopolis became Sevastopol, and Byzantium became Byzantium.
The ancient Greeks called all foreigners barbarians - barbaros. This word was borrowed by the Romans, a derivative from it barbaria began to mean: "rudeness", "ignorance". The Greek barbaros gives in Russian "barbarian": an ignorant, cruel, brutal person.
In ancient Greece, medicine was at a very high stage of development. A lot of words created by Greek doctors thousands of years ago still exist in all languages, including Russian. For example, surgery.
Among the Greeks, this word meant simply "handicraft", "craft", from hir - "hand" and ergon - "to do". The word chirurgus (surgeon) in Greek meant ... "hairdresser"!
Who remembers that in not so distant times barbers not only shaved and cut their clients, but also tore their teeth, bleed, put leeches and even performed small surgical operations, that is, performed the duties of surgeons. In Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" it is written:
"I was treated by the regimental barber, for there was no other doctor in the fortress."
From the root chir and palmistry: divination along the lines of the palm.
In zoology, the name of one of the lizards is known - hiroth, given to her because her paws are like human hands.
And anatomy is a Greek word. It means "dissection".
The origin of the word diphtheria is interesting. In ancient Greece, diphthera simply meant skin, a skin removed from a killed animal, a film. The skin rotted and became a breeding ground for microbes. Then they began to call every sticky disease diphtheria, but this name was preserved only for diphtheria, an acute infectious disease that most often affects the tonsils of the pharynx and larynx.
Toxin means poison. This word underwent a complex evolution before it got its present meaning.
In ancient Greece, toxicon meant "archery". The arrows were smeared with the poisonous sap of plants, and gradually this sap began to be called a toxin, that is, poison.
When in Greece appeared firearms, they forgot about the antediluvian bows, but the old meaning of the word toxin - poison - remained in the language.
After the invention of the microscope, people saw that some microbes looked like rods; for example, the tuberculous bacillus - "Koch's bacillus". Here the Greek name for a staff or stick came in handy - a bacterium.
Interestingly, the Latin word bacillum also means stick. It came in handy to designate another type of protozoan - bacilli.
And here are some more new words: microbe, microscope, micron, microphone and many others - formed from the Greek macro - small. And in Greece that is the name of children.
In their book One-Story America, Ilf and Petrov recall their trip to Greece: “We were given a five-year-old boy to accompany us. The boy is called“ micro ”in Greek. Micro led us, from time to time beckoning with his finger and benevolently parting his thick Algerian lips. .. "
We all know the word deli. And a person who loves to eat well, a connoisseur of fine food, in Russian speaking - a glutton, is also called a deli.
This word is made up of two Greek roots: gaster - stomach and nomos - law. It turns out that the grocery store is a person who knows the "laws of the stomach", but we now call that the people to whom the stomach dictates its laws.
The word is relatively new: it is not indicated in Russian dictionaries of the late 18th century.
Who knows where the word hard labor comes from?
The Greek word katergon (katergon) meant a large rowing boat with a triple row of oars. Later, such a ship was called a galley.
In the Old Russian language there were many names for ships: plows, boats, uchans, boats. The Novgorod Charter mentions boats, poromes and cathargas. In the "Russian Chronicle" according to Nikonov's list we read:
"Boyars take the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, letting many go in ships and katargas to the islands" ("Boyars took the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, many were sent on ships and ships to the islands").
The rowers' work on these ships was very hard, hard labor! Then on these katargas - the courts - they began to put criminals.
A very old word filthy... It is mentioned even in "The Lay of Igor's Regiment, Igor Svyatoslavich, Olga's Grandson":
"And poganova Kobyakova from Lukomorye, From the iron, great Polovtsian regiments Like a whirlwind ripped away ..."
In Latin, paganus (paganus) means "villager", "peasant"; later they began to call the pagans that way, since the old beliefs held out among the peasants for a long time.
Tomatoes in French rome d "or (pom d" or) -golden apple (from Italian pomi d "oro). But the French themselves call tomatoes tomatoes. Aztec this word came to France from South America... In the 16th century, the Aztecs, the indigenous inhabitants of Mexico, were exterminated by the Spanish conquerors. That's what an ancient word it is - tomatoes!
We don't speak tomatoes, but tomato juice is called tomato juice
From the website Living Word
Boyarin... The word boyar comes from a merger of two words: bo and ardent, where bo is an indication, and ardent is close in meaning to the word light, fiery. Boyar - it means he is an ardent husband.
Word marriagein the meaning of matrimony and the word marriage in the meaning of flaw are homonyms, that is, words with the same sound, but in no way related to each other in meaning. The word marriage (matrimony) comes from the Old Church Slavonic language, in which it meant marriage and is formed from the verb brother (to take) with the suffix -k (similarly to know-sign). The connection of the word marriage with this verb is confirmed by the expression to marry, and there is also a dialectal brother - to marry, in Ukrainian - to get married. By the way, in those days the word brother meant to bear. There is a version of what happened reverse process - from the word marriage, came the verb brother.
Word marriage in the meaning of flaw comes from the German word brack - flaw, vice, which in turn is formed from the verb brechen - to break, break. This borrowing took place in Petrovsky times, and since then in Russian there are two different marriages and one more reason for a joke.
Den - the lair of Ber, the spirit of the elements, whose symbol is the bear. In English, the bear is still called Ber - bear, and in German - Bär. From the root of ber originate such words as amulet, shore.
Poor- the word comes from the word trouble. The poor is not the one who has little money, but the one who is haunted by troubles.
The antonym of a word is a word rich- also has nothing to do with money. The rich is the one who carries God in him.
To give, to know - the word is related to Sanskrit veda (usually translated as "know") and words with the root vid (usually translated as "to see", "to know". compare English wit- to know, to know, to learn; witch - witch; witness - a witness, literally "saw"). Both words originate from the "proto-Indo-European root" weid.
Year, year- until about the 16th century, this word meant a favorable period of time, and what we now call a year used to be called summer. Hence the words chronicle, chronology. Somewhere from the 16th century, the words year and summer received their modern meaning, but at the same time, the word summer is still sometimes used to denote calendar year , for example, in the word chronology. Most likely, the words year and year - originated from the same root, but later acquired different meanings. From them come such words as wait, weather, suitable, acceptable, suitable.
It is noteworthy that in foreign languages, the branches originating from the root year have retained the meaning of something good, auspicious. Compare:
good (English), gut (German), god (Swedish) - good;
God (English), Gott (German) - God.
The words jahr (German), year (English), denoting the year, come from the Slavic root yar. The ancient name for spring is yara. It turns out that the Germans and the British count the time, if literally translated, by the spring, as we used to count it by the years.
It's like, for example, "Many summers" - so what happens: that the year and the summer have changed places :))))))
Breakfast tomorrow. The etymology of the words tomorrow and breakfast is exactly the same from the preposition for and the word morning. Tomorrow is what the morning will be.
Nature- this is what the god Rod created, putting a part of himself into his creation. Therefore, the creation of the Rod is inextricably linked with it and is at the Rod, and this is the essence of nature.
Modest- with chrome. Kroma is a wall, a barrier, a ramaka, hence the edge. A modest person is a person who limits himself, his behavior, that is, a person with frames, with chrome.
Thank you- save + bo. Thank you - God save you.
From Wikipedia
“Most of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is primordial, Indo-European. However, the long-term proximity with non-Slavic peoples, of course, left its mark on the dictionary of the Proto-Slavic language.
In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. language influenced iranian languages... Basically, these are cult and military vocabulary: god, rai, Svarog, Khrs, ax, mogyla, sto, bowl, vatra ("fire"), kour, korda ("sword"), for the sake of.
In the II century. the Slavs encountered the Goths, who were heading from the southern Baltic to the middle reaches of the Dnieper. Most likely, it was then that a significant number of Germanic borrowings fell into the Proto-Slavic language (Art. Slavic hlѣb, Russian bread (* hlaib-) from Gothic hlaifs; Art.khyzhina, Russian. hut (* hūz-) at pragerms. hūs; st.- sl. кънѧсьь, Russian. prince (* kŭnĭng-) from Gothic. kunings; st.- sl. dish \\ dish, Russian. dish (* bjeud-) from Gothic. biuÞs; st.- sl. shtozhd, Russian. alien (* tjeudj- and others) from Gothic. Þiudа (hence the German. Deutsch), Art. sword, Russian. sword (* mekis) from Gothic. * mēkeis. "
From the site Slavs
The Indo-European name for the bear was lost, which survived in Greek - άρκτος, reproduced in the modern term "Arctic". In the Proto-Slavic language, it was replaced by the taboo word composition * medvědъ - "eater of honey". This designation is now common Slavic. The Indo-European name of the sacred tree among the Slavs was also forbidden. We find the old Indo-European root * perkuos in the Latin quercus and in the name of the pagan god Perun. The sacred tree itself in the common Slavic language, and then in the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bthat developed from it, acquired a different form - * dǫb
...... Actually, the name Arthur means bear ... although there is another option - bear, or Beorn, that is, Ber. Some believe that from this word originated the name of the capital of Germany - Berlin.
And:
Moron
the Greek word for [idiot] did not originally contain even a hint of mental illness. In ancient Greece, it meant "private person", "separate, isolated person". It is no secret that the ancient Greeks belonged to public life very responsible and called themselves "polites". Those who evaded participation in politics (for example, did not go to the polls) were called "idiotes" (that is, those who were occupied only with their own narrow personal interests). Naturally, the "idiots" were not respected by conscientious citizens, and soon this word acquired new dismissive shades - "a limited, undeveloped, ignorant person." And already among the Romans, the Latin idiota means only "ignoramus, ignoramus", whence two steps to the meaning of "stupid".
Scoundrel
But this word is Polish in origin and meant only "a simple, ignorant person." For example, the famous play by A. Ostrovsky "Enough Simplicity for Every Wise Man" in Polish theaters was called "Notes of a Scoundrel". Accordingly, all non-gentry belonged to the "vile people".
Rogue
Rogue, rogue - words that came into our speech from Germany. The German schelmen meant "rascal, deceiver". Most often, this was the name of a fraudster posing as another person. In the poem by Heine Heine "Schelm von Berger" this role is played by the Bergen executioner, who appeared at a secular masquerade, pretending to be a noble person. The duchess with whom he danced caught the deceiver by tearing off his mask.
Mymra"Mymra" is a Perm Komi word and it is translated as "gloomy". Having got into Russian speech, it began to mean, first of all, an uncommunicative stay-at-home (in Dahl's dictionary it is written: “to smoke” - to stay at home without getting out. ”) Gradually, a simple unsociable, boring, gray and gloomy person was also called“ mymra ”.
Bastard
"Bastards" - in Old Russian the same thing as "bastards". Therefore, the bastard was originally called all sorts of garbage that was shoveled into a heap. This meaning (among others) is preserved by Dahl: "Bastard - everything that is swallowed or trapped in one place: weeds, grass and roots, litter, swallowed by a harrow from arable land." Over time, this word began to define ANY crowd gathered in one place. And only then they began to call all sorts of despicable people - drunks, thieves, vagabonds and other asocial elements.
Wretch
The fact that this is a person unfit for something, in general, is understandable ... But in the 19th century, when a recruitment was introduced in Russia, this word was not an insult. This was the name of people who were not fit for combat service. That is, since he did not serve in the army, it means a scoundrel!
Word dude , despite its wide distribution, has not yet received a qualified etymology in the scientific literature. On the contrary, the word dude , attested at the beginning of the century in the thieves' argo in the meaning of "prostitute", was at one time considered by A.P. Barannikov, who analyzed it as a derivative of Roma. often "guy", i.e. thief's friend
The lexical stock of the Russian language is one of the largest in the world. It has been formed over the centuries under the influence of the development of social, economic and cultural life. The list of native Russian words is 90% of modern explanatory dictionaries... The rest consists of foreign borrowings that appeared both in the early stages of its development and in modern times.
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Stages of development of Russian vocabulary
Russian language, along with Ukrainian and Belarusian, is part of the East Slavic group of the Indo-European language family. It began to form at the end of the Neolithic era and continues its development to this day.
There are several major stages in the development of the primordial vocabulary:
Words that appeared in our language at any of these stages are considered native Russian.
And also words of Russian origin include lexical units formed from those borrowed according to the rules of Russian word formation.
Scientists believe that at the end of the Neolithic era, there was a single Indo-European linguistic community. The speakers of the Indo-European language lived on a rather vast territory. Some researchers call this place of the earth from the Yenisei to the Volga. Their opponents talk about the resettlement of Indo-Europeans along the banks of the Danube and on the Balkan Peninsula. But they are all unanimous in the opinion that the Indo-European language gave rise to almost all European languages \u200b\u200band some Asian ones.
Common Indo-European words reflect specific phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality, degrees of kinship, numerals. Their spelling and pronunciation in many languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family is almost identical. For example:
In East Slavic languages there are a lot of words common to Indo-European languages. These include nouns that denote:
- relationship degree: mother, brother, sister, daughter, son;
- natural phenomena: sun, moon, ice, rain, water;
- animals: wolf, goose, cow, bear;
- plants: oak, birch;
- metals: copper, bronze.
Words denoting numbers (two, three, four, five), properties of objects (new, white, fast), actions (sew, go) have Indo-European origin.
Common Slavic language
Around VI century BC e. the Proto-Slavic language appeared. Its carriers were Slavic tribes who settled in the territory between the rivers Dnieper, Vistula, Bug. Common Slavic vocabulary served as the basis for the development of Western, southern and eastern Slavs... Common roots can be traced in them today.
The common Slavic primordially Russian vocabulary is diverse. Examples of nouns:
Among common Slavic words there are nouns that denote not concrete objects and phenomena, but abstract concepts. These include: will, guilt, faith, sin, thought, glory, happiness, goodness.
Compared with words of Indo-European origin, from the common Slavic vocabulary in our language there are more lexical units denoting actions, signs and qualities of objects.
- Actions: breathe, lie down, run, write, sow, reap, weave, spin.
- Signs and qualities of items: tall, fast, black, red, many, few, soon.
Common Slavicisms are distinguished by a simple structure. They consist of a stem and an ending. Moreover, the number of words derived from their stems is very large. With the root of glory, several dozen words are formed: disgrace, glorify, glorify, glorious, popularity, glorify.
The meaning of some common Slavic words changed during the development of the language. The word "red" in common Slavic vocabulary was used in the meaning of "beautiful, good". Modern meaning (color designation) has come into use since the 16th century.
There are about two thousand common Slavisms in the lexical stock of Russian-speaking people. This relatively small group of primordial words forms the core of the Russian written and spoken language.
Old Russian or East Slavic stage of lexical development
In the 7th century AD, three separate groups of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bbegan to develop on the basis of common Slavic vocabulary: West Slavic, South Slavic and East Slavic languages. The East Slavic community of peoples became the basis of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities. The tribes, which were carriers of a single East Slavic language, in the 9th century formed a single state - Kievan (Ancient) Russia. For this reason, the vocabulary that appeared between VII and XIV is called Old Russian vocabulary.
Old Russian lexical units formed under the influence of the political, economic, social and cultural development of a single East Slavic state. The original words of our language of this period belong to different parts of speech and lexical-semantic groups.
Great Russian period of language formation
From the XIV century the actual Russian or Great Russian stage of the development of our vocabulary begins. It continues to this day. The beginning of the formation of the Great Russian vocabulary coincided with the formation of Russian statehood and the division for a long time in the development of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities. Therefore, in the lexical stock of these languages, the same objects are designated by different words. For example: wallet - Ukrainian. Hamanian - Belarusian. sperm whale; palace - ukr. palace - Belarusian. palace; sparkle - ukr. libiskuvati - Belarusian. zihacets.
Words that appeared during this period are characterized by a derivative stem. They appeared on the basis of well-known lexical units of Indo-European, Common Slavic and East Slavic origin. New word forms were formed on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages by adding simple stems.Such word forms are considered original. Actually Russian words make up a significant part of the Russian lexical stock.
Formation of new words in Russian
The vocabulary of our language quite intensively replenished. The basis for this process is the lexical units of the previous stages of language development and the borrowed vocabulary. This vocabulary changes and adapts to the needs of the language in accordance with the rules of word formation adopted in it.
Nouns
Adding to the borrowed base a specific Russian suffix -shchik, -chik, -vshchik, -lshchik, -lk, -ovk, -k, -tel, -ost. For example: from the word stone, which is of Indo-European origin, with the help of the suffix -shchik, the proper Russian noun mason was formed; from the word leaf, which appeared in the general Slavic period of the development of the Russian language, with the help of the suffix -ovk, the concept of leaflet arose.
Adding native Russian prefixes to the base pri-, pa-, pra-, su-, v-, vo-, na-, ob-, pre-, re- and so on. For example: by adding a prefix to the common Slavic base city, the word suburb is added; adding the prefix o- to the same base, they get the noun garden.
The formation of new words from two or more foundations: from the common Slavic foundations-truth- and-love- formed a complex russian word lover of truth; from the Indo-European basis of the mouse- and the common Slavic word to catch with the help of the suffix -k, the noun mouse was formed. Ways of forming verbs.
Methods of forming verbs
One of the most common ways to form verbs is simultaneous addition of a prefix and a suffix to the stem... For example: from the common Slavic basis, running with the help of the prefix times and suffixes -at and -sya, the verb to run away appeared; from the common Slavic base-rich- with the help of the prefix o- and suffixes -it and -sya, the original Russian word to enrich appeared.
In the actual Russian period of vocabulary development, verbs derived from nouns are quite common. From the German word assault, borrowed in the 18th century, with the help of the -ova suffix, the verb assault was formed. With the help of the suffix -i, the verb to praise was formed from the common Slavic word glory.
The Russian vocabulary is one of the most extensive and actively developing in the world. By borrowing vocabulary from other languages \u200b\u200band forming new words on its basis, the Russian language is replenished. Using the online dictionaries of the origin of words, you can learn more about the etymology of Russian vocabulary. In the age of globalization, knowledge of the origins of the Russian language and the stages of its development will help preserve its originality and uniqueness.
A selection of Russian words with interesting story origin.
Pharmacy
According to one version, the word "pharmacy" comes from the Greek word "barn", "shelter", "warehouse", "storage" or "store", according to another version - from the word "coffin", "grave" or "crypt" ... Later, the word passed into Latin and acquired the meaning of "wine warehouse". The modern meaning of the word "pharmacy" was formed only in medieval Latin.
Orange
Until the 16th century, Russians and Europeans did not know about the existence of this citrus. Portuguese seafarers brought these fruits from China and began to trade them with their neighbors. Oranges came to Russia from Holland. In Dutch, "apple" is appel, and "Chinese" is sien. Borrowed from the Dutch language, the word "appelsien" is a literal translation of the French phrase "Pomme de Chine" - "apple from China".
Bohemia
The word is of French origin. At the end of the 20th century in Paris, representatives of the creative professions lived in the Latin Quarter. The bourgeois called the local inhabitants "gypsy". The journalist Henri Murger lived on the top floor of a building in the Latin Quarter. Once in one of the tabloid magazines he was asked to write a series of stories about the inhabitants of the Latin Quarter. These sketches were published in 1945, and they were called "Scenes from the life of a gypsy." "Gypsy" in French - "bohemia". Murger has since been forgotten, and the word "bohemia" still exists today.
Doctor
The word "doctor" is originally Slavic, it is derived from the word "vrati", which means "to speak", "to speak." From the same word comes “to lie”, which for our ancestors also meant “to speak”. In the Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian languages, the original meaning of the word "doctor" - "spellcaster", "sorcerer" - has survived to this day.
Bully
This word is of English origin. It is known that the surname Houlihan was once borne by a famous London brawler, which caused a lot of trouble for the residents of the city and the police. The surname has become a household word, in all countries characterizing a person who violates public order.
Hard labor
The Greek word katergon meant a large rowing boat with a triple row of oars. Later, such a ship was called a galley. In the Old Russian language, there were many names for ships: "planes", "boats", "uchany", "chelny". The Novgorod Charter mentions boats, poromes and cathargas. In Nikonov's Russian Chronicle, we read: “Boyars will take the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, letting many go in ships and cathargas to the islands” (“Boyars took the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, many were sent on ships and ships to the islands "). The work of the rowers on these ships was very hard, so criminals began to be imprisoned in "hard labor". In 1696, creating the Russian fleet, Peter I began to build large ships-hard labor in Russia. These ships were also called galleys. Criminals and fugitives were put on them by rowers, chained to oars. In Pushkin's "History of Peter", the tsar's decrees are given, where phrases are often found: "The first time through the ranks, the second time - the whip and galleys", "send to the galleys." The pre-revolutionary German-French dictionary of the Nordsttet directly states: "Galera is hard labor." Since then, the word "hard labor" has survived in the modern sense, although they were no longer exiled to galleys, but to Siberia, to hard labor.
Silhouette
In France, during the reign of Louis XV, the royal court lived in unprecedented luxury. Because of this, the treasury quickly emptied, and then the king appointed a new finance minister, Etienne Siluet, a conscientious and incorruptible official, who reduced pensions and destroyed tax privileges. At first everyone liked it very much, but over time, the young reformer became the subject of general ridicule. The genre of art that emerged at that time - a one-color profile picture against a light background - was named by the Parisian witches by the name of Siluet and interpreted it as art for the greedy and the poor.
Surgeon
The word came from the lexicon of ancient Greek doctors. For the Greeks, it simply meant "handicraft", "craft", from hir - "hand" - and ergon - "to do". The word “surgeon” is translated from Greek not only as “doctor”, but also as “hairdresser”. In Russia in the 19th century, barbers not only shaved and cut their clients' hair, but also tore their teeth, bleed, put leeches and even performed minor surgical operations, that is, performed the duties of surgeons.
Hack
Initially, this word was common, and it meant "easy income above the usual." You can read about the origin of the word in the dictionary of Professor D. N. Ushakov: "Knotty, from the Greek" halkos "- copper coin". Later, the word has an additional meaning. In the dictionary of V.I. Dahl gives more precise definition Russian interpretation: “trash, grabber, bribe-taker, haltyga, windy, fickle person. Trash, grabbing (grabbing), profit, free food, accumulated money. " In our time, derivatives have appeared: "hack", "hack".
In her "Memoirs" about the acting life of the 90s of the century before last, N. Smirnova writes that in Moscow, among the actors, Strastnaya Square was called "trash", since actors were "caught" on it:
“It happened that he was immediately given a role and he read it for the first time on the way to the theater. The word "hack" has since gone into use and is still kept in the actor's vocabulary. "
Tobacco
Originally the word "tobacco" entered European languages \u200b\u200bfrom Haiti. In the Arawak language, tabak is a plant of the nightshade family, from which a smoking mixture was made. It would seem that it is in this sense that the word is used now. However, for a while, “tobacco” had a completely different meaning. The word acquired additional meaning in French thanks to the expression "pass through tobacco" - "passer a tabac" - and remained from the time of the persecution of smokers in France. Until now, the French have a verb "tabasser", which means "to beat". And for the military, "tabac" means "battle" or "business" in the same sense as our "business was at Poltava."
Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote the story "The Manuscript Found Under the Bed." The hero of this story, Sashka Yepanchin, recalling 1918 in France: "In their police stations, the policemen - azhans - first of all beat you in the ribs and in the head with boots, they call it" passing through tobacco "."
Rogue
In his transformative activities, Peter I had to face the privileged noble class, which did not want to part with its usual way of life, and took the tsar's reforms sharply negatively.
Peter I introduced in 1715 a law according to which the nobles for crimes were deprived of their nobility, their "privileges", one of which was that the nobles could not be subjected to corporal punishment, to put it simply - flogging. According to this law, the nobles were "defamed", that is, they were deprived of their noble dignity, they were "dishonored".
In the language of the Normans, "skelmen" (skelmen) meant "worthy of death", "death row". The Germans turned this word into "rogue", which means "rogue", "swindler", and in this sense entered the Russian language.
Zakharov Vladimir
The Russian language is the soul of Russia, its shrine. Our fate is in the words we utter. That is why it is necessary to focus on the historical processes taking place in it; based on the similarities between the Old Church Slavonic and Russian languages, to use the material of historical grammar to illustrate linguistic phenomena. Enrichment the spiritual world students are facilitated by both a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes the key concepts of Orthodox culture: home, temple, family, duty, honor, love, humility, beauty, and work on the etymology of a single word.
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Fascinating etymology or secrets of Russian words
Student work
GBPOU RO PU No. 36 Zakharova Vladimir
Our spelling, being almost consistently etymological, gives it the richest food. It makes you decompose words into their component parts, look for related forms of L.V. Sherba. |
Introduction
The Russian language is the soul of Russia, its shrine. Our fate is in the words we utter. That is why it is necessary to focus on the historical processes taking place in it; relying on the similarities between the Old Church Slavonic and the Russian language, draw on the material of historical grammar to illustrate linguistic phenomena. The enrichment of the spiritual world of students is facilitated both by a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes the key concepts of Orthodox culture: home, temple, family, duty, honor, love, humility, beauty, and work on the etymology of a single word.
1.Science etymology
Etymology - (Greek ἐ τ ῠ μολογ ί α "true meaning of the word")
The subject of etymology as a branch of linguistics is the study of sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language andreconstruction vocabulary of the language of the most ancient period (usually preliterate).
Semantics as a branch of linguistics answers the question of how a person, knowing the words and grammatical rules of a natural language, is able to convey with their help a wide variety of information about the world (including about his own inner world), even if he first encounters with such a task, and understand what information about the world contains any statement addressed to him, even if he hears it for the first time.
IN vocabulary each language has a significant fund of words, the relationship of the form of which with the meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers, since the structure of a word cannot be explained on the basis of the models of word formation operating in the language. Historical changes in words obscure the original form and meaning of the word, andiconic the nature of the word determines the complexity of the reconstruction of the primary motivation, i.e. communication of the primary form and meaning of the word. The purpose of the etymological analysis of a word is to determine when, in which language, by whichderivational models, on the basis of what linguistic material, in what form and with what meaning the word arose, as well as what historical changes in its primary form and meaning determined the form and meaning known to the researcher.
Semantics emerged as an independent linguistic discipline relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century; the term "semantics" itself to designate a branch of science was first introduced in 1883 by the French linguist M. Breal, who was interested in historical development linguistic meanings. Up to the end of the 1950s, along with it, the term "semasiology" was also widely used, now preserved only as a not very common name for one of the sections of semantics. However, questions related to the conduct of semantics were raised and, one way or another, solved already in the most ancient linguistic traditions known to us. Indeed, one of the main reasons forcing us to pay attention to the language is a lack of understanding of what the oral or written statement (text) or some part of it means addressed to us. Therefore, in the study of language, the interpretation of individual signs or whole texts - one of the most important activities in the field of semantics - has long played an important role. So, in China, even in antiquity, dictionaries were created containing interpretations of hieroglyphs. In Europe, ancient and medieval philologists compiled glosses, i.e. interpretation of incomprehensible words in written monuments. The really rapid development of linguistic semantics began in the 1960s; at the present time it is one of the central sections of the science of language.
In the European scientific tradition, the question of the relationship between words and "things", the objects to which they belonged, was first posed by ancient Greek philosophers, but to this day, various aspects of this relationship continue to be clarified. Let's take a closer look at the relation of a word to a "thing".
2. Origin of words
Asphalt. I wonder what this Greek word meant when there were no paved sidewalks and highways. Let's open an ancient Greek dictionary. First syllablea - denial. Nounspalma - fall, misfortune, failure. So the main meaning is bad. The prefix isa turns this word into its opposite, giving it a good quality.Asfaleya means: confidence, reliability, safety. It is with this wordasphalt was named in ancient Greece resin conifers... From the resin and the name wentasphalt - tarred road.
Birch tree. From the word white in ancient times, the words "birch", "linen", "squirrel" occurred. Birch is a tree with white bark; white squirrel - a type of squirrel of a very rare and expensive breed was named after the color of its fur; "linen from white" of the type "old from old" originally meant unpainted white linen, then linen from this linen, then linen in general.
Nonsense. When the first shipbuilders arrived in Russia under Peter I, they spoke mainly German, accompanying their words with intensified gestures, they explained the arrangement of masts, their installation, their purpose, while saying hier und da, which in German meanshere and there ... In Russian pronunciation and awareness, it turned intononsense , which means something obscure and unnecessary.
Shabby dress. Everyday, home, everyday.With a meal in the last century, a cheap fabric was called - by the name of Zatrapeznova, at whose factory it was produced.
Clumsy ... Some Russian writers can find the wordugly
Okay, foldable: “Okay, awkward words come by themselves” (A. Kuprin). Writers use it from popular dialects. It comes from the ancient wordmack - order, beauty.
Hence the clucky and the clucky - handsome, stately;clumsy - awkward, inelegant.
You can't. What is not - it is clear, it is important to establish what islzya ... It once soundedlz and was the dative of a nounlega - Liberty. Traces of the existence of a wordlega we see in our modernbenefit, benefit ; it no longer occurs separately.
Education. It is believed that the word is a copy of the German - a picture, an image, and the whole word means enlightenment. Wordeducation can be found in Russian church books already in the 17th century, and German influences could hardly penetrate them. Most likely, a direct connection with the Old Church Slavonicto form - to create,make up, from the Slavic image is similarity.
Forgive. The etymology of this word may seem unexpected. Old Russiansimple, corresponding to our simple meant straight, unbent.Prost therefore, it mattered to straighten and then to allow the guilty, bowed down, to straighten up. Shout "Forgive me!" meant therefore: "Let me raise my guilty head, get up from my knees ...". To forgive is to liberate, to make free.
Rainbow. Word rainbow recorded in dictionaries of the Russian language only since the 18th century. This word is East Slavic in origin, derived from the adjectiverad in the meaning of cheerful... First the word rainbow belonged to something funny, and later to brilliant, sparkling. Link meaning of the wordrainbow with the meaning of cheerful is confirmed by the fact that in some regional dialectsrainbow is called a jolly, jolly.
River. One of the most archaic, oldest words in our language. It is related to the ancient Indian rayas - stream, current, with the Celtic renos - the river from which the geographical name of the Rhine arose. Probably in the mists of timeriver meant - a stormy stream, a rapid.
Child. Such a good, sweet word, and by origin is associated with a disgustingslave ... In Old Russiantimidly meant a little slave, a child of a slave. But a slave, or rob, then meant an orphan. Gradually, the little boy acquired the meaning - just a child, and it turned into a child under the influence of assimilation.
Day. Once existeddays - collision. This is how the meeting of day and night, their totality, was originally understood as this word.
Drawing. This word belongs to the number of native Russians. It is an old derivative of the verbdraw, which in the Proto-Slavic language meant to cut, to chop something. That is, initiallydrawing - this is to cut, cut, notch, and also forest clearing.
In a familiar sense: "the image of any objects on paper, a plan of something" the worddrawing used in Russian for a long time. Since at least the 16th century.
Conclusion
Etymological analysis allows you to instill an interest in the Russian language, through entertaining exercises, the development of linguistic flair, expanding horizons, vocabulary. Mechanical memorization of words, text without understanding and comprehension is the most difficult and uninteresting form of acquiring knowledge.
The formation of coherent speech begins with work on a word, etymological analysis affects spelling literacy.
We don't often think about how the words we use came about and how their meanings might have changed over time. Meanwhile, words are quite living beings. New words appear literally every day. Some do not linger in the language, while others remain. Words, like people, have their own history, their own destiny. They can have relatives, rich pedigree, and, on the contrary, be orphans. The word can tell us about their nationality, about their parents, about their origins. The study of the history of vocabulary and the origin of words is engaged in an interesting science - etymology.