The origin of the word any interesting. Fascinating etymology or secrets of Russian words. The most interesting stories of the origin of various words
The article tells about what etymology is, what this science does and what methods it uses in its work.
Language
Any living language that people actively speak is gradually changing. The extent of this depends on many different factors. For example, the amount of time that has passed since its inception, the level of political or cultural self-isolation of the country and the official position that concerns In the same France, a domestic analogue is selected or created for all foreign words. And some languages of the Scandinavian group have practically not changed over the millennium.
But not all languages can boast of this, moreover, it is not always an indicator of quality or uniqueness. The Russian language is one of the most diverse, and over the centuries it has changed a lot. And from the colloquial speech of our ancestor, say, from the XV century, we would understand only a few words.
It is in order to define or morpheme that such a section of linguistics as etymology was created. So what is etymology and what methods does it use in its activities? In this we will figure it out.
Definition
Etymology is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the origin of words. It is also a research technique used in order to reveal the history of the appearance of a word in a language and the very result of such a study. This term originated in the days Ancient Greece, and up to the 19th century, it could be used as the meaning of the word "grammar".
Answering the question, what is the etymology of the word, it is worth mentioning that this concept is very often meant by the very origin of the morpheme. For example: "In this case, you need to find a more convincing etymology", or: "The word notebook has a Greek etymology. "
Now we will briefly consider the formation of this science and what methods it uses for research.
History
Even in Ancient Greece, before the appearance of etymology as such, many scientists were interested in the origin of various words. Considering the later antique times, then etymology was considered one of the parts of grammar, respectively, only grammarians were engaged in it. So now we are etymology.
In the Middle Ages, no significant changes were made in the methods of studying etymology. And before the appearance of such a method as comparative historical, most etymologies were of a very dubious nature. Moreover, this was observed both in Europe and For example, the philologist Trediakovsky believed that the etymology of the word "Italy" comes from the word "removal" because this country is very remote from Russia. Naturally, because of these methods of determining the origin, many considered etymology to be an absolutely frivolous science.
Comparative historical method
Thanks to this method, etymology was able to very accurately explain the origin of many words. They use it in our time. Its essence lies in a set of techniques that prove the kinship of some languages, the origin of words and reveal various facts from their history. It is also based on a comparison of phonetics and grammar.
Etymology of the Russian language
If we talk about the origin and history of the Russian language, then there are three main periods: Old Russian, Old Russian and the period of the Russian national language, which began in the 17th century. And from its ancient Russian form, by the way, practically all languages of the East Slavic group originated.
As in any other language, in Russian there are words that have roots both in its ancient forms and borrowed ones.
For example, the word "nonsense" came from the name of the French doctor Gali Mathieu, who did not differ in his doctoral skills and "treated" his patients with jokes. True, he soon gained popularity, and even healthy people began to invite him to enjoy his humor.
And the well-known word "swindler" comes from the word "purse" - the name of the wallet in which money was previously carried. And the thieves who coveted him were called swindlers.
Now we know what etymology is. As you can see, this is a rather interesting discipline that sheds light on the origins of many words.
What I found on various sites about Russian words. You can go to the sites themselves by following the link and read other information - what seemed to me uninteresting or controversial. In particular, there are practically no religious meanings of words here. The point of view that most words with the Ra particle mean the Divine light named after the Sun God Ra - paradise, joy, rainbow, beautiful - for all its attractiveness does not seem to me to be proven, something is doubtful that we have the same God as in Ancient Egypt ....
The word "sorcerer" comes from the distorted Russian "kolyadun" - one who carols during the winter Christmastide (Christmas carols) celebrated in Russia from December 23 to December 31.
From School etymological dictionary of the Russian language
ORANGE- .... literally "Chinese apple"
THE GOD- Indo-European, related to Old Indian bhada
"lord", Persian baga "lord, god". Initial value -
"giver, bestowing master; share, happiness, wealth." Religious meaning is secondary
CHEESECAKE- in ancient Persia, the god Vatra is the guardian of the home
hearth, the 23rd lunar day is His day and therefore it is necessary to drink more milk,
there is cottage cheese and other dairy products, the "VATRUSHKI" oven in which
bake nuts well. The specified etymological connection is not just
coincidence, it also testifies to the cultural relationship of the Slavs and
Persians, and their origin from the same root. Oral Avestan
legends say that a very long time ago, more than 40 thousand years ago, on
the mainland Arctida in the Arctic Ocean there was a civilization
Aryans. In ancient times, this continent was called "Khair" - sometimes it
translates as "bear". As a result of some natural
cataclysm Arctida sank to the bottom of the ocean simultaneously with
Atlantis, Pacifis and Lemuria. The escaped arians came out to
The northeast of Europe and in the Cis-Urals created a state
education - northern Khairat. Some of them went further, in the end
which in the Volga region, on a vast territory from the Urals to the Caspian Sea, there was still
one Hairat, where the prophet Zeratustra (or
Zarathushtra) - Son of the Star. The words "Khair", "arias", "Kharaiti"
(apparently, "Hairaiti" is an ancient name Ural mountains) have one
root. As a result of several invasions of nomadic peoples from Asia
the Arians were forced to leave their habitable places They passed the North and
Eastern Europe(their descendants here are Slavs, Balts, Scandinavians,
the Scythians who have already left the historical arena). Some reached the Western and
Southern Europe, others through Asia Minor moved to Persia and India.
This was the path of our ancient relatives - the Avestan and Vedic
Aryans. A mixture of cultures took place. In India the Vedas were created by the Aryans,
those. "Knowledge" (cf. the verb "to know"); in Persia for several millennia
later, the knowledge of the ancients was restored and recorded in writing
Aryans - Avesta (cognate words - "message" and "conscience"), i.e.
sacred knowledge of cosmic laws. The language of the ancient Aryans is Sanskrit.
It served as the basis for Indo-European languages, including the language
ancient Parsis
DOCTOR- formed with the help of suf. -Take away from vrati "speak".
Initially - "the speaking, the wizard".
From the book of V.D. OsipovaRussians in the mirror of their language
True- this is what it really is. Truth from "is", more precisely from "ist", as this word was pronounced in ancient times.
It reminded me of the European verbs "is" - is, est, ist .....
Goodbye! Means "forgive me all the insults, you will not see me again." It means that this meeting was the last in this world, and therefore the custom of dying forgiveness, absolution of sins comes into play. The French and Italians in this case say "to God!" (respectively "adie" and "addio").
Too much from "too", that is, "with dashing." Anything beyond measure was considered bad, evil, dashing. From "famously" also: "excess", "excess".
To burn... Literally: "go up". In the old days, instead of "up" they said"grief". Hence the "upper room" (bright room upstairs).
Good... Literally: "pleasing to Khoros". Words are formed in a similar way in other languages. In English, "good" is a good consonant "year" - god. It's the same in German: "goth" is good and "goth" is god.
Witch... Literally: "the one who knows." The witch has access to knowledge unknown to others. The name of the Vedas, the sacred books of the Vedic religion, comes from the same basis "to know".
Garnish literally means "decoration". French "garnish" means "to decorate". It is related to the Latin "ornament" and the Ukrainian "garniy" - beautiful. NV Gogol was one of the first to use the word "garnish" in its present meaning. V " Dead souls"we read:" ... a side dish, a side dish of any more ... And let the beets with an asterisk in the lining of the sturgeon. "
Month... For the countdown of times and in antiquity served and change lunar phases... The Russians also called the moon the month. Having switched to solar chronology, the Slavs did not abandon the familiar word "month", but began to call them 1/12 of the year. In one of his poems M. Yu. Lermontov writes:
The moon changed six times;
The war is long over ...
In this "the moon was changing" instead of "a month passed" an echo of the past, lunar chronology, inherited by the Muslim world.
I also remember the English Moon Moon and the month of the month
The origin of the word barbarian is very interesting. V Ancient Rus the Greek letter β (beta) was read as the Russian "B" (ve). Therefore, such Greek names as Barbara are pronounced here Varvara, Baltazar - Valthazar. Our Vasily is Basileus in ancient Greek, which means "regal". Rebecca became Rebekah, and Benedict became Venedict. The god of wine Bacchus became Bacchus, Babylon became Babylon, Sebastopolis became Sevastopol, and Byzantium became Byzantium.
The ancient Greeks called all foreigners barbarians - barbaros. This word was borrowed by the Romans, a derivative from it barbaria began to mean: "rudeness", "ignorance". The Greek barbaros gave in Russian "barbarian": an ignorant, cruel, brutal person.
In ancient Greece, medicine was at a very high stage of development. A lot of words created by Greek doctors thousands of years ago still exist in all languages, including Russian. For example, surgery.
Among the Greeks, this word meant simply "handicraft", "craft", from hir - "hand" and ergon - "to do". The word chirurgus (surgeon) in Greek meant ... "hairdresser"!
Who remembers that in not so distant times barbers not only shaved and cut their clients, but also tore their teeth, bleed, put leeches and even performed small surgical operations, that is, performed the duties of surgeons. Pushkin's " Captain's daughter"written:
"I was treated by the regimental barber, for there was no other doctor in the fortress."
From the root chir and palmistry: divination along the lines of the palm.
In zoology, the name of one of the lizards is known - hiroth, given to her because her paws are like human hands.
And anatomy is a Greek word. It means "dissection".
The origin of the word diphtheria is interesting. In ancient Greece, diphthera simply meant skin, a skin removed from a killed animal, a film. The skin rotted and became a breeding ground for germs. Then they began to call every sticky disease diphtheria, but this name remained only for diphtheria, an acute infectious disease that most often affects the tonsils of the pharynx and larynx.
Toxin means poison. This word underwent a complex evolution before it got its present meaning.
In ancient Greece, toxicon meant "archery". The arrows were smeared with the poisonous sap of plants, and gradually this sap began to be called a toxin, that is, poison.
When in Greece appeared firearms, they forgot about the antediluvian bows, but the old meaning of the word toxin - poison - remained in the language.
After the invention of the microscope, people saw that some microbes looked like rods; for example, the tuberculous bacillus - "Koch's bacillus". Here the Greek name for a staff or stick came in handy - a bacterium.
Interestingly, the Latin word bacillum also means stick. It came in handy to designate another type of protozoan - the bacillus.
And here are some more new words: microbe, microscope, micron, microphone and many others - formed from the Greek macro - small. And in Greece that is the name of children.
In their book "One-Story America" Ilf and Petrov recall their trip to Greece: "We were given a five-year-old boy to accompany us. The boy is called" micro "in Greek. Micro led us, from time to time beckoning with his finger and benevolently parting his thick Algerian lips. .. "
We all know the word deli. And a person who loves to eat well, a connoisseur of fine food, in Russian speaking - a glutton, is also called a deli.
This word is composed of two Greek roots: gaster - stomach and nomos - law. It turns out that the grocery store is a person who knows the "laws of the stomach", but we now call that the people to whom the stomach dictates its laws.
The word is relatively new: it is not indicated in Russian dictionaries of the late 18th century.
Who knows where the word hard labor comes from?
The Greek word katergon (katergon) meant a large rowing boat with a triple row of oars. Later, such a ship was called a galley.
V Old Russian language there were many names for ships: plows, boats, uchans, boats. The Novgorod charter mentions boats, poromes and cathargas. In the Russian Chronicle, according to Nikonov's list, we read:
"Boyars take the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, letting many go in ships and katargas to the islands" ("Boyars took the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, many were sent on ships and ships to the islands").
The rowers' work on these ships was very hard, hard labor! Then criminals began to be imprisoned on these katargas - the courts.
A very old word filthy... It is mentioned even in "The Lay of Igor's Regiment, Igor Svyatoslavich, Olga's Grandson":
"And poganova Kobyakova from Lukomorye, From the iron, great Polovtsian regiments Like a whirlwind ripped away ..."
In Latin paganus (paganus) means "villager", "peasant"; later they began to call the pagans that way, since the old beliefs were held among the peasants for a long time.
Tomatoes in French rome d "or (pom d" or) -golden apple (from the Italian pomi d "oro). But the French call tomatoes themselves tomatoes. This Aztec word came to France from South America... In the 16th century, the Aztecs, the indigenous inhabitants of Mexico, were exterminated by the Spanish conquerors. That's what an ancient word it is - tomatoes!
We don't speak tomatoes, but tomato juice is called tomato juice
From the website Living Word
Boyarin... The word boyar comes from the merger of two words: bo and ardent, where bo is an indication, and ardent is close in meaning to the word light, fiery. Boyar - it means he is an ardent husband.
Word marriage in the meaning of matrimony and the word marriage in the meaning of flaw are homonyms, that is, words with the same sound, but in no way related to each other in meaning. The word marriage (matrimony) comes from the Old Church Slavonic language, in which it meant marriage and is formed from the verb brother (to take) with the help of the suffix -k (similarly to know-sign). The connection of the word marriage with this verb is confirmed by the expression to marry, and there is also a dialectal brother - to marry, Ukrainian got married - to get married. By the way, in those days, the word brother meant to bear. There is a version of what happened reverse process- from the word marriage, came the verb brother.
Word marriage in the meaning of flaw comes from the German word brack - flaw, vice, which in turn is formed from the verb brechen - to break, break. This borrowing took place in Petrovsky times, and since then in the Russian language there are two different marriages and one more reason for a joke.
Den - the lair of Ber, the spirit of the elements, whose symbol is the bear. In English, the bear is still called Ber - bear, and also in German - Bär. From the root of ber originate such words as amulet, shore.
Poor- the word comes from the word trouble. The poor is not the one who has little money, but the one who is haunted by troubles.
The antonym of a word is a word rich- also has nothing to do with money. The rich is the one who carries God in him.
To give, to know- the word is related to Sanskrit veda (usually translated as "know") and words with the root vid (usually translated as "see", "know". compare English wit- to know, to know, to learn; witch - witch; witness - a witness, literally "seen"). Both words originate from the "proto-Indo-European root" weid.
Year, year- until about the 16th century, this word meant a favorable period of time, and what we now call a year used to be called summer. Hence the words chronicle, chronology. Somewhere from the 16th century, the words year and summer got their modern meaning, but at the same time, the word summer is still sometimes used to mean calendar year, for example, in the word chronology. Most likely, the words year and year - originated from the same root, but later acquired different meanings. From them come such words as wait, weather, suitable, acceptable, suitable.
It is noteworthy that in foreign languages branches originating from the root of the year retained the meaning of something good, auspicious. Compare:
good (English), gut (German), god (Swedish) - good;
God (English), Gott (German) - God.
The words jahr (German), year (English), denoting the year, come from the Slavic root yar. The ancient name for spring is yara. It turns out that the Germans and the British count the time, if literally translated, by the spring, as we used to count it by the years.
It's like, for example, "Many summers" - so what happens: that the year and the summer have changed places :))))))
Breakfast tomorrow. The etymology of the words tomorrow and breakfast in exactly the same way consists of the preposition for and the word morning. Tomorrow is what the morning will be.
Nature- this is what the god Rod created, putting a part of himself into his creation. Therefore, the creation of the Rod is inextricably linked with it and is at the Rod, and this is the essence of nature.
Modest- with chrome. Kroma is a wall, a barrier, a ramaka, hence the edge. A modest person is a person who limits himself, his behavior, that is, a person with frames, with chrome.
thanks- save + bo. Thank you - God save you.
From Wikipedia
“Most of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is native, Indo-European. However, the long-term proximity with non-Slavic peoples, of course, left its mark on the dictionary of the Proto-Slavic language.
In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. language influenced Iranian languages... Basically, these are cult and military vocabulary: god, rai, Svarog, Khrs, ax, mogyla, sto, chalice, vatra ("fire"), kour, korda ("sword"), for the sake of.
In the II century. the Slavs encountered the Goths, who were heading from the southern Baltic to the middle reaches of the Dnieper. Most likely, it was then that a significant number of Germanic borrowings got into the Proto-Slavic language (Art.khyzhina, Russian. hut (* hūz-) at pragerm. hūs; st.- sl. кънѧсьь, Russian. prince (* kŭnĭng-) from Gothic. kunings; st.- sl. dish \ dish, Russian. dish (* bjeud-) from Gothic. biuÞs; st.- sl. shtozhd, Russian. alien (* tjeudj- and others) from Gothic. Þiudа (hence the German. Deutsch), Art. sword, Russian sword (* mekis) from Gothic. * mēkeis. "
From the site Slavs
The Indo-European name for the bear was lost, which survived in Greek - άρκτος, reproduced in the modern term "Arctic". In the Proto-Slavic language, it was replaced by a taboo word composition * medvědъ - "eater of honey". This designation is now common Slavic. The Indo-European name of the sacred tree among the Slavs was also forbidden. We find the old Indo-European root * perkuos in the Latin quercus and in the name of the pagan god Perun. The very same sacred tree in the common Slavic language, and then in the Slavic languages that developed from it, it acquired a different form - * dǫb
...... Actually, the name Arthur means bear ... although there is another option - bear, or Beorn, that is, Ber. Some believe that from this word originated the name of the capital of Germany - Berlin.
And:
Moron
the Greek word for [idiot] originally did not even contain a hint of mental illness. In ancient Greece, it meant "private person", "separate, isolated person." It is no secret that the ancient Greeks belonged to public life very responsible and called themselves "polites". Those who avoided participating in politics (for example, did not go to the polls) were called "idiotes" (that is, those who were occupied only with their own narrow personal interests). Naturally, conscientious citizens did not respect the "idiots", and soon this word acquired new dismissive shades - "a limited, undeveloped, ignorant person." And already among the Romans, the Latin idiota means only "ignoramus, ignoramus", whence two steps to the meaning of "stupid".
Scoundrel
But this word is Polish in origin and meant only "a simple, ignorant person." For example, the famous play by A. Ostrovsky "Enough Simplicity for Every Wise Man" was shown in Polish theaters under the title "Notes of a Scoundrel". Accordingly, all non-gentry belonged to the "vile people".
Rogue
Rogue, rogue - words that came into our speech from Germany. The German schelmen meant "rascal, deceiver." Most often, this was the name of a fraudster posing as another person. In the poem by Heine Heine "Schelm von Berger" this role is played by the Bergen executioner, who appeared at a secular masquerade, pretending to be a noble person. The duchess with whom he danced caught the deceiver by tearing off his mask.
Mymra"Mymra" is a Permian Komi word and it is translated as "gloomy". Having got into Russian speech, it began to mean, first of all, an uncommunicative stay-at-home (in Dahl's dictionary it is written: “to smudge” means staying at home without getting out. ”) Gradually, a simply unsociable, boring, gray and gloomy person was also called“ mymra ”.
Bastard
"Bastards" - in Old Russian the same thing as "bastards". Therefore, scum was originally called all sorts of garbage that was shoveled into a heap. This meaning (among others) is preserved by Dahl: "Bastard - everything that is swallowed or trapped in one place: weeds, grass and roots, litter, swallowed by a harrow from arable land." Over time, this word began to define ANY crowd gathered in one place. And only then they began to call all kinds of despicable people - drunks, thieves, vagabonds and other asocial elements.
Wretch
The fact that this is a person unfit for something, in general, is understandable ... But in the 19th century, when a recruitment was introduced in Russia, this word was not an insult. This was the name of people who were not fit for combat service. That is, since he did not serve in the army, it means a scoundrel!
Word dude , despite its wide distribution, has not yet received a qualified etymology in the scientific literature. On the contrary, the word dude , attested at the beginning of the century in the thieves' argo in the meaning of "prostitute", was at one time considered by A.P. Barannikov, who analyzed it as a derivative of Roma. often"guy", i.e. thief's friend
We do not often think about the origin of words, the change in their meaning over time. And words, by the way, are quite living beings. New words appear literally every day. Some of them do not stay in the language and are forgotten very quickly, others remain. The word, as a living person, can tell us about his nationality, about his parents and about his origin.
1. Train station
The word comes from the name of a small park and amusement center near London "Vauxhall". Once Alexander I visited this place and fell in love with it so much that he instructed British engineers to build a small railway from St. Petersburg to his country residence. One of the stations on this section of the railway was named "Vokzal", and this name later became a Russian word for any sufficiently large railway station.
2. Bully
The word bully also has an English origin. According to the most widespread version, the surname Houlihan was borne by a well-known brawler in London, who caused a lot of trouble for the police and residents of the city. The surname has become a household name, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order, and the word international.
3. Orange
Europeans knew nothing about oranges until the 16th century. Russians - and even longer. But Dutch sailors brought these sweet, juicy orange balls from China and began to trade them with their neighbors. Since there were no analogues of the name of this fruit in European languages, they began to call it "an apple from China."
4. Doctor
In the old days, they were treated with various conspiracies and spells. The ancient sorcerer muttered different words over the sick and sometimes gave him decoctions of herbs. The word "doctor" is originally Slavic. It is formed from the word "virati", which means "to speak", "to speak." By the way, from the same word comes “to lie”, which for our ancestors also meant “to speak”.
5. Fraudster
In ancient Russia, money was carried in special wallets - purses. From the word "purse" and produced "swindler" - "specialist" in thefts from the scrotum.
6. Restaurant
The word "restaurant" in French means "strengthening". This was the name given to one of the Parisian taverns by its visitors in the 18th century after the owner of the establishment Boulanger introduced nutritious meat broth into the range of offered dishes.
7. Shit
"Shit" - from the Proto-Slavic "govno", which means "cow". Initially, it was associated only with cow "cakes". "Beef" - "large cattle", Hence" beef "," beef ". By the way, from the same Indo-European root and the English name of the cow - cow, and, accordingly, the shepherd of these cows - cowboy, and the popular American expression "fucking cowboy" is not accidental, but contains - a deep kinship of the words forming it.
8. Heaven
One of the versions says that Russian word“Heaven” comes from “no, no” and “demon, demons” - literally a place free of evil / demons. But there is another interpretation, probably closer to the truth. Most Slavic languages have words that sound like "heaven", and they most likely originated from the Latin word "cloud" (nebula).
9. Slates
The only manufacturer of rubber slippers in the Soviet Union was the Polymer plant located in the town of Slantsy, Leningrad Region. Many buyers thought that the word "Slates" embossed on the soles was the name of the shoe. So it became a synonym for the word "slippers".
10. Nonsense
French physician Gali Mathieu treated his patients with jokes. Having gained incredible popularity, he stopped having time to visit patients in person and sent his healing puns by mail. "Rubbish" came to mean - a healing joke, a pun.
Nowadays, this concept has a completely different meaning, but after all, even at the end of the 17th century, hardly everyone was cured with the help of his jokes.
We don't often think about how the words we use came about and how their meanings might have changed over time. Meanwhile, words are quite living beings. New words appear literally every day. Some do not linger in the language, while others remain. Words, like people, have their own history, their own destiny. They can have relatives, a rich pedigree, and, on the contrary, be full orphans. The word can tell us about their nationality, about their parents, about their origins. The study of the history of vocabulary and the origin of words is engaged in an interesting science - etymology.
Railway station
The word comes from the name of the place "Vauxhall" - a small park and entertainment center near London. The Russian tsar, who visited this place, fell in love with it - in particular, the railway. Subsequently, he commissioned British engineers to build a small railway from St. Petersburg to his country residence. One of the stations on this section of the railway was named "Vokzal", and this name later became the Russian word for any railway station.Hooligan
The word bully is of English origin. According to one of the versions, the surname Houlihan was once borne by a famous London brawler, which caused a lot of trouble for the residents of the city and the police. The surname has become a household name, and the word international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.Orange
Until the 16th century, Europeans had no idea about oranges at all. Russians - even more so. Oranges don't grow here! And then Portuguese sailors brought these delicious orange balls from China. And they began to trade them with neighbors. In Dutch, "apple" is appel, and "Chinese" is sien. The word appelsien, borrowed from the Dutch language, is a translation of the French phrase Pomme de Chine - "apple from China".Doctor
It is known that in the old days they were treated with various conspiracies and spells. The ancient medicine man said to the patient something like this: "Go away, disease, into the quicksands, into the dense forests ..." And he muttered different words over the sick man. The word doctor is originally Slavic and is derived from the word "vrati", which means "to speak", "to speak." It is interesting that from the same word comes “to lie”, which for our ancestors also meant “to speak”. It turns out that in ancient times, doctors lied? Yes, only this word did not initially contain a negative meaning.Scammer
Ancient Russia did not know the Turkic word "pocket", because money was then carried in special purses - purses. From the word "purse" and produced "swindler" - a specialist in thefts from the scrotum.A restaurant
The word "restaurant" means "strengthening" in French. This name was given to one of the Parisian taverns by its visitors in the 18th century after the owner of the restaurant Boulanger introduced nutritious meat broth into the range of offered dishes.Shit
The word "shit" comes from the Proto-Slavic "govno", which means "cow" and was originally associated only with cow "cakes". "Beef" - "cattle", hence "beef", "beef". By the way, from the same Indo-European root and the English name of the cow - cow, as well as the shepherd of these cows - cowboy. That is, the expression "fucking cowboy" is not accidental, it has a deep family connection.Heaven
One of the versions is that the Russian word "heaven" comes from "no, no" and "demon, demons" - literally a place free from evil / demons. However, another interpretation is probably closer to the truth. Most Slavic languages have words that look like "sky", and they are most likely derived from the Latin word "cloud" (nebula).Slates
In the Soviet Union, a famous manufacturer of rubber slippers was the Polymer plant in the town of Slantsy, Leningrad Region. Many buyers assumed that the word "Slates" embossed on the soles was the name of the shoe. Further, the word entered the active vocabulary and became a synonym for the word "slippers".Nonsense
In the late 17th century, French physician Gali Mathieu treated his patients with jokes. He gained such popularity that he did not keep up with all the visits and sent his healing puns by mail. This is how the word "nonsense" arose, which at that time meant - a healing joke, a pun. The doctor immortalized his name, but now this concept has a completely different meaning. 
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Lesson objectives.
Lesson objectives.
- To form a positive motivation for the studied section of linguistics.
- To teach to argue the kinship of words through comparative historical analysis.
- Develop the ability to use an etymological dictionary.
- Explore ways to solve etymological problems.
- Help students realize their creative and analytical skills.
Technologies used: theory of development of critical thinking, heuristic technologies, problem method.
During the classes
Stage 1.
Motivating studentsA name has been given to everything - both the beast and the object.
There are a lot of things around, but no nameless ...
Language is both old and eternally new!
And it's so beautiful -
In the vast sea - a sea of words -
Swim hourly!
The language in which we think and speak is always a reflection of our essence. But how often do we think, for some reason or another phenomenon, the subject is so called? Do you want to discover the secret of the birth of words, looking back centuries? Our lesson will help you with this.
This lesson does not apply to any of the sections of linguistics studied in the school curriculum. But he is closely related to each of them. Knowledge of phonetics will help you understand the phonetic processes occurring in our language. Morphemics and word formation will give new discoveries. Morphology is also indispensable here. Do you want to know why all the names of nationalities are nouns and only Russians are adjectives? Go for it! All in your hands!
Stage 2.
Setting lesson goalsDo you know how to set goals and achieve them? Let's try! Define your goals for today's lesson. Write them down in a notebook.
Get to know the goals of the rest of the students (for this I suggest you exchange notebooks with your closest neighbors). Maybe there are your like-minded people among them. After all, it is much easier to go towards the intended goal if you feel a friendly shoulder nearby.
Formulate the questions that you would like to receive answers to in our lesson. (Questions are put on the board)
Select those from the other students' questions that you can answer right now. Share your knowledge with them.
Reflection of activity.
- What feelings and sensations did you have while working on the goals?
- What are your main results in completing the assignment? How did you manage to achieve them?
Stage 3
The topic of our lesson is "Fascinating etymology." How many of you know what etymology is? From the second root, you can guess that this is science. But what is science about?
Back in 1806, N. Yanovsky gave the following definition of etymology: "Word origin, word production; true product of the beginning of words or an explanation of the exact meaning thereof." What do you think, which of the words of this definition is a translation from the Greek. etymon? - "the truth, the true meaning of the word." So, today we will be looking for the truth with you!
Pay attention to the second version of the topic of our lesson. What is the mesmerizing word in her? Maybe "secrets"? Try to name a few associations for this word. Do any of you have the word “detective” among these associations? I don't know why, but it was this association that made me think of inviting you to a detective agency today.
What do you think our detective agency will be called? Suggest your name for this agency. Don't forget about the topic of our tutorial!
Exercise 1. "Detective Agency"
Purpose: to give a name to the detective agency.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- Think about what a detective agency that deals with the etymology of words might be called. Suggest your agency name. Maybe you can suggest several variants of the name?
- Try to imagine what the agency premises looks like. You can use Paint and reflect your views in the attached file. If you don't like drawing, you can capture your sketch in writing. Justify the need for the things you have chosen as attributes of the detective agency.
- Reflection: Ask our fictional detective a question. What would you like to ask him about?
And we boldly open the doors and enter the detective agency "Behold at the root." How do you understand the word "see"? And what, from your point of view, means the expression in the name of our agency?
The word "root" is ambiguous. Choose from the suggested values the one that matches our theme:
- The underground part of the plants.
- The inner part of the tooth, hair, located in the body.
- Root of the equation.
- In words (in linguistics: the main, significant part of the word).
- The beginning, the source, the origins of something.
Stage 4
Each science has its own discoverer. We have a "composite" of this person.
Task 2. "Identikit"
Purpose: to develop observation, the ability to see the "invisible", to learn how to create a characteristic of a person according to his external data.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- Describe the portrait presented. Imagine what this person could be, paying attention to the look, forehead, chin, oval of the face.
- Compare your assumptions with those of other students. Point out which probable qualities you missed and which ones you noted with particular precision.
- Reflection. Describe your feeling when doing of this task... Is it true they say that “the eyes are the mirror of the soul”?
Before us is a portrait of A.Kh. Vostokov. Let's turn over the pages of history ...
Saaremaa island (Ezele), the city of Ahrensburg (later Kingisepp, now Kuressaare), which is on the coast of the Gulf of Riga. March 16, 1781. A boy was born into the German Ostenek family. Happy parents named the newborn Alexander. Could they then assume that their son in the near future will change his surname Ostenek to Vostokov, will consider himself Russian and will go down in the history of world science as an outstanding Russian philologist, although they predicted a different future for him, prepared for a different career.
But A.Kh. Vostokov was to compare, compare the words of different languages, find in them common and different.
This is very fascinating activity... How many curious things you can find! Have you ever tried matching words from different languages? Of course, to do this, you need to know the languages. But if you study in a serious educational institution, then you learn not even one, but several languages, including, perhaps, the ancient ones: Latin, Old Church Slavonic. So much for the cards in hand.
In the archives of A.Kh. Vostokov keeps a small notebook (eight sheets in total), on which he wrote in his hand: "The root and primordial words of the Slavic language." Can you guess what are these words that the researcher called root and antiderivatives? This means that not all words were of interest to A.Kh. Vostokov, and consisting only of the root, the most ancient, primitive. Think about what a capacious definition for words - antiderivatives. These are the first ones formed (then derivatives will be created from them, nests of related words will be formed, and the primitives will head them, become the tops of word-formation nests) and, as it were, transmit the first image, i.e. the attribute that served as the basis for the name.
Want to know a little more about this amazing person? Let's call on the Internet and the book, the queen of science, to help. With their help, you can answer the question: What contribution did A.Kh. Vostokov make to the development of etymology?
It will be yours homework.
Purpose: understanding the significance of the scientist's contribution to the development of science.
The task can be completed in the following ways:
- Letter of thanks to A.Kh. Vostokov from the distant future.
- Ode “On the day of the discovery of the great etymology”.
- Your option
Stage 5
And we will continue our acquaintance with the detective of the agency "See at the root" and will try with him to look "inside" the words.
We are so used to words ... We read, write, talk, laugh, joke, sing, or even curse. We need language like air. But how rarely do we think about how the word appeared, what is its history and origin. Etymology studies the history and origin of the word, and represents an important section of the history of language, without knowing which we can only describe facts, objects, almost completely without explaining them. Science explains them.
However, the establishment of the "initial" meaning of the word does not exhaust the tasks of etymological research. In their development, words usually undergo various changes. In particular, the sound appearance of the word changes. For example, the ancient form in the morning in modern Russian sounds like tomorrow... The restoration of an older form often makes it possible to clarify the etymology of a word. This is exactly the case with the word tomorrow. By itself, it is incomprehensible etymologically. And here is the form in the morning puts everything in its place: tomorrow morning Is the time that will follow in the morning.
Task 3. "We follow the trail"
Purpose: to get acquainted with etymological dictionaries, to learn, using comparative phonetic analysis, to select words from the presented words formed by changes at the phonetic level.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- Get acquainted with etymological dictionaries, for example, with the “Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language” by P.Ya. Chernykh, “Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language” by N.M.Shansky and T.A. the same authors; “The etymological dictionary of the Russian language” by GP Tsyganenko.
- Take a close look at the structure of the entries in these dictionaries. What information do they carry in themselves?
- Compare the words of the modern language and the original, i.e. those words from which the data was formed.
- Mark those of them in the formation of which phonetic changes are observed.
- Write down 5-10 words you found and send them to the forum.
- Check out the answers from other students. Ask them to prove the presence of phonetic changes in the words that interest you.
6 stage
To restore the most ancient stages of the history of the word available to us, to reveal the reasons that led to the emergence of the word, to determine its closest "relatives" - these are the main tasks facing the etymology.
Such tasks are now facing us.
Task 4. "Find relatives"
Purpose: to trace the "genealogy" of words up to its etymological birth, to learn how to argue the kinship of words through comparative historical analysis.
- The words are given: swamp, lord, wet, hairy, parish, cure, elbow, possess, get along, infatuation. Among them there are three words that go back to the same common Slavic root. Find them.
- Group the following words by word-forming nests: crafty, bend, radial, radiant, lukomorye, torch, basket, radiant, pay, archer, case, better.
Task 5. "Let's sort it out on the shelves"
Purpose: to compare the morphemic structure of words from a modern and historical point of view.
Reflection of tasks 3-5.
Completing the previous assignments, you became more closely acquainted with what etymology does. You have researched the origin of words, the historical processes that take place within words. Try to compose a syncwine with the word "etymology".
Algorithm for composing syncwine:
1 line - noun ("etymology")
2nd line - 2-3 adjectives associated with this noun
3rd line - 2-3 verbs
4 line - a noun that is for you the antonym to this concept (fashionably situational)
5 line - a phrase that reflects our concept
If some of you have not yet met with the compilation of syncwines, then maybe this example will help you understand the essence of the task:
Coniferous, green, immense
Grows, fascinates, gives
Siberian taiga is generous
Take care!
7 stage
There are many different games in the world. But is it possible to play with etymology? It turns out you can. Such a game was invented by linguistic scientists, pursuing an entertaining, humorous goal, since they deliberately gave a false-etymological interpretation of the words of the Russian language, hence the unusual name "Pseudo-etymology".
Take the word left-handed... It was formed from the adjective left + sha and means "a man who does everything with his left hand." But you can also give a joking interpretation: to the noun a lion add suffix -NS-, the word was formed left-handed in the meaning of "female lion". Or, for example, the word contract in scientific etymology means “agreement”, then in pseudo-etymology a dog-o-thief will mean “a person stealing a dog”.
The following words can be explained in the same way: breakfast- “dream about the future”, insured- “intimidated”, colic- "syringes", superman- “lover of soups”, blank- "stupid woman", banker- "sweeping bank", solarium- “place of salt extraction”.
With pseudo-etymology, the main thing is to find in a given word such a sound complex, which to some extent would resemble the sound complexes of the root part of another word, which is close to the first. It is the sound that ties in with the content. For example, Martin- “woman in flippers”. Thus, pseudo-etymology is a deliberate misinterpretation of a word, which is based on the sound similarity of words that have different meanings.
Task 6. "Pseudo-etymological Dictionary"
Purpose: to compose your own "pseudo-etymological" dictionary.
Execution algorithm:
- Look around you. Make a list of objects, phenomena that surround you. You can pick up adjectives, verbs for them.
- Try to look at the recorded words from a different, unfamiliar point of view. Maybe the rutabaga will turn into a trouser leg for you, and a fork - into a small country house.
- Write down your item definitions. Choose the most successful and interesting from your point of view.
- Write down the vocabulary entries you compiled in alphabetical order.
- If you wish, you can arrange the resulting dictionary. Get creative with it. Maybe there will be illustrations in it?
Reflection of the assignment: write a miniature “Is it difficult to be a linguist?”.
8 stage
The word for us is the most important means of communication, a means of perceiving works of fiction. But the word is of interest in itself: each word has its own origin, its own history, its phonetic and morphological appearance, its own meaning. All the words we speak keep the secret of their birth. And it is very interesting to solve it. And of course, one cannot do without a wide variety of literature - one will want to look into encyclopedias and dictionaries, open a geographic atlas, flip through history books. We'll have to reason, think logically, compare. But the result is worth it. After all, etymology is a science full of unsolved mysteries, mysteries that go into the ancient past, and the stubborn and inquisitive discovery is sure to await.
Etymology is a complex and multifaceted science. She always requires a creative approach to herself. Here you cannot, having learned a few specific rules, wait for ready-made answers to all questions. In many cases, these answers are not yet available; future researchers have yet to get them.
Etymology is a science in which there is a place for discoveries and findings. For a long time it will attract those who are thoughtful about the word, interested in its history, seeks to understand and explain the changes that are taking place in it.
Task 7. Reflection of the lesson.
- Remember the content of the lesson. Note which tasks were difficult for you, which ones were simple and uninteresting. Pick up epithets to each of the tasks.
- At the beginning of the lesson, you formulated the questions that you would like to receive an answer to. Check the ones to which you received this answer. Remaining uncovered questions? Do not despair! After the lesson, we will together choose a direction and outline ways to find answers to your questions.
- Remember your goals that you set at the beginning of the lesson. Which ones have you achieved? What helped you achieve your goals? Maybe these were some personal qualities? What do you still have to work on? Divide a piece of paper into two halves. On the left, write down those skills and abilities that you, from your point of view, already possess, and on the right - those that you still lack. If there are records on the right side of the sheet, then you have something to strive for, then there is a goal ahead! I wish you success!