Nasal vowels. The formation of nasal vowels. Alternations associated with the history of nasal sounds in ancient Russian language

As a result of the study of the material of the chapter 3, the student must:

know

time and mechanisms of loss of nasal vowels;
time and results of secondary mitigation of consonants;
conditions of positional alternation of vowels and consonants in ancient Russian language;

be able to

determine the differential signs of vowels in the initial Old Russian system;
Characterizes the quality of consonant sounds, primarily in the area of \u200b\u200bhardness - softness;
Comment Facts graphics confirming the loss of nasal vowels and secondary mitigation of consonants;

owl skills

phonetic transcription taking into account the reconstruction of the text for the period of the beginning of the XI century;
Phonematic transcription taking into account the intrastallogo syngarmonism.

Loss of nasal vowels, changes in the system of vocalism

Praslavyansky nasal vowels arose as a result of monofonticization of difthongic combinations * em, * ep, * from, * OP and some other similar type. As a result, the nasal (nasal) glaces of the front and indifferent rows of r and r, which were denoted by the letters of the letters "YUS Small" a and "yus big" / k.

In ancient Russian language, unlike Staroslavlyansky, the nasal vowels are not preserved: a sign of nasality has been losing, according to interstate borrowing, in the middle of the X century. Nasality can be considered a lively sign of vowel in the event that in another language it is perceived as a combination of vowel with a nasal consonant, and vice versa, if in borrowed words, it replaces a similar combination (Weng. Munka 'work' on site dr. -Rell. Mzhkd, as well as Dr.-Rus. 1lcor \u003d Axa in place of Greek. Aukor (Dr.-Rus. [$ Cort] from Dr.-Shv. Ankari)).

In his essay, "On Management of the Empire", written in about 950, the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe indicates among other things the following names of the Dnieper thresholds: RFANSL and VEDAIX, what corresponds to the ancient Russian words of Krzhshchi "boiling" and nesyat 'insatiable'. It can be concluded that the Greek author heard in the place of these etymological Slavic nose Greek pure vowels [y] and [a]. Consequently, by the middle of the X century. The eastern Slavs had a loss of nasal vowels. True, the same author leads the name of the Russian Prince Svyatoslav as follows: zcpevioag ^ dpoc; - There is a combination of SV on the site of ancient Russian a [F]. Perhaps the preservation of the nose in this word is associated with the blank of the syllable. In any case, the comparison of these examples makes it possible to understand that in the middle of the X century. Loss of nasal - active, but not completed to the end process.

East Slavic words with nasal vowels borrowed to the X century are transmitted in the recipient language with the help of nasal consonants (cf. Dr.-Rus. SlTT * - Eston. sund). Later borrowings indicate the pronunciation of the Slavs of pure vowels: Dr.-Rus. Prgezlo - lit. pRESLAS.

Facts illustrating the fate of nasal vowels are contained in the names of their own Old Russian chronicles. In the Lavrentiev list contains an entry for 6406 (898): I am no worn past the pea, hedgehog caratch's cavalry © Ughor. And then under 6410 g.: And Leisch King brazen the ougres on the colts. The name of the peoples of Hungarians is transmitted in the Russian chronicles as a kind of Ougra, in which the letter of OU, given the late list, was replaced by an earlier YUS, which denoted to the nasal vowel. Only so can be explained why the combination of the sounds of "EN" (earlier * OP) is transmitted in ancient Russian language by one vowel: at the time of contact with the Hungarians (Ugilities), Eastern Slavs still uttered nasal sounds, and it was using them with their help when borrowing a combination of vowels with nasal consonants.

The loss of nasal vowels is already reflected in the early old-Russian texts in the form of a mixing of letters: respectively j. and OU, a and ch. More often, the one-sided replacement is happening on the OU, which is associated with the change in the pronunciation of the nasal replacement [P] - "[y]. Consider examples from Ostromirov Gospel (1056).

L. 2: BESH, SVITYCHD, N € Oat, and "And A. In all these words, the letter" YUS Small "is written whether it is very true that in the last two cases can be checked using even the initial internal reconstruction skills: not to argue - not the volume: name - names.

L. 3: Having "LD" CSD, in ^ krzh, or. In these words, the letter "UK" and "YUS Small" are also written correctly. Confirm this with the help of internal and external reconstruction: testifies - testify; faith (Ends of Wine. I. Women) - Lat. atgeat (Accutent for the words Women.R.); Entry (ending 3 l. Mn. H.ch.) - Lat. sUNT. (Form 3 l. MN.ch., Wed. End).

The correct use of double letters in the Ostromirovian Gospel is explained by the regulatory character of this monument: he corresponded from the Old Slavonic original and should have passed the most accurately to transfer all the graphic features of the sacred liturgical text. However, even in such a text there are errors.

L. 31AB: And h ^ zhlkh ll x l ^ sa - one of the yusov, namely, in the root alien- It is not recorded correct here, since these etymological data indicate the presence of Praslavyansky vowel * u in this root. Hausjan 'hear'.

L. 73: GDGA \u003d Gdagodga instead of these itemologically correct of the year (

L. 31: AZ KSD Gdagodgai toroid. In the communion, as in the previous example, YUS is replaced, however, in the end of the pronouction, the correct ending on the site of Praslavyannian named finality * Jan is written.

L. 242: and take "And in the cave. In this example, the old Slavonic features in the pronunciation of the noun (cf are drawn. bake) And the etymologically correct Writing of Usa Small in the visional case of pronoun ('them'). But at the same time, the end of 3 liters. MN.ch. The verb (Wed above) reflects the replacement of F -\u003e OU, i.e. Pronunciation of pure vowel in the place of nose.

Partial preservation of etymologically correct writing of nasal vowels cannot indicate that these sounds are present at the same time in oral speech. On the contrary, even single mistakes, as in the Ostromirus of the Gospel, confirm the reality of phonetic changes. The presence of regular errors, in less normed written monuments, indicates the complete completion of the phonetic process.

Consider an example from the Izborrika J076. L. 357: PR ^ .Io-fermented Fox TR "KZK lead sa and cDVK Lyuder, the year ^ B Will Velief AM In this example, we see three cases of replacement of the letter "YUS Big" in two root morphemes: -> OU, therefore - convergence occurred, i.e. Association corresponding to the phoneme. Coincidence with led to regular homonym, since this foundation was widely represented in the ancient Russian morphemes. Meanwhile, a relatively rare Old Russian foundation; There was no danger of omonymous - the composition of the phone was expanded at the expense of a new source.

It is important that the coincidence was the first case of reducing vocalism in the history of the Russian language. This trend remained from x to xx century. and led to the formation of a modern phonetic system, in which the composition of consonant phones is significantly wider than the composition of the vowels. In ancient Russian, with a reduction in vocalism, first of all, vowel medium lifting were changed or lost, since in the general Slavonic language it was represented by six phonemes, i.e. It was clearly overloaded.

In tab. 3.2 The system reflected by the Starlistian monuments and is characteristic, apparently for the entire late Praslanjan language.

Staroslavyansky vocalism

	Front	Non-Defense

With the loss of nasal vowels, the composition of the phone was declined, but only one unit. As for $, this vowel after denazalysis and transition to the lower row began to sound as [a]. Such a phoneme in ancient Russian language did not exist before, since the Eastern Slavs, unlike the Southern, Letter, "K readed as [E]. Thus, in the second case there was no convergence, a separate, independent foundation was preserved.

However, different opinions exist on the original capacity of the Old Russian Jody. Maybe he also on the eve of the loss of the nose preserved an open pronunciation - as in the old Slavonic language - and moved to a higher lift after the change in order to avoid homonymy: $ (and) - a (T)-> and(a) - E (T b).Unlike, it was originally a functionally loaded, widespread founded, and therefore the convergence could not undergo. Therefore, opposition and - T bin ancient Russian, preserved, but changed its quality. One way or another, after all changes, the system of vocalism in ancient Russian language began to look like this (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3.

Early Old Russian vocalism

Rise " -	Front	NSPERSDY
		s, y (OU) '\u003e
Upper Middle

In pare. s - u Labialization (cuddling) was performed as a differential sign.

2\u003e Upper-average lift of the phonemes I; It corresponds to the so-called closed pronunciation, in which [e] rises to a higher lift and approaches the articulation to [and]. Such a pronunciation is presented in modern Russian in the position of the phonemes between two soft consonants, for example [P'et] 1. Since it was a long or dyfthongic vowel at the origin (Praslav. * Ё, * oi), it could be implemented in separate dialects using Difthong [IE].
3) Public medium lifts were contraved to an isolated differential sign of super-rotation, which determined the diffusion of the phone with only two pairs: o - K, E - B. Sometimes this feature is interpreted as "tensions". The exact nature of the pronunciation of the deferred ъ, B remains the subject of discussion.

After the loss of the nasal background, the fate of the corresponding letters "YUS Big" and "YUS Small", as well as their yotatated options, was different. Very early ceased to be used to, gzh, iA: From the XII century. These letters are no longer found in writing monuments, although their use is possible in the XV-XVI centuries, when the archaicization of written culture occurred.

Letter and remained long enough, since it initially indicated a special background and pointed to the semi-mindedness (positional palatalization) of the consonant - unlike the yotatated letter hA, which denoted in most cases the softness (stealability) of the preceding consonant.

The specified features of graphics must be taken into account in the preparation of phonetic and phonematic transcription. Cf. St.-Sl. ZL ^ B [SIP | -, Dudjj -, luba [l'bi] -, and in comparison with this, Dr.-Rus. Z / KB | Tooth | -, Lolk [Lick'u] - Unlike Zob [Zob] -, Lyuba [L'L'Us] - or Luba [L "loss] -. Cf. Also st.-sl. Daso [M "§So] -, Lago [l '? Gu] - Unlike Volga [OV'a], s € Dlga [Z'Eml'a], and in comparison with this, Dr.-Rus. maso [M'aso] -, Lago [L Agu] - Unlike Volga [OV'a] -, s € LLA [Z'Eml'a] - or Laso [M'Aho] -, Lago [L'Agu ] - Unlike Volga [Vol. "A] -, s € Dlga [Z'Ell" a] -.

In conclusion, it is necessary to add some considerations about the causes of the loss of a differential sign of nasility, or rines, as it is called in some textbooks. As already mentioned, the main reason is a general tendency to reduce the number of vocabulary, to the narrowing of vocalism in favor of consonantism. This is a cross-cutting trend of Slavic phonetics as a whole, because its beginning should be seen in the early Nraslavric processes, when the vowel system began to shrink due to the loss of quantitative differences, and the system of consonants began to expand due to the primary mitigation of the consonants and subsequent phonologization of the sign of softness.

When cutting vocalism, the nasal vocabulary began to be lost in the Old Russian system, since they are typically representing one of the rare varieties of vowel phonemes. The nasal vowels are represented only in 22% of modern languages. Phonments?, Q were lost with all Slavic languages, and there are now anywhere in modern Slavic languages, except for some dialects, as well as the Polish language, in which the nasal has arisen again and at the same time not fully identical to Praslavyansky nose.

The initial impetus to the transition "On the nasal" to the upper rise was probably the last alignment of the system of vocalism in accordance with transformed quantitative differences. Contrasting longitude - brevity ceased to be differential from Slavs, but remained at the level of integral sign. At the same time, in the newly formed distribution on the rise of the reflexes of long vowels to the lower and upper lifting ("Fe, a - and, y, y), and the reflexes are brief - to the average (e, b, o, b). In this situation, nasal The vowels arising from the difongic combinations were to correspond to the reflexes of long vowels and go to the upper and lower rise.

The loss of the nasal is in the X century. Is likely to be associated with the consequences of the completed relatively late metathesis of smooth. Formerly, the nasal number of the vowel corrected phonetically with the full or implicit pronunciation of the nasal consonant (as in modern Polish) - the nasal version was one of the options for this pronunciation, more innovative in the conditions of the law of increasing sound: [* OM - O T - Q]; [* Et - E T - §]. With the completion of the opening processes, the knos, the vowels fell out of such rows of variation and began to phonetically close with clean vowels.

test questions

1. What nasal vowels existed in the old Slavonic language? What is their origin, how did they designate in the letter?
2. How to identify in the situation of interaction of languages \u200b\u200bAvailability or absence of nasal vowel in one word or another?
3. What ancient Russian borrowing in other languages \u200b\u200ballow you to trace the fate of nasal vowels from the Eastern Slavs?
4. What information about the loss of nasal vowels can be removed from the Russian chronicle?
5. Give examples from Ostromirov Gospel, confirming the loss of nasal vowels in ancient Russian language. How to determine this is the correct writing of Soss?
6. What examples of mixing double letters a - l, ha and w - about[ Contains the flavor of 1076?
7. How did the denazalization of nasal vowels in ancient Russian language originated?
8. What is the convergence of the background? What is the case of convergence of vowels to the phone, was the first in the history of the Russian language?
9. How is the system of vocabulary of the Old Slavonic language differs from the ancient Russian system of vowels on the first synchronous cut?
10. Is there a sound corresponding to the pronunciation of the Old Russian Yatu, in modern Russian? Why it is impossible to consider independent of the same phone?
11. How should the ancient Russian letters ha and huhrch should be reflected in transcription?
12. What are the phonological and phonetic causes of the loss of nasal vowels in ancient Russian language?

See: Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. M.: Progress, 1986. T. IV. Pp. 147.
In the transcription of the modern Russian language, the signs [e], [e] are used to designate the corresponding sounds. In historical grammar, the universal transcriptional designations corresponding to the Latin style: [s], [s].
On the use of signs' and "see paragraph 3.4.
The second version of the ancient Russian transcription, with a sign "instead of more consistent with modern ideas about the development of soft quality - see paragraph 3.4.

One of the most important manifestations of ZOS was the formation of nasal vowels in the end of the word and before consonants: ę (nasal front row) and ǫ (nasal reverse). If the composition of the difongic combinations included vowel front rows (* ē, * ĕ * ī, * ĭ), then formed a nasal front row ę . If the composition of the difongic combinations included vowel rear rows (* ā, * ǎ, * ō, * ŏ, * ū, * ŭ), then a vowel rear row formed ǫ .

Note.K.A. Timofeev notes that the nasal vowels at a certain stage of the development of Praslavyansky was larger than two (for example, ě nose). At the same time, the original nasal vowels were positional options for the corresponding non-nane vowels.

Also K.A. Timofeev highlights nasal formed from *, * / *, *. In closed syllables: * d. tI \u003e Dŭmti\u003e Dъmti\u003e dǫti (d @ ti KommersantM @, d KommersantMesh).

Education Conditions:

1) at the end of the word difongic combinations with m. and n. Switched to nasal sound. (At the end of the nasal occurs only in combination m. and n.from andand e.. In the case of a combination of other vowels with nasal consonants, nasal vowels are not formed: * orbŏm.→ rab,*gostim. →gOST, padŏm.→ pad).

2) in the position before the consonants arose ę or ǫ .

In the position in front of the voice sound, the difthongic combinations disintegrate: the vowel remained in the original syllable, and the consonants passed to the next syllable, opening the previous one.

Changes in difongic combinations with nasal consonants

In the Old Slavonic language, two nasal were known: one rear row - ǫ (o nose) (in Cyrillic - @), another front row - ę (e nose) (in Cyrillic - #).

Before vowels	Before consonants, in the end of the word	Before vowels	Before consonant in the end of the word
* EN → E + N		* ON \| * AN → O + N
* EM → E + M		* Om \| * am → o + m
* IN → I + N		* ON \| * AN → A + N
* im → i + m	ę	* Om \| * AM → A + M	ǫ
* LN → B + N		* BN (* ŭN) → Kommersant + N
* bm → b + m		* bm (* ŭm) → b + m
* IMENA\u003e IMENA (Names)	* IMEN\u003e IMę (they are #)	* Zvŏnos\u003e Zvon (ringing)	* Zvonkos\u003e ZVǫK (ZVK @ K)
* Pominati\u003e Pominati (ïìààòò)	* PAMINT\u003e PAM (PAM #)	* Opona\u003e Opona (sober)	* Pontŏs\u003e Pǫto (n @ then)

Note.In monophralization, initially * M → N (S. B. Bernstein), but not all scientists agree with this provision.

Secondary softening of posterior consonants * k, * g, * CH:

II Palamatiable

After the monofont bloodization of difthong occurs a change in posterior consonants * k., *g., *ch Before vowels ē and i.from difthongs in whistling palatalized consonants.

* K.		* I * ē		C '	* Kaina\u003e C'na (Chana)
* G.	+	(< ai,oi,*ei)	>	d'z '\u003e z'	* Goilo\u003e d'Z'elo (SH``s)
* ch				s'	* Douchoi\u003e Dus'i (DQSI)

Note.Posterior * g. I changed initially in d'z ', but soon the affringement loses the shutter and turns into Z. "

As a result of this process, alternation arose k., g., chfrom c.’, z.’, s.’.

Change combinations * KV, * GV, * CHV before * ě, * i (< *ai,*oi):

II distant palatalization

The rear consonants in combinations * KV, * GV, * CHV (* kV → KV.۟۟→c'V۟, *gV→gV ۠→z'V.۟,*chv→chv→ s'V.۟).

Combination	Examples
* Kvoi\u003e C'v ě	* Kvoit\u003e C'v ět (GHT)
* gvoi\u003e z'v ě	* gvoidda\u003e z'v ězda (ZHZDA)
* Chvoi\u003e S'V I	* Vъlchvoi\u003e VLS'V I (Vlodvi)

Note.There is another understanding of this process: a change in combinations of consonants * KV, * GV, * CHV. At the same time, it is originally mitigated * V before Ö and I from difthongs (* V → V ').

This mitigation occurred in dialects that have formed the basis of the Southern and Eastern Slavic languages.

Third mitigation of posterhable consonants * k, * g, * CH:

III palatalization

After monofthtonagization of difthongic combinations, the autonomy of the syllables in the Word was disturbed, as a result, the sounds of the previous syllable began to influence the sounds of the subsequent table and they began to cause their changes: vowel front rows on the posterior consonants, beginning the following syllable. it progressive(Bodownan) assimilation.

* I * i		* K.		C "	* Likon\u003e Lic "O\u003e Lic" E (face)
* in\u003e *	+	* G.	>	d "z"\u003e z "	* StGA\u003e STD "Z" A (FLSA)
* IR\u003e * R		* ch		s "	* VPCHA\u003e VPC "A (VI")

Note:the third palatalization can be conventionally called the law, because The changes in the posteriorized occurred are inconsistently: the posterior not changed into whistles, if they were after them kommersant, y.I agree n.(* dvignǫti (but * DVIZ "ATI), * STGNA (but * STZ" a), etc.). This can be explained in two ways:

1) All the conditions for the manifestation of this process are not taken., 2) Probably, the trend towards the movement of the articulation began to weaken (that is, the gradual attenuation of this trend is reflected).

G.A. Turbin, s.g. Shulezhkova offer to call this process tendency to palatalization.

This data is also in borrowed words (* Kŭning → Kdęd "z" b → kdęz "b, * pfenning → pěnęd" z "b → pěnęz" b, etc.)

Change consonants under the influence of * J

Early process

All solid consonants softened before * j.

* kj * gj * chj * sj * zj	* RJ * LJ * NJ	* PJ * BJ * MJ * VJ
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓	↓ ↓ ↓	↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
č" ž" š " š " ž"	R "L" N "	PL "BL" ML "VL"

* sēkja\u003e seč "a (cherch)	* MORJON\u003e MOR "E (MOR ~)	* Pjeuati\u003e PL "Evati (Week)
* Storgja\u003e Straž "A (Guard)	* POLJON\u003e POL "E (floor ~)	* BJUDO\u003e BL "UDO (dish)
* Suchja\u003e Suš "A (SQSH)	* klonjǫ\u003e klon "ǫ (clone @)	* Zemja\u003e Zeml'a (Earth)
* NOSJA\u003e NOŠ "A (NOSHA)		* Lovjǫ\u003e lovl "ǫ (catching @)
* rēzjǫ\u003e rež "ǫ (rhzh @)

The posterior consonants * k, * g, * ch changed before * j to hissing č ', ž', Š '.

Note: Probably, I palatalization and change * KJ, * GJ, * ChjProted at the same time, as evidenced by the same result. There is a suggestion that the process of first mitigation itself was caused by the head of the front row of the yoto-like pride.

K.A. Timofeev proposes to consider the arrangements arising before * j as phonetically unconditioned, because The sound j, caused by the counting, was assimilated with softened consonants. (* Suchja → Such'ja → Suš "Ja → Suš" a). And the first mitigation refers to the phonetically determined.

Dental consonants * S, * CH changed before * j to the hissing Š ', * z → in the hissing ž'. Dental consonants * R, * L, * n changed before * j in R ', l', n ', without changing their main sound.

In combinations of lip * b, * p, * m, * V s * j, the sound of L 'developed on the site of Yota. This is L-Epenhetikum. (There is an argument in the scientific literature: is it the sound resulting from the transformation of Yota or the sound resulting from the softening of the lip?)

Change groups of consonants

Under Dif. Combinations are understood by the combination of voice. Sounds with the last. Sonorovna Sogl., Come on once in one syllable. Dif. op. voice. with nose. Sonor. Sughdle. N and M in the position of the closed syllable (at the end of the word and before combing sounds). Transformed by z-well open. Slog in Prasl. Yaz. into the nose. Glasn. If the DIFT is part. The combinations were visible. Per.r. (E, I), the nose formed. Glasn. per. R. (YUS M.). If the DIFT is part. The combinations were visible. NEPER.R. (A, O, U), then a nose formed. Glasn. Never. R. (YUS B.). When borrowing words that had a combination of Glasn. star. with nose. Sughdle. in cloud syllable, there was also a change in these combinations into the nose. voice. (Kuning from Kuning DR / Verkhi \\ Him).

For the first time, the phonetic nature of USUS as nasal vowels identified A. X. East to "reasoning about Slavic language." To this conclusion, A. X. Eastov came, comparing the data of the Old Slavonic and Polish languages. In this comparison of A. X. East revealed regular compliance of the Old Slavonic US Sousse, Polish nasal vowels:

Other arguments, confirming A. X. East, can also be given. So, in Staroslavlyansky, the combinedness of the vowel with the nasal consonants n or m can correspond to the word formation or word conversion. For example: ovnk - ringing.

Nasal vowels, characteristic of the phonetic system of the Old Slavonic language and preserved so far in Polish and Kashuba, have once been inherent in all Slavic languages. Forbidden in the Praslanian period, over time, in different Slavic languages, except for Polish and Kashubsky, at different times they were loss, the transition to vowels is clean, non-nane. Moreover, the change in the nasal vowels in the non-napovoy was not the same in all Slavic languages, and this suggests that their pronunciation was not the same in different Slavic languages.

How was the nasal vowels in the old Slavonic language? Analysis of the verbic alphabet allows you to assert that the nasal vowel replacement series was pronounced as a nasal, and the nasal vice front row is like e-nasal.

In most monuments of the Old Slavonic writing, which came to us are properly used by Susi. The few cases of mixing them with each other or with other vowels, observed in the zoogram and assemmanean gospels, the compilation of Cloce, Sinai Celebration, Soup-Rasual Manuscript and Savvina Book, are simple scribes. Therefore, it should be thought that these monuments reflect such Slavic dialects, in which the nasal vowels persisted in the XI century.

However, some monuments give clear indications in the loss of nasal vowels in the language of scribes. So, all the monuments of the Old Slavonic writing of the XI century. Russian Izoviv, including the Ostromirovo Gospel, written in Russia by Russian scribe, have a mixture of YUS b. with OU and Yot. with Yu, and and with ha. Such a mix says that Eastern Slavs in the XI century. Nasal vowels no longer had.

roⁿka -\u003e Hand \u003d\u003e [Oⁿ] -\u003e [y]

loosen -\u003e Mint \u003d\u003e [ę] -\u003e ['A] \\ [Ä] vowels. R. Helped a softening effect on the fore. Sughdle. Sounds.

Juses existed long, large - to Petrovskaya reform.

ST \\ SL tongue knew the nasal, and Dr. \\ P - no.

The letter "UK" [OU] reflected the nose - the result of the loss.

Task Source: Decision 2536. EGE 2018. Russian. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.

(1) The nasal vowels characteristic of the phonetic system of the Old Slavonic language, where they were designated by special letters - Yusami ѫ (about nasal) and ѧ (e nose), and preserved so far in Polish and Kashuba, once they were inherent in all Slavic languages. (2) Forbidden in the Praslansky period, afterwards they in all Slavic languages, except for Polish and Kashubsky, at different times were loss, the transition to non-napic clean. (3)<...> The change in the nasal vowels in Nenosova was not the same in Slavic languages, and this suggests that the pronunciation of them in different Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas unequal.

Exercise 1. Specify two proposals in which the main information contained in the text is correct. Write down the numbers of these proposals.

1) the phonetic system of the Old Slavonic language was characterized by nasal vowels, which were denoted by special letters - yusa ѫ (about nasal) and ѧ (e nose).

2) Changing the nasal vowels in Nenosova in Slavic languages \u200b\u200boccurs approximately the same, which once again confirms the idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of Praslavyansky language - the ancestor of all Slavic languages.

4) The nasal vowels have been preserved to date only in two Slavic languages: in Polish and Kashubsky, inherited by the phonetic system of the Old Slavonic language.

Decision.

In this task, choose two suggestions that correctly transmit the most important text content. Most likely, these proposals will contain the same information.

1. Select the main text information.

(1) The nasal vowels, which have survived so far in Polish and Kashubi, have once been inherent in all Slavic languages. (3)<...> The change in the nasal vowels in Nenosova was not the same in Slavic languages, and this suggests that the pronunciation of them in different Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas unequal.

2. Find proposals in which this information is transmitted without

distortion and mistakes.

1) Not all information is transmitted for understanding the text.

2) Information is distorted.

3) all information is transmitted important to understand text.

4) Not all information is transmitted important to understand text.

5) all information is transmitted important to understand text.

Check. Selected options must contain the same information.

3) The process of transition of the nasal vowels, existing in all Slavic languages \u200b\u200band remained only in Polish and Kashubsky, in Nenosova, vowels were not the same, which indicates a different pronunciation of nasal vowels in different Slavic languages. (The nasal vowels were in all Slavic languages, but now they have been preserved only in Polish and Kashubsky. Their transition to non-Nenosovy vowels occurred in different ways, which means that they also were utterly pronounced).

5) The pronunciation of nasal vowels lost in all Slavic languages, in addition to Polish and Kashubsky, was not the same, as evidenced by the difference in changing the nasal vowels in Nenosovaya in Slavic languages. (The nasal vowels were in all Slavic languages, but now they have been preserved only in Polish and Kashubsky. Their transition to non-Nenosovy vowels occurred in different ways, which means that they also were utterly pronounced).

In response, we write two digits without spaces and commas.

Where there are four nasal vowels: "ɛ" nasal, "ɑ" nasal, "ɔ" nasal and "œ" nasal.

Once the nasal vowels were in Slavic languages. So, for example, in the Old Slavonic language, they were designated special letters - yusa ѫ (about nasal) and ѧ (e nose). In addition, the nasal vowels retained Polish. A distinctive feature of the Polish articulation of nasal is the delay of the nasal pride relative to the main sound, while in French they are pronounced at the same time.

Nasal vowels. The formation of nasal vowels. Alternations associated with the history of nasal sounds in ancient Russian language

Loss of nasal vowels, changes in the system of vocalism

Task Source: Decision 2536. EGE 2018. Russian. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.

List of languages \u200b\u200bin the phonetic system of which there are nasal vowels

see also

Watch what is "nasal vowels" in other dictionaries:

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