Dead souls are the main meaning. "Dead Souls" is the meaning of the name. The meaning of the name: literal and metaphorical
Determining the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem "Dead Souls" is not quite easy. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that we now have only a small part of this work - only the first part, and separate scattered pieces of the second - that which was not destroyed by Gogol himself. Thus, we cannot judge the entire ideological content of the work. And then the position of the critic is made difficult by the fact that he has at his disposal interpretations that the author himself gave to the “Dead Souls”, and the promises that he wanted to fulfill at the end of the poem, but did not have time. By Gogol's own admission, he himself first wrote without any serious goals. Pushkin gave him a plot grateful for his talent; Gogol was carried away by the comic of those positions that were easily woven into this plot - and began to write a "caricature", "not defining a detailed plan for himself, not realizing what the hero himself should be. I just thought, - says Gogol, - that the funny project, which Chichikov is busy with, would lead me to a variety of faces and characters. " This free, purely artistic creation helped Gogol create the best pages of the first part of Dead Souls - those pages that caused Pushkin to exclaim: “Lord! how sad Russia is ”. This exclamation amazed Gogol - he saw that something large, ideologically meaningful could emerge from the "prank" of his pen, from his playful, frivolous work. And so, encouraged by Pushkin, he conceived to show in Dead Souls "Russia on one side," that is, to depict the negative aspects of Russian life more fully than in The Inspector General.
The more Gogol delved into his work, the weaker the influence of Pushkin became; the more independent Gogol's attitude towards his work became, the more complex, artificial, tendentious became his plans. First of all, he was imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bexpanding the limits of what he depicted, - he wanted to show Russia not "from one side", but as a whole - evil and good, contained in her life; then he began to think about the "plan" for his already begun work - he asked himself "disturbing questions about the" purpose "and" meaning "of his work. And then the poem "Dead Souls" in his imagination grew into three parts. Probably, later he saw in it an allegorical meaning. According to his idea, the three parts of Dead Souls should, in their finished form, correspond to the three parts of Dante's Divine Comedy: the first part, dedicated to depicting only evil, should correspond to Hell; the second part, where evil was not so disgusting, where a gap begins in the hero's soul, where some positive types are already deduced - would answer "Purgatory" - and, finally, in the final third part, Gogol wanted to present in the apotheosis all that good was in the soul of the "Russian man" - this part had to correspond to "Paradise". Thus, that artificial cumbersome construction of "Dead Souls" appeared, that cunning systematization of the material that Gogol did not cope with.
But, in addition to this thoughtfulness of the composition, a moral tendency also prevented Gogol from freely creating. All the growing worries about his "mental business", about the purification of his heart, had a detrimental effect on his work. And so, the "Dead Souls" gradually turned into some kind of "sewer", where he poured their imaginary and real "vices". “My heroes are close to my soul,” he says, because they are from the soul, “all my recent works are the history of my own soul”. He himself admitted that when the desire to get rid of various mental vices intensified in him, he “began to endow his heroes, in addition to their own“ nasty things, ”with his own. And, according to him, it helped him to become better ...
So, Gogol himself gives us three interpretations of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Dead Souls" - 1) its beginning (the first part) is an ingenuous depiction of peculiar faces and characters taken from Russian life. A characteristic feature that unites almost all the heroes of the first part is cheerless vulgarity, complete unconsciousness of life, a lack of understanding of its goals and meaning: from “this side” he presented “Russian society”, 2) the work “Dead Souls” was supposed to cover all of Russia, - everything good and evil, which is contained in it. In such a broad interpretation of Russian reality, Gogol saw "service" before his homeland - and 3) this work was supposed to serve him personally, in the matter of his spiritual self-improvement. He regarded himself as a "moralist" who would not only point out to his fellow citizens the evil that certain vicious figures bring into life, but would also draw those ideals that would save the homeland.
The idea of \u200b\u200b"Dead Souls" from the point of view of criticism and the reader
It is not difficult to understand that now this author's idea is not entirely clear to the reader of Dead Souls: he has before his eyes only the first part of the poem, in which only random promises that the story will take on a different character in the future - to the personal "mental affair" »The reader does not care about the writer. Therefore, I had to judge the work, leaving the ideas of the author, without delving into his soul. And so, modern and subsequent criticism, contrary to Gogol, itself determined the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work. As earlier in "The Inspector General" and in "Dead Souls" the author's desire was seen to point out the ugliness of Russian life, which, on the one hand, depended on serfdom, on the other hand, on the system of government in Russia. Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200b"Dead Souls" was recognized by the majority as accusatory, the author was ranked among the noble satirists who boldly castigate the evil of modern reality. In a word, the same thing happened that had happened with the "Inspector": 1) the author's idea was the same, and the results of his work led to conclusions that he did not want at all, did not expect ... 2) both regarding the "Inspector" and With regard to Dead Souls, we have to establish the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work not only without the help of the author, but even against his wishes: we must see in this work a picture of the negative aspects of Russian life, and in this picture, in its illumination, we must see the great social meaning of the work.
Why does Chichikov buy up dead souls? This question often arises from readers, and not only because they may not have read the work very carefully, but because the meaning of Chichikov's scam is not entirely clear.
The fact is that, according to the laws of the Russian Empire in the 1830s-1840s, deceased serfs were formally considered alive until the next revision, therefore they could be the subject of trade transactions of their owners. Having bought up a large number of such peasants, Chichikov could be considered a wealthy landowner, which would give him weight in society. However, this is not the main goal of the swindler Chichikov. He had the opportunity to realize his fictitious capital. Having learned about an oversight in the legislation concerning dead souls, Chichikov exclaimed to himself: “Oh, I am Akim-simplicity - I am looking for mittens, but both are in my belt! Yes, I buy all these that have died out, have not yet submitted new revision tales, buy them, let's say, a thousand, and, let's say, the board of trustees will give two hundred rubles per capita, that's two hundred thousand capital. " Chichikov knows that for such an operation it is also necessary to be the owner of land, a landowner, and intends to use another opportunity for enrichment: “True, without land you can neither buy nor mortgage. Why, I will buy for withdrawal, for withdrawal; now the lands in the Tauride and Kherson provinces are given away for free, just populate them. "
So, Chichikov is going to use the oversight of the state and take advantage of it. It should be noted that similar cases have occurred in reality. Pushkin told Gogol about one of them so that he would use it as a plot of a work of art. Gogol took advantage of Pushkin's advice, creating a genius poem about Russia. What is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem, what is criminal in Chichikov's swindle?
Chichikov causes economic damage to the state, intending to fraudulently obtain land and money. Indeed, in fact, Chichikov will not populate these lands, and the state will give them not only free of charge, but also in vain. The moral damage from this scam is no less significant, since Chichikov, buying dead peasants from landowners, involves them in his crime. The poem depicts Chichikov's five visits to the landowners, and each of these visits shows how this criminal deal affects people. Manilov presents his peasants to Chichikov out of naivety stemming from a lack of character and senseless "good-heartedness." Through this image, Gogol warns of the danger of carelessness and mental laziness. The box sells dead souls, obeying the pressure of Chichikov. In this case, he acted as a tempter, embarrassing the old landowner to such an extent that she, who had never left her estate, went to the city to find out how much dead souls are today. By talking about dead souls, Chichikov drove the sharper and the mot Nozdrev to a frenzy, and it almost came to assault. The offer to sell dead souls to Sobakevich provoked an instant response from him. At the same time, the landowner discovered his inherent cynicism and greed. The landowner Plyushkin, on the other hand, sincerely rejoices at the "luck" that he had to sell for a penny profit a lot of dead and fugitive peasants.
The reader, perhaps, does not immediately think about it, but then more and more clearly understands the hidden damage of Chichikov's criminal enterprise - moral. Having taken possession of the formally dead people, Chichikov, along with their names, takes with him the memory of them, that is, they no longer belong to the place where they lived and died. Chichikov seems to "wash away" the fertile layer of the soil - the peasants; The "soil" of the nation disappears into nowhere. This is the deepest semantic metaphor behind this story. And finally, having made the dead an object of sale and purchase, Chichikov spreads his greed to the afterlife. This moral and religious idea was especially close to Gogol, it permeates all of his work.
The meaning of the name and the originality of the genre of the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Plan
Introduction
1 Main part
1.1 The meaning of the title of the poem "Dead Souls"
1.2 Definition N.V. Gogol of the genre "Dead Souls"
1.3 Genre originality of the poem "Dead Souls"
2 Conclusions on the genre originality of "Dead Souls"
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Dead Souls is a brilliant work by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. It was on him that Gogol pinned his main hopes.
"Dead Souls" is a poem. The history of its creation covers almost the entire creative life of the writer. The first volume was written in 1835-1841 and was published in 1842. The writer worked on the second volume from 1840 to 1852. In 1845, he burned the finished text for the first time. By 1851, he completed a new version of the volume - and burned it on February 11, 1852, shortly before his death.
"Dead Souls" are closely related to the name of Pushkin and were created under his influence. Pushkin gave Gogol the plot of Dead Souls. Gogol told about this in the “Author's Confession”: “Pushkin gave me his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem himself and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else. It was the plot of Dead Souls.
Soon Gogol read the first chapters of the poem to Pushkin. He himself told about it: “When I began to read to Pushkin the first chapters from“ Dead Souls ”as they were before, Pushkin, who always laughed when I read it (he was a laughing hunter), began to gradually become gloomier and gloomier, and finally became completely gloomy. When the reading was over, he said in a voice of longing: "God, how sad our Russia is." It amazed me. Pushkin, who knew Russia so well, did not notice that all this is a caricature and my own invention! It was then that I saw what a deed taken from the soul means, and in general spiritual truth, and in what form, terrifying for a person, darkness and a frightening absence of light can be presented. Since then, I have already begun to think only about how to soften the painful impression that Dead Souls could produce.
Let us remember this: in Dead Souls Gogol was looking for such a combination of darkness and light so that the pictures he created would not terrify a person, but gave hope.
But where is the light in his paintings? It seems that if he is, it is only in lyrical digressions - about the healing endless road, about fast driving, about Russia, which rushes like a "brisk, unattainable troika." So it is, but it has long been noticed that none other than Chichikov wanders along these roads, and almost in his head a discourse imbued with lyrical pathos is born ...
The world of the poem "Dead Souls" is a world where events, landscapes, interiors, people are as authentic as they are fantastic; to shift in your consciousness these images to one or the other pole means to impoverish them; the tension between the poles and expresses Gogol's attitude to Russia, to its past, present and future.
So what is the meaning of the title of the poem? Why did Gogol call "Dead Souls" a poem? How to understand this?
The purpose of this study is to find out what is the meaning of the title of the poem "Dead Souls" and to explain the features of the genre of this work.
For this it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Creatively study the poem "Dead Souls".
2. To trace the opinion of N. V. Gogol about the poem.
3. Consider critical materials about the poem "Dead Souls".
1 Main part
1.1 The meaning of the title of the poem "Dead Souls"
The name "Dead Souls" is so polysemantic that it gave rise to the darkness of readers' guesses, scientific disputes and special studies.
The phrase "dead souls" sounded strange in the 1840s, it seemed incomprehensible. F. I. Buslaev said in his memoirs that when he “for the first time heard the mysterious title of the book, he first imagined that it was some kind of fantastic novel or a story like“ Viy ”. Indeed, the name was unusual: the human soul was considered immortal, and suddenly dead souls!
"Dead Souls", - wrote AI Herzen, - this title bears something terrifying ". The impression of the name was enhanced by the fact that this expression itself was not used before Gogol in literature and was generally little known. Even connoisseurs of the Russian language, for example, a professor at Moscow University M.P. Pogodin, did not know him. He wrote with indignation to Gogol: “There are no dead souls in the Russian language. There are revision souls, attributed, departed, arrived. " Pogodin, a collector of old manuscripts, an expert on historical documents and the Russian language, wrote to Gogol with full knowledge of the matter. Indeed, this expression was not found neither in government acts, nor in laws and other official documents, nor in scientific, reference, memoir, fiction. MI Mikhelson in many times republished at the end of the 19th century collection of winged expressions of the Russian language cites the phrase "dead souls" and makes a reference only to Gogol's poem! Mikhelson did not find any other examples in the enormous literary and vocabulary material that he reviewed.
Whatever the origins, the main meanings of the name can be found only in the poem itself; here and in general every well-known word acquires its own, purely Gogolian connotation.
There is a direct and obvious meaning of the name arising from the history of the work itself. The plot of Dead Souls, like the plot of The Inspector General, was given to him, according to Gogol, by Pushkin: he told the story of how a cunning businessman bought dead souls from landowners, that is, dead peasants. The fact is that since Peter's time in Russia, every 12 - 18 years, revisions (checks) of the number of serfs have been carried out, since for a male peasant the landowner was obliged to pay the government "poll" tax. Based on the results of the audit, “audit tales” (lists) were drawn up. If in the period from revision to revision the peasant died, he was still listed in the lists and the landowner paid the tax for him - until new lists were compiled.
It was these deceased, but still living, scoundrels who had planned to buy up on the cheap. What was the benefit here? It turns out that the peasants could be mortgaged in the Board of Trustees, that is, they could receive money for each “dead soul”.
The highest price that Chichikov had to pay for Sobakevich's "dead soul" was two and a half rubles. And in the Board of Trustees, he could receive 200 rubles for each "soul", that is, 80 times more.
Chichikov's idea is common and fantastic at the same time. It is common because the purchase of peasants was an everyday affair, but fantastic, since those who, according to Chichikov, “have only one sound intangible to the senses,” are being bought and sold.
No one is outraged by this deal, the most distrustful are only slightly surprised. In reality, a person becomes a commodity, where paper replaces people.
So, the first, most obvious meaning of the name: “dead soul” is a deceased, but existing in a paper, bureaucratic “guise” peasant, who has become the subject of speculation. Some of these "souls" in the poem have their own names, characters, different stories are told about them, so that even if it is reported how death happened to them, they come to life before our eyes and look, perhaps, more alive than other "characters" ...
« Milushkin, bricklayer! He could put a stove in any house.
Maxim Telyatnikov, shoemaker: what stabs with an awl, then boots, that boots, then thanks, and at least into the mouth of the intoxicated ...
Cartwright Mikheev! After all, I did not do any more crews, as soon as spring ones ...
And Stepan Cork, the carpenter? After all, what a power it was! If he had served in the guard, God knows what they would have given him, three arshins with a height! "
Secondly, Gogol meant by the "dead souls" of landowners
serfs who oppressed the peasants and hindered the economic and cultural development of the country.
But "dead souls" are not only landowners and officials: they are "unrequitedly dead inhabitants", terrible "with the motionless cold of their souls and the barren desert of their hearts." Any person can turn into Manilov and Sobakevich if "an insignificant passion for something small" grows in him, forcing him "to forget great and holy duties and see the great and holy in insignificant trinkets."
It is no coincidence that the portrait of each landowner is accompanied by a psychological commentary that reveals its universal meaning. In the eleventh chapter, Gogol invites the reader not only to laugh at Chichikov and other characters, but "to deepen this difficult request within his own soul:" Isn't there some part of Chichikov in me too? " Thus, the title of the poem turns out to be very capacious and multifaceted.
The artistic fabric of the poem is made up of two worlds, which can be conventionally designated as the "real" world and the "ideal" world. The author shows the real world, recreating the reality of his day. For the "ideal" world, the soul is immortal, for it is the embodiment of the divine principle in man. And in the "real" world there may well be a "dead soul", because for ordinary people the soul is only what distinguishes a living person from a dead person.
The title given by Gogol to his poem was "Dead Souls", but on the first page of the manuscript submitted for censorship, censor A.V. Nikitenko added: "The adventures of Chichikov, or ... Dead souls." This is how Gogol's poem was called for about a hundred years.
This cunning postscript muffled the social significance of the poem, distracted readers from thoughts about the terrible title "Dead Souls", emphasized the significance of Chichikov's speculations. A.V. Nikitenko reduced the peculiar, unprecedented name given by Gogol to the level of the names of numerous novels of sentimental, romantic, protective trends, which lured readers with amazing, ornate names. The naive trick of the censor did not diminish the significance of Gogol's brilliant creation. At the present time, Gogol's poem is being published under the title given by the author - "Dead Souls".
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol is one of the most mysterious writers of the 19th century. His life and work is full of mysticism and secrets. Our article will help you to prepare qualitatively for a literature lesson, for the exam, test tasks, creative work on the poem. When analyzing the work of Gogol "Dead Souls" in the 9th grade, it is important to rely on additional material in order to get acquainted with the history of creation, problems, and figure out what artistic means the author uses. In "Dead Souls" the analysis is specific due to the substantial scale and compositional features of the work.
Brief analysis
Year of writing - 1835 -1842 The first volume was published in 1842.
History of creation - the idea of \u200b\u200bthe plot was suggested to Gogol by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The author worked on the poem for about 17 years.
Theme - the customs and life of landowners in Russia in the 30s of the 19th century, a gallery of human vices.
Composition - 11 chapters of the first volume, united by the image of the main character - Chichikov. Several chapters of the second volume that survived and were found and published.
Direction - realism. There are also romantic features in the poem, but they are secondary.
History of creation
Nikolai Vasilievich wrote his immortal brainchild for about 17 years. He considered this work the most important mission in his life. The history of the creation of "Dead Souls" is full of gaps and mysteries, as well as mystical coincidences. In the process of working on the work, the author fell seriously ill, being on the verge of death, he was suddenly miraculously healed. Gogol took this fact as a sign from above, which gave him a chance to finish his main work.
The idea of \u200b\u200b"Dead Souls" and the very fact of their existence as a social phenomenon was suggested to Gogol by Pushkin. It was Alexander Sergeevich, according to the author, who prompted him to write a large-scale work that could reveal the whole essence of the Russian soul. The poem was conceived as a work in three volumes. The first volume (published in 1842) was conceived as a collection of human vices, the second - gave the heroes an opportunity to realize their mistakes, and in the third volume - they change and find a way to the right life.
While in work, the work was corrected many times by the author, its main idea, characters, plot changed, only the essence remained: the problematic and the plan of the work. Gogol finished the second volume of Dead Souls shortly before his death, but according to some sources he himself destroyed this book. According to other sources, it was transferred by the author to Tolstoy or someone from close acquaintances, and then it was lost. There is an opinion that this manuscript is still kept by the descendants of the high society of Gogol's entourage and will someday be found. The author did not manage to write the third volume, but there is information about its alleged content from reliable sources, the future book, its idea and general characteristics, were discussed in literary circles.
Theme
The meaning of the name “Dead souls” are twofold: this phenomenon itself is the sale of dead serf souls, rewriting them and transferring them to another owner and the image of people like Plyushkin, Manilov, Sobakevich - their souls are dead, the heroes are deeply spiritless, vulgar and immoral.
main topic “Dead Souls” - the vices and customs of society, the life of a Russian person in the 1830s of the 19th century. The problems raised by the author in the poem are as old as the world, but they are shown and revealed in the way that is characteristic of the researcher of human characters and souls: subtly and on a large scale.
The main character - Chichikov buys from the landowners long-dead, but still registered serfs, which he needs only on paper. In this way, he plans to get rich by getting paid for them by the board of trustees. The interaction and cooperation of Chichikov with the same swindlers and charlatans as himself becomes the central theme of the poem. The desire to get rich in all possible ways is characteristic not only of Chichikov, but also of many heroes of the poem - this is the disease of the century. What Gogol's poem teaches lies between the lines of the book - adventurism and craving for "light bread" are characteristic of the Russian person.
The conclusion is unambiguous: the most correct way is to live according to the laws, in harmony with conscience and heart.
Composition
The poem consists of the complete first volume and several surviving chapters of the second volume. The composition is subordinated to the main goal - to reveal the picture of Russian life, contemporary to the author, to create a gallery of typical characters. The poem consists of 11 chapters, is full of lyrical digressions, philosophical reasoning and the most wonderful descriptions of nature.
All this from time to time breaks through the main plot and gives the work a unique lyricism. The work ends with a colorful lyrical reflection on the future of Russia, its strength and might.
The book was originally conceived as a satirical work, which influenced the overall composition. In the first chapter, the author acquaints the reader with the inhabitants of the city, with the main character - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. From the second to the sixth chapters, the author gives a portrait description of the landowners, their unique way of life, a kaleidoscope of quirks and customs. The next four chapters describe the life of the bureaucracy: bribery, arbitrariness and tyranny, gossip, the way of life of a typical Russian city.
main characters
Genre
To define the genre of Dead Souls, it is necessary to turn to history. Gogol himself defined it as a "poem", although the structure and scale of the narrative are close to the story and the novel. A prose work is called a poem because of its lyricism: a large number of lyrical digressions, remarks and comments of the author. It is also worth considering that Gogol drew a parallel between his brainchild and Pushkin's poem "Eugene Onegin": the latter is considered a novel in verse, and "Dead Souls" - on the contrary, a poem in prose.
The author emphasizes the equivalence in his work of the epic and the lyrical. Critics have a different opinion about the genre features of the poem. For example, V.G.Belinsky called the work a novel and it is customary to reckon with this opinion, since it is fully justified. But according to tradition, Gogol's work is called a poem.
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Analysis rating
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Gogol did not finish his poem Dead Souls, because he understood that the situation in Russia could not be corrected for a long time, although in the first volume he still gives some hopes for a brighter future.
Gogol wrote Dead Souls at a time when serfdom still existed in Russia. Therefore, many landowners treated the peasants terribly: they beat them, humiliated them, sold them like domestic animals. The landlords tried to get as many peasants as possible, this was considered wealth.
Gogol dedicated his poem to this, Chichikov is the prototype of all the landowners of Russia. Chichikov begins his journey through the provinces to buy up "dead souls". There is also a narration of the way of life of landowners, for example, Korobochka, Sobakevich or other heroes. They are, of course, different from each other. The box treasures every penny, and the other main character spends the last. Manilov, he doesn't even know how many souls he has, he is indifferent to everything that happens. But their common feature is that all landowners simply exist, do nothing, sit on the neck of the state.
Any landowner in Gogol's work is not particularly literate, they are all uneducated. Plyushkin is shown to be a stingy man, he regrets even for himself, and Sobakevich steals and goes to deception. For several years Manilov has been reading the same book, which is gathering dust on page fourteen.
Throughout the poem, Gogol represents the rude, humiliating, illiterate, cruel landowners. But in the poem you can also see admiration for nature, this is an excerpt about the Russian road, descriptions of the situation. The troika is compared with Russia, as the author shows that there is a chance to change the Motherland, but this will be in the future, in another Russia.
In addition, Gogol also depicted the functions of the state, its impracticality, because at that time it was impossible to sell and buy souls, but many, for example, Chichikov, managed to do it. This means that there was no order in the country. Nobody watched over human rights, people lived for money, "dead souls", empty existence, none of the heroes presented brought any benefit to society.
But there are also two heroes who, according to Gogol, can change their lives. These are Chichikov and Plyushkin, therefore their biography is given in such details. They have a slightly different behavior, they have bright thoughts that will then lead them to a normal life, as the author conceived.
The very title of the play has two meanings: First, the dead souls who were bought and sold by landowners. And the second - the dead souls of the landowners themselves.
Thus, we can say that the meaning of Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" has several directions. The first is historical, to depict the real reality of that time. The second is social, to show the problems of society, first of all, this is serfdom and the lawlessness of landowners. The third is a surety, to put on the right path of correction.
Gogol is famous for his works, he put a huge philosophical meaning into the poem, which has survived to this day.
Option 2
In general, there is a lot of sense in this poem. This is a very deep work, which, they say, opens in a new way with each reading. You can always discover something interesting in characters and details.
In general, the very contradictory name and the fact that there was a purchase of souls in the Russian empire, as if the demons were buying them, suggest something sinful. That is, it is not very good (and Gogol understood this) that we had a slave system for so long. And in the poem we see those who distribute human souls. These are not the best, not the kindest and most intelligent people. On the contrary, everyone has their own serious flaw: dreaminess, greed, stupidity, passion ... And all this hits the people (peasants) who depend on these landowners.
The poem, like the play The Inspector General, is satirical. Nikolai Vasilievich denounces and ridicules such landowners, the system itself, too, probably. I heard that Gogol in his will said a lot about kindness and responsibility. The same landowner must understand the responsibility for the people who obey him ... This is even more serious than the general and his soldiers, than the boss and subordinates, since the landowner had global power over the serfs. He should have taken care of their well-being, their development ... But in reality, it turned out that the landlords thought only of themselves.
That is, I think that the main meaning is accusatory ... The author also laughs at Chichikov himself, who, in essence, is simply an adventurer! And he managed to find a common language with everyone. Although in the end, his scam did not lead to anything good.
The topic of Russia is also very important, which, they say, a bird of three is rushing somewhere. Here we even learned a piece. Yes, these are beautiful lines that make you think about the fate of the country. And about all of us, whom she carries. But one can feel love in those lines. Love not only for the country, but also for its people.
They say that the people get those they deserve. This means that at that time the peasants deserved only such landowners. The peasants were intimidated, sometimes lazy. And in the end it turned into a revolution over the years! Even after the abolition of serfdom, not much has essentially changed ... Even now, it seems to me, we still have its echoes.
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