Mycoplasma Hominis - when you need to go to the doctor? Mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis: the path of infection and clinical manifestations of mycoplasmosis incubation period
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Mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis - This is an inflammatory process in the organs of the urogenital system, caused by mycoplasmas or ureaplas, respectively.
How is the contamination by mycoplasmas and ureaplasms?
- Infection can occur with any types of unprotected sexual contacts (vaginal, oral, anal) with a carrier of infection. Depending on the state of the body (primarily of the immune system), the probability of transferring mycoplasmas and ureaplasm in a single unprotected sex is 5-60%. Women are most often asymptomatic carriers of infection, and men are infected in sexual means.
- Possible transmission of the causative agent of intrauterine or during childbirth from the infected mother. The probability of infection at the same time reaches 50-80%.
- Household path of infection (in the gym, pool, through a towel, dishes, dirty hands, etc.) is practically impossible, because Mycoplasma cannot live outside the body.
- Pets also cannot be a source and carrier mycoplasm and ureaplasm.
What happens after infection with mycoplasmas and ureaplasms?
The very fact of transmission of the pathogen does not mean that it will definitely lead the disease.
Depending on whether the mycoplasmas causes a disease or peacefully coexist with a person, distinguish:
- Mikoplasm or ureaplasm. In this case, mycoplasma is representatives of natural microflora organism and do not cause any changes in the urinary tract. Clinically does not manifest.
- Development of the disease - mycoplasmosis or ureaplasmosis. As a rule, this happens when the local and general immunity is reduced. In this case, the inflammatory process is developing in the organs of the urogenital system.
What are the varieties of mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis?
The transfer of the pathogen still led to the development of the disease, depending on the time of its flow and severity of symptoms distinguish:
- Fresh, i.e. Firstly emerged mycoplasmosis or ureaplasmosis. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, it is acute or sluggish.
- Chronic, which is characteristic of a small-axipty course and the long-possible illness of over 2 months. Chronic infection under the influence of various factors can occur periodically.
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis.
Because Mycoplasma and ureaplasma are related bacteria, the nature of the flow of infection and the symptoms are very similar.
Incubation period It can last from 2 to 5 weeks, after which the first signs of infection appear.
For mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis, the absence of a pronounced immune response of the body is characterized, the absence of symptoms of infection, a long chronic flow, no resistant immunity. All this is explained by the peculiarities of the pathogens themselves - mycoplasmas and ureaplasm.
Mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis have no specific symptoms that would indicate exactly on them. All clinical manifestations are almost the same as with other urogenital infections.
However, sharp manifestations in mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis are extremely rare.
Most often, the structures or hidden forms of these infections with the rapid chronization of the process are observed.
At the same time, usually no complaints or at all arise or they are so insignificant and quickly disappearing without any treatment that they simply do not pay attention to them. But with certain states of the body, for example, stress loads, the former symptoms appear again.
For mycoplasmosis, it is characteristic that as monoinfection it is found in only 10-15% of the diseased, in other cases - along with other microorganisms. Of these, at 25 - 30% of cases - along with chlamydia. Mycoplasma can often be detected in trichomoniase, gonor and chlamydia, so the so-called mixture infections are isolated: mycoplasma-trichomonaceous, mycoplasma-chlamydial, mycoplasma-gonococcal.
And if at first mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis proceeds as low-power urethritis or vulvovaginitis, then when switching to a chronic form, the inflammatory process is striking deeper departments - uterine pipes, ovaries, prostate, testicles.
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis in women:
The manifestations of fresh mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis in women are rarely observed. Most often they are asymptomatic mycoplasm.
But if the disease occurs, the inflammatory process in the urinary organs with a mycoplasma infection in women is expressed weakly and often almost does not bother. Fresh mycoplasmosis is manifested as inflammation of the urethra, vagina and cervix. However, pathological discharge from the vagina with these diseases is not always. In addition, it is impossible to distinguish them from normal allocations without analyzes.
However, if complaints Still, they occur, then they are more likely:
- Minor transparent discharge from the vagina may be a little more than usual.
- Minor soreness and burning in urination.
- Brownish separating selection before or after menstruation.
- Surability at the bottom of the abdomen and with sexual contacts.
- Minor itching outdoor genital organs.
- Appeal to the doctor, as a rule, is already associated with complications of mycoplasmosis, such as infertility, without pregnancy, disruption of the menstrual cycle, inflammation of the ovaries, etc.
Ureaplasma, in contrast to mycoplasm, do not have the ability to be deep invasion, so only the surface epithelium of the external genital organs damage.
Symptoms of ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis in men
In men, the carriage occurs significantly less frequently than in women, and fresh mycoplasmosis causes inflammation of the urethra and extreme flesh. Of particular concerns, these infections are also not delivered to men, but the signs of the disease appear more often and they are more pronounced than women.
- Moderate soreness and burning in the field of penis, amplifying during urination or sexual intercourse.
- Redness and irritation of urethra sponges.
- Minor transparent separation from the urethra.
- Unpleasant feelings or soreness in the field of testicles.
- Pulling pain and unpleasant feeling at the bottom and in the depths of the abdomen, as well as in the crotch area.
- There may be some weakening potency.
Complications of urogenital mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis.
- Unbearable pregnancy (spontaneous miscarriage or premature delivery). Often connected with autoimmune processes. The infection of mycoplasma leads to the interruption of pregnancy in 70 - 80% of cases.
- Complicated pregnancy - late toxicosis, multi-way, threat of interrupt, premature celaiming placenta and its abnormal attachment. More often associated with autoimmune processes.
- Urerette, cystitis, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis.
- Endometritis, Salpingitis, SalpingoForit, adhesitis, endocervicitis and erosyria of the cervix.
- Conjunctivitis.
- Autoimmune diseases (most often the arthritis of the knee, ankle and hip joints).
- Epididiment with pulling pain in the area of \u200b\u200bgroin, crotch, in the scrotum, increasing the appendage of eggs and redness of the scrotum skin.
- Prostate with rapid painful urination, pain at the bottom of the abdomen and in the perineum, decrease in erection and potency, painful, erased early orgasm. If more than 104 colony-forming units per 1 ml mycoplasm or ureaplagism are found in the selection of prostate gland, this indicates that these pathogens cause prostatitis.
- Infertility female and male. In women, during the long-term flow of the inflammatory process, changes in the uterine pipes and the mucous membrane of the uterus occur. Men is broken spermatogenesis: the amount of sperm and their mobility decreases, immature forms and morphological changes appear in them.
- Intrauterine infection of the fetus.
- Mycoplasma and ureaplasma are able to cause chromosomal changes in cells, including genital (spermatozoa and egg cells). This may be the cause of spontaneous abortion, as well as chromosomal anomalies of the fetus and congenital malformations.
Mycoplasma is conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that are in the human body. At the same time, microbes in a small amount may be present in the body of a completely healthy man and not to manifest themselves in any way. The situation changes when the immune system weakens. The number of microorganisms increases, and the person begins to sense a certain discomfort.
In contact with
Causes of mycoplasma in men
Where does this disease come from:
- The weakening of the natural protective functions of the organism;
- Contact with an infected woman;
- Concomitant diseases of the gynecological nature;
- Systematic supercooling of the body.
When immunity weakens, microbes attack the man's body, they begin to actively multiply as a result of which infection occurs. At the same time, the symptoms of mycoplasma in men can disturb periods, then, increasing, then, reducing their intensity.
Unprotected sexual intercourse with a woman, which is a carrier of mycoplasmosis, is able to lead to infection. In this case, the infection does not occur immediately, but after a few weeks.
Mycoplasma Hominis in men often manifests itself against the background of other venereal diseases, for example, together with gonor or chlamydia. In this case, diagnose the disease is very difficult, because it proceeds in the latent form, and its symptoms are poorly pronounced.
Frequent colds and permanent arrivals of men in the cold have a negative impact on the health of its reproductive system. Frequent supercooling leads to a decrease in immunity and can also cause the occurrence of mycoplasmosis in men whose treatment is not to postpone.
You can infect the child passing through the generic paths. In the event that the mother is a carrier of infection, then the baby can become infected during the natural process of childbirth. Power bacteria are able to cause meningitis and inflammation of the lungs in a newborn.
The disease often proceeds without visible symptoms, it makes it difficult to diagnose. The presence of concomitant infections can confuse a physician and deliver a non-lequential diagnosis to the patient.
But in most cases, the symptoms of mycoplasma in men are manifested by the following unpleasant factors:
- Pain or burning in the end of urination.
- The appearance of mucous discharge from the urethra in the morning.
- Increase lymph nodes.
- Pacific pain.
Signs of the disease appear not immediately, they begin to disturb the man after the incubation period, until that time, mycoplasmosis in men proceeds without any symptoms and he does not suspect that it is a carrier of infection.
At the launched stage, the disease is able to lead to infertility, it reduces the quality and amount of spermatozoa. If, with the appearance of symptoms of mycoplasma in men, in time not to be treated, it can lead to prostatitis, orchita.
Incubation period
When contacting an infected woman, the symptoms of an unpleasant disease are not manifested immediately. The incubation period is from one to five weeks. The disease can be felt before itself, if it arose not because of unprotected sex contact, but due to the weakening of immunity.
In such a situation, the signs of the disease are pronounced, they may arise without visible causes and spontaneously disappear. This does not mean that the disease retreated, rather, she moved into a chronic form.
Special analysis on mycoplasma in men, and the definition of any norm does not exist, but a qualified doctor is sufficient to take a smear on the microflora in order to determine the presence of pathogenic flora in the body. Also the diagnosis is made on the basis of the following procedures:
- Blood test to reef;
- Immuno enzymatic diagnostic method.
All these studies will help in a short time to raise the right diagnosis of the patient and determine whether he has concomitant diseases, against the background of which mycoplasmosis can develop in men and what to treat it.
Another analysis is also used to treat the disease, it reveals the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics and helps effectively affect mycoplasms using medications.
Treatment of mycoplasma Hominis in men
Medicase therapy is assigned after the appropriate analysis. Bacterial sowing will allow to determine the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics and antiseptic preparations, such as:
- Antibiotics tetracycline group.
- Antifungal drugs.
- Immunostimulants.
- Probiotics.
- Anesthetics.
Correct the drugs necessary for the treatment of mycoplasma in men can only doctor, so before starting the course of therapy, you must consult with the doctor and pass a number of analyzes. After medical therapy, a number of studies will need to pass again to identify the effectiveness of treatment. This is due to the fact that microbes are quickly adapted to antibiotics and can produce "immunity". Therefore, if the symptoms of mycoplasmosis remain, their treatment continues by other drugs.
Preparations for the treatment of mycoplasmosis in men
Naturally, the necessary means for the treatment of mycoplasmosis, a specialist chooses after diagnosis and diagnosis. Mycoplasma, for example, insensitive to the penicillin group of antibiotics, so they cannot be used under disease therapy, they will not give the desired effect.
The most effective means for the treatment of illness, experts consider the following medicines:
- Doxycycline;
- Nystatin;
- Clotrimazole;
- Vagilak;
- Ginoflor;
- Interferon
- Echinacea;
- Cream with metronidazole.
It is not worth starting the treatment of genital mycoplasms in men independently - this can lead to unexpected complications and cause recurrence of the disease.
The course of treatment with medicines lasts from 3 to 7 weeks, After additional diagnostics are carried out. It does not matter what scheme the treatment of mycoplasmosis in a man will undergo the course of therapy is assigned to a sexual partner.. At the time of therapy, it is worth eliminating alcohol intake and comply with a diet that will increase the effectiveness of drug therapy. It is also recommended to observe the penis abstinence, at least for a while.
What experts about the disease say:
The content of the article
An urogenital infection that is associated with other urogenital STIs and may cause postgonorrhea inflammation.
Etiology Mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma - Croprophitis, pathogens of human and animal diseases are widespread in soil and water. For a man, the conditionally pathogenic are Mycoplasma Hominis, M.Genitalium and its T-kind of ureaplasma urealyticum. Diseases of the urogenital tract are caused by three last species. Ureaplasma Urealyticum produces ureazu, which splits urea, unlike the rest, splitting arginine. This property allows you to distinguish them from other types of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma - Pleomorphic microorganisms, in which, unlike other bacteria, there is no cell shell. They are covered with a three-layer membrane and, like viruses, are able to multiply in cells and overcome bacterial filters.There are opposite opinions about the role of mycoplasm in the occurrence of inflammation of the urogenital tract: some of the scientists believe that mycoplasma is absolute pathogens, causing urethritis, prostatitis, postpartum endometrite, pyelonephritis, pathology of pregnancy and fetus, arthritis, sepsis. Others believe that mycoplasma is a conditional pathogenic microorganism, which can cause inflammation in some cases, most often together with other pathogenic or conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.
Matchback mycoplasmas is estimated from 10 to 50%. Ureaplasma is often diagnosed with gonor, trichomoniasis, as well as in the presence of gynecological diseases (58%), and only in 4% - in clinically healthy people. In accordance with modern ideas it is believed that M. Genitalium is a pathogenic microorganism that can cause urethritis in persons of both sexes, cervicitis.
Mycoplasma Hominis and Ureaplasma Urealyticum are present on mucous membranes and in the secretions of the urogenital tract in 40-80% of almost healthy reproductive people in the amount of less than 104 CFU / ml. Under certain conditions, the pathogenic properties of these microorganisms occurs, as a result of which they can cause urethritis in men and cystitis in women. Mycoplasma Hominis and Ureaplasma Urealyticum in associations with other pathogenic and / or senioropathogenic microorganisms can participate in the development of various pathological conditions, including bacterial vaginosis, vaginitis, cervicitis, voyage, complications of pregnancy, postpartum and post-charge complications.
Pathogenesis myoplasmosis
Finding on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract, microorganisms are adsorbed on the cell surface. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma cause inflammatory reactions, associated with other pathogenic microorganisms.Incubation period of mycoplasmosis
In the experiment, urethritis is developing within three days after the introduction of pure culture. In practice, the incubation period is not determined.Clinic mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma can cause acute, chronic or low-impact inflammation of urinary and sex tract. Since this infection is usually associated with other urogenital diseases, their main clinical symptoms are similar. In 50% of cases, mycoplasmosis is stated in patients with postgonoric inflammation, gonorrhea causes residual inflammatory phenomena, and may also be the cause of adhesions, chronic infiltrative process and other complications.The diagnosis is set in accordance with the ICD. A topical diagnosis is indicated with the refinement of the detected infectious agent (for example: urethritis due to U. urealyticum).
Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis
1. Bacteriological method.2. Immunofluorescent tests.
3. DNA probes (Gen Probe).
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Bacteriological method
In practice, bacteriological methods are most often applied using various certified diagnosticums. Mycoplasma is simultaneously cultivated in a liquid and dense medium, supplemented by the necessary substance for microbial growth.There are methods that simultaneously determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics. Urogenital mycoplasm is diagnosed in the scraps from the urethra mucosa, the cervical cervical channel, the outer side of the cervix (in pregnant women), as well as in the articular fluid, in the douglas of the space and in the peritoneal point, in the urine centrifuge and sperm. In newborns, you can explore the bronchial aspirate.
Obtaining material
The correct preparation of the test material is the most important diagnostic step. With careful compliance with the rules for collecting material, the specificity of the method is 100%. In most cases, the collection and direction of the material into the laboratory is carried out by doctors of various specialties or nurses, which should master the technique of this procedure. Material collection technique should be standardized to maximize the attachment of the concomitant flora and the correspondence of a certain number of colonies by the amount of mycoplasm in the field of material obtaining. It is important that the cells of the epithelium are present in the sample, since mycoplasms with special adhesive factors are attached to epithelial cells. Before taking the material, the patient should refrain from local use of antibiotics or other substances for disinfection of the cervical channel.
In women, the material for research is obtained from the cervical channel. The sample should not contain mucus, so first of all it is necessary to thoroughly wipe the channel with a tampon. Taking a stroke from the urethra, you should also clean her hole from the mucus, then by making the scraping from the mucous membrane with a special brush. Urine: urine centrifuge sediment is dissolved in sterile saline. Cum: diluted in a sterile saline solution 1:10. Sinovial, peritoneal punctate, Point from Douglasov Space: The sediment of the centrifuge is dissolved in sterile saline.
Principle of method
The material for the study obtained from the mucous membrane is placed in a bottle with a liquid nutrient medium - urea broth or arginine. In the study of liquid samples, 0.2 ml of the corresponding liquid is placed in the vial. Sowing on agar: Before applying agar, it is necessary to put in a thermostat at a temperature of 37 ° C for 15 minutes, and then with a pipette, apply 3 drop of broth to the surface of agar. Inoculation should be carried out, not allowing the merge of the drops. Dry for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then, both nutrient media are incubated in a thermostat in an anaerobic or microanerophilic medium at a temperature of 36-37 ° C. If sowing on agar is impossible to implement immediately, the broth can be used as a transport environment. At room temperature, the sample can be stored for 4-5 hours, in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2 to + 8 ° C - 48 hours.
Assessment of results
Growth results are estimated after 48 hours of incubation in a thermostat both in a liquid medium and on agar and should take into account the color change in the broth and the number of colonies in the field of view during microscopation. The indicator is expressed in CFU (Colony Forming Units) units: if in the field of view - 0-1 colony, the result is 103, if 1-5 colonies - 104, if 5-15 colonies - 105, if 15 and more colonies - 106.
Pathogenicity Mycoplasmas is manifested at the indicator 104. The figure 103 should be regarded as the presence of mycoplasm.
Differential diagnosis of mycoplasmosis
It is necessary to differentiate with other urogenital infections using laboratory diagnostic methods.Treatment of mycoplasmosis
Treatment of infection caused by M. Genitalium- doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 10 days or
- Azithromycin 500 mg inside on the first day, then 250 mg per day for 4 days.
Treatment of urogenital infectious diseases caused by U. Urealyticum and M. Hominis
- Josamamicin 500 mg 3 times a day for 10 days or
- Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 10 days.
Treatment of pregnant women
Josamamicin 500 mg 3 times a day for 10 days.
Mycoplasma is a family of small prokaryotic organisms of the Mollicutes class, which is characterized by the absence of a cell wall. Representatives of this family, which has about 100 species, are divided into:
Mycoplasma occupy an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria - due to the absence of cell shell and microscopic sizes (100-300 nm), mycoplasm is not visible even in a light microscope, and it brings blocks of microorganisms with viruses. At the same time, the cells of mycoplasma contain DNA and RNA, they can grow in a caseless environment and autonomously (binary division or kinding) to multiply, which brings to mycoplasm with bacteria.
- Mycoplasma causing mycoplasmosis;
- Ureaplasma urealyticum (ureaplasm) causing.
Pathogenic views for a person are currently considered to be 3 types of mycoplasm (Mycoplasma Hominis, Mycoplasma Genitalium and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae), as well as Ureaplasma urealyticum.
For the first time, the French researchers E. Nocard and E. Rous in 1898 revealed mycoplasm in Pasteur's laboratory. In 1898, sickpiece cows. The pathogen was initially called asterococcus Mycoides, but later he was renamed Mycoplasma Mycoides. In 1923, the sheer infectious Agalaxia sheep identified the pathogen Mycoplasma Agalactica. These pathogens and later identified microorganisms with similar characteristics for 20 years were designated as PPLO (Pleuropneumonia-like Organism).
In 1937, mycoplasma (species M. Hominis, M. Fermentans and T-strains) was revealed in the urogenital tract of a person.
In 1944, mycoplasma pneumoniae was allocated from the patient with unmarked pneumonia, which was originally attributed to the viruses and got the name "Anton Agent". The mycoplasma nature of the ITON agent was proved by R. Chanock by cultivating original recipe on a cell-free environment in 1962. The pathogenicity of this mycoplasma was proved in 1972 Brunner et al. By infection of volunteers with a clean culture of this microorganism.
The view of M. Genitalium was revealed later than the other types of genital mycoplasmas. In 1981, this type of pathogen was discovered in the prefabricated urethra in a patient suffering from non-profococcal urethritis.
The pneumonia of mycoplasma is common all over the world (it can be worn both endemic and epidemic character). The mycoplasma pneumonia accounts for up to 15% of all cases of acute pneumonia. In addition, the mycoplasma of this type of 5% of cases is the pathogen of sharp respiratory diseases. The respiratory type mycoplance is more often observed in the cold season.
Cropped by M. Pneumoniae mycoplasmosis in children is observed more often than in adults (most of the patients are children of school age).
- Hominis is revealed at about 25% of newborn girls. For boys, this pathogen is observed significantly less often. In women, M. Hominis occurs in 20-50% of cases.
The distribution frequency M.Genitalium is 20.8% in patients with non-nodococcal urethritis and 5.9% of clinically healthy people.
During the examination of patients with chlamydial infection, the mycoplasma of this species was detected in 27.7% of cases, while the causative agent of mycoplasmosis was often detected in patients without chlamydia. M.genitalium is considered to be the cause of 20-35% of all cases of non-philaginous non-phonococcal urethritis.
When carrying out a 40 independent research in women who belong to a low risk group, the frequency of distribution M.genitalium was about 2%.
In women belonging to a high-risk group (not one sexual partner), the frequency of distribution of this type of mycoplasma is 7.8% (in some studies up to 42%). In this case, the detection frequency of M. genitalium is associated with the number of sexual partners.
Mycoplasmosis in women occurs more often, since men have a urogenital type of disease can be relocated independently.
Forms
Depending on the location of the pathogen and developing under its influence, the pathological process is distinguished:
- Respiratory mycoplasmosis, which is an acute anthroponous infectious inflammatory disease of the respiratory organs. Provocosed by mycoplasma of the species M. pneumoniae (the effect of other types of mycoplasmas on the development of respiratory diseases is currently not proven).
- Urogenital mycoplasmosis, which refers to infectious inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract. Called by mycoplasmasms of M. Hominis and M. Genitalium.
- Generalized mycoplasmosis, in which the effectary lesions of mycoplasmas are revealed. Mycoplasma infection can affect cardiovascular and skeletal musculoskeletal system, eyes, kidneys, liver, to be the cause of bronchial asthma, polyarthritis, pancreatitis and exc. Energy damage to organs usually arise due to generalization of respiratory or urogenital mycoplasmosis.
Depending on the clinical flow, mycoplasmosis is divided into:
- acute;
- subacute;
- sluggish
- chronic.
Since the presence of mycoplasm in the body is not always accompanied by symptoms of the disease, the carriage of mycoplasm is also distinguished (with the carriage of clinical signs there is no inflammation, mycoplasm is present in the title less than 103 CFU / ml).
Pathogen
Mycoplasmas belong to human anthroponous infections (causative agents of the disease are capable of existing in natural conditions only in the human body). The volume of genetic information mycoplasmas is less than any other microorganisms known to date.
All types of mycoplasma differ:
- the absence of a rigid cell wall;
- polymorphism and plasticity of cells;
- osmotic sensitivity;
- resistance (insensitivity) to various chemical agents aimed at suppressing the synthesis of the cell wall (penicillin, etc.).
These microorganisms are gram-negative, it is better to stain in Romanovsky-Gymzem.
The causative agent of mycoplasmosis is separated from the environment with a cytoplasmic membrane (contains proteins that are located in lipid layers).
Five types of mycoplasma (M. Gallisepticum, M. Pneumoniae, M. Genitalium, M. Pulmonis and M. Mobile) have "moving mobility" - differ in the pear or bottle-like form and have a specific terminal formation with the electron-dense zone adjacent to it. These formations serve to determine the direction of movement and take part in the process of adsorption of mycoplasma on the surface of the cell.
Most of the representatives of the family are chemorganotrophs and optional anaerobes. Cholesterol cholesterol is necessary for growth in thecake membrane. As a source of energy, these microorganisms use glucose or arginine. The growth occurs at a temperature of 30s.
The pathogens of this kind are demanding of the nutrient medium and the conditions of cultivation.
Biochemical activity of mycoplasm is low. Species are distinguished:
- able to decompose glucose, fructose, maltose, glycogen, mannose and starch, forming acid;
- unable to ferment carbohydrates, but oxidizing glutamate and lactate.
Urea representatives of the genus is not hydrolyzed.
Different with a complex antigenic structure (phospholipids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins), which has species differences.
The pathogenic properties of mycoplasmas were not fully studied, so some researchers refer to the pathogens of this kind to conventional pathogenic microorganisms (cause a painful state only in the presence of risk factors), and others to absolute pathogens. It is known that those present in the genital organs of mycoplasma in the titer 102-104 CFU / ml do not cause inflammatory processes.
Ways transfer
The source of the infection can be a sick person or a clinically healthy carrier of pathogenic species Mycoplasm.
Infection by mycoplasmasms of M. Pneumoniae occurs:
- Airborne droplet. This is the main way to spread this type of infection, but since mycoplasmas are distinguished by low resistance in the environment (from 2 to 6 hours in a wet warm environment), the infection spreads only under the condition of close contact (family, closed and semi-closed collectives).
- Vertical way. This path of transmission of infection is confirmed by cases of identifying the pathogen in stillborn children. Infection can be both transplantary and when the tribal route is passed. The disease in this case proceeds in heavy form (bilateral pneumonia or generalized forms).
- Household. It is extremely rarely observed due to the insidacity of mycoplasmas.
Infection with urogenital mycoplasmas happens:
- Sexually, including orogenital contacts. It is the main way of distribution.
- Vertical way or during childbirth.
- Hematogenic means (microorganisms with blood flow are transferred to other organs and tissues).
- Continated consumer. This path of infection is unlikely for men and is about 15% of the likelihood for women.
Pathogenesis
The mechanism for the development of mycoplasmosis of any type includes several stages:
- The pathogen is introduced into the body and multiplies in the field of entrance gate. M.Pneumoniae is striking the mucosa of the respiratory tract, multiplying the cells of the cells and in the cells themselves. M.Hominis and M.genitalium affect the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract (does not penetrate the cells).
- With the accumulation of mycoplasma itself, the causative agent and its toxins penetrate the blood. The dissemination occurs (the spread of the pathogen), as a result of which a direct defeat of the heart, CNS, joints and other organs may occur. The hemolysin released by the pathogen causes the destruction of the erythrocytes and damage the cells of the creation epithelium, which leads to a violation of microcirculation and the development of vasculitis and thrombosis. Toxic for the organism are the ammonia's micapoplasms, hydrogen peroxide and neurotoxin.
- As a result of adhesion (clutch), the cellular contacts, cellular metabolism and cell membrane structure, which leads to dystrophy, metaplasia, death, and (lunning) epithelial cells, are disturbed by mycoplasmas and target cells. As a result, microcirculation is disturbed, the exudation increases, necrosis develops, and in infants there is an appearance of hyaline membranes (the walls of the alveoli and alveolar moves are covered with loose or dense eosinophilic masses, which consist of hemoglobin, mucoproteins, nucleoproteins and fibrin). At an early stage of the development of serous inflammation, the leading role in the genesis of cell damage belongs to the direct cyto-cultic effect of mycoplasm. At the subsequent stages, when an immune component of inflammation is attached, cell damage due to the close contact of the cell and mycoplasma is observed. In addition, the affected fabric is infiltrated by macrophages, plasma cells, monocytes, etc. At 5-6 week of the disease, the main role belongs to the autoimmune mechanism of inflammation (especially in mycoplasmosis in chronic form).
Depending on the state of the immune system of the patient, the primary infection may be completed with recovery, go to chronic or latent form. If immunity is in a normal state, the body is cleared of mycoplasm. In the state of the immunodeficiency, mycoplasmosis passes into the latent form (the pathogen is saved for a long time in the body). When the immunity is suppressed, the mycoplasma is again beginning to multiply. With a significant immunodeficiency, the disease acquires a chronic course. Inflammatory processes can be localized at the entrance gateway or provoke a wide range of diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, etc.)
Symptoms
The incubation period of mycoplasma respiratory infection ranges from 4 days to 1 month.
This type of mycoplasmosis clinically can flow as AHVI (pharyngitis, laryngoparing and bronchitis) or atypical pneumonia. The symptoms of mycoplasmic acute respiratory diseases is not different from ARVI caused by other pathogens. Patients have:
- moderately pronounced intoxication;
- chills, weakness;
- headache;
- ensure in the throat and dry cough;
- runny nose;
- a minor increase in cervical and submandibular lymph nodes.
The temperature is normal or subfebrile (febrile is rarely observed), conjunctivitis, inflammation of the sclera, hyperemia of the face. In case of inspection, hyperemia of the oral mucosa is detected, the rear wall shell can be a grainy. In the lungs heard hard breathing and dry wheezes. Catarial phenomena disappear after 7-10 days, sometimes recovery is dragged up to 2 weeks. With complication of the disease, Otitis, Eustheit, Mitrigitis and Sinusit can develop.
Symptoms of acute mycoplasma pneumonia are:
- chills;
- pain in the muscles and joints;
- temperature increase to 38-39 ° C;
- dry cough, which is gradually moving into wet with a separation of mucous-purulent meager viscous sputum.
Sometimes there is nausea, vomiting and stool disorder. It is possible to appear around the joints of the polymorphic examination.
When listening, hard breathing is detected, scattered dry wheezes (small quantity) and wet finely powerful wheezes on a limited area.
At the end of mycoplasma pneumonia, bronchiectases are often formed, pneumosclerosis or deforming bronchitis.
In children, mycoplasmosis is accompanied by more pronounced manifestations of toxicosis. The child becomes sluggish or restless, there is a lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting. It is possible to develop transient maculopapulous rashes. Respiratory failure is poorly pronounced or absent.
In early age children, the infectious process is possible. In severe, mycoplasma pneumonia proceeds in patients with immunodeficiency diseases, with sickle-cell anemia, severe cardiovascular diseases and Down syndrome.
Mycoplasma urogenital infection is not distinguished by specific symptoms.
Mycoplasma provoke the development of urethritis, vulvovaginitis, collision, cervicitis, metroendometritis, salpingooforitis, epididimitis, prostatitis, the development of cystitis and pyelonephritis is possible.
Mycoplasmosis in women is manifested by meager transparent discharges, painful sensations are possible when urination. When involving in the pathological process of uterus and appendages, minor pulling pains are observed, which increase before the start of menstruation.
In men, mycoplasmosis is manifested in most cases symptoms of urethritis - there are burning and itching in the urethra, purulent discharge, urine becomes muddy, with flakes. Young men can also develop Reiter syndrome (combined lesion of joints, eyes and urinary tract).
Effect of mycoplasm for pregnancy
A number of researchers believe that mycoplasmosis in pregnant women is the cause of non-pending pregnancy, since 17% of embryos (spontaneous miscarriage for 6-10 weeks) among other present bacteria and viruses were identified by mycoplasm. At the same time, the question of the meaning of mycoplasma as the only reason for the spontaneous miscarriage and the pathology of pregnancy and the fetus is not yet fully understood.
Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause fetal infection (5.5-23% of newborns are observed) and the development of generalized mycoplasmosis in a child.
Mycoplasma can also cause the development of postpartum infectious complications (endometritis, etc.).
Diagnostics
Since the symptoms of mycoplasmosis are not specific to specificity, studies from urethra, vagina and cervical canal are used to diagnose the disease, and for the diagnosis of mycoplasma respiratory infection, strokes made of nasopharynx, sputum and blood.
To identify the pathogen, use:
- ELISA, with which they determine the presence of antibodies of classes A, M, G (the accuracy of the method from 50 to 80%).
- PCR (high-quality and quantitative), allowing to identify DNA mycoplasmas in biological material (accuracy of 99%).
- The culture method (sowing on the IST environment), which allows to be isolated and identified by mycoplasm in clinical material, as well as give a quantitative assessment (100% accuracy). The diagnostic value is the concentration of mycoplasmas more than 104 in some ml., Since mycoplasma may be present in healthy people.
Since M. Genitalium is difficult to cultivate, the diagnosis is usually carried out by PCR.
Treatment
Treatment is based on the use of antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs. With acute uncomplicated urogenital mycoplasmosis, which:
- Caused by mycoplasma M.Hominis, metronidazole, clindamycin applied. Treatment can be local.
- Caused by mycoplasma M. genitalium, tetracycline (doxycycline) or macrolides (azithromycin) are used.
Treatment of chronic mycoplasmosis requires long antibiotic therapy, several antibiotics are often used. Physiotherapy, immunotherapy, urethra instillation are also appointed.
Also simultaneous treatment of sexual partner is also necessary.
Mycoplasmosis in pregnant women with antibiotics is treated only in the third trimester when identifying the active phase of the disease (high tire of mycoplasma).
Treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis is based on the use of macrolides, people over 8 years old can use tetracycline.
Prevention
Prevention is to avoid close contact with patients, the use of personal protective equipment. Specific prophylaxis does not exist.
Today it is believed that the mycoplasmosis of cats is not dangerous for people and other types of animals also cannot serve as a source of infection. However, the discussions do not subscribe to this account. Some veterinarians and infectious doctors claim that in connection with mutation and high adaptability of animal mycoplasma can be dangerous to humans. Especially if its organism is weakened by other infections.
Therefore, when communicating with homeless animals or when careing for patients, pets must be observed:
- If the animal is sick, then it is necessary to refer to the vet and pass the tests.
- It is regularly changing the animal litter, as the mycoplasma is saved to 7 days.
- Wash your hands after communicating with animals and care for them, do not touch the mucous hands with dirty hands.
Why is mycoplasmosis develop in children? What are the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children?
25% of pregnant women are asymptomatic carriers mycoplasmas. In the overwhelming majority of placenta cases and the accumulative shells protect the fetus during pregnancy. But when damaged an amniotic bubble or during childbirth, mycoplasma can get into the child's body and cause infection.Infection by mycoplasmosis in children can occur:
- when infected with the accumulation waters during pregnancy;
- when damaged placenta;
- when passing the tribute;
- when communicating with patients with relatives or carriers mycoplasmas.
- eye conjunctiva;
- mucous membranes of oral cavity and respiratory tract;
- mucous genital organs.
When infected with mycoplasmas in children can develop:
How dangerous is mycoplasmosis during pregnancy?
Question: "How dangerous mycoplasmosis during pregnancy?" Causes stormy discussions among gynecologists. Some argue that mycoplasma is definitely pathogenic microorganisms, very dangerous for pregnant women. Other specialists soothe that mycoplasma is ordinary representatives of sex tract microflora, which cause the disease only with a significant decrease in local and general immunity of a woman.Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause:
- spontaneous abortions;
- intrauterine infection and fetal death;
- development of congenital defects in the child;
- postpartum sepsis in a newborn;
- birth of children with low body weight;
- inflammation of the uterus after childbirth.
At the same time, some gynecologists do not agree at all with the statement that mycoplasmas are dangerous to health pregnant women. They indicate that Mycoplasma Hominis15-25% of pregnant women are found in 15-25%And complications for the fetus developing in 5-20% of them. Therefore, it is believed that mycoplasmas can harm the health of the mother and child only under certain conditions:
- in association with other pathogenic microorganisms, mainly with ureaplasms;
- with a decrease in immunity;
- with a massive damage to the genital organs.
In 40% of cases, mycoplasmosis proceeds asymptomatic and a woman does not arise complaints about health. In other cases, with genital forms of mycoplasmosis, such symptoms arise:
- itching and burning in urination;
- the pain at the bottom of the abdomen under the defeat of the uterus and her appendages;
- abundant or scant transparent discharge from the vagina;
- early detection of spindlewater waters;
- fever during childbirth and postpartum period.