What is the Hominis mycoplasma and how is it transmitted? Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men Mycoplasma Incubation period in women
In nature, there is a huge number of microorganisms that can cause serious violations of women's health. This pathogenic flora includes mycoplasms.
If you get into the body, they are capable of calling mycoplasmosis - a disease, unpleasant in consequences, although the flowing easily, without heavy symptoms.
The danger of mycoplasma in women, symptoms and treatment of mycoplasmosis, prevention measures we carefully consider in this review.
Views: Hominis, Genitalium and Pneumonic
Biologists have not yet agreed to consider them - bacteria, viruses or mushrooms.
Having a cellular structure as bacterium, mycoplasma, like a virus, does not have a cell shell and is extremely small - 300 nm.
Unlike viruses these pathogens are able to live outside cells. They settled on the epithelial layer of respiratory organs or urinary and gradually introduced into its thickness. Mounting microorganisms are multiplied.
In nature, many varieties of mycoplasmas. For a person, there are a danger of only 3 of them.
Types of Hominis myoplasma, Genitalium settle in the urinary system in a woman and cause its defeat. And the view of mycoplasma pneumonia causes diseases of the respiratory system.
In the norm of mycoplasma in minor quantities can live in a completely healthy body, without causing pathologies.
But it is worth a woman's immune system to relax, any adverse effects can cause the activation of microorganisms.
While biologists deal with the problems of classification, doctors found ways to combat this pathogen.
Ways of infection
To live mycoplasm outside the body carrier cannot. In the environment, they live long. This causes the paths of infection.
Normal household contact for Hominis infection, Genitalium will not lead. Handshakes, kisses, common towels, dishes will not be a source of infection. Accommodation in one house with patients with such mycoplasmosis is not dangerous.
In order for microorganisms to get alive into a new carrier body, sexual contact should occur.
therefore mycoplasmosis can be attributed to the STD group (sexually transmitted diseases). The presence of gonorrhea or aggravate the course of the disease.
At the same time, the disease carrier can remain just a carrier. If he has strong immunity, mycoplasm in its body will be present in a small amount. This type of mycoplasm transmitted by Mother Embryo.
Mycoplasma Pneumonia is transmitted by airborne droplets. Therefore, they can be infected in everyday life or on the street.
The incubation period of infection with mycoplasma lasts long enough - 3-5 weeks, although sometimes mycoplasmosis can manifest themselves after two weeks later.
Therefore, because of such a long hidden period to identify the source of infection becomes difficult.
Respiratory mycoplasmosis - infection, symptoms, diagnosis, consequences and treatment:
Causes of occurrence
So, the disease causes mycoplasms. However, not all carriers are ill.
So that the carriage has passed into mycoplasmosis, it is required that the conditions are favorable for reproduction in the body conditions. The first is the weakening of the protective forces.
To this can lead:
- stress - long or acute;
- chronic infections, diseases;
- physical and emotional overload;
- supercooling;
- climate change, especially sharp;
- reception of antibiotics, hormonal means of glucocorticosteroids;
- pregnancy.
Signs
With respiratory mycoplasmosis, the incubation period lasts 7-14 days. This form proceeds more brightly.
With her, patients complain about:
- increasing body temperature;
- bouts of a strong cough;
- pain and red throat;
- selection from the nose.
The sick at the same time is experiencing all signs of body intoxication - weakness, fatigue, fendering, chills, fever.
The danger of respiratory mycoplasmosis is that it can lead to pneumonia. At the same time, classical treatment will not give effect, which should alert the attending physician and suspect the presence of mycoplasmas.
Such a complication is developing if the pathogens affect the lower respiratory tracts. Such pneumonia can lead to bronchiectasses (expanding bronchi) and pneumosclerosis.
Urogenital mycoplasmosis Different with a longer incubation period - from 2 weeks to 3-5 months.
10-40% of the fallen women do not feel any symptoms at all, and the presence of mycoplasm will know by chance upon examination on the STD. Other manifestations of the disease have enough common.
Because of this, it can be confused with cystitis and other urinary infections.
How is mycoplasmosis manifest in women in the field of genitals, what are the symptoms of the infection of mycoplasma?
The beginning is characterized by:
- discomfort, pain in the lower abdomen;
- feeling itching;
- zone during urination;
- discharges of transparent, yellowish or grayish color;
- redness of the mucous membrane in the area of \u200b\u200bthe urethra's opening;
In case of sexual act, pain and discomfort may be occurred. But all these symptoms initially do not give values \u200b\u200bor consider them the beginning.
The sharp shape is inclined to move into chronic when improved comes, and symptoms disappear before the emergence of new provoking conditions.
Any supercooling, stress, vibration of the hormonal background leads to the activation of mycoplasm. Often a woman believes that the exacerbation of cystitis began again, and does not attach importance to this.
Symptoms depends on where the simplest are based.
If they struck outdoor genitals, it turns out the area, burning, selection. Either the disease occurs asymptomatic.
If the infection has spread to internal organs, then the woman will feel pain in the lower back of the belly, and allocations will become more abundant and even purulent.
The burning and itching at urination will be more pronounced. Most often there is a defeat of external organs.
Mycoplasmosis in symptoms can resemble, vaginosis, inflammatory diseases of the uterus and uterine pipes.
These pathogens may occur in a complex with other types and. Manifestations of the disease can be diverse.
If the disease amazes internal organs, it can lead to development and salpingitis (inflammatory process in appendages).
If mycoplasma fall into the uterusThis can provoke the development of endometritis. Such a variation of endometritis is distinguished by a cycle disorders, bleeding.
The adnexite caused by mycoplasmas can end with a strong inflammatory process in the ovaries with an abscess and sticking of the organ with the uterine pipes.
Then the woman complains of strong back pains, cycle failures, painful sensations during sexual intercourse.
Acute and chronic mycoplasmosis in women - symptoms, treatment and prevention:
Danger of infection
Disoccupatory sensations are not the most terrible consequences of the reproduction of mycoplasmas.
Mycoplasmosis is not dangerous in itself, but those consequences that he can cause.
Long infection with Hominis mycoplasma in women leads to development:
- chronic pyelonephritis;
- endometritis;
- cystitis;
- vaginitis;
- salpingitis.
Recent studies have shown that people suffering from arthritis are often amazed by mycoplasmas that provoke inflammatory joint diseases.
In severe cases, if the body's protective forces are completely exhausted, sepsis is possible.
Special it is dangerous mycoplasmosis for pregnant women. It can cause the pathology of the development of the fetus or complication of pregnancy up to miscarriage. Subsequently, secondary infertility can develop.
Mycoplasmosis in pregnant women
Pregnancy is always an additional burden on all organism systems. His protective forces at this time are reduced. This can serve as a trigger for the disease, if the woman was the carrier of the simplest.
Developing infection by mycoplasma in women during pregnancy in the first - second trimester is fraught with miscarriages and when the embryo stops developing.
In the later dates, the risk of premature labor is increasing. It is enhanced if the infection spreads into a fetal bubble, as water can move prematurely.
During childbirth, the mother infects the child. This is fraught with the development of meningitis.
In the early postpartum period, mycoplasma can provoke pneumonia or acute flow of endometritis. He manifests itself a strong postpartum infection.
Therefore, when a mycoplasma is detected, treatment is required. However, it is not recommended to be carried out in the first trimester, since preparations may adversely affect the development of the fetus, lead to pathologies of its internal organs and systems.
Mycoplasmosis in women during pregnancy:
Diagnostics
Diagnosis is difficult Due to the extremely small size mycoplasmas. To accurately determine the pathogen, conduct DNA diagnostics. Its accuracy is 95%.
If there are purulent allocations, then pose is done. Its accuracy is 100%, but the result will have to wait a week.
Less informative analyzes on mycoplasma in Women of ELISA and PIF (detection in the blood of immuno-immimensional antibodies). But their advantage is speed and low price.
In this case, false positive and false-negative results are often obtained, the analysis must be repeated a month after treatment.
To perform research, takes smearon mycoplasma in women in the field of urethra and vagina, from the cervix. It is necessary to make urine analysis, for which the morning portion is taken.
Differential diagnosis of mycoplasmosis: smear, blood, bakposev, PCR, culture methods:
Scheme of therapy
How to cure a mycoplasma in women? Therapy should be complex. It includes:
- local treatment;
- reception of antibacterial drugs;
- diet;
- physiology;
- reception of immunomodulating drugs.
You can choose effective treatment. It is appointed only according to the results of the tests, as the pathogens of different species are destroyed by different groups of antibiotics.
Reception of drugs - immunomodulators and antibiotics
To enhance the effects of drugs in parallel cycloferon or Likopid immunomodulators prescribe, enhance the protective forces of the body. Itching, burning, discomfort is well removed by local drugs - candles and ointments.
It is important to realize that treatment will be long. If you stop it at the first sign of improvement, then very soon mycoplasm will reproduce again, and recurrence will come.
During therapy, you need to drink plenty of water.To remove toxins from the body formed during the destruction of mycoplasmas.
Since these microorganisms are often detected together with others, complex therapy can be appointed.
Tetracycline, macrolides, lincoosamides, and fluoroquinols are considered to be the preparations of the first choice. Tetracycline, Offlsacin, Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline. Not bad effect give Erythromycin, Sumamed.
Antibiotics therapy usually lasts 10 days depending on the severity and symptoms of the disease. In parallel, anti-inflammatory and anti-face vaginal candles for 5-7 days are prescribed.
To process the vagina and the destruction, mycoplasmas is put tampons with chymotrypsin or trypsin.
Two weeks later, repeated analysis is made. Based on his data, the doctor decides whether to continue treatment and is there any need to change the drug.
The reception of antibacterial drugs should be combined with the use of probiotics of the type acipol, in order to prevent the destruction of the intestinal microflora.
Sexual contacts and treatment of partner
It is necessary to treat mycoplasmosis at once both partners. Otherwise, it is very meaningless due to the constant re-infection. At the time of treatment, sex contacts are better excluded.
How to treat folk remedies
Do not even look for ways of treating people's ways. There are no herbs that could destroy mycoplasm. The only thing that traditional medicine will help - it will strengthen the immune system.
Immunomodulating grasses Can be used in complex therapy. After treatment, they will help prevent the weakening of the body and re-infection.
Treatment of acute and chronic mycoplasmosis:
Prevention
Since mycoplasmosis belongs to sexually transmitted diseases, the method of prevention is standard here - the exclusion of random sexual partners, the use of barrier means - condoms.
Healing disease at any stage. The main thing is to go through a detailed examination, reveal the pathogen and undergo treatment.
Mycoplasma is recognized as a conditional pathogenic flora, but disease, they caused, not at all harmless.
It can lead to serious inflammatory processes and even to tragedies - loss of a child.
Therefore, even minor symptoms do not need to ignore and hope for self-esteem.
Mycoplasma is conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that are in the human body. At the same time, microbes in a small amount may be present in the body of a completely healthy man and not to manifest themselves in any way. The situation changes when the immune system weakens. The number of microorganisms increases, and the person begins to sense a certain discomfort.
In contact with
Causes of mycoplasma in men
Where does this disease come from:
- The weakening of the natural protective functions of the organism;
- Contact with an infected woman;
- Concomitant diseases of the gynecological nature;
- Systematic supercooling of the body.
When immunity weakens, microbes attack the man's body, they begin to actively multiply as a result of which infection occurs. At the same time, the symptoms of mycoplasma in men can disturb periods, then, increasing, then, reducing their intensity.
Unprotected sexual intercourse with a woman, which is a carrier of mycoplasmosis, is able to lead to infection. In this case, the infection does not occur immediately, but after a few weeks.
Mycoplasma Hominis in men often manifests itself against the background of other venereal diseases, for example, together with gonor or chlamydia. In this case, diagnose the disease is very difficult, because it proceeds in the latent form, and its symptoms are poorly pronounced.
Frequent colds and permanent arrivals of men in the cold have a negative impact on the health of its reproductive system. Frequent supercooling leads to a decrease in immunity and can also cause the occurrence of mycoplasmosis in men whose treatment is not to postpone.
You can infect the child passing through the generic paths. In the event that the mother is a carrier of infection, then the baby can become infected during the natural process of childbirth. Power bacteria are able to cause meningitis and inflammation of the lungs in a newborn.
The disease often proceeds without visible symptoms, it makes it difficult to diagnose. The presence of concomitant infections can confuse a physician and deliver a non-lequential diagnosis to the patient.
But in most cases, the symptoms of mycoplasma in men are manifested by the following unpleasant factors:
- Pain or burning in the end of urination.
- The appearance of mucous discharge from the urethra in the morning.
- Increase lymph nodes.
- Pacific pain.
Signs of the disease appear not immediately, they begin to disturb the man after the incubation period, until that time, mycoplasmosis in men proceeds without any symptoms and he does not suspect that it is a carrier of infection.
At the launched stage, the disease is able to lead to infertility, it reduces the quality and amount of spermatozoa. If, with the appearance of symptoms of mycoplasma in men, in time not to be treated, it can lead to prostatitis, orchita.
Incubation period
When contacting an infected woman, the symptoms of an unpleasant disease are not manifested immediately. The incubation period is from one to five weeks. The disease can be felt before itself, if it arose not because of unprotected sex contact, but due to the weakening of immunity.
In such a situation, the signs of the disease are pronounced, they may arise without visible causes and spontaneously disappear. This does not mean that the disease retreated, rather, she moved into a chronic form.
Special analysis on mycoplasma in men, and the definition of any norm does not exist, but a qualified doctor is sufficient to take a smear on the microflora in order to determine the presence of pathogenic flora in the body. Also the diagnosis is made on the basis of the following procedures:
- Blood test to reef;
- Immuno enzymatic diagnostic method.
All these studies will help in a short time to raise the right diagnosis of the patient and determine whether he has concomitant diseases, against the background of which mycoplasmosis can develop in men and what to treat it.
Another analysis is also used to treat the disease, it reveals the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics and helps effectively affect mycoplasms using medications.
Treatment of mycoplasma Hominis in men
Medicase therapy is assigned after the appropriate analysis. Bacterial sowing will allow to determine the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics and antiseptic preparations, such as:
- Antibiotics tetracycline group.
- Antifungal drugs.
- Immunostimulants.
- Probiotics.
- Anesthetics.
Correct the drugs necessary for the treatment of mycoplasma in men can only doctor, so before starting the course of therapy, you must consult with the doctor and pass a number of analyzes. After medical therapy, a number of studies will need to pass again to identify the effectiveness of treatment. This is due to the fact that microbes are quickly adapted to antibiotics and can produce "immunity". Therefore, if the symptoms of mycoplasmosis remain, their treatment continues by other drugs.
Preparations for the treatment of mycoplasmosis in men
Naturally, the necessary means for the treatment of mycoplasmosis, a specialist chooses after diagnosis and diagnosis. Mycoplasma, for example, insensitive to the penicillin group of antibiotics, so they cannot be used under disease therapy, they will not give the desired effect.
The most effective means for the treatment of illness, experts consider the following medicines:
- Doxycycline;
- Nystatin;
- Clotrimazole;
- Vagilak;
- Ginoflor;
- Interferon
- Echinacea;
- Cream with metronidazole.
It is not worth starting the treatment of genital mycoplasms in men independently - this can lead to unexpected complications and cause recurrence of the disease.
The course of treatment with medicines lasts from 3 to 7 weeks, After additional diagnostics are carried out. It does not matter what scheme the treatment of mycoplasmosis in a man will undergo the course of therapy is assigned to a sexual partner.. At the time of therapy, it is worth eliminating alcohol intake and comply with a diet that will increase the effectiveness of drug therapy. It is also recommended to observe the penis abstinence, at least for a while.
What experts about the disease say:
Mycoplasma is a family of small prokaryotic organisms of the Mollicutes class, which is characterized by the absence of a cell wall. Representatives of this family, which has about 100 species, are divided into:
Mycoplasma occupy an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria - due to the absence of cell shell and microscopic sizes (100-300 nm), mycoplasm is not visible even in a light microscope, and it brings blocks of microorganisms with viruses. At the same time, the cells of mycoplasma contain DNA and RNA, they can grow in a caseless environment and autonomously (binary division or kinding) to multiply, which brings to mycoplasm with bacteria.
- Mycoplasma causing mycoplasmosis;
- Ureaplasma urealyticum (ureaplasm) causing.
Pathogenic views for a person are currently considered to be 3 types of mycoplasm (Mycoplasma Hominis, Mycoplasma Genitalium and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae), as well as Ureaplasma urealyticum.
For the first time, the French researchers E. Nocard and E. Rous in 1898 revealed mycoplasm in Pasteur's laboratory. The pathogen was initially called asterococcus Mycoides, but later he was renamed Mycoplasma Mycoides. In 1923, the sheer infectious Agalaxia sheep identified the pathogen Mycoplasma Agalactica. These pathogens and later identified microorganisms with similar characteristics for 20 years were designated as PPLO (Pleuropneumonia-like Organism).
In 1937, mycoplasma (species M. Hominis, M. Fermentans and T-strains) was revealed in the urogenital tract of a person.
In 1944, mycoplasma pneumoniae was allocated from the patient with unmarked pneumonia, which was originally attributed to the viruses and got the name "Anton Agent". The mycoplasma nature of the ITON agent was proved by R. Chanock by cultivating original recipe on a cell-free environment in 1962. The pathogenicity of this mycoplasma was proved in 1972 Brunner et al. By infection of volunteers with a clean culture of this microorganism.
The view of M. Genitalium was revealed later than the other types of genital mycoplasmas. In 1981, this type of pathogen was discovered in the prefabricated urethra in a patient suffering from non-profococcal urethritis.
The pneumonia of mycoplasma is common all over the world (it can be worn both endemic and epidemic character). The mycoplasma pneumonia accounts for up to 15% of all cases of acute pneumonia. In addition, the mycoplasma of this type of 5% of cases is the pathogen of sharp respiratory diseases. The respiratory type mycoplance is more often observed in the cold season.
Cropped by M. Pneumoniae mycoplasmosis in children is observed more often than in adults (most of the patients are children of school age).
- Hominis is revealed at about 25% of newborn girls. For boys, this pathogen is observed significantly less often. In women, M. Hominis occurs in 20-50% of cases.
The distribution frequency M.Genitalium is 20.8% in patients with non-nodococcal urethritis and 5.9% of clinically healthy people.
During the examination of patients with chlamydial infection, the mycoplasma of this species was detected in 27.7% of cases, while the causative agent of mycoplasmosis was often detected in patients without chlamydia. M.genitalium is considered to be the cause of 20-35% of all cases of non-philaginous non-phonococcal urethritis.
When carrying out a 40 independent research in women who belong to a low risk group, the frequency of distribution M.genitalium was about 2%.
In women belonging to a high-risk group (not one sexual partner), the frequency of distribution of this type of mycoplasma is 7.8% (in some studies up to 42%). In this case, the detection frequency of M. genitalium is associated with the number of sexual partners.
Mycoplasmosis in women occurs more often, since men have a urogenital type of disease can be relocated independently.
Forms
Depending on the location of the pathogen and developing under its influence, the pathological process is distinguished:
- Respiratory mycoplasmosis, which is an acute anthroponous infectious inflammatory disease of the respiratory organs. Provocosed by mycoplasma of the species M. pneumoniae (the effect of other types of mycoplasmas on the development of respiratory diseases is currently not proven).
- Urogenital mycoplasmosis, which refers to infectious inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract. Called by mycoplasmasms of M. Hominis and M. Genitalium.
- Generalized mycoplasmosis, in which the effectary lesions of mycoplasmas are revealed. Mycoplasma infection can affect cardiovascular and skeletal musculoskeletal system, eyes, kidneys, liver, to be the cause of bronchial asthma, polyarthritis, pancreatitis and exc. Energy damage to organs usually arise due to generalization of respiratory or urogenital mycoplasmosis.
Depending on the clinical flow, mycoplasmosis is divided into:
- acute;
- subacute;
- sluggish
- chronic.
Since the presence of mycoplasm in the body is not always accompanied by symptoms of the disease, the carriage of mycoplasm is also distinguished (with the carriage of clinical signs there is no inflammation, mycoplasm is present in the title less than 103 CFU / ml).
Pathogen
Mycoplasmas belong to human anthroponous infections (causative agents of the disease are capable of existing in natural conditions only in the human body). The volume of genetic information mycoplasmas is less than any other microorganisms known to date.
All types of mycoplasma differ:
- the absence of a rigid cell wall;
- polymorphism and plasticity of cells;
- osmotic sensitivity;
- resistance (insensitivity) to various chemical agents aimed at suppressing the synthesis of the cell wall (penicillin, etc.).
These microorganisms are gram-negative, it is better to stain in Romanovsky-Gymzem.
The causative agent of mycoplasmosis is separated from the environment with a cytoplasmic membrane (contains proteins that are located in lipid layers).
Five types of mycoplasma (M. Gallisepticum, M. Pneumoniae, M. Genitalium, M. Pulmonis and M. Mobile) have "moving mobility" - differ in the pear or bottle-like form and have a specific terminal formation with the electron-dense zone adjacent to it. These formations serve to determine the direction of movement and take part in the process of adsorption of mycoplasma on the surface of the cell.
Most of the representatives of the family are chemorganotrophs and optional anaerobes. Cholesterol cholesterol is necessary for growth in thecake membrane. As a source of energy, these microorganisms use glucose or arginine. The growth occurs at a temperature of 30s.
The pathogens of this kind are demanding of the nutrient medium and the conditions of cultivation.
Biochemical activity of mycoplasm is low. Species are distinguished:
- able to decompose glucose, fructose, maltose, glycogen, mannose and starch, forming acid;
- unable to ferment carbohydrates, but oxidizing glutamate and lactate.
Urea representatives of the genus is not hydrolyzed.
Different with a complex antigenic structure (phospholipids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins), which has species differences.
The pathogenic properties of mycoplasmas were not fully studied, so some researchers refer to the pathogens of this kind to conventional pathogenic microorganisms (cause a painful state only in the presence of risk factors), and others to absolute pathogens. It is known that those present in the genital organs of mycoplasma in the titer 102-104 CFU / ml do not cause inflammatory processes.
Ways transfer
The source of the infection can be a sick person or a clinically healthy carrier of pathogenic species Mycoplasm.
Infection by mycoplasmasms of M. Pneumoniae occurs:
- Airborne droplet. This is the main way to spread this type of infection, but since mycoplasmas are distinguished by low resistance in the environment (from 2 to 6 hours in a wet warm environment), the infection spreads only under the condition of close contact (family, closed and semi-closed collectives).
- Vertical way. This path of transmission of infection is confirmed by cases of identifying the pathogen in stillborn children. Infection can be both transplantary and when the tribal route is passed. The disease in this case proceeds in heavy form (bilateral pneumonia or generalized forms).
- Household. It is extremely rarely observed due to the insidacity of mycoplasmas.
Infection with urogenital mycoplasmas happens:
- Sexually, including orogenital contacts. It is the main way of distribution.
- Vertical way or during childbirth.
- Hematogenic means (microorganisms with blood flow are transferred to other organs and tissues).
- Continated consumer. This path of infection is unlikely for men and is about 15% of the likelihood for women.
Pathogenesis
The mechanism for the development of mycoplasmosis of any type includes several stages:
- The pathogen is introduced into the body and multiplies in the field of entrance gate. M.Pneumoniae is striking the mucosa of the respiratory tract, multiplying the cells of the cells and in the cells themselves. M.Hominis and M.genitalium affect the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract (does not penetrate the cells).
- With the accumulation of mycoplasma itself, the causative agent and its toxins penetrate the blood. The dissemination occurs (the spread of the pathogen), as a result of which a direct defeat of the heart, CNS, joints and other organs may occur. The hemolysin released by the pathogen causes the destruction of the erythrocytes and damage the cells of the creation epithelium, which leads to a violation of microcirculation and the development of vasculitis and thrombosis. Toxic for the organism are the ammonia's micapoplasms, hydrogen peroxide and neurotoxin.
- As a result of adhesion (clutch), the cellular contacts, cellular metabolism and cell membrane structure, which leads to dystrophy, metaplasia, death, and (lunning) epithelial cells, are disturbed by mycoplasmas and target cells. As a result, microcirculation is disturbed, the exudation increases, necrosis develops, and in infants there is an appearance of hyaline membranes (the walls of the alveoli and alveolar moves are covered with loose or dense eosinophilic masses, which consist of hemoglobin, mucoproteins, nucleoproteins and fibrin). At an early stage of the development of serous inflammation, the leading role in the genesis of cell damage belongs to the direct cyto-cultic effect of mycoplasm. At the subsequent stages, when an immune component of inflammation is attached, cell damage due to the close contact of the cell and mycoplasma is observed. In addition, the affected fabric is infiltrated by macrophages, plasma cells, monocytes, etc. At 5-6 week of the disease, the main role belongs to the autoimmune mechanism of inflammation (especially in mycoplasmosis in chronic form).
Depending on the state of the immune system of the patient, the primary infection may be completed with recovery, go to chronic or latent form. If immunity is in a normal state, the body is cleared of mycoplasm. In the state of the immunodeficiency, mycoplasmosis passes into the latent form (the pathogen is saved for a long time in the body). When the immunity is suppressed, the mycoplasma is again beginning to multiply. With a significant immunodeficiency, the disease acquires a chronic course. Inflammatory processes can be localized at the entrance gateway or provoke a wide range of diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, etc.)
Symptoms
The incubation period of mycoplasma respiratory infection ranges from 4 days to 1 month.
This type of mycoplasmosis clinically can flow as AHVI (pharyngitis, laryngoparing and bronchitis) or atypical pneumonia. The symptoms of mycoplasmic acute respiratory diseases is not different from ARVI caused by other pathogens. Patients have:
- moderately pronounced intoxication;
- chills, weakness;
- headache;
- ensure in the throat and dry cough;
- runny nose;
- a minor increase in cervical and submandibular lymph nodes.
The temperature is normal or subfebrile (febrile is rarely observed), conjunctivitis, inflammation of the sclera, hyperemia of the face. In case of inspection, hyperemia of the oral mucosa is detected, the rear wall shell can be a grainy. In the lungs heard hard breathing and dry wheezes. Catarial phenomena disappear after 7-10 days, sometimes recovery is dragged up to 2 weeks. With complication of the disease, Otitis, Eustheit, Mitrigitis and Sinusit can develop.
Symptoms of acute mycoplasma pneumonia are:
- chills;
- pain in the muscles and joints;
- temperature increase to 38-39 ° C;
- dry cough, which is gradually moving into wet with a separation of mucous-purulent meager viscous sputum.
Sometimes there is nausea, vomiting and stool disorder. It is possible to appear around the joints of the polymorphic examination.
When listening, hard breathing is detected, scattered dry wheezes (small quantity) and wet finely powerful wheezes on a limited area.
At the end of mycoplasma pneumonia, bronchiectases are often formed, pneumosclerosis or deforming bronchitis.
In children, mycoplasmosis is accompanied by more pronounced manifestations of toxicosis. The child becomes sluggish or restless, there is a lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting. It is possible to develop transient maculopapulous rashes. Respiratory failure is poorly pronounced or absent.
In early age children, the infectious process is possible. In severe, mycoplasma pneumonia proceeds in patients with immunodeficiency diseases, with sickle-cell anemia, severe cardiovascular diseases and Down syndrome.
Mycoplasma urogenital infection is not distinguished by specific symptoms.
Mycoplasma provoke the development of urethritis, vulvovaginitis, collision, cervicitis, metroendometritis, salpingooforitis, epididimitis, prostatitis, the development of cystitis and pyelonephritis is possible.
Mycoplasmosis in women is manifested by meager transparent discharges, painful sensations are possible when urination. When involving in the pathological process of uterus and appendages, minor pulling pains are observed, which increase before the start of menstruation.
In men, mycoplasmosis is manifested in most cases symptoms of urethritis - there are burning and itching in the urethra, purulent discharge, urine becomes muddy, with flakes. Young men can also develop Reiter syndrome (combined lesion of joints, eyes and urinary tract).
Effect of mycoplasm for pregnancy
A number of researchers believe that mycoplasmosis in pregnant women is the cause of non-pending pregnancy, since 17% of embryos (spontaneous miscarriage for 6-10 weeks) among other present bacteria and viruses were identified by mycoplasm. At the same time, the question of the meaning of mycoplasma as the only reason for the spontaneous miscarriage and the pathology of pregnancy and the fetus is not yet fully understood.
Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause fetal infection (5.5-23% of newborns are observed) and the development of generalized mycoplasmosis in a child.
Mycoplasma can also cause the development of postpartum infectious complications (endometritis, etc.).
Diagnostics
Since the symptoms of mycoplasmosis are not specific to specificity, studies from urethra, vagina and cervical canal are used to diagnose the disease, and for the diagnosis of mycoplasma respiratory infection, strokes made of nasopharynx, sputum and blood.
To identify the pathogen, use:
- ELISA, with which they determine the presence of antibodies of classes A, M, G (the accuracy of the method from 50 to 80%).
- PCR (high-quality and quantitative), allowing to identify DNA mycoplasmas in biological material (accuracy of 99%).
- The culture method (sowing on the IST environment), which allows to be isolated and identified by mycoplasm in clinical material, as well as give a quantitative assessment (100% accuracy). The diagnostic value is the concentration of mycoplasmas more than 104 in some ml., Since mycoplasma may be present in healthy people.
Since M. Genitalium is difficult to cultivate, the diagnosis is usually carried out by PCR.
Treatment
Treatment is based on the use of antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs. With acute uncomplicated urogenital mycoplasmosis, which:
- Caused by mycoplasma M.Hominis, metronidazole, clindamycin applied. Treatment can be local.
- Caused by mycoplasma M. genitalium, tetracycline (doxycycline) or macrolides (azithromycin) are used.
Treatment of chronic mycoplasmosis requires long antibiotic therapy, several antibiotics are often used. Physiotherapy, immunotherapy, urethra instillation are also appointed.
Also simultaneous treatment of sexual partner is also necessary.
Mycoplasmosis in pregnant women with antibiotics is treated only in the third trimester when identifying the active phase of the disease (high tire of mycoplasma).
Treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis is based on the use of macrolides, people over 8 years old can use tetracycline.
Prevention
Prevention is to avoid close contact with patients, the use of personal protective equipment. Specific prophylaxis does not exist.
- M. Pneumonia - causes pulmonary (respiratory) mycoplasmosis;
- M. Incognitus - causes a generalized form of mycoplasmosis;
- M. Hominis - causes a urogenital form of mycoplasmosis;
- M. Genitalium - causes a urogenital form of mycoplasmosis;
- U. urealyticum - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis.
The causative agents of the disease are sensitive to antibacterial drugs from the group of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracycline. Also outside the human body dying from boiling, disinfecting solutions and from the effects of ultraviolet.
Causes and mechanism for the development of mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasmosis: Symptoms and Treatment
The mycoplasmosis of a person is divided into respiratory (pulmonary) and urogenital. Each has its own features of the flow and treatment. The respiratory treats the doctor therapist or a pulmonologist. Urogenital - urologist or gynecologist.
At a certain type of mycoplasmosis, its incubation period. Consider them separately.
Respiratory mycoplasmosis
Transmitted by air-droplet or from Mother Fruit through a placenta. It is divided into mycoplasma bronchitis and mycoplasma pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs). The first is similar by the flow of influenza or other viral infection, only with a longer period.
The incubation period is 1-2 weeks. In rare cases, it reaches 3-4 weeks. It begins with increasing the temperature, nasal congestion and a strong cough. After joining the process of lungs, there is an even greater increase in temperature, the cough becomes with a slight amount of sputum, shortness of breath occurs. The duration of this scope of mycoplasmosis is about 2-3 months.
In case of severe disease, it is necessary to be in the hospital. For therapy, antibiotics are used, antitussive (in the first few days), expectorant preparations, antipyretic and vitamins. Also used in the treatment of antifungal drugs.
Urogenital mycoplasmosis
Clinical manifestations after hitting mycoplasms begin to develop through a period of time from 3 days to 3 weeks. In 80% of cases, infection occurs in sexual means. However, contact is not excluded. It happens asymptomatic, acute and chronic. It is manifested in minor discharge from the vagina or the urethra. It also worries the itching of the genital organs, the pain in urination, pain at the bottom of the abdomen. Women may have a violation of the menstrual cycle, in men pain in the scrotum and rear passage.
Chronic mycoplasmosis sooner or later leads to various complications. For women, this is most often infertility, constant miscarriages or premature birth. At the same time, the child sicks the pulmonary form of the disease. For men, it is most often characteristic of infertility. Representatives of both sexes may have pyelonephritis (kidney inflammation), cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), arthritis (inflammation of the joints).
The consequences of the respiratory form mycoplasmosis are bronchiectases (irreversible expansion of bronchi) and pneumosclerosis (replacement of normal lung tissue on the connecting). These are the most common complications. But with improper treatment, more serious consequences are possible. This is encephalitis (brain inflammation) or generalized defeat (when almost all organs and system systems are included in the disease process).
Prevention Mycoplasmosis
The vaccine from mycoplasmosis does not exist. Therefore, for the prevention of pulmonary form, the same methods must be observed as for other colds. And for avoiding the genital form of the disease, it is necessary to exclude random sexual bonds, especially not prevented, carefully examine pregnant women, to produce the correct treatment of gynecological tools, to carry out adequate treatment with patients with mycoplasmosis.
Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis
The diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is a rather complicated occupation. It is explained by the fact that in this disease there is no sign characteristic only for him. They can also meet in a number of other pathologies. But the presence of chronic inflammations of the urogenital system can push the doctor for the idea of \u200b\u200bmycoplasmosis, after which the doctors thoughts are confirmed in the laboratory.
The laboratory diagnostics methods include:
Mycoplasmosis has no symptoms that would be characterized only for this disease. All complaints that may have a patient are encountered under other pathologies of the respiratory or genitourinary system. However, the combination of several signs helps to push a doctor for the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to examine the patient on mycoplasmosis.
Mycoplasma is able to affect the human respiratory system (respiratory or pulmonary mycoplasmosis) and urinary (urogenital mycoplasmosis). Depending on the localization of the disease, the complaints will be different.
Respiratory mycoplasmosis includes such symptoms: In the first days of the beginning of the disease, a throat occurs, a nasal is concluded and a strong, bred dry cough occurs, an increase in body temperature up to 38 ° C is noted. After 1-2 weeks, the temperature rises to 39 ° C, the cough becomes an attack, with a small amount of sputum, sometimes with streaks of blood. It appears in a silence, blue lips. This suggests that the process was involved in the process. This condition can last up to three months.
Signs of the myoplasmosis of the urogenital system can be so weakly expressed that the patient does not pay attention to them for a long time. First of all, patients notice minor discharge from the vagina or the urethra. Also characteristic signs will be itching in the field of the head of the penis and the urethra in men and in the field of entering the vagina in women. Could disturb cutting and discomfort when urination. If the infection applies higher by the body, then women have intermented bleeding, irregular menstruation, pain at the bottom of the belly of a pulling nature. In men, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis are divided by affected authorities. If the testicles and their appendages are involved in the process, the gravity of the scrotum, its small edema joins the above complaints. If the prostate gland is affected, there is a rapid night urination, graceful pain at the bottom of the abdomen or rear passage. Urine acquires a muddy color, sometimes with pusons.
Complications of mycoplasmosis
Considering that the causes of mycoplasmosis are a small microorganism that does not always cause any complaints in the patient, then there is often complications of the disease. These include bronchiectases (pathological irreversible expansion of bronchi), encephalitis (brain inflammation), pyelonephritis (kidney inflammation). As well as arthritis (inflammation of the joints), infertility, premature childbirth, frequent miscarriages. That is why, in order to prevent such serious consequences, it is necessary at the slightest suspicion of mycoplasmosis to see a pulmonary, gynecologist or urologist (depending on the affected system).
Treatment of mycoplasmosis
Treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis
Antibacterial drugs are for the treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis. Most effective against mycoplasma:
- tetracyclines - tetracycline (750-1000 mg per day, divided into 3 receptions), doxycycline (200 mg per day, divided into 2 receptions);
- fluoroquinolones - offloxacin (600 mg per day, divided into 2 receptions), ciprofloxacin (1000 mg per day, divided into 2 receptions);
- macrolids - Sumamed (500 mg 1 time / day or 1 g one-time), erythromycin (2000 mg per day, divided by 4 receptions), clarithromycin (1500 mg per day, divided into 3 receptions), azithromycin (1 g one-time or by 500 mg 1 time / day) ,.
The duration of treatment may take from 7 days (in easy cases) to 21 days (with severe flow). Antibiotics with mycoplasmosis are selected strictly individually.
Also for the treatment of pulmonary mycoplasmosis use symptomatic preparations. These are antitussive (codterpin of 1 tablet not more than 4 receptions per day, stoptushin 1 tablet in 3 receptions) - used in the first few days of the disease with a painful bakeful cough. Expectaurant preparations (ambroxol 1 tablet in 3 receptions, Lazolyvan 1 tablet in 3 receptions, ACC 1 bag in 4 reception) - with a painful cough with difficult-leaving wets. Antipyretic (paracetamol 1 tablet in 4 reception, Nimid 1 tablet in 2-4 reception, ibuprofen 1 tablet in 3 reception) - with increasing body temperature from 38 ° C. With sore throat - sprays with antiseptics (Yox, Stoptushin, Givalex) or tablets (December, Strepsils) - every 3-4 hours. When nasal is concluded - spray or drops (Nazol, Noksprey, Aquamaris, naphtizin).
With severe treatment, treatment should pass strictly under the hospital under the supervision of the doctor.
Treatment of urogenital myoplasmosis
The main preparation in the treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis, as well as respiratory, is an antibiotic. Groups and dosages are the same. However, the duration of treatment from 3 to 7 days. This is explained by the easier course of the disease. As a result of this drug, antifungal (fluconazole 100 mg of 1 tablet daily 10 days or 500 mg is one-time after the course of antibacterial drugs). Probiotics to restore microflora (Linex 1 capsule in 3-5 receptions, bifiform 1 capsule in 3-4 reception, Lazidophil 1 capsule in 3-4 reception). To strengthen immunity, vitamins (Vitrum, Kvadevit, Undevit - 1 dragey in 4 receptions) and immunostimulants are used (Laheferon 1 tablet in 3 receptions, interferon to bury into the nose every 2 hours).
Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women to all of the above adds vaginal candles with antibiotics (metronidazole 1 candle for night 10 days, gravagin 1 candle for night 7-10 days).
After the end of the therapy, a woman needs to undergo a test study. For this 10 days after the last antibiotic tablet, the female doctor (gynecologist) takes the smear and makes sowing. This procedure must be carried out three times, during each subsequent menstrual cycle. Only if for these three months all the results will be negative, the woman can be considered healthy.
The treatment of mycoplasmosis in men adds to the general principles of ointments or creams containing antibacterial substances (metrogil, flat - rub into the penis head 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks). At the end of the treatment undergo treatment of treatment. Any method of laboratory research, which is available in a medical institution a male doctor (an andrologist or urologist) checks the presence of mycoplasma in the body.
Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children
Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children is one of the difficult tasks. The reason for this is the severity of the disease. It is recommended to hospitalize all children after installing such a diagnosis.
The basis in eliminating the causes of the disease are antibiotics. If a child is up to 12 years old, then it is shown by macrolides in the form of a suspension or capsule, and if the state is extremely severe, then intramuscularly or intravenously fluoroquinolones.
Approximate scheme Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children includes such drugs as:
- Antibacterial drug - azithromycin (Sumamed) - 10 mg / kg body weight;
- Expectorant - syrup of Dr. Tais, Dr. MΩ syrup - up to 6 years old, ½ teaspoon, from 6 to 12 years old 1 teaspoon, from 12 years old 1 tablespoon 4-6 times a day.
- Antipyretic - Nurofen - up to 3 years at 2.5 ml 2 times a day, from 3 to 6 to 5 ml 2-3 times a day, from 6 to 12 to 7.5 ml 4 times a day, from 12 years to 10 years 4 times in day.
- Probiotic - bifiform 1 capsule 2-3 times per day.
- Immunostimulator - interferon leukocytarial to bury into the nose every 2 hours.
- Abundant drink.
Children's doctor (pediatrician) will appoint a full-fledged treatment, depending on the symptoms, the state of the child and its age. In no case cannot be engaged in self-medication.
Treatment of mycoplasmosis by folk remedies
Treatment of mycoplasmosis by folk remedies can be allowed only with urogenital form, not complicated. Here are a few recipes that use well with low-speed or asymptomatic versions:
- 3 tablespoons of golden grass of golden in 3 glasses of boiling water for 45 minutes. Take on ½ cup 4-6 times a day for 21 days.
- 15 g of collection (boring uterus, grass of wintering and pears) pour 3-4 cups of hot water and insist 45-50 minutes. Take on ½ cup 5 times a day for 21-28 days.
- 2 tablespoons of oak bark and 1 tablespoon of boring uterus pour 1 ½ cup boiling water, insist 30-45 minutes. Use as sharpening the vagina 2 times a day.
Prevention Mycoplasmosis
Specific prophylaxis (vaccine) against mycoplasmosis does not exist.
From the pulmonary mycoplasmosis, it is necessary to adhere to the same rules as with other respiratory tract infections (hardening, maintenance of immunity, receiving vitamins).
The prevention of the urogenital form mycoplasmosis includes observance of personal hygiene rules, adequate sterilization of gynecological tools, purification of water in public pools. It is also necessary to adequate identification and treatment of patients with mycoplasmosis. You must not forget about safe sexual contacts. In addition, women need to go in half a year preventive inspection at the gynecologist.
Mycoplasmosis in women
The incubation period after contact with mycoplasmas is from 4 to 55 days (on average 14 days). But due to the fact that most often mycoplasmosis in women passes in low-speed or asymptomatic forms, then determine the moment of infection is practically not possible. The ratio of the frequency of occurrence of mycoplasmosis in men and in women is 1: 2.
Due to the fact that the sexual path of transmission of infection is preferential, women can be infected not only directly with sex contact, but also by domestic pathways - through towels, sheets or gynecological tools.
Increase the discovery frequency mycoplasmas in patients and low level of social status, the use of hormonal contraception instead of condoms, sexual partner with various venereal diseases.
Mycoplasmosis in women is classified depending on the place of lesion:
- mycoplasmable bartholinite (the defeat of the specific glands near the entrance to the vagina);
- mycoplasmable vaginite (damage to the mucous membrane of the vagina);
- mycoplasmable endometritis (damage to the inner shell of the uterus);
- mycoplasmable salpindhyte (uterine pipe damage), etc.
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in women
Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in women
To diagnose mycoplasmosis, several laboratory methods are used. These include:
The main complications of mycoplasmosis in women include the abscess of the brave of anticipation of the vagina (purulent inflammation), inflammation of the bladder and kidneys, infertility, familiar miscarriages, chronic endometritis (inflammation of the inner sheath of the uterus), placental failure (the pathology of the placenta, which causes a number of diseases in the fetus), intrauterine Fetal diseases without placenta pathology.
Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women
Mycoplasmosis in men
The incubation period of mycoplasmosis in men is from 4 to 55 days (on average 14 days). But due to the fact that most often mycoplasmosis takes place in low-speed or asymptomatic forms, then it is practically impossible to determine the moment of infection. Men are sick less often women. The ratio of the frequency of occurrence of mycoplasmosis in men and in women is 1: 2.
Mycoplasmosis is divided into place of lesion:
- mycoplasmable urethritis (the defeat of the urethra);
- mycoplasmable prostatitis (prostate damage);
- mycoplasmable orchitis (defeat of one or two eggs)
- mycoplasmable epidididimitis (damage to the appendages of testicles).
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men
Mycoplasmosis does not cause characteristic symptoms in men. Most often, everything proceeds almost imperceptibly and does not occur to appeal to the doctor. The disease begins with minor selections from genital organs and unmotivated discomfort. Also to the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men include itching and pain in the field of penis. In rare cases, painful sensations may occur in the area of \u200b\u200bthe crotch, scrotum and even give to the rear pass.
With mycoplasma urethritis, the symptoms include purulent releases of various in terms of quantity, urine clouding, a feeling of discomfort in the field of the head of the penis, itching or burning through the entire urethra. If this is a sharp course of mycoplasmosis, the signs are pronounced more pronounced and it can push the man to treat the hospital. But in the chronic flow of complaints, there is practically no, the patient does not appear to the doctor, which can lead to various complications.
Mycoplasmain prostatitis occurs in men, which are already suffering from urethritis, and due to predisposing factors, the infection penetrates into the gland itself. These factors include regularly interrupted or delayed sexual acts, the presence of frequent constipation, the use of alcoholic beverages, etc. Patients may notice more frequent urination at night, the appearance of purulent threads in the urine or general urine clouds. With long-term flow of chronic prostatitis there is a decrease in potency.
With mycoplasma epididit and orchitis, a man feels minor pulling pain in the scrotum area, rarely might have a small swelling of the scrotum, which the patient may not notice.
Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in men
Some laboratory methods are used to diagnose mycoplasmosis. These are like:
With a late or not proper treatment, mycoplasmosis in men can cause a number of complications. These include:
- Mycoplasmable pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidney substance);
- Mycoplasmable cystitis (bladder inflammation);
- Male infertility (caused by a violation of the movement of spermatozoa or their education);
- Mycoplasmable arthritis (inflammation of the joints).
Treatment of mycoplasmosis in men
Mycoplasmosis in children
Mycoplasmosis in children is a rather severe disease that is caused by mycoplasmas and has a number of clinical signs. The incubation period ranges from 4 days to 3 weeks (depends on the form of the disease). Just like adults, children can be carriers mycoplasm or a disease can leak low-power. The appearance of clinical signs in these cases is possible after stress or on the background of reduced immunity. Infection can occur intrauterine (from the patient of the mother), domestic path (through towels, linens, underwear), sexual means (with sexual properties, rape) and air-droplet (enough infection rarely).
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children
Mycoplasmosis in children is divided into clinical forms:
- respiratory - striking the upper respiratory tract;
- pneumonic - striking the lower respiratory tract;
- urogenital - striking the urinary system;
- perinatal - striking the fetus from the mother;
- generalized - defeat of the entire body, extremely severe form.
Mycoplasmosis in children, depending on the form, causes such symptoms:
Respiratory form: From the beginning of infection to the development of the clinic runs from 4 to 7 days. The body temperature is rising to 38 ° C, but intoxication (weakness, body lubrication, headache, drowsiness) is not. The top departments of the respiratory system are affected (larynx, trachea, bronchi). Rarely may occur symptoms of obstruction (it is hard to breathe and exhale air). It takes enough easy. However, with improper treatment, complications may arise: the addition of other microorganisms, lymphadenopathy (lesion of the lymphatic system), cervical lymphadenitis (inflammation of cervical lymph nodes).
Pneumonic form: From the beginning of infection to the development of the clinic passes from 1 to 3 weeks. The beginning can be both acute and gradual. In acute development in a child during the week, the body temperature rises to 39 ° C, after which another 4 weeks holds at 37.5-38 ° C. Signs of intoxication are slightly expressed, the upper and medium respiratory tract (to the middle caliber bronchi) are affected, light shortness of breath appears, the liver and spleen are increased, there may be pain in the joints. With the gradual beginning of the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children are heavier. During the week, the body temperature ranges from 37.5 to 38 ° C, after which it rises to 39 ° C and a long time is not knocked down. Signs of intoxication are strongly pronounced, lower respiratory tract (to the level of lungs), strong shortness of breath, the lips become blue. There is a bilateral inflammation of the lungs. It is characterized by dry, painful, parole cough, which after 3-4 weeks of the disease becomes wet, departs a large amount of purulent yellow sputum, perhaps even with blood. Complications of this form of children's mycoplasmosis may be sinusitis (inflammation of the nose mucosa), otitis (ear inflammation), pyelonephritis (kidney inflammation), hepatitis (liver inflammation), DVS syndrome (blood coagulation pathology), encephalitis (brain inflammation), lung emphysema (Increased airiness of the pulmonary fabric).
Urogenital form: Incubation period from 3 days to 3 weeks. Symptoms are the same as in adults. It is not often found in adolescence. Minor selection from the urinary organs, light itching, discomfort, are possible with urinary, pulling pain at the bottom of the abdomen, in guys gravity in the scrotum area. For diagnostics, the same methods are used as men and women. Complications can be cystitis (bladder inflammation), pyelonephritis (kidney inflammation), endometritis (uterine inflammation), salpingo-phorite (inflammation of uterine pipes and ovaries), epididimitis (inflammation of the appendages of testicles), orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), prostatitis (prostate inflammation). The distant consequences include infertility (and men's, and female), spontaneous spontaneous miscarriages.
Perinatal form: Infection occurs intrauterine from the patient mycoplasmosis of the mother. The child is born prematurely, does not correspond to its development date, has strongly pronounced respiratory disorders and brain disorders, pathological jaundice. The immune system is also poorly developed. This is evidenced by the development of the thrush, a long-term non-heavenly poucher. Also possible intrauterine fetal death.
Generalized form: This mycoplasmosis in a child amazes almost the entire body. Cardiovascular system, nervous, musculoskeletal, leather are involved in the process. Survival in this case is not very big.
Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children
Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy
Treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy
The treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy should be based on the basic principles:
- it is necessary to prevent the transfer of microorganisms to the fetus and the future child,
- therapy is prescribed only if the mycoplasma is found in an amount of at least 100 in 1 ml (colony-forming units),
- treatment must be complete and not harm neither the fetus nor the future mother.
Due to the fact that most of the antibacterial drugs can pass through the placenta and cause malformations of the fetus, the doctor must carefully weigh the choice of medication. Given the deterioration of the immune system when entering the child, a woman should take a large number of vitamins. There are special vitamins for pregnant women, in which the content of all substances is increased 2-3 times. This, for example, is pregnant, Vitruum Prenatal, Elevit. But the treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy will still be no antibiotics. Preparations from a group of macrolides are most safe. They least affect the fetus, do not cause malformations and have the shortest course of reception. The most optimal of all drugs of this group to appoint Josamamicin. It must be started to take only from the second trimester of pregnancy (no earlier than 12 weeks). This is explained by the fact that up to 12 weeks the fetus is the formation of organs, and after they only increase in size. Therapy scheme: Take 3 times a day at 500 mg (7-10 days). Or another option is possible: azithromycin 1 g to drink once, and then 250 mg for 3 days.
After the course of therapy was passed, and the doctor in the mirrors does not see signs of inflammation, it is necessary to conduct a test study. It is performed 1 month after the adoption of the last antibiotic tablet.
We must not forget that together with the future mother it is necessary to treat her sexual partner. Otherwise, all symptoms of mycoplasmosis may return again.
Urogenital mycoplasmosis
The urogenital mycoplasmosis is two types of bacteria: ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis. Of all inflammatory lesions of the urinary system, mycoplasmosis recently occupies 40-45%. Due to the fact that the patients rarely appeal to the doctor and are increasingly engaged in self-medication, or do not pay attention to the signs of the disease at all, there are increasingly launched forms of illness, with many complications.
The incubation period of genital mycoplasmosis ranges from 3 days to 3 weeks. But due to the fact that the disease often proceeds asymptomatic or low-almptomy, to determine the time for infection is not possible. The ratio of the frequency of the occurrence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1: 2.
The path of transferring urogenital mycoplasmosis is basically sexual. However, it is possible to get infected and household - through bed linen, towels. Also, women can get mycoplasmosis and at the reception at the gynecologist with poor processing of the toolkit (through gynecological mirrors, gloves).
Symptoms of urogenital myoplasmosis
The urogenital infection caused by mycoplasmas is divided into sharp, chronic and asymptomatic. Very often, mycoplasmosis is found in the prophylactic examination of the gynecologist randomly.
The symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men are minor selection from the urethra, light itch inside the channel or on the head of the penis, are possible when urinating, a sense of discomfort in the field of genital organs. Also during the defeat of the testicles and their appendages there are light pain and a small swelling of the scrotum. When joining the genital mycoplasma infection in the prostate, it is possible to increase night urination, lightweight pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe rear pass or at the bottom of the abdomen.
Symptoms in women are separated by mycoplasmosis of outdoor and internal genital organs. The signs of lesion of external organs include a small itching in the field of entering the vagina, minor discharge from the urethra or vagina. And if mycoplasma gets into the internal genitals, there may be painfulness in the lower abdomen, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lower back or rear passage. Menstrual cycle is broken, intermented bleeding is possible. With the launched form of genital mycoplasmosis, women are "familiar" miscarriage or infertility. Also, if a sick woman after all, it was possible to get pregnant, it was not excluded stilling the fetus or premature birth. At the same time, the child has a number of pathologies.
Diagnosis of urogenital myoplasmosis
In order to correctly make a diagnosis of urogenital infection of the urogenital system, inspection and laboratory research methods are necessary. In case of inspection, you can detect inflammatory changes, swelling, redness, erosion, soreness. This will open a doctor for the idea that the presence of any microorganism is possible. For clarification, such methods of laboratory diagnostics are used as:
Respiratory mycoplasmosis
Symptoms of respiratory mycoplasmosis
Initially, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis resemble flu or other viral infection. There is an increase in body temperature to 37.5-38.5 ° C, a dry, adsatory cough appears, there is a feeling of cancellation in the throat, lays her nose. A little later, in a few days, the infection falls below, in bronchi. In this regard, the cough is enhanced, it becomes unbearable and parodial. Sometimes with a small amount of sputum. In the future, the lungs are involved in the process, mycoplasma pneumonia occurs (inflammation of the lungs). The above-mentioned features join a strong shortness of breath, and blood can be in sputum. With adequate and timely treatment, the sickness of the disease processes occurs from 3 weeks to 3 months. For mycoplasmosis, patients with weak immunity are characterized by complications in the form of meningitis (inflammation of the shells of the brain), arthritis (lesion of joints), jade (kidney inflammation). It is also possible to transition to a chronic form. In this case, it is necessary to periodically examine the patient for the development of bronchiectasis (pathological and irreversible airiness of the lungs and the expansion of bronchi) and pneumosclerosis (replacement of normal lung tissue on the connecting, scar).
Diagnosis of respiratory mycoplasmosis
In order to diagnose the pulmonary myoplasmosis of a single X-ray of lungs and a general blood test (as with other types of pneumonia) is not enough. There are a number of methods for determining the pathogen in the patient:
Treat the respiratory tract meals - a long and not simple procedure. Main preparation - antibiotics. Used in the main group of macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, Sumamed, Clarithromycin). If it is impossible or ineffective, their use exists in stock antibiotics (tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones). The duration of treatment is much longer than with other infections, reaches 21-25 days. In the first few days of the disease, when the cough is still dry and antitussive preparations (Codepin, Stoptushin). In the future, expectorant preparations (Ambroxol, Lazolyvan, ACC) are used to stop cough. At elevated temperatures, the antipyretic (paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimissulide) is required.
In no case cannot be engaged in self-medication, it is necessary to comply with the doctor's treatment.
Today it is believed that the mycoplasmosis of cats is not dangerous for people and other types of animals also cannot serve as a source of infection. However, the discussions do not subscribe to this account. Some veterinarians and infectious doctors claim that in connection with mutation and high adaptability of animal mycoplasma can be dangerous to humans. Especially if its organism is weakened by other infections.
Therefore, when communicating with homeless animals or when careing for patients, pets must be observed:
- If the animal is sick, then it is necessary to refer to the vet and pass the tests.
- It is regularly changing the animal litter, as the mycoplasma is saved to 7 days.
- Wash your hands after communicating with animals and care for them, do not touch the mucous hands with dirty hands.
Why is mycoplasmosis develop in children? What are the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children?
25% of pregnant women are asymptomatic carriers mycoplasmas. In the overwhelming majority of placenta cases and the accumulative shells protect the fetus during pregnancy. But when damaged an amniotic bubble or during childbirth, mycoplasma can get into the child's body and cause infection.Infection by mycoplasmosis in children can occur:
- when infected with the accumulation waters during pregnancy;
- when damaged placenta;
- when passing the tribute;
- when communicating with patients with relatives or carriers mycoplasmas.
- eye conjunctiva;
- mucous membranes of oral cavity and respiratory tract;
- mucous genital organs.
When infected with mycoplasmas in children can develop:
How dangerous is mycoplasmosis during pregnancy?
Question: "How dangerous mycoplasmosis during pregnancy?" Causes stormy discussions among gynecologists. Some argue that mycoplasma is definitely pathogenic microorganisms, very dangerous for pregnant women. Other specialists soothe that mycoplasma is ordinary representatives of sex tract microflora, which cause the disease only with a significant decrease in local and general immunity of a woman.Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause:
- spontaneous abortions;
- intrauterine infection and fetal death;
- development of congenital defects in the child;
- postpartum sepsis in a newborn;
- birth of children with low body weight;
- inflammation of the uterus after childbirth.
At the same time, some gynecologists do not agree at all with the statement that mycoplasmas are dangerous to health pregnant women. They indicate that Mycoplasma Hominis15-25% of pregnant women are found in 15-25%And complications for the fetus developing in 5-20% of them. Therefore, it is believed that mycoplasmas can harm the health of the mother and child only under certain conditions:
- in association with other pathogenic microorganisms, mainly with ureaplasms;
- with a decrease in immunity;
- with a massive damage to the genital organs.
In 40% of cases, mycoplasmosis proceeds asymptomatic and a woman does not arise complaints about health. In other cases, with genital forms of mycoplasmosis, such symptoms arise:
- itching and burning in urination;
- the pain at the bottom of the abdomen under the defeat of the uterus and her appendages;
- abundant or scant transparent discharge from the vagina;
- early detection of spindlewater waters;
- fever during childbirth and postpartum period.