What steps in the development of society are identified by scientists. Presentation on the topic "historical stages of the development of society". Scientists identify the stages of development of society, first of all

Slide 3

From ancient times to the present day, such stages can be distinguished in the development of society.

1. Traditional (agrarian) society.
   • society of hunters and gatherers,
   • gardening society,
   • society of pastoralists,
   • agricultural society.
2. Industrial (industrial) society.

Slide 4

Society of hunters and gatherers

It consisted of small groups of 20 to 60 people, related by consanguinity and leading a nomadic lifestyle.
They did not have a permanent habitat. It was replaced by temporary shelters, where men erected parking lots, where, leaving for a long hunt, they left women, children and old people.

Slide 5

The women were gathering. It was associated not only with the collection of edible plants.
To feed the entire primitive group, a large amount of food was required, so the hunters had to move very long distances.

Slide 6

Their routes depended on seasonal fruit ripening, fish spawning, and animal movements.
In ancient times, people could not themselves produce everything necessary to satisfy their needs.
They took what nature gave ready-made. When food supplies were exhausted, groups of people migrated to other places.

Slide 8

Gardening Society

Hunting and gathering have continued for hundreds of thousands of years.
Then humanity moved on to the next step - gardening.
People uprooted part of the forest, burned stumps, dug holes with wooden hoes and planted tubers of wild vegetables in them, which eventually turned into cultivated ones.

Slide 9

The wandering way of life was gradually replaced by a sedentary one.
Small vegetable gardens eventually gave way to vast fields, primitive wooden hoes to wooden ones, and later to iron plows or plows.
Gardening was a transitional form of farming, from obtaining ready-made natural products (wild plants), people moved on to growing cultivated vegetables and cereals.

Slide 10

Society of Farmers and Pastoralists

At the end of the Stone Age, the first global food crisis began. People had to master a new, productive way of managing the economy.
The inhabitants of the Middle East became the first farmers and shepherds. They began to sow and cultivate the land, and cultivated cereals from wild wheat.

Slide 11

People have a supply of food. The hunters stopped killing the caught lambs and goats and brought them with them to the settlements.
So gradually people tamed wild animals and moved from hunting to cattle breeding, from appropriating what nature itself gave them to producing the necessary products.

Slide 12

The emergence of cities and the division of labor

Cities became centers of trade, craft and cultural life.
An increasing number of people were freed from the need to work on the land.
Some of them took up the craft.
The division of labor led to the need for the exchange of products of labor of farmers, pastoralists and artisans

Stages of development of society

Human society went through several stages, stages in its development, before it acquired its modern form.

Scientists distinguish the stages of development of society, first of all, according to the method of obtaining means of subsistence and forms of management. From ancient times to the present day, in the development of society, one can distinguish the following
stages: society of hunters and gatherers, society of gardening, society of pastoralists, agricultural society, industrial (industrial society).

Society of hunters and gatherers

The most ancient way of food was hunting and gathering. Therefore, scientists call the hunter-gatherer society the first stage in human history.
It consisted of small groups of 20 to 60 people, related by consanguinity and leading a nomadic lifestyle. They did not have a permanent habitat. It was replaced by temporary shelters, where men erected parking lots, where, leaving for a long hunt, they left women, children and old people.

To feed the entire primitive group, a large amount of food was required, so the hunters had to move very long distances.

The women were gathering. It was associated not only with the collection of edible plants. So, in coastal areas, people collected shellfish left after the sea tide. At one of the parking lots
in North Africa, scientists have discovered millions of earthen snail shells. When the local snail colony was depleted, people who lived here wandered, changing their camp sites. They also ate several types of plants, including various herbs, fruits, nuts, and acorns.

In ancient times, people could not themselves produce everything necessary to satisfy their needs. They took what nature gave ready-made. When food supplies were depleted, groups of people migrated
to other places. Their routes depended on seasonal fruit ripening, fish spawning, and animal movements.

This was the longest period in the life of mankind. Scientists call it the "childhood" of human society.

Despite the fact that this period has remained far behind, researchers still find living evidence of history in various parts of the immense planet - primitive tribes of nomadic hunters
and collectors. They can be found in Madagascar, South Asia, Malaysia, the Philippines and other islands of the Indian Ocean coast.

Gardening Society

Hunting and gathering have continued for hundreds of thousands of years. Then humanity moved on to the next step - gardening. People uprooted part of the forest, burned stumps, dug holes with wooden hoes and planted tubers of wild vegetables in them, which eventually turned into cultivated ones.

The wandering way of life was gradually replaced by a sedentary one. However, it has not yet become the main feature of people's lives. Having used one piece of land for a vegetable garden and depleting the soil, people threw it and moved to a new one. And since the land was depleted quickly, the community stayed in one place for only a few years.

Gardening was a transitional form of farming, from obtaining ready-made natural products (wild plants), people moved on to growing cultivated vegetables and cereals. Small vegetable gardens eventually gave way to vast fields, primitive wooden hoes to wooden ones, and later to iron plows or plows.

With the increasing complexity of tools, labor productivity increased. One person could feed more people than before. Temporary camps were transformed into permanent settlements surrounded by vegetable gardens and cattle pens. Communities united and created tribes.

Society of Farmers and Pastoralists

At the end of the Stone Age, the first global food crisis began. People had to master a new productive way of farming, in which more products are obtained from the same territory thanks to the improvement of tools and its organization. This way of farming was farming - plowing, sowing the land and harvesting from the same plot for many years.

The inhabitants of the Middle East became the first farmers and shepherds. They began to sow and cultivate the land, and cultivated cereals from wild wheat.

People have a supply of food. The hunters stopped killing the caught lambs and goats and brought them with them to the settlements. So gradually people tamed wild animals and moved from hunting to cattle breeding, from appropriating what nature itself gave them to producing the necessary products.

Arable farming tied people to one place and contributed to the transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle. The population grew, the life expectancy increased. Large agricultural
villages that eventually turned into cities.

An increasing number of people were freed from the need to work on the land. Some of them took up handicrafts. The division of labor led to the need to exchange the products of labor of farmers, pastoralists and artisans. Cities became centers of trade, craft and cultural life. Humanity has passed to a new stage of government - the state.

With the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and the division of labor, there is a stratification of society according to property, cities, states, writing systems appear, and the transition to civilization is carried out.

From agrarian to industrial society

Societies of hunters and gatherers, gardeners, pastoralists and farmers are combined by many scientists into one stage of development, which is called an agrarian society. Agriculture predominated in the agrarian society. This society is also called traditional, because the life of people in it was closely connected with nature and subordinated to customs and traditions.

More than 200 years ago, the agrarian society replaced the industrial one, in which it was no longer agriculture that prevailed, but industry - industry. The formation of an industrial society was associated with the spread of large-scale machine production, the emergence of social groups of entrepreneurs and employees.

Agrarian society is a stage in the development of a society dominated by agriculture.

Industrial society is a stage in the development of a society dominated by industry.

Informational (postindustrial) society is a society in which knowledge and information play the main role.

Many countries of the modern world are classified as industrial societies, including Russia. At the end of the 20th century, the most developed countries entered a post-industrial (informational) society, in which a high level of development of science and technology, education, services, information technology (processing, storage, control and transmission of information) is ensured. These include countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan and the developed countries of Western Europe.

Studying history, we see how human society changes over time, different sides public life. Scientists note that the closer to our time, the faster the development of society goes, the faster the rate of social change. The development of society itself, its economy, culture, state, labor and everyday life is called social progress. The basis for the development of society is the improvement of tools and technology - technical progress - and the development of the person himself, who reasonably uses his achievements.

Modern hunter-gatherers

The aborigines of Australia, who have inhabited the continent for more than 40 thousand years, have not yet switched to agriculture and cattle breeding. Eskimos of Alaska and Canada are hunters. More recently, they started using rifles and moved to snowmobiles. The indigenous populations of California, Oregon, Washington and the District of Columbia (USA) are engaged in gathering, much like the Indians in the Great Lakes of Canada. For many Native Americans, fishing, hunting and gathering remain important livelihoods. They sell game and fish and live on the proceeds. The grassy plains of Argentina, southern Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay are also home to hunter-gatherers. There are about five thousand such groups of peoples in the world, with a total number of about 300 million people. In addition to the fact that they belong to the least developed part of the world's population, these peoples, as a rule, live in regions rich in natural resources. For this reason, they often find themselves at the center of numerous conflicts. In order to free up land for industrial construction, indigenous peoples are relocated to other places or to cities.

Let's sum up

Human society has gone through several stages in its development: a society of hunters and gatherers, a society for gardening, a society for pastoralists, an agricultural society, an industrial (industrial) society.

Each of them is characterized by certain methods of obtaining means of subsistence, forms of management.

Human society went through several stages, stages in its development, before it acquired its modern form.

Scientists distinguish the stages of development of society, first of all, according to the method of obtaining means of subsistence and forms of management. From ancient times to the present day, in the development of society, one can distinguish the following
stages: society of hunters and gatherers, society of gardening, society of pastoralists, agricultural society, industrial (industrial) society.

2. Society of hunters and gatherers

The most ancient way of food was hunting and gathering. Therefore, scientists call the hunter-gatherer society the first stage in human history.
It consisted of small groups of 20 to 60 people, related by consanguinity and leading a nomadic lifestyle. They did not have a permanent habitat. It was replaced by temporary shelters, where men erected parking lots, where, leaving for a long hunt, they left women, children and old people.

To feed the entire primitive group, a large amount of food was required, so the hunters had to move very long distances.

The women were gathering. It was associated not only with the collection of edible plants. So, in coastal areas, people collected shellfish left after the sea tide. At one of the parking lots
in North Africa, scientists have discovered millions of earthen snail shells. When the local snail colony was depleted, people who lived here wandered, changing places of parking. They also ate several types of plants, including various herbs, fruits, nuts, and acorns.

In ancient times, people could not themselves produce everything necessary to satisfy their needs. They took what nature gave ready-made. When food supplies were depleted, groups of people migrated
to other places. Their routes depended on the seasonal ripening of fruits, fish spawning and the direction of movement of animals.

This was the longest period in the life of mankind. Scientists call it the "childhood" of human society.

Despite the fact that this period has remained far behind, researchers still find living evidence of history in various parts of the immense planet - primitive tribes of nomadic hunters
and collectors. They can be found in Madagascar, South Asia, Malaysia, the Philippines and other islands of the Indian Ocean coast.

3. Society of gardening

Hunting and gathering have continued for hundreds of thousands of years. Then humanity moved on to the next step - gardening. People uprooted part of the forest, burned stumps, dug holes with wooden hoes and planted tubers of wild vegetables in them, which eventually turned into cultivated ones.

The wandering way of life was gradually replaced by a sedentary one. However, it has not yet become the main feature of people's lives. Having used one piece of land for a vegetable garden and depleting the soil, people threw it and moved to a new one. And since the land was depleted quickly, the community stayed in one place for only a few years.

Gardening was a transitional form of farming, from obtaining ready-made natural products (wild plants), people moved on to growing cultivated vegetables and cereals. Small vegetable gardens eventually gave way to vast fields, primitive wooden hoes to wooden ones, and later to iron plows or plows.

With the increasing complexity of tools, labor productivity increased. One person could feed more people than before. Temporary camps were transformed into permanent settlements surrounded by vegetable gardens and cattle pens. Communities united and created tribes.

4. Society of farmers and pastoralists

At the end of the Stone Age, the first global food crisis began. People had to master a new productive way of managing the economy, in which more products are received from the same territory due to the improvement of the tools of labor and its organization. This way of farming was farming - plowing, sowing the land and harvesting from the same plot for many years.

The inhabitants of the Middle East became the first farmers and shepherds. They began to sow and cultivate the land, and cultivated cereals from wild wheat.

People have a supply of food. The hunters stopped killing the caught lambs and goats and brought them with them to the settlements. So gradually people tamed wild animals and moved from hunting to cattle breeding, from appropriating what nature itself gave them to producing the necessary products.

Arable farming tied people to one place and contributed to the transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle. The population grew, the life expectancy increased. Large agricultural
villages that eventually turned into cities.

An increasing number of people were freed from the need to work on the land. Some of them took up handicrafts. The division of labor led to the need to exchange the products of labor of farmers, pastoralists and artisans. Cities became centers of trade, craft and cultural life. Humanity has passed to a new stage of government - the state.

With the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and the division of labor, there is a stratification of society according to property, cities, states, writing systems appear, and the transition to civilization is carried out.

5. From an agricultural society to an industrial one

Societies of hunters and gatherers, gardeners, pastoralists and farmers are combined by many scientists into one stage of development, which is called an agrarian society. Agriculture predominated in the agrarian society. This society is also called traditional, because the life of people in it was closely connected with nature and subordinated to customs and traditions.

More than 200 years ago, the agrarian society replaced the industrial one, in which it was no longer agriculture that prevailed, but industry - industry. The formation of an industrial society was associated with the spread of large-scale machine production, the emergence of social groups of entrepreneurs and employees.

Many countries of the modern world are classified as industrial societies, including Russia. At the end of the 20th century, the most developed countries entered a post-industrial (information) society, in which a high level of development of science and technology, education, services, information technologies (processes of processing, storage, control and transmission of information) is ensured. These include countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan and the developed countries of Western Europe.

Studying history, we see how human society changes over time, different sides public life... Scientists note that the closer to our time, the faster the development of society goes, the faster the rate of social change. The development of society itself, its economy, culture, state, labor and everyday life is called social progress. The basis for the development of society is the improvement of tools and technology - technical progress - and the development of the person himself, who reasonably uses his achievements.

Question 1. What kind of societies are there? Why are societies different?

The most stable in modern sociology is considered to be a typology based on the separation of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

A traditional society is a society with an agrarian way of life, sedentary structures and a method of socio-cultural regulation based on traditions. The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, well-established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family and the community. Attempts of any social transformations and innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production.

Industrial society is a type of organization social life, which combines the freedom and interests of the individual with the general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by the flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed communication system.

The difference in societies is associated with the gradual mental development of a person and the progress of the whole society.

Question 2. Using additional literature, Internet resources, give examples of peoples who currently continue to live thanks to hunting and gathering.

Some African tribes, groups of Indians, peoples of the far north.

Aborigines are the indigenous people of Australia who have inhabited the continent for over 40 thousand years. Until now, not all aborigines have switched to agriculture and cattle breeding. Eskimos of Alaska and Canada are hunters.

The indigenous population of the states of California, Oregon, Washington is engaged in gathering. The grassy plains of Argentina, southern Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay are also home to hunter-gatherers.

Question 3. The agrarian society has been replaced by an industrial one, in which industry has already predominated. How has the work of people changed with the invention of the steam engine, with the advent of machines?

Labor productivity rose sharply, cities and urban populations began to grow, and the living standards of the population increased. The booming industry and service sector provided many new jobs. Women's labor began to be massively used in industry, and for the first time in history, many women began to work outside the home. In general, the standard of living of the population has increased as a result of the industrial revolution. Improvements in the quality of nutrition, sanitation, quality and availability of health care have led to significant increases in life expectancy and a drop in mortality.

Question 4. What features of post-industrial society reflect photographs?

Universal computerization, the creation and use of robots, attempts to create artificial intelligence.

Question 5. What steps in the development of human society distinguishes science?

Modern sociologists have divided world history into three eras: pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial.

And modern anthropologists (scientists who study the formation and development of man) have divided all societies from ancient times to the present day into the following types: a society of hunters and gatherers, a gardening society, a society of pastoralists, an agricultural society, an industrial society. This division is based on the method of earning a livelihood and the form of management.

Question 6. Explain the meaning of the concepts: "agrarian society", "industrial society", "post-industrial society".

Agrarian society (agrarian economy) is a stage of socio-economic development, in which the value of resources produced in agriculture makes the greatest contribution to the value of material goods. Formed as a result of the Neolithic revolution.

Industrial society is a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of adequate forms of labor organization, the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, line production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, humanization economic relations, the growing role of governance, the formation of civil society.

Postindustrial society is a society whose economy is dominated by an innovative sector of the economy with a highly productive industry, a knowledge industry, with a high share of high-quality and innovative services in GDP, with competition in all types of economic and other activities.

Question 7. List the distinctive features of the post-industrial society and briefly describe them.

The main distinguishing features of a post-industrial society from an industrial one are very high labor productivity, high quality of life, the prevailing sector of an innovative economy with high technologies and business. And the high cost and productivity of high-quality national human capital that generates a glut of innovation that competes with each other.

Question 8. Trace how the occupations and methods of economic activity of people changed from one stage of development to another. What changes have they brought in people's lives?

1) Society of Hunters and Gatherers. Since primitive people did not have a permanent dwelling, men erected parking lots where, leaving for a long hunt, they left women, children and old people. The women were gathering.

2) Society of gardening. From gathering, people moved on to horticulture - the cultivation of cultivated vegetables and cereals. Since the land was depleted quickly, the community on this site was delayed for only a few years.

3) Society of Farmers and Pastoralists. Hunters and gatherers became farmers and pastoralists. Arable farming tied people to one place and contributed to the transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle.

4) From an agricultural society to an industrial one. Societies of hunters and gatherers, gardeners, farmers and pastoralists are united into a single stage of development - an agrarian society. The life of people in it was closely connected with nature. More than 200 years ago, the agrarian society replaced the industrial one, in which not agriculture, but industry prevailed.

Workshop

1. Read the text "Modern Hunter-Gatherers" on p. 88 and answer the questions: on which continents and in which countries do modern hunters and gatherers live? What are the reasons for their existence in modern world? What problems do people living according to the laws of a traditional society have in the 21st century?

Modern hunter-gatherers live in Australia, Northern and South America... They usually live in regions rich in natural resources. For this reason, they often find themselves at the center of numerous conflicts. In order to free up land for industrial construction, indigenous peoples are relocated to other places or to cities.

2. Complete the sentences.

Ancient Greek society was agrarian, because subsistence farming prevailed.

The features of the post-industrial society are _ the prevalence of information technologies and universal computerization.

3. What stages of development of society have you already studied in history lessons? What historical eras do they relate to? Give examples.

Society of hunters and gatherers, society of gardening - Ancient world, society of pastoralists, agricultural society - Middle Ages.

4. Compare the agrarian and industrial society in the following positions: type of economy (appropriating, producing), way of life (sedentary, nomadic), the main occupation of the majority of the population (agriculture, industry), the presence of manual or machine labor. Fill the table.

Agrarian society - appropriating economy, nomadic way of life, agriculture, manual labor.

Industrial society - a productive economy, a sedentary lifestyle, industry, machine labor.

5*. What types of societies can be found in modern Russia? Prepare a computer presentation.

In modern Russia, there are features of an agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial society.