The first spacecraft of the planet Earth. School Encyclopedia 1 Pilotable Spacecraft

"The first spacecraft starts from the ground at a speed of 0.68 s ..." So the text of the task in the textbook on physics for students of grade 11 begins, designed to contribute to the consideration of the main provisions of relativistic mechanics in their consciousness. So: "The first spacecraft starts from the surface of the Earth at a speed of 0.68 c. The second apparatus starts moving from the first in the same direction at a speed v2 \u003d 0.86 s. It is necessary to calculate the speed of the second vessel relative to the planet Earth. "

Those who want to test their knowledge can practice in solving this task. You can also take part in solving the test together with schoolchildren: "The first spacecraft starts from the surface of the Earth at a speed of 0.7 s. (C - indication of the speed of light). The second apparatus begins to move from the first in the same direction. Its speed is 0.8 s. It should be calculated the speed of the second vessel relative to the planet Earth. "

Those who consider themselves to be knowledgeable in this issue, it is possible to make a choice - four options are offered: 1) 0; 2) 0.2 s; 3) 0.96 s; 4) 1.54 p.

An important didactic purpose of the authors of this lesson put forward familiarization of students with the physical and philosophical meaning of the postulates of Einstein, the essence and properties of the relativistic concept of time and space, etc. The educational goal of the lesson is the development of young men and girls of dialectical and materialistic worldview.

But readers of the articles familiar with the history of domestic space flights will agree that the tasks in which the expression "first spacecraft" is mentioned is capable of playing a more significant educational role. If desired, the teacher using these tasks could be disclosed both cognitive and patriotic aspects of the issue.

The first spacecraft in space, the successes of domestic space science in general - what is it known about this?

On the meaning of space research

Space studies were made to the science of the most valuable data, which allowed to comprehend the essence of the new phenomena of nature and put them on the service to people. Using artificial satellites, scientists were able to determine the exact shape of the Planet Earth, with the help of learning the orbit, it became possible to trace the areas of magnetic anomalies to Siberia. With the use of rockets and satellites were able to open and explore the radiation belts around the Earth. With their help, it became possible to solve many other complex problems.

The first spacecraft visiting the moon

The moon is the heavenly body with whom the most spectacular and impressive successes of space science are connected.

Flight to the Moon for the first time in history was carried out on January 2, 1959 by the Luna-1 automatic station. The first launch of artificial was a significant breakthrough in the sphere of space of outer space. But the main goal of the project was not achieved. She concluded the flight from the ground to the moon. The launch of the satellite allowed to obtain valuable scientific and practical information regarding flights to other space bodies. During the implementation of the flight "Luna-1" was developed (for the first time!) The second in addition, it was possible to obtain data on the Radiation belt of the globe, other valuable information was mined. The world print assigned the name "Dream" by the Space Actuate.

AMC "Luna-2" repeated the predecessor almost completely. The instruments and equipment used allowed to monitor interplanetary space, as well as correct the information obtained by Luna-1. Run (September 12, 1959) was also carried out using pH 8k72.

September 14, "Luna-2" reached the surface of the natural satellite of the Earth. The first in the history of flight from our planet on the moon was performed. On board AMC contained three symbolic pennants, on which there was an inscription: "USSR, September 1959." A metal ball was placed in the middle, which, when hitting the surface of the celestial body, flew over dozens of small pennants.

Tasks set in front of the automatic station:

• achieving the surface of the moon;
• development of the second cosmic speed;
• overcoming the planet earth;
• delivery to the lunar surface of the Vimpels "USSR".

All of them were completed.

"East"

It was the very first spacecraft in the world of all revealed to the Earth orbit. Academician M. K. Tikhonravov under the leadership of the famous designer S. P. The development queen was carried out for many years, starting from the spring of 1957. In April 1958, the approximate parameters of the future ship became known, as well as its general indicators. It was assumed that the first spacecraft would have a weight of about 5 tons and that at the entrance to the atmosphere it will need additional heat protection weighing about 1.5. In addition, pilot catapults were provided.

Creating an experimental apparatus ended in April 1960. In the summer, his tests were started.

The first spacecraft "East" (its photo below) consisted of two elements: the instrument compartment and the descent apparatus interconnected.

The vessel was equipped with manual and automatic control, orientation in the sun and earth. In addition, there was a landing, thermostat and power supply. The board was designed for a flight of one pilot in a scaffle. There were two portholes in the vessel.

The first spacecraft went to space in 1961, April 12. Now this date is celebrated as a day of cosmonautics. On this day, Yu.A. Gagarin brought the first space vessel in orbit. They were drawn around the earth.

The main task that the first spacecraft was performed with a man on board was the study of the well-being and working capacity of the cosmonaut outside our planet. The successful flight of Gagarin: our compatriot, the first man who saw the land from the space - the development of science was displayed on a new stage.

Real flight in immortality

"The first spacecraft with a man on board was launched into the orbit of the Earth on April 12, 1961. The first pilot-astronaut ship-satellite ship was the USSR citizen, a pilot, Major Gagarin Yu. A. "

Words from a memorable message TASS forever remained in history, on one of the most significant and bright pages. After decades, the flights in space will turn into a normal, everyday phenomenon, but the flight, perfect by a man from a small town in Russia - Gzhatska - forever remained in the minds of many generations as a great human feat.

Space Race

Between the Soviet Union and the United States in those years came the unlawful competition for the right to play a leading role in the conquest of space. The competition leader was the Soviet Union. The United States lacked powerful carrier missiles.

The Soviet astronautics already tested their work in January 1960 during tests in the Pacific Ocean. All major newspapers of the world published information that a person will soon be launched in the USSR, which will definitely leave the United States behind. All people of the world waited for the first flight of a person with a huge impatience.

In April 1961, a person first looked at Earth from Space. "Vostok" rushed towards the sun, the entire planet watched this flight from radio receivers. The world was shocked and excited, everything was not unrealized for the progress of the experiment in the history of humanity.

Minutes that shook the world

"Man in space!" This news was interrupted by the work of radio and telegraph agencies. "The tips are launched by a person! Yuri Gagarin in space! "

"East" to fly out the planet, you needed only 108 minutes. And these minutes not only testified to the speed of the space board. It was the first minutes of the new space EraThat's why they were so shocked by the world.

The race between the two superpowers for the title of the winner in the struggle for the development of space was completed by the victory of the USSR. In May, the USA in the ballistic trajectory also launched a person into space. Nevertheless, the beginning of the human outlet beyond the limits of the Earth's atmosphere was found by Soviet people. The first spacecraft "East" with a cosmonaut on board was sent by the country of tips. This fact was the subject of the extraordinary pride of Soviet people. And the flight lasted longer, passed much higher, it was a significantly more complex trajectory. In addition, Gagarin's first spacecraft (photo represents it appearance) It is impossible to compare with a capsule in which the American pilot made a flight.

Morning era of cosmos

These 108 minutes changed the life of Yuri Gagarin, our country and the whole world forever. After the ship came out with a man on board, this event, the Earth people began to be considered in the morning of the cosmic era. There was no man on the planet who would use such a huge love of not only his fellow citizens, but also the people of the whole world, regardless of nationality, political and religious beliefs. His feat was the personification of the whole better created by the human mind.

"Ambassador of the World"

Wearing the Earth on the ship "Vostok", Yuri Gagarin went on a trip to the countries of the world. Everyone wanted to see and hear the first astronaut in the world. It was equally welcomed by prime ministers and presidents, great princes and kings. And also Gagarin happily met miners and doctors, military and scientists, students of great universities in the world and elder abandoned villages in Africa. The first cosmonaut was equally simple, friendly and friendly with everyone. It was a real "ambassador of the world" recognized by the peoples.

"One big and wonderful human house"

Gagarin's diplomatic mission was very important for the country. No one would have been so successfully as the first person who visited the cosmos, tie a nodule of friendship between people and peoples, to combine thoughts and hearts. He possessed an unforgettable, charming smile, amazing benevolence, which united people different countries, various beliefs. Unusually convincing were his passionate, coming from the heart of the speech, calling for the world around the world.

"I saw that the Earth is beautiful," Gagarin said. - from space indistinguishable borders of states. Our planet looks from space as one big and wonderful human home. All honest people are responsible for the order and peace in their home. " He was infinitely believed.

Unprecedented rise of the country

At dawn of that unforgettable day, he was a sign of a limited circle of people. At noon, his name learned the whole planet. Millions stretched to him, he fell in love with kindness, youth, beauty. For humanity, he became a precursor of the future, the intelligence, who returned from the dangerous search, which opened new ways to knowledge.

In the eyes of many, he personified his country, was a representative of the people, at one time who made a huge contribution to the victory over the fascists, and now the first rising to space. The name of Gagarin, who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, became a symbol of the country's unprecedented take-off to the new heights of social and economic progress.

Start stage of the study of space

Even before making a famous flight, when the first spacecraft with a man on board was launched into space, Gagarin wondered how much the cosmos was developing, for which mighty ships and rockets need. Why are the telescopes mounted and orbits are calculated? Why take off satellites and raise the antennas of radio stations? He very well understood the urgent need and the importance of these cases and sought to make his contribution to the initial stage of the study by a human cosmos.

The first spacecraft "Vostok": tasks

The main scientific tasks that faced the East ship were the following. First, studying the impact of flight conditions in orbit on the state of the human body and its performance. Secondly, checking the principles of building spacecraft.

History of creation

In 1957 S.P. A special department number 9 was organized in the framework of the Scientific OKB special department No. 9. It provided for the creation of artificial satellites of our planet. The department was headed by a companion of Korolev M.K. Tikhonravy. Also, the creation of a satellite manned by man on board was also investigated. Korolevskaya P-7 was considered as a carrier rocket. Calculations, a missile with a third degree of protection was able to withdraw five-tailed goods to a low near-earth orbit.

In the calculations on early stage Developments took part of mathematicians of the Academy of Sciences. Warning was done that tenfold overload can lead to a ballistic descent with orbit.

The department examined the conditions for the implementation of this task. I had to abandon the consideration of the winged options. As the most acceptable way to return a person, the possibilities of its catapulting and further descent on the parachute were studied. There was no separate rescue of the descent apparatus.

During the medical research, it was proved that the most acceptable for the human body is the spherical shape of the descent apparatus, which allows you to withstand significant loads without serious consequences for the health of the astronaut. It was a spherical form that was chosen for the production of the descent apparatus of the piloted vessel.

The first shipped ship "East-1K" was sent. It was an automatic flight, which took place in May 1960, later created and worked out the modification of the East-3Ka, which was completely ready for the piloted flights.

In addition to one failed flight, which ended with the carrier rocket accident at the very start, the program was launched by the launch of six unmanned vehicles and six piloted spacecraft.

The program was carried out:

• conducting a person in space - the first spacecraft "East 1" (photo represents the image of the vessel);
• flight last day: "East-2";
• group flights: "East-3" and "East-4";
• participation in the Space Flight of the First Cosmonaut: "East-6".

East: Characteristics and Ship Device

Characteristics:

• weight - 4.73 tons;
• length - 4.4 m;
• diameter - 2.43 m.

Device:

• spherical descended apparatus 2.3 m);
• orbital and conical instrumentation compartments (2.27 tons, 2.43 m) - their mechanical connection is provided with the help of pyrotechnic locks and metal tapes.

Equipment

Automatic and manual control, automatic orientation in the sun and manual orientation to the ground.

Life support (provided for 10 days. Maintaining an internal atmosphere corresponding to the parameters of the Earth's atmosphere).

Command logical control, power supply, thermostat, landing.

For human work

In order to ensure the work of a person in space, the board was equipped with the following equipment:

• autonomous and radiotelemetric devices needed to monitor the status of the cosmonaut;
• devices for radiotelephone communication with ground stations;
• command Radiolin;
• program-time devices;
• television system for watching the pilot from the Earth;
• radio system for the monitoring of orbit and shipping vessel;
• brake motor installation and others.

Device of the descendable apparatus

In the descent apparatus there were two portholes. One of them was located on the entrance hatch, slightly above the head of the pilot, the other, with a special orientation system, was located in the floor at his feet. Dressed in placed in a catapultic chair. It was envisaged that after the braking of the descendable apparatus at an altitude of 7 km, the cosmonaut should be erected and the parachute should be landed. In addition, the possibility of landing the pilot inside the apparatus itself. In the descent apparatus there was a parachute, but the equipment for a soft landing was not provided. It threatened in him a person serious bruises when landing.

If automatic systems were refused, the astronaut could use manual control.

In the ships "Vostok" there were no devices for man flights to the moon. They had an unacceptable flight of people without special training.

Who piloted the "East" ships?

Yu. A. Gagarin: The first spacecraft "East - 1". Photo below presents image of a vessel layout. G. S. Titov: "Vostok-2", A. G. Nikolaev: "Vostok-3", P.R. Popovich: "East-4", V. F. Bykovsky: "Vostok-5", V. V. Tereshkova: "East-6".

Conclusion

108 minutes, during which "East" made a turn around the Earth, the life of the planet was forever changed. Memory about these minutes is the value of not only historians. Living generations and our distant descendants will respect the documents telling about the birth of a new era. Era, which opened the way to people in the endless expanses of the Universe.

As far as humanity has moved in its development, it will always remember this amazing day when a person first turned out to be one on one with space. People will always remember the immortal name of the glorious Pioneer of the Cosmos, who became an ordinary Russian man - Yuri Gagarin. All today's and tomorrow's achievements of space science can be considered steps on his trail, the result of the victory overwhelmed by him - the first and most important thing.

Introduction

"Vostok", the name of the Soviet single spacecraft series, intended for flights along the near-earth orbit, on which the first flights of Soviet cosmonauts were committed. Created by the lead designer O. G. Ivanovsky under the leadership of the General Designer of the OKB-1 S. P. Korolev from 1958 to 1963.

"East"? The first spacecraft, on which April 12, 1961, was carried out by a person in outer space. Pilotted Yu. A. Gagarin. Launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome at 9 am 07 minutes Moscow time and, having completed one revolution in orbit, landed at 10 h 55 min in the village of Velovka village Saratov region.

The main scientific tasks solved on the East ships were the study of the impact of the conditions of orbital flight on the state and performance of the cosmonaut, working out construction and systems, and checking the basic principles of building spacecraft.

The history of the creation of the spacecraft "East 1"

M. K. Tikhonravov, who worked in OKB-1, began work on creating a piloted spacecraft in the spring of 1957. In April 1957, a plan of project research was prepared, inspection, among other things, the creation of a piloted satellite ship. In the period from September 1957 to January 1958 studies conducted various schemes descended devices for returning from orbit USS.

All this allowed for April 1958 to determine the main features of the future apparatus. The project appeared the mass from 5 to 5.5 tons, acceleration at an inlet to the atmosphere from 8 to 9 g, a spherical descent device, the surface of which was to be heated at the entrance to the atmosphere from 2 to 3.5 thousand degrees Celsius. The weight of the heat shield should have been from 1.3 to 1.5 tons, and the estimated landing accuracy is 100--150 kilometers. The working height of the fly flight - 250 kilometers. When returning at a height from 10 to 8 kilometers, a catapults of the pilot of the ship was envisaged. In mid-August 1958, a report was prepared, justifying the possibility of making a decision on the deployment of experimental design work, and in the fall began work on the preparation of design documentation. In May 1959, a report was prepared containing ballistic calculations on the descent from the orbit.

On May 22, 1959, the results of the work were enshrined in the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 569--264 on the development of an experimental satellite ship, where the main objectives were identified and performers were identified. The decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1388--618 "On the Development of Outer Space Research" approved the main task - the implementation of human flights to space.

In 1959, the leading designer of the first piloted spacecraft "Vostok" was appointed O. Ivanovsky. By April 1960, a sketch project of the East-1 satellite ship was developed, represented as an experimental apparatus, designed to work out the design and creating an East-2 scout and a piloted spacecraft "East-3" on its basis. The procedure for the creation and timing of the launch of satellite ships was determined by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU No. 587--238 "On Plan of Mastering Outer Space" dated June 4, 1960. In 1960, the prototype of a single spacecraft was almost created in the OKB-1 group of designers under the leadership of O. G. Ivanovsky.

October 11, 1960 - Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1110--462 determined the launch of the spacecraft with a person on board, as a task of special purpose, and outlined a period of such launch - December 1960.

April 12, 1961 at 9 am 06 min 59.7 s. From the Baikonur cosmodrome, the first spacecraft with a man on board started. On board the ship was the pilot-cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin. In 108 minutes, the ship made one turn around the Earth and completed landing near the village of Breelovka Ternovsky district of the Saratov region (now Engels district).

"If now put the ship" East "on the landfill and all the modern main, they would have sat down and looked at him, no one would have voted to let such an unreliable ship. I also signed the documents that I'm fine, guarantee flight safety. Today I would never have signed it. I got a lot of experience and understood how much we risked "- Boris Dottok is an outstanding Soviet and Russian designer, one of the closest associates S. P. Korolev, Academician RAS (2000). Hero of Socialist Labor (1961).

Details Category: Meeting with space Posted on 12/05/2012 11:32 Views: 17631

The piloted spacecraft is intended for flights to the outer space of one or more people and safe return to Earth after the task is executed.

When designing this class of spacecraft, one of the main tasks is to create a safe, reliable and accurate crew return system on ground surface In the form of a loose-free descendant device (CA) or a cosmoplane . Cosmoplan - orbital aircraft (OS), aircraft (VKS) is a winged aircraft The aircraft scheme, which overlooks the orbit of the artificial satellite of the Earth by means of a vertical or horizontal start and returning from it after performing targets, making a horizontal landing at the airfield, actively using the lifting force of the glider. Combines the properties of both the aircraft and the spacecraft.

An important feature of the piloted spacecraft is the presence of an emergency rescue system (CAC) at the initial stage of launching carrier (pH).

The projects of the Soviet and Chinese spacecraft of the first generation did not have a full-fledged missile CAC - instead of her, as a rule, a catapulting of the crew was used (the Spaceship "Sunrise" did not have this). The winged cosmoplas is also not equipped with a special CAC, and can also have a catapults of the crew. Also, the spacecraft must be equipped with a system of life support (JSC) of the crew.

The creation of a piloted spacecraft is a task of high complexity and cost, so there are only three countries: Russia, the USA and China. And the reusable systems of manned spacecraft have only Russia and the United States.

Some countries work to create their manned spacecraft: India, Japan, Iran, DPRK, as well as ESA (European Space Agency Created in 1975 in order to study space). ESA consists of 15 permanent members, sometimes, in some projects, Canada and Hungary are joined to them.

Cosmic ships of the first generation

"East"

This is a series of Soviet spacecraft intended for manned flights by near-earth orbit. Created under the guidance of the General Designer of OKB-1 Sergey Pavlovich Korolev From 1958 to 1963.

The main scientific tasks that have stood for the East ship: studying the impact of the conditions of orbital flight to the state and performance of the cosmonaut, working out construction and systems, checking the basic principles of building spacecraft.

History of creation

In the spring of 1957 S. P. Korolev Within the framework of its OKB, he organized a special department No. 9, intended for work on the creation of the first artificial satellites of the Earth. The department headed the king's associate Mikhail Claudiyevich Tikhonravov. Soon, in parallel with the development of artificial satellites, research began in the department on the creation of a piloted satellite ship. The carrier rocket was to become the Korolevskaya "P-7". Calculations showed that it, equipped with the third step, could bring a weight of about 5 tons to a low near-earth orbit.

At an early stage of development, calculations made mathematicians of the Academy of Sciences. In particular, it was noted that the result of ballistic descent from the orbit could become tenfold overload.

From September 1957 to January 1958, all conditions for the implementation of the task were investigated in the Tikhonravov department. It was found that the equilibrium temperature of the winged spacecraft, which has the highest aerodynamic quality, exceeds the capabilities of the thermal stability of the alloys affordable by the time, and the use of winged design variants led to a decrease in the amount of payload. Therefore, the consideration of the winged options refused. The most acceptable way of the return of man was its catapultation at an altitude of several kilometers and further descent on the parachute. A separate rescue of the descent apparatus could not be carried out.

In the course of medical studies conducted in April 1958, pilot tests on a centrifuge showed that with a certain position of the body, a person is able to carry overload up to 10 g without serious consequences for its health. Therefore, they chose the spherical shape of the descent apparatus for the first piloted ship.

The spherical form of the descent apparatus was the simplest and most studied symmetric form, the sphere has stable aerodynamic properties at any possible speeds and corners of the attack. The displacement of the mass center into the feed part of the spherical apparatus made it possible to ensure its correct orientation during the ballistic descent.

The first ship "East-1K" went to automatic flight in May 1960. Later, the modification "Vosta-3Ka" was created and worked out, fully finished to manned flights.

In addition to the same crash, the carrier rocket at the start, six unmanned vehicles were launched according to the program, and in the future six more manned spacecraft.

On the world's ships, the world's first piloted space flight (East-1), daily flight (East-2), group flights of two ships ("East-3" and "East-4") and the flight of a woman-space ("East-6").

Space ship device "East"

The total mass of the spacecraft is 4.73 tons, length - 4.4 m, the maximum diameter is 2.43 m.

The ship consisted of a spherical descendable apparatus (weighing 2.46 tons and a diameter of 2.3 m), which also performs the functions of the orbital compartment, and a conical instrument compartment (weighing 2.27 tons and a maximum diameter of 2.43 m). Compartments were mechanically connected with each other with metal tapes and pyrotechnic locks. The ship was equipped with systems: automatic and manual control, automatic orientation in the sun, manual orientation to land, life support (designed to maintain an internal atmosphere, close in its parameters to the Earth's atmosphere for 10 days), command-logical control, power supply, thermal control and landing . To ensure the tasks of man's work in the outer space, the ship supplied autonomous and radiotelemetric equipment to control and register the parameters characterizing the state of the cosmonaut, designs and systems, ultravironmental and short-wave equipment for the bilateral radiotelephone communication of the cosmonaut with ground stations, command radio, software-time device, A television system with two transmit cameras to observe the astronaut from the Earth, the radio system control of the parameters of the orbit and the shipping of the ship, the brake motor installation of TDU-1 and other systems. The weight of the spacecraft, together with the last stage of the carrier rocket, was 6.17 tons, and their length in the bundle - 7.35 m.

The descent apparatus had two porthole, one of which was located on the entrance hatch, slightly above the cosmonaut head, and the other equipped with a special orientation system in the floor at his feet. Cosmonaut, dressed in the spacesuit, was located in a special catapultic chair. At the last stage of planting, after braking the descent apparatus in the atmosphere, at an altitude of 7 km, the cosmonaut erased from the cab and landed on the parachute. In addition, the ability to land the astronaut inside the descent apparatus. The descent apparatus had its own parachute, but was not equipped with the means of performing a soft landing, which threatened to be a serious injury left in him with a joint landing.

In case of refusal of automatic systems, the astronaut could switch to manual control. Ships "Vostok" were not adapted for man flights to the moon, and also did not allow the possibilities of flights of people who did not undergo special training.

Pilots of spacecraft "Vostok":

"Sunrise"

Two or three ordinary armchairs were installed on the place freed from the catapult chair. Since now the crew landed in the descent apparatus, then in addition to the parachute system, a solid propelled brake engine was installed in addition to the parachute system, triggered immediately before tapping the Earth from the signal of the mechanical altimeter. On the ship "Voskhod-2", intended to enter outdoor space, both astronauts were dressed in the Berkut Spafaces. Additionally, an inflated gateway camera was installed, which was reset after use.

Space ships "Sunrise" were displayed in orbit with a carrier-carrier "Sunrise", also developed on the basis of the "East" pH. But the system of carrier and the ship "Sunrise" in the first minutes after the launch did not have the means of salvation during the accident.

According to the program "Sunrise", the following flights were committed:

"Space-47" - October 6, 1964 Unmanned test flight for testing and testing the ship.

"Voskhod-1" - October 12, 1964. The first cosmic flight is more than one person on board. Structure crew - cosmonaut-pilot Mosquitoes, constructor Feoktistov and doctor Egorov.

"COSMOS-57" - On February 22, 1965, an unmanned test flight for working out the ship to enter the cosmos, failed (undermined by the self-destruction system due to the command system error).

"Cosmos-59" - March 7, 1965. The unmanned test flight of the device of another series ("Zenit-4") with the installed gateway "Sunrise" ship to enter space.

"Voskhod-2" - March 18, 1965 First Outdoor Cosmo from. The composition of the crew - a cosmonaut-pilot Belyaev and cosmonaut test Leonov.

"Cosmos-110" - February 22, 1966 Testing flight to check the work of onboard systems with a long orbital flight, there were two dogs on board - Breeze and cornerFlight lasted 22 days.

Second-Generation Space Ships

"Union"

A series of multi-seat spacecraft for flights in an near-earth orbit. Developer and Manufacturer of the Ship - RKK "Energia" ( Rocket and Space Corporation "Energy" named after S. P. Korolev. The head organization of the corporation is located in the city of Korolev, a branch - on the Baikonur cosmodrome). As one organizational structure originated in 1974 under the leadership of Valentina Glushko.

History of creation

The Soyuz Rocket and Space Complex began to be designed in 1962 in OKB-1 as a ship of the Soviet program for the depth of the moon. At first it was assumed that a bunch of a spacecraft and accelerating blocks should be sent to the Moon on the program "A" 7k, 9k, 11k. IN further project "A" was closed in favor of certain projects of the location of the moon using the Zord ship / 7k-L1 and landing on the moon using the L3 complex as part of an orbital module ship 7k-Lok and landing ship-module LC. Parallel to the lunar programs on the basis of the same 7k and the closed project of the near-earth ship "North" began to do 7k-OK. - Multipurpose triple orbital ship (OK), designed to work on maneuvering and docking operations in an near-earth orbit, for various experiments, including the transition of astronauts from the ship to the ship through open space.

Tests 7K-ok began in 1966. After refusing from the flight program on the ship "Sunrise" (with the destruction of three of the four finished ships "Sunrise"), designers of the Soyuz ship lost the opportunity to work on it for their program. A biennial break occurred in the manned launches in the USSR, during which the Americans actively mastered the outer space. The first three unmanned starts of the ships "Union" were completely either partially unsuccessful, serious mistakes were discovered in the design of the ship. However, the fourth start was taken by piloted ("Soyuz-1" with V. Komarov), which turned out to be tragic - the astronaut died at the descent to land. After the accident "Union-1", the design of the ship was completely recycled to resume manned flights (6 unmanned launches were performed), and in 1967 the first, as a whole, was a successful, automatic docking of two "unions" ("Space-186" and " Cosmos-188 "), in 1968, piloted flights were resumed, in 1969 the first docking of two manned ships and the group flight of three ships immediately, and in 1970 - an autonomous flight of record duration (17.8 days). The first six ships "Union" and ("Soyuz-9") were ships of the 7k-ok series. Also prepared for flights of the ship version "Union-contact" To work out the docking systems of ships-modules 7k-Lock and Lux \u200b\u200bLuner Expeditionary complex L3. In connection with the offacarial program of L3, the stage of manned flights, the need for flights of the union-contact disappeared.

In 1969, work began on the creation of a long-term orbital station (DOS) "Salyut". Ship was designed to deliver the crew 7kt-OK (T - transport). New ship It was different from previous presence of a docking node of a new design with an internal hatch laser and additional communication systems on board. The third ship of this type ("Soyuz-10") did not fulfill the task set before him. The docking with the station was carried out, but as a result of damage to the docking unit, the ships hatch was blocked, which made it impossible to transition the crew to the station. During the fourth flight of the ship of this type ("Soyuz-11") due to depressurization in the descent section killed Dobrovolsky, V. Volkov and V. PatsayevSince they were without scaffolds. After the accident "Union-11" from the development of 7k-ok / 7k-ok, the ship was redone (changes were made to the arrangement of the Ca to place the astronauts in the spacesuit). Because of the increased mass of life support systems, a new version of the ship 7k-T. He became double, lost solar panels. This ship became a "workhorse" of Soviet cosmonautics of the 1970s: 29 expeditions at the station "Salyut" and "Diamond". Ship version 7k-TM. (M - modified) used in a joint flight with American "Apollo" under the Epas program. Four Soyuz Ship, officially started after the accident "Union-11", had solar batteries in their design of various types, but these were other versions of the Soyuz ship - 7k-TM (Soyuz-16, Soyuz-19 ), 7k-MF6. ("Union-22") and a modification of 7k-T - 7k-t-af Without docking assembly (Soyuz-13).

Since 1968, space ships of the Soyuz series were modified and produced and produced 7K-S.. 7k-s was refined for 10 years and by 1979 became the ship 7K-ST Soyuz TMoreover, in a small transition period, the astronauts flew simultaneously on the new 7k-state and outdated 7k-t.

Further evolution of ship system 7K-ST led to a modification 7k-STM "Union TM": New motor installation, an improved parachute system, a rapprochet system, etc. The first flight "Union TM" was committed on May 21, 1986 to the Mir station, the last "Union TM-34" - in 2002 to the ISS.

Currently, the modification of the ship is operated 7k-stm "Union TMA" (A - anthropometric). The NASA vehicle was finalized to flights to the "ISS". Cosmonauts can work on it, which could not fit in the "Union TM" for growth. The cosmonaut console was replaced with a new, with a modern element base, a parachute system is improved, reduced heat shield. The last launch of the ship of this modification "Union TMA-22" took place on November 14, 2011

In addition to the "Union of TMA", today the ships of the new series are used for flight flights 7K-STMA-M "Union TMA-M" ("Union of TMAT") (C - digital).

Device

The ships of this series consist of three modules: an instrument and aggregate compartment (PJSC), a descent apparatus (CA), a household compartment (Bo).

PJSC is a combined motor installation, fuel for it, utilities. The length of the compartment is 2.26 m, the main diameter of 2.15 m. The motor set consists of 28 DPOs (engine moisters and orientation) by 14 on each collector, as well as a bribering-corrective motor (LCD). The CCD is designed for orbital maneuvering and gathering from orbit.

The power supply system consists of solar batteries and batteries.

In the descent apparatus there are places for astronauts, life support systems, control, parachute system. The length of the compartment is 2.24 m, the diameter of 2.2 m. The household compartment has a length of 3.4 m, the diameter of 2.25 m. It is equipped with a docking node and a rapprochement system. Loads for the station, a different payload, a number of life support systems, in particular toilet, are located in hermetic amount of Bo. Through the boarding hatch on the side surface of Bo astronauts enter the ship on the starting position of the cosmodrome. Bo can be used at a sliding into open space in the "Orlan" type spaces through the landing hatch.

New upgraded version "Union of TMA-MS"

The update will affect almost every system of the piloted ship. Major points of the Space Modernization Program:

• energy rating of solar cells will be increased by the use of more efficient photoelectric converters;
• reliability of the convergence and docking of the ship with a space station due to changes in the installation of moisters of moisture and orientation. The new scheme of these engines will allow you to complete the convergence and docking even in case of refusal of one of the engines and ensure the descent of the pilotable ship at any two engine failures;
• new system Communication and direction finding, which will allow, in addition to improving radio quality, facilitate the search for a descendable apparatus, landed at any point of the globe.

At the modernized "Union of TMA-MS", the GLONASS system sensors will be installed. At the parachute stage, and after planting the descent apparatus, its coordinates obtained according to GLONASS / GPS will be transmitted through the satellite COSOS-SARSAT system in the PC.

"Union of TMA-MS" will become the last modification of the "Union" The ship will be used for manned flights until the new generation ship comes to replace him. But this is a completely different story ...

The USSR deservedly retained the title of the most powerful cosmic power. The first satellite derived into the orbit of the Earth, the squirrel and the arrow, flight into the cosmos of the first person - more than good reasons for this. But there were scientific breakthroughs and tragedies unknown to the general public in the Soviet Space History. They will be discussed about them in our review.

1. Interplanetary station "Luna-1"

The Interplanetary Station "Luna-1", which was launched on January 2, 1959, became the first spacecraft successfully achieved the surroundings of the Moon. The 360-kilogram spacecraft drove cargo from the Soviet symbolism, which was supposed to be placed on the surface of the Moon to demonstrate the superiority of Soviet science. Nevertheless, the ship missed the Moon, passing 6,000 kilometers from her surface.

During the flight to the Moon, an experiment was carried out on the creation of an "artificial comet" - the station released a cloud of sodium vapor, which was lit for several minutes and allowed to observe the station from Earth as a star of 6 values. What is interesting, "Luna-1" was at least the fifth attempt to the USSR on the launch of the spacecraft to the natural satellite of the Earth, the first 4 ended in failure. Radio signals from the station stopped three days after launch. Later in 1959, the Luna-2 probe reached the surface of the Moon, having committed a rigid landing.

Launched on February 12, 1961, the Soviet Space Probe Venus-1 started to Venus to land on her surface. As in the case of the Moon, it was not the first launch - the 1Ba No. 1 apparatus (which also dubbed the "satellite-7") failed. Although the probe itself was to burn at the entrance to the atmosphere of Venus, it was planned that the descent capsule reaches the surface of Venus, which would make it the first object of anthropogenic origin on the surface of another planet.

The initial launch was good, but a week later, the connection with the probe was lost (presumably, due to overheating of the direction sensor in the Sun). As a result, an unmanaged station was 100,000 kilometers from Venus.

The station "Luna-3", launched on October 4, 1959, was the third spacecraft successfully sent to the Moon. Unlike the previous two probes of the program "Moon", this was equipped with a camera that was intended to remove for the first time in history reverse side Moon. Unfortunately, the camera was primitive and complicated, so the pictures turned out poor-quality.

The radio transmitter was so weak that the first attempts to transfer images to the Earth could not be. When the station approached the Earth, having flipped around the moon, 17 photos were obtained, on which scientists found that the "invisible" side of the moon is mountainous, and the difference from the one that is turned to Earth.

4. The first successful landing on another planet

On August 17, 1970, the Automatic Research Space Station "Venus-7" started, which was to land on the surface of Venus, the descent apparatus. To survive in the atmosphere of Venus as long as possible, the descent apparatus was made of titanium and equipped with thermal insulation (it was assumed that the surface pressure at the surface can reach the value of 100 atmospheres, the temperature is 500 ° C, and the wind speed at the surface is 100 m / s).

The station reached Venus, and the device began the descent. However, the brake parachute of the descendable apparatus was born, after which it fell for 29 minutes, eventually embarked into the surface of Venus. It was believed that the device could not survive at a similar impact, but later the analysis of the recorded radio signals showed that the probe transmitted temperature from the surface within 23 minutes after the rigid landing.

5. First artificial object on the surface of Mars

Mars-2 and Mars-3 are two automatic interplanetary stations - twins, which were launched in May 1971 to a red planet with a difference in a few days. Since the US was ahead of the Soviet Union, the first to reach the orbit of Mars (Mariner-9, which also started in May 1971, was ahead of two Soviet probe for two weeks and became the first spacecraft in the orbit of another planet), the USSR wanted to make the first landing on the surface Mars.

The descent apparatus "Marsa-2" crashed on the surface of the planet, and the descent apparatus "Marsa-3" managed to make a soft landing and began to transmit data. But the transmission ceased after 20 seconds due to the strong dust storm on the surface of Mars, as a result of which the USSR lost the first clear pictures made on the surface of the planet.

6. The first automatic apparatus, which delivered extraterrestrial substance to the Earth

Since the American astronauts Apollo-11 has already brought the first samples of the lunar substance to Earth, the USSR decided to launch the first automated space probe on the moon to collect the lunar soil and return to Earth. The first Soviet apparatus "Luna-15", which should have achieved the surface of the Moon on the day of the "Apollo-11" launch, when attempting landing.

Before this, 5 attempts were also unsuccessful due to problems with the carrier rocket. Nevertheless, Luna-16, the Sixth Soviet probe, was successfully launched after Apollo-11 and Apollo-12. A station landed in the sea of \u200b\u200babundance area. After that, she took soil samples (in the amount of 101 grams) and returned to Earth.

7. First Triple Space

Launched on October 12, 1964, "Voskhod-1" became the first spacecraft whose crew was more than one person. Although the "sunrise" was advertised as an innovative spacecraft, on the act he was a slightly modified version of the "East", on which Yuri Gagarin visited Yuri Gagarin for the first time. The United States had no double ships at that time.

The "sunrise" was considered unsafe even by the Soviet designers, since the place for the three crew members was released due to the fact that in the design abandoned catapults. Also, the cab was so close that the astronauts were in it without spaces. As a result, if the cabin was depicted, the crew would die. In addition, the new planting system consisting of two parachutes and an antediluvian rocket has been tested only once before launching.

8. First Cosmonaut of African Origin

On September 18, 1980, within the framework of the Eighth Expedition, the Soyute-38 Soyuz-38 spacecraft started to the Salute-6 orbital scientific station. His crew consisted of Soviet astronaut Romanenko Yuri Viktorovich and researcher Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez, the Cuban pilot, who became the first person of African descent, which went into space. Mendez was aboard "Salyat-6" during the week, where he took part in 24 experiments in the field of chemistry and biology.

9. The first dock with a uninhabited object

On February 11, 1985, after the semi-annual absence of people at the Space station "Salute-7" people, the connection with her suddenly interrupted. The closure led to the fact that all the "Salyuta-7" electrical systems turned off, and the temperature at the station fell to -10 ° C.

In an attempt to save the station, an expedition was sent to it on a cosmic Soyuz T-13 spacecraft for these purposes, which piloted the most experienced Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Janibekov. The automated docking system did not work, so it was necessary to carry out a manual docking. The docking was successful, and the work on the restoration of the space station was held within a few days.

10. First Human Victim in Space

On June 30, 1971, the Soviet Union was looking forward to the return of three cosmonauts, which spent 23 days at the Salute-1 station. But after the landing of the ship "Soyuz-11" from the inside there was no single sound. When the capsule was opened outside, inside discovered three dead cosmonauts, on the faces of which were dark blue spots, and blood flowed from the nose and ears.

According to the investigation, the tragedy occurred immediately after separating the descent apparatus from the orbital module. In the cabin of the ship there was depressurization, after which the astronauts suffocated.

Space ships, which were designed at the dawn of the cosmic era, seem raritets compared to. But maybe these projects will be implemented.