In the Saratov region found bones of ancient flying lizards. Archaeological excavations in Sugar Kom Mud turned out to be a dinosaur

Perhaps the archaeologist is not the most exciting mind profession, but in it definitely have their exciting moments. Of course, not every day, archaeologists find valuable mummies, but periodically can be stumbled upon something really amazing, whether an ancient computers, huge underground army or mysterious remains. We offer you the 25 most striking archaeological finds in the history of mankind.

1. Venetian vampire

Today, every schoolboy knows that in order to kill the vampire, you need to put the Ospen's heart to him, but hundreds of years ago it was not considered the only method. Let me present you an ancient alternative - brick in your mouth. Think yourself. How best to force a vampire not to drink blood? Of course, to score his mouth with cement before the dump. The skull, which you look at this photo, was found by archaeologists on the outskirts of Venice in a mass burial.

2. Dwarf children

At the end of this post, you will probably realize that for a long history, people (at least in the past) were supporters of cannibalism, sacrifices and torture. For example, not so long ago, a few archaeologists spent excavations in the sewer channels under Roman / Byzantine bathing in Israel and stumbled upon something really terrifying ... on the bones of children. And there were a lot of them. For some reason, someone at the top decided to get rid of many childhood remains, simply throwing them into the sewer.

3. Sacrifice of Aztec

Although historians have long known that the Aztecs held many bloody holidays with sacrifice, in 2004, a terrible thing was found near the modern city of Mexico City - a lot of dismembered and mutilated bodies of both people and animals that shed light on terrible rituals that were practiced here several hundred years ago.

4. Terracotta Army

This huge terracotta army was buried along with Qin Shihuandi's body - the first emperor of China. Apparently, the soldiers were to guard their earthly ruler in the afterlife.

5. Screaming Mummy

Sometimes the Egyptians did not take into account the fact that if you do not bind the jaw to the skull, then in the end it will open as if the person shouted before his death. Although such a phenomenon is observed in many mummies, he does not become less terrible. At times, archaeologists find mummies, which as if they really shouted before death on somehow (most likely, not the most pleasant) reasons. In the photo of the mummy, which was called "Unknown Man E". She was found Gaston Masparo in 1886.

6. First leisure

The leprosy (leprecha), also called Hansen's disease, is not infection, but people suffered from her often lived beyond the country because of their external deformity. Since on the Hindu traditions, the corpses are cremat, the skeleton in the photo, which is called the first lepers, was buried outside the city.

7. Ancient chemical weapon

In 1933, the archaeologist Robert Du Mesanil Door Bewson spent excavations under the remnants of the ancient Roman-Persian battlefield, when it came across some siege tunnels, stealing under the city. In the tunnels, he found the body of 19 Roman soldiers who died, desperately trying to escape from something, as well as one Persian soldier clinging to the chest. Most likely, when the Romans heard that the Persians were digging the tunnel under their city, they decided to divert their own to counterattack them. The problem was that Persians were aware of this and installed the trap. As soon as Roman soldiers descended into the tunnel, they met the burning sulfur and bitumen, and this hellish mixture is known to turn into human lungs into the poison.

8. Rosett stone

Detected in 1799 by the French soldier who sobs in the Egyptian sand, the Rosett stone became one of the greatest archaeological finds today and the main source of modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone is a fragment of a larger stone, which was written by Decree of King Ptolemya V (about 200 years BC), translated into three languages \u200b\u200b- Egyptian hieroglyphs, demotic letter and ancient Greek.

9. Divis balls

They are also called the stone balls of Costa Rica. Scientists believe that these Petrosphere, almost ideal balls that are now at the mouth of the Ducks River, cut out at about the turn of the Millennium. But no one may certainly say for which they were used and for what purpose were created. It can be assumed that these were the symbols of the heavenly luminaries or the designations of the boundaries between the lands of various tribes. Paranuchant authors often argue that these "ideal" spheres could not be made by the hands of ancient people, and associate them with the activities of cosmic aliens.

10. Man from the chalk

Mummified bodies found in swamps are not so rare for archeology, but this is a body called by a person from the challenge, unique. It is not only perfectly preserved with intact hair and nails, scientists were also able to establish the cause of his death on finds collected on the body and around it. Judging by the big wound on the neck from the ear to the ear, it seems to be sacrificed to ask the gods about a good crop.

11. Desert snakes

At the turn of the twentieth century, pilots discovered a series of low stone walls in the Israeli desert of the Negev, and since then they are confused by scientists. The walls could be more than 64 km in length, and they were called "Aerial Snakes", as they are very similar from the air on reptiles. But recently, scientists have come to the conclusion that the walls used hunters for the corner of large animals into enclosures or throw them from the rocks, where they could easily be killed several times.

12. Ancient Troja

Troy is a city well known for its history and legends (as well as valuable archaeological finds). He was located in the north-west Anatolia in the territory of modern Turkey. In 1865, the English Archaeologist Frank Calvert found a trench in the field he bought from a local farmer in Gissarlyke, and in 1868, a rich German businessman and archaeologist Henry Schliman also began to carry out excavations in this area, after he met Kalvert in Chankkale. As a result, they found the ruins of this ancient city, the existence of which many centuries were considered a legend.

13. Akambaaro figures

This collection of more than 33 thousand miniature clay figurines, which were discovered in 1945 in Earth next to Akambairo, Mexico. Nakhodka includes many small figures, reminiscent of people, and dinosaurs. Although most of the scientific society now agree that these figures were part of the exquisite scam, at first their find was produced by Furore.

Found on the wreckage of the ship at the Greek Island Andikitir at the turn of the twentieth century. This device to which 2000 years is considered the world's first scientific calculator. With the help of dozens of gears, it can accurately determine the location of the sun, the moon and the planets by simply entering data. Although disputes about its accurate use continue, he definitely proves that even 2,000 years ago civilization has already made huge steps to mechanical engineering.

15. Rapa Nui

Known as Easter Island, this place is one of the most isolated places in the world. It is in thousands of kilometers from the Chilean coast. But the most amazing in this place is not even the fact that people generally managed to get to it and observed, but what they managed to build huge stone heads around the island.

16. Tomb of sunken skulls

Conducting excavations on the drying day of the lake in Motale, the Swedish archaeologists came across several skulls with sticks sticking out of them. But this, apparently, it was not enough: in one skull, scientists found pieces of other skulls. Whatever happened to these people 8,000 years ago, it was terribly.

17. Map of Piri-Risa

This card is dated to the early 1500s. It shows the outlines with striking accuracy. South America, Europe and Africa. Apparently, it was general and cartographer Piri Reis (hence the name of the map) from the fragments of tens of other cards.

18. Geoglyphs of Naski.

Hundreds of years, these lines were practically under the legs of archaeologists, but they found them only at the beginning of the 1900s for the simple reason that it was impossible to see if not to look from a bird's eye view. The explanation was much - from the UFO to the technically developed civilization. The most believable explanation is that Nasquas were amazing farmers, although the reason they painted so huge geoglyphs are still unknown.

19. Scriste Dead Sea

Like the Rosett stone, the Dead Sea scrolls are one of the most important archaeological finds of the last century. They contain the earliest copies of biblical texts (150 years BC).

20. Moa Mount Owen

In 1986, the expedition was increasingly deepened into the caves of Owen Mountains in New Zealand, when suddenly stumbled upon a huge part of the paw, which you are now looking at. She was so well preserved, which seemed like her owner died quite recently. But later it turned out that the paw belonged to Moa - a huge prehistoric bird with a terrible set of sharp claws.

21. Manuscript Warusich

It is called the most mysterious manuscript in the world. The manuscript was created at the beginning of the 15th century in Italy. Most of the pages are occupied by the recipes of herbal infusions, but none of the presented plants coincides with now known, and the language on which the manuscript is written is not possible to decipher.

22. Göbekley-Tepe

At first it seems that these are just stones, but in fact it is an ancient settlement found in 1994. It was created approximately 9,000 years ago, and now it is one of the oldest examples of complex and monumental architecture in the world, which appeared much earlier than the pyramids.

23. Saksayuaman

This room surrounded by the wall of the city of Cusco in Peru is part of the so-called capital of the Inca Empire. The most incredible lies in the details of the construction of this wall. Stone plates lie so tightly to each other, which is impossible to push even hairs between them. This suggests what exactly the architecture of the ancient Incans was.

24. Baghdad Battery.

In the mid-1930s. Next to Baghdad, Iraq, there were several simple views of the jugs. Nobody gave them much importance while the curator of the German Museum did not publish a document in which she stated that these pitchers were used as galvanic cells, or, in simple language, batteries. Although this opinion was criticized, even the "destroyers of myths" connected to this case and soon came to the conclusion that such a probability exists.

25. Headless Vikings Dorset

Locking the railway to the English city of Dorset, the workers stumbled upon a small group of Vikings buried in the ground. They were all without heads. At first, archaeologists thought that, perhaps, one of the inhabitants of the village survived in Wiking raids and decided to take revenge, but after careful analysis everything became more foggy and confusing. The beheading looked too clear and neat, which means it was carried out only from behind. But scientists cannot say with confidence that it really happened.

The Old Testament Prophet Ezekiel involuntarily determined the work of the zooarcheologist: "And I am asked the prophecy, as he commanded me, and entered the Spirit in them, - and they came to life, and began their feet - quite, very great Had" (the book of the Prophet Ezekiel 37:10 ). Zooarcheologists literally clothe the flesh of long-dead animals, reconstructing the environment and the activities of ancient people to the extent that research remains for the remains of animals. Zooarcheology is an area of \u200b\u200bknowledge requiring knowledge in paleontology and zoology.

Zooarcheology It is engaged in the study of animal bones found in archaeological material. Its goal is to reconstruct the environment and the activities of ancient people to the extent that this is allowed to do studies on animal residues (Klein and Cruz-Uribe - Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984). Although some zoologists and specialize in the study of animal bones from archaeological monuments, nevertheless most of the zooarcheologists have education and experience in paleontology or in the studies of prehistoric fauna.

Tafonomy

The word taphonomy (from Greek. Taphnos - grave; Nomos - the law) is used to describe the processes that occur with organic residues in the formation of fossil deposits (Lyman - Lyman, 1994; Shipman - Shipman, 1981). Speaking easier, it is a study of the transition of remnants of animals from the biosphere into a lithosphere.

DISCOVERIES
Girem Bingham in Machu Picchu, Peru, 1911

The "lost city of Incov" was one of the archaeological secrets of the late XIX century, the legend about the last inclination of the Incas, where their rulers were hiding from insatiable Spanish conquistadors after Francisco Pizarro overthrew their empire in 1534. The young graduate of the Yale University named Girem Bingham fell under the influence of this mystery and penetrated the Wilkabamba monument highly in the Andes, but I realized that this was not the settlement. He persuaded his wealthy friends to finance the second expedition to the Ande.

The stubborn and extremely curious Bingham was an experienced climber and had good historical training. He came out of Cusco in 1911 with a caravan mules and moved along the Urubamba River, admiring the wonderful species of snow-covered mountains, mountain streams and tropical vegetation. A random meeting with the local peasant Melchor Artagova presented him with a story about some ruins in the mountains behind the river. On July 24, 1911, Bingham, together with this peasant and Peruvian sergeant, moved through Urubamba on a wooden bridge. Errors could not be. He climbed on all fours along a narrow path and climbed to a height of 600 meters in the forest on the opposite side of the river. After a short rest in the Indian settlement, he continued his way upstairs. For the sorry of the mountain, he saw recently cleared stone terraces, rising by 300 meters. Over the terraces who cleared the Indians, he fell into a dense forest and found himself between buildings, among which was a tripartite temple with the same wonderful masonry as in Cusco or Ollanteyatambo. He stood before the walls of the destroyed houses built with the greatest skill of the Inca. Girem made his way through the undergrowth and entered the semicircular building, whose outer side, a little oblique and slightly curved, surprisingly resembled the Temple of the Sun in Cusco. Bingham entered the most famous from all the ruins of Inca, Machu Picchu (Fig. 13.1).

Fossil fauna passes through several stages, while the biosphere falls into the hands of archaeologists. Initially bones occur from the fact that scientists call biocenosis, that is, the totality of live animals in their natural proportions. Killed animals or died for natural reasons form necrolezozoz - Masca or parts of carcass located on the monument. Complexes of fossil residues - taffentosis - consist of parts of animals that are preserved on the monument before excavations. The complex of samples is what has come to the laboratory, the part of the complex of fossil residues, that life is collected or included in the collection (Klein and Cruz-Uribe - Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984). Any person involved in the analysis of fauna must solve two problems: the statistical problem of assessing the characteristics of the complex of fossil residues according to the sample and the taphonomical problem is to conclude about the nature of the necrolesis on the complex of fossil residues.

In taponomy there are two related research directions. The first is the actual observation of the recently dead organic residues and how they gradually turn into fossil; Another direction is the study of fossil residues in the light of these information. This area of \u200b\u200bresearch has become relevant in the 1960s and 1970s, when archaeologists began to be interested in the value of the bones of animal bones on such ancient monuments, as the Alday Gorge in East Africa, and especially in the famous Caves of Australopithecus in South Africa (Brana - Brain, 1981).

There are no answers to many questions about processes that turn live organisms in the archaeological dice, in spite of some studies on how bones could be transferred and divided both carnivorous animals and natural agents such as water. For example, experiments with hyenas in captivity showed that they first choose the bones of the spine and the pelvic bones that they usually destroy completely. The ends of the long tubular bones of the limbs often swallow completely, while their bodies (diaphysis) often remain intact. These experiments are very important because they indicate that the reserve of bones made by the ancient hominids in the Gorge of Oldyuyuy, caught by the hyenas after people left. This process was led to the destruction of many parts of the body, and therefore it is impossible to say whether the hominids were selectively dragged by part of predator victims or not (Maryan and others - Marean and Others, 1992). People dismeaped animals with the help of guns before the carcasses destroyed carnivorous or natural processes, so the systematic actions of people are considered to at least a major factor in the study of damage to archaeological bones. Interpretation of prehistoric residential tiers and animal killing places should be carried out with great care, since complexes of bones and artifacts in such places say not only about human activity, but also about complex and little understandable natural processes.

Many zooarcheologists believe that the bone complexes from archaeological monuments it is impossible to reconstruct the actual human habitat. However, Klein and Cruz-uribe (1984) believe that viable paleological reconstructions can be made, if we compare several complexes of fossils using statistical methods, provided that the quality of the preservation of bones and the conditions for their deposit are similar. Each situation should be assessed with great care.

Sorting and identification

The remnants of animals are usually fragmented, being parts of the carcass, shaped on an archaeological monument or in the hunting place. What part of the carcass was transferred to the parking lot, to some extent depended on the size of the animal. Little deer could be brought on the shoulder entirely. Hunters-collectors sometimes sat down at the place of killing a big animal, there they eaten the part of the carcass, and the part arid. However, almost always bones found on the inhabited monuments were broken into fragments. Any edible meat was scraped with bones, made belts from the tendons, garbage, bags, sometimes used for housing. Evail even inside. The limbs were divided to get the bone marrow. Of some bones, the guns were made - the tips of the harpunov and arrows, hoes (Fig. 13.2).

It would be a mistake to assume that according to bone fragments in the archaeological layer it will be possible to calculate the exact number of animals scored by its inhabitants, or get a picture of the environment during the settlement of the monument (Grayson - Grayson, 1984). These bones were subjected to different processes from the moment of entering the archaeological layer. Tafonomic processes are significantly modified by buried bones, the bones of small animals can be completely destroyed, although it cannot be said about the bones of large. In addition, there are human factors: people could bring to game from afar or score all their goats right on the settlement. We do not have the opportunity to learn anything about the ritual role of some animals in the ancient communities, which taboch was put on the hunt for some animals, and on what - no. As already mentioned, we also have no opportunity to learn exactly a comparative ratio. different species Animals in T. historical times. Of course, researchers cannot use animal bones from archaeological monuments to respond to such questions. It is always unknown to distinguish between the fact that it would be possible to name the "animals" and "archaeological animals", identified by scientists (S. Davis - S. J. M. Davis, 1987; Grayson - Grayson, 1981). The archaeological animal is an ardent bone-broken bone, which after that was subjected to the destructive effect of the soil during hundreds and thousands of years.

In most cases, identification is carried out by direct comparison with known species. It is relatively easy, and it is easy to learn to anyone with a sharp eye (S. Davis - S. J. M. Davis, 1987). But only a small proportion of bones in the collection is fully full for this purpose. Drawing dogs in fig. 13.3 illustrates a typical mammalian skeleton. Small fragments of skull, spine, ribs, blades, pelvic bones are usually suitable enough to distinguish your pet from a wild or one kind of antelope from the other. It is easy to identify the upper and lower jaws, the location of the teeth and separate teeth, the bone core of the horns and sometimes the articular surfaces of the long bones. Teeth are identified by comparing sharp protrusions on their surfaces with teeth from comparative collections, carefully collected in the region of the monument (Fig. 13.4).

In some parts of the world, the articians of long bones can also be used, especially in the south-west of Asia or in some parts North Americawhere the local mammalian fauna is rather small in terms of the number of species. In the south-west of Asia, it is possible to even distinguish between domestic and wild animals of one weight according to the fragments of long bones, provided that the collections are large enough and the comparative material is quite complete and all ages of individuals and variations in the size of females and males are presented. But in other regions, for example, in the part of Africa, south of the Sahara, the local fauna is so rich and diverse and variations in the anatomy of skeletons as great that only the core of the horns or teeth can help distinguish the types of antelopes or wild and domesticated animal forms. Even the teeth are sometimes misled, because the sharp protrusions on the teeth, for example, buffalo and livestock are very similar and often the only difference is the smaller size of the latter. Experts often do not agree on what is the definability of the bone, therefore it is better to operate with the concepts of different levels of identification than just reject the possibility of determining many fragments. For example, it is sometimes possible to identify the bone fragment as belonging to the middle size of a carnivorous animal, although it cannot be argued that it belongs to the wolf. The identification stage in the analysis of the bone is the most important, since it is necessary to answer fundamental questions: are these domesticated or wild views? What is the ratio of each of the groups? What kind of domestic cattle kept the inhabitants of the monument? Have they had any preferences in the hunt that would be reflected in the proportion of game discovered in the layers of settlement? Are wild species characteristic of the fauna of the past, exist in this region today?

Comparison of bones complexes

Zooarchologists Richard Klein and Catherine Cruz-Uribe (1984) describe the criteria for counting taxonomic abundance to distinguish between real bones and shifted complexes, that is, as a result of a preiss collection or under the action of other factors. They use the same criteria for assessing the relative abundance of different types. Number of identified samples (chio) - The amount of bones or bone fragments from each type in the sample of bones. This criterion has obvious disadvantages, especially because it can exaggerate the importance of some species whose bones are more than others, just because the masses of those species were separated more carefully than others. Chio can affect both human actions, such as the cutting of carcasses and natural processes, such as weathelation. However, Chio has a certain importance, especially when using it to assess the minimum number of individuals from which identified bones turned out. Minimum number of individuals (MCHO) - The amount of individuals necessary in order to obtain such a number of all identified bones. This value is less than chio, and is often based on a thorough calculation of such individual parts of the body, like heel bones. Many difficulties of chio do not apply to the MCHO, because this value is a more accurate assessment of the actual number of animals. However, the accuracy depends on the use of the same method of calculating the Ministry of Emergency Situations, which is often disturbed (Grayson - Grayson, 1984).

Commonly taken by Chio and MCHO allow us to evaluate the number of animals, in the bone sample. But they are very imperfect methods of measuring the abundance of animals in the archaeological collection, not to mention the possibility of correlating bone materials with a population of living animals in the past. Klein and Cruz-uribe among others developed complex computer programs in order to overcome some of the limitations of chio and MCHO, programs that provide basic information, vital for comparison of samples among themselves.

Species Structure and Cultural Changes

During the ice age, most long-term changes in the species structure of animals were caused by climatic changes, and not cultural. But some changes in it should and reflect the human activity, how people used animals (Klein and Cruz-Uribe - Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984). These changes, however, it is very difficult to distinguish from those caused by change in environment. One of these places where it was possible to document such changes, is South Africa.

Game

Although the list of game and the description of the animal chants make it possible to understand the practice of hunting, but in many cases the content of this list is of particular importance, especially when we want to understand why hunters focused on some kinds and clearly ignored others.

Taboo. The dominance of one type of game could be the result of economic necessity or convenience or just a matter of cultural preferences. Many communities limit the hunt for some animals or consumption of meat of different game in sexual sign. At the modern tribe Kung Sen in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Dobe in Botswana, there are complex personal taboos for the use of mammalian meat, depending on age and gender (Lee - Lee, 1979). No one can eat meat meat all 29 species of animals, and every person has their own taboo. Some mammals can eat all the members of the tribe, but not all parts of the animal. Outfunths for rituals can impose other limitations: it is impossible to eat primates and some carnivores. Such complex taboos are repeated with numerous variations and in other communities of hunters-collectors and farmers, and this is undoubtedly reflected on the proportions of game residues detected on archaeological monuments.

Examples of specialized hunting are often found from ancient times, although it is rare to explain the causes of one or another preference. It is well known to conduct economy based on hunting for large game from the Indians Prairies (Freison - Frison, 1978). Another factor determining the specialized hunt is an excessive hunting or gradual extinction of favorite species. Okay known example It is the European Tour or Wild Bull Bos Primigenius (Fig. 13.5), which was the main mining of hunters of the Upper Paleolithic in Western Europe and which was hunted in postlegriters and even after the production of food began (Kurturt - Kurten, 1968). The last tours were killed in Poland in 1627. According to the descriptions and images, we know how this animal looked like. They were large, up to two meters in the withers, often with long horns. The males were black with a white stripe on the back and light long wool between the horns. German and Polish biologists by long-term breeding work successfully recreated this animal. On the will recreated tours very temperaments, fierce and mobile. These experiments gave a much more convincing reconstruction of one of the most frightening mammals of Pleistocene, which could give any number of reconstructions on skeletons or drawings of artists.

Practice archeology
Changes in the practice of hunting in the ancient South Africa

Zooarcheologist Richard Klein engaged in the problem of correlation of the species structure and cultural change, studying large seals of the fauna of two coastal caves in the Cape Province, South Africa. In the cave of the Clasis River (hereinafter referred to as Clasis Cave), hunters-collectors of the middle stone century lived between 130,000 and 95,000 years ago, during the warming of climate, and then approximately 70,000 years ago, when the climate became much colder. In warmer times the sea came close to the cave. Numerous mollusks, bones of seals, Penguins residue told us about the nutrition of people in this cave in the middle stone century. The remains of fish and seabirds come across rarely. The remnants of Canne's antelope are more common than other mammals, for example more than 2 times more often than buffalo residues. The remains of other terrestrial mammals belong to the species common in modern historical times. In contrast, in the nearby cave at Nelson Bay (hereinafter the Nelson Cave) there are traces of human habitat in a late stone age, approximately 20,000 years ago. In that period of the last glaciation, the sea was already a few kilometers from the cave. In this cave, there were many remnants of flying seabirds and fish, and Cannes antelope residues are only the third part, as much as the buffalo.

Klein also indicates that the sets of guns were completely different in these caves. The people of the middle stone century from the cave at the Klasis River used large tool-decent and spears, and the hunters from Nelson cave were bows and arrows and a large set of small stone guns and bone artifacts, some of them were made for special purposes, for example for fishing birds and fisheries. These innovations allowed the Latest Stone Age Hunters to kill more dangerous and cautious animals with a greater frequency. Thus, the reason for the people of the middle stone century more often came the antelopes of Cannes, lies not in the fact that it was more common, but in the fact that a more complex game was killed less frequently. Everything indicates that the Clasis tribes behavior (Behaviorally) were less advanced than people from Nelson's cave (Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984).

Klein connects some other information about the fauna with climatic data. The monument at the Klasis River contains the remains of the turtles and mollusks of the saucels of much larger than at the next time, as if these creatures would allow much longer to grow. These facts talk about lower pressure on the population of turtles and mollusks by a few people's population before the more technologically developed tribes appeared.

Changes in hunting. IN lately Hunting has changed much. Richard Lee (Richard Lee, 1979) recorded the stories of the old people of the Seng tribe about the hunt for the previous times. Then in the central part of Botswana had more game and more hunters. Their ancestors were hunted by the buffaloes, giraffes and elephants. Today, the tribe prevailing the kind of economy is to pick up, the addition is the use of meat 29 species of mammals, mainly such that, from one carca, you can get relatively more meat. Hunting is carried out by pursuit, the main source of meat is the African pig - a warthog and small game. Such changes in the hunt are a direct result of importing rifles and first hunting safaris that destroyed the wonderful fauna of Africa during the life of three generations.

Seasonal classes. Many prehistoric gatherers and farmers, as well as their modern counterparts, conducted life based on changing the seasons of the year, their livelihood activity changed off. On the north-west coast of the Pacific Ocean, when the Summna Salmon began to move upstream of the rivers, the Indians were gathered near them, thousands of fish were caught and kept them for the winter. At the beginning of the dry time of the year in Central Africa there was an abundance of wild fruits, which constituted an important part of the diet of the ancient farmers 1500 years ago. How are archaeologists study seasonal activities and reconstruct "economic seasons"?

Any aspects of the lives of the ancient hunters-collectors were associated with the change of seasons. In the long winter months, the tribes of the North-Western Indians were engaged in complex rituals. Ho-Ho animal husbandry tribe life in the Cape of Good Hope has changed sharply during dry or rainy seasons (Elfik - Elphick, 1977). During dry months, they were collected in several permanent water sources and near the low-drying rivers. At the occurrence of rains, they drove their livestock for nearby lands, saturating their herds in moisture from standing waters left after a rainstorm. How do archaeologists study seasonality? Success brought many methods (MONX - MONKS, 1981). In the simplest of them, with the help of bones and remnants of plants, they define when people were on the monument. For example, on the monument of 1000 years in San Francisco Gulf, people were every year about June 28, when the cormorants were still young (Howard - Howard, 1929) (Discussion of the Question of Birds, see later in this chapter). The presence of cord bones in ancient Norwegian monuments suggests that they were inhabited during the winter and early spring, optimal time for drying fish. This type of analysis is good, provided that the habits of animals or the availability of plants considered in this situation are well known and have not changed over time. Many plants are available for most of the year, but are suitable for eating only within a few weeks.

Knowledge of ecology both animals and plants are necessary, since the "schedule" of the use of resources, although, perhaps, not accurate, but, of course, was the most important factor in the life of the ancient communities (see insertion of the practice of archeology). Some animals, such as deer, are relatively indifferent to seasonal changes, but people used them differently in different time of the year. For example, the Indians of the Salish tribe from the north-west coast of the Pacific Ocean in the spring took males, and in the fall - females (MONKS - MONKS, 1981).

In addition, there are physiological phenomena in the life of the animal, according to which archaeologists can determine the meeting season with him. During the XV century n. e. The Great Plains Hunters Group regularly hunted on bison near the water source at Garynsa, New Mexico (Speat - Speth, 1983). John Speat analyzed the part of the bodies at the place of the face and found that the hunters in the spring, in the season of hunting, obviously preferred males. Those who cut carcasses left on the monument such parts of the body, which were given little meat, - heads and top sections of the neck, and those parts that have given a lot of meat, fat and bone marrow, was little. Also from males more than from females, bone bones for later use. Soot believes that the hunters preferred males, because after the winter they were in the best condition and their meat was fat.

Sometimes for seasonal classes may indicate the age of animals. As animal adults, the epiphyshes at the end of the bones of the limbs are slowly connected to the main body of the bone, and these places are completely soldered. When studying them, you can determine the total age of animals, say, on the parking lot of hunters, but factors such as nutrition, even castration of domesticated animals can affect the speed of this process. Some species, ducks for example, grow far faster than deer. It is clear that with this approach, knowledge of age-related changes is needed.
Everyone knows that during the growing milk teeth falls out, people often have problems with wisdom teeth. Teeth belong to so strong remnants of animals that many archaeologists tried to use them to determine the age of wild and domestic animals. It is enough to study the fallout of the tooth from the integers and even fragmented jaws, and this was done on the example of homemade sheep, goats and wild deer. And again food factors, domestication can affect the rate of teeth falling, and the rate of teeth wear can vary greatly from different populations (MONKS - MONKS, 1981).

Practice archeology
Environment and seasonality on the monument Star Carr, England

The monument of the Star Carr in the north-west of England was inhabited by a small group of stone-speaking gatherers in approximately 8500 BC. e. This is a tiny settlement in which half a century found well-preserved rare artifacts from bone and wood, known all over the world because it gave a remarkably full picture of life in Northern Europe immediately after the last ice age. Between 1949 and 1951, the archaeologist Grahame Clark (Grahame Clark, 1954) from the University of Cambridge found a small platform from a birch tree, covered with fragments of guns from stone, artifacts from bone and wood and a multitude of food residues. Using carefully recorded counts of artifacts, animal bones, pollen analysis and various kinds of complex identification methods, as well as a generous share of traditional European folklore, Clark reconstructed a small hunting parking in the lake in the lake. The pollen analysis showed that the old carr existed at the time when birch forests were first spread over the north of Britain, and most of the southern part of the North Sea was still land. Clark with his colleagues argued that the monument was inhabit the winter, the horns of Maral were evidence of this. Clark analyzed the methods of making copies from the bone, tied the technology of the manufacture of stone guns with those that were made in Scandinavia at the same time, and described the wonderful series of guns from the bone and wood, including hoes from Elk's horns (one of them was with a wooden residue Handles), solid wooden paddle for canoe, sewed and even pieces of bark and moss for ignition fire (Fig. 13.6).

During the half a century, the monument of the old carr became an important landfill for testing new ideas regarding communities of gatherers. Archaeologists Paul Mellars and Petra Dark (Paul Mellars and Petra Dark, 1999) Recently completed 12-year-old extremely electoral paleoecological and archaeological studies on the monument using all the resources of modern science to re-interpret the monument. When Clark initially screamed the old carr, he focused on a small wetland in the ravine. After three seasons, he interpreted the monument as a small settlement, possibly unregularly used by four or five families. New extended excavations spread to the dry plots and showed that the monument is much larger than Clark assumed. With the help of field filming and cautious digging of trial shurts, archaeologists have discovered moster silicon artifacts at a distance of 12 meters from the shore of the ancient lake. Carefully studying the initial topography of the monument, Mellarz and Dark with his colleagues, found a filled clay channel, which once passed through the center of the monument, separating the wetland, which studied Clark, from more dry plots.

Clark argued that the inhabitants of the old carra had little influenced on the habitat. Darka was able to use microscopes with a greater allowing ability to study the distribution of coal particles associated with a new array of radiocarbon dates obtained using accelerating mass spectrometry. She showed that the initial period of intensive deposits of coal, which lasted about 80 years has occurred. Then followed 100 years of weak activity, followed by a sufficiently long deposition for another 130 years. Botanist Jon Hater identified the coals as a coastal reed, burned in a dry form between the fall and in the spring, when a new growth begins. Mellarz and Darka believe that people have repeatedly burned the reed, mainly because coal samples show that the fires were localized at the monument, as if the fire was under control. Such fires could give best Overview Lakes and adjacent territories, as well as a comfortable place for the mooring canoe, and the new vegetation would attract nursing animals.

Clark's initial report described the old carr as a winter settlement. Now the X-ray analysis of the deer teeth of the dente and comparison with modern samples made it possible to identify the set of 10- and 11-monthly animals, which would be clogged in March or April (R. Carter - R. Carter, 1998). These new seasonality data are coordinated with the detection of tightly twisted stalks of the root, burned at the beginning of growth between Martha and April, and the scales of Aspen's kidney, which date back to the same time. The old carr is not a winter settlement, they lived in it from March to June or the beginning of July.

The interpretation of seasonal exercises largely depends on the ethnographic analogies. A classic example is wild wheat. Botanist Gordon Hillman studied the collection of wild wheat in the south-west of Asia and showed that the collectors should very accurately calculate the harvest time. It was necessary to make before the ears appear or grains eat birds or animals (Hillman and Davis - Hillman and Davis, 1990). It is reasonable to assume that similar exact planning It was necessary in prehistoric times. This analogy allowed the archaeologists of South-West Asia to interpret seasonal classes on monuments in Syria and other places.

Studying not only large mammals and large plant residues, but also the smallest mollusks and scales of fish, you can clarify the framework of seasonal classes to surprisingly narrow boundaries.

Pets

Almost all pets occurred from wild species, inclined to communicate with a person (Cluton-Brock - Clutton-Brock, 1981, 1989). It cannot be said that all pets occur from one part of the world, they were domesticated in their natural habitat. Scientists assume that domestication of wild animals is performed when a certain cultural level is reached. It seems that everywhere domestication began when the growing population needed a more regular supply of food, when it was necessary to feed large groups of people. The domestication depends on this condition and is a preliminary requirement for further population growth.

Wild animals lack many qualities that value in their home counterparts. So, the wild sheep is abundant wool, but it is not so good as home, which is suitable for spinning. Wild goats and buffalits give enough milk for their cubs, but not in the amount of need for a person. During the domestication, people developed in animals the properties they need, which occurred changes often made animals unsuitable for survival in the wild.

The history of domestic species is based on the fragments of animal bones found in the layers of numerous caves, shelters and on open monuments (Cluton-Brock - CLUTTON-BROKK, 1989). The osteological study of wild and domestic animals is constrained as the fragmentation of bones on most of the monuments, as well as the wider borders of the age variability of pets compared to wild (Ceder and Hesse - Zeder and Hesse, 2000; Cedar - Zeder et al., 2002). Nevertheless, on a number of monuments, data on gradual osteological changes towards pets were obtained. If you compare the bones of a wild form of any prehistoric domesticated animals with the bones of this pet in time, then the range of dimensions is first increases, then, in the end, the choice is made in favor of smaller animals, and changes in size also become less. This transition smooth, and therefore it is extremely difficult to identify a homemade or wild animal in separate bones or small collections.

Pet bones show that wild species has been inherent in a high degree of adaptability. People considered it necessary to change the size and properties of animals in accordance with their needs, which was reflected in the skeletal remains of animals. From the time of the beginning of the domestication of animals, various breeds of livestock, sheep and other pets were replaced.

Proceed and cutting carcass

Some idea of \u200b\u200bthe operation of wild and domestic animals can be obtained, studying not only the bones of animals, but also their frequency and distribution in the soil.

Paul, age and bottom. It is clear that the definition of the floor of the animal and age in which it was scored, helps when studying the hunt or methods of the content of the studies of those people who were engaged in a caution. Archaeologists have many methods for the establishment of floors and age animals according to bone fragments (S. Davis - S. J. M. Davis, 1987).

Male and female individuals of many mammals differ significantly in size and structure. In stallions, for example, there are fangs, and the mare is not. In humans, the structure of women's pelvis is different from male, which is associated with confusion. We can estimate the ratio of individuals of male and female clan on such monuments, as a place of slaughterhouse of Bizonon Garnos, comparing the number of parts of the males and females, as for this species, the difference between them is known. Such an analysis is much more difficult to carry out if little is known about differences in size or when the bones are very fragmented. Zooarcheologists use many measurements of bones to distinguish between floors, but this approach is fraught with statistical and practical difficulties; It works well only with entire bones. But even then it is possible to identify only the distribution of various measurements (sizes) that can reflect or not reflect the differences between the floors.

At what age did this cattle scored? Did preference inhabitants of the settlement of the meat of immature wild sheep or adults? For many monuments, these are important questions. In order to answer them, researchers must establish the age of animals in the sample at the time of their death. Usually, teeth and epiphynes of the ends of the limbs are used. Almost all mammals on which epiphysis did not increase, belong to young individuals. This fact allows us to talk about two classes: immature and adult animals. If we know the age in which the epiphysses are growing, as sometimes in the case of such types, as a cattle, you can enter additional classes. Unfortunately, the epiphyseal battle is too common to obtain those in which archaeologists need.

Fortunately, the teeth of the upper or lower jaws allow you to more accurately determine the age of animals. Teeth are continuous thread, according to which you can define life from birth to old age. Solid top and lower jaws allow us to study immature and mature teeth as they are drawn up, so we can define not only young animals, but also old.

Separate teeth can also be a source of animal age information. Some biologists use growth rings on teeth, but this method is still experimental. The promising method is to measure the height of the tooth crown. Richard Klein, a specialist in African bones, measured the height of the crowns of the mammalian stone-century teeth found in the caves by the Clasis River and in Nelson's Gulf in the Cape South Africa. Divided into two groups, the measurements of the teeth give interesting general ideas about the hunt in the middle and late periods of the Stone Age in this region (Klein - Klein, 1977). Klein compared the mortality distribution of caps buffaloes and other large and medium-sized types with mortality curves of their modern populations. He identified two basic distribution for the bones of the stone century (Klein and Cruz-Uribe - Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1983). In a catastrophic simultaneous age profile less than old individuals. This is a normal distribution of smiling living populations (Fig. 13.7, the column on the left) and is usually found in places of mass hammer, with a punch of herd in a swamp or a ravine with a steep cliff, as well as in the death of all populations for natural reasons. The rarefied age profile (Fig. 13.7, the column of the right) shows an insufficient share of animals at its best age regarding their number in living populations, but young and old individuals are redundant. It is believed that such a profile is the result of nutrition to Padalu or a simple hunt with a spear.

Klein discovered that the age distributions of caps buffaloes on both monuments are close to distributions observed for modern buffaloes, which lions kill, and it may be because young and old males are a vulnerable target because of their isolation from a large herd of mature formidable animals. Therefore, he argued that the hunters of both caves of the stone century are stable and for a long time used the buffalo populations. The distribution of the Antelope of Cannes and Hybrid Hybrids (smaller herd antelopes) is much more like a catastrophic profile. Klein suggests that they are similar because these species hunted with a massag of the head, as on the Bizonon on the American Plateau of the Great Plains. Thus, entire populations could be killed at a time. Age distributions may reflect any other types of activity. On the monument, the old carr in the northeast of England there are no young marals. Most animals were three or four years, inexperienced teenagers died when they left Mothers (Legge and Rowley Conwy - Legge and Rowley-Conwy, 1988).
Overflow small factors are affected by Lewis Binford, many of which are described by Lewis Binford (Lewis Binford (1978, 1981B). Studying the practice of hunting nunuttov tribes in Alaska, he found that the bottom of animal hunters is part of a much more extensive livelihood strategy. NunUuts For most of the year, it is largely relying on harvested meat, so when hunting is focused on the purpose of the preparation, and for many others. In autumn, they can hunt deer to get skin for winter clothes, and the heads and languages \u200b\u200bof these animals give food to those Who treats the skin. Binford emphasizes that it is difficult to interpret the structures of the face without an accurate understanding of the cultural system, part of which is hunting.

Pets are a controlled source of meat, and there are completely different selection criteria. In more developed agricultural communities, cattle or horses could keep up to old age as heavy animals, neutral male individuals were castrated, and female were supported until they stopped giving milk, the ranges or did not bring more benefits when plowing the Earth. If they did not even hold driving or working animals, the problem of unnecessary male individuals was preserved. This surplus was a rich source of meat, and these animals were often scored in an early adult age. In many traditional Societies, cattle was a measure of welfare, as, however, today, and the cattle in them are clogged by special cases - at weddings or funerals. Thus, excess herds were consumed and the requests of the herd owner were satisfied.

Singing cattle. Fragments of bones at the level of the settlement are the end product of the slaughter, cutting and consumption of domestic or wild animals. In order to understand this process, you need to study the articulation of animal bones at those levels where they were found, or the anatomical composition of the bones should be carefully studied. At the monument of Olsen-Chubbok in Colorado, the facts testify to the collection of the herd of bison. The hunters arranged a camp nearby, where they filmed the skin and meat with a carcass and, perhaps, argued the excess meat for consumption in the future. The cutting tools were found in the direct complex with the bones, thus, on these excavations, the "moment" of the cutting of the carcass (Wheat - Wheat, 1972) was forever.

The interpretation of the cutting methods is a difficult matter, because many factors influenced how the carcasses dissected. The Nuniuta Indian tribe was mainly relied on the stored meat, and how they disengaged deer, depended on how much meat had to be preserved, from the exit of meat from different parts of the body, from the remoteness of the main parking lot. On any monument of the parking lot, the number of bone found depends on the size of animals: the bodies of goats, chickens or small game could be brought entirely, but large animal carcasses were delivered by parts. Sometimes animals with a large outlet of meat were used in the food where they were killed, without leaving a piece of meat or insides. Interpretation is very complex even in relation to the MCHO and Chio indexes.

And the task is to establish the importance of archaeological distributions to understand the human activity. As far as it is difficult in the context of the cutting of meat, it can be judged by Binford's comments (Binford, 1978) that the criteria for the choice of meat by the NunUuts are the amount of meat suitable, the time required for processing, and the quality of meat.

Perhaps, all at least once saw some documentary, in which the archaeologists are carefully small tasted dust and dirt from the remains of the deceased creature. So there are archaeologists and in life, because archaeological rarities require careful circulation. But sometimes researchers discover the remains that are amazing well preserved, despite the past millennia. In our review, the archaeological "dozen", which surprised and pleased the scientists.

1. Mammoth Yuk.

Although the researchers have discovered several samples of well-preserved mammoths in the past, Yuka, of course, is a unique instance. The remnants of this 1.8-meter young woolly mammoth were accidentally discovered in August 2010 in Yakutia. An animal was from six to nine years, when it died, and the age of the mammoth is estimated at about 39,000 years.

Researchers say that Yuki, most likely, people were killed, because even cuts were found on his pasheus, and a part of meat was withdrawn. This makes Yuku first mammoth, which demonstrates evidence of interaction with people. An animal also has the most well-preserved Mammoth's brain, ever discovered by modern scientists.

2. Trilobits.

Do not allow their appearance to deceive themselves, trilobites were actually very effective predators at one time. These marine arthropods lived another 521 million years ago, at the beginning of the Cambrian period of the Earth. The fossils of the trilobites are found on all continents, and some of the most well-preserved copies still have soft parts of the body, such as gills and mustaches.

They died out about 250 million years ago during the mass extinction of the Perm period. Since the trilobites lived more than 300 million years and existed more than 20,000 of their various species, they are considered the most "successful" animal of all time.

The well-preserved remains of the Khasmosaurus Belli (Charming cousin of triceratops) were found in the Canadian province of Albert, Canada in 2015. In 2016, scientists said that the age of a dinosaur of 75 million years and his skeleton was preserved in an amazingly ideal state, despite such age, and in general, and not parts.

4. Woolly rhino

The 10,000-year-old remains of woolly rhino were discovered on the frozen Siberian River in Yakutia. The rhino received the nickname Sasha named the hunter who found it. Sasha was just a three-four-year-old "teenager" at the time of death and is essentially the only full of young woolly rhino, ever found. Although the researchers discovered well-preserved adults of this species, the remains of young rhinos have not yet met.

Sasha was transferred to the gift of the Yakut Academy of Sciences for study. Although woolly rhinos lived at the same time as woolly mammoths and even divided one habitat, these two species are not related to each other. Woolly rhino is a distant relative of modern rhinos, while Mammoth is a relative of modern Asian elephants.

5. Cave facilities

In Yakutia, the animals are often found in Yakutia, because this region is famous for its Merzlotes. A pair of 10,000-year-old cave lion was also found in this region in the Siberian Glacier. Two young who were named Dina and Uyan, turned almost a week from birth when they died. Experts believe that their lair was larger, and the lack of air led to the fact that the bodies were so well preserved.

6. Ancient pregnant mare

In 2000, the remains of a distant ancestor of a horse were found in archaeological excavations near German Darmstadt - EuroHippus Messelensis. Moreover, this ancient horse was at the later stage of pregnancy, when she died about 48 million years ago, and the fruit inside it was very well preserved. Researchers used micro-analysis using high-resolution X-rays and scanning electron microscopes to find out all that can be fruit.

They found that the placenta of the mare, its internal organs and even the contents of her stomach were still well. To date, this is the earliest and most preserved fossil sample in its kind. The ancient horse was the size of a modern fox and had four fingers on each of the four legs.

7. Mummy Bizona

Mummified Bison Priscus residues, an ancient relative of modern bison, were found in Siberian lowland between the rivers of Yana and Indigir. The frozen climate of Northern Siberia prevented the bison from the decomposition, so his brain and internal organs were perfectly preserved even for 10,000 years.

Olga Potapova, a curator of the museum of mammoth location in Hot Springs in South Dakota, helped to study the ancient remains. She stated in an interview with the magazine " Live science"That rarely can be found whole samples in Siberia and North America. Usually these remains are partially eaten or destroyed.

8. Dog Tumat

Usually, when someone tells the dog "place", he does not assume that the animal can remain in place within 12,000 years. This specimen was found on the shore of the Siberian River Sillas by Brothers Yuri and Igor Gorokhov, who were looking for the Mammoth Talnia. The age of ancient dog is believed to be about 12,400 years.

Experts explored the body of the dog, which was called the Tumat for four years. Nevertheless, autopsy was held only in 2015 and it turned out that the internal organs of the animal were just perfectly preserved.

9. Dunks

Dunks - the most terrible prehistoric fish, the existence of which, until recent, no one knew. Another 380 million years ago, these heavily fishes were widespread in shallow seas around the world. As a rule, they were 9 meters long and weighed to four tons, i.e. were the largest vertebral at that time.

Today, their remnants are common throughout the Earth. Dunklet's skeleton head usually looks like a leathery turtle, since it does not have teeth, and plates like a pair of blades.

10. Moa's foot

Moa were wondering birds from New Zealand. They were completely covered with feathers, with the exception of beak and paws. Moa was also the most large birds at the time of their existence (for the first time they appeared about 15.8 million years ago). They were dominant herbivores New Zealand and flourished before the arrival of Polynesians in the 13th century. Due to the excessive hunt, Moa disappeared about 500 years ago, approximately in 1500.

During the expedition in the cave system of Owen Mountains in New Zealand, archaeologists have discovered a mummified moxian claw, which is practically not damaged: even muscles and skin are preserved. Archaeologists sent an analysis claw and were shocked by finding that he was 3300 years old.

All who are interested in antiquity will be interesting to see and.

The theme of dinosaurs is popular at all times. The amazing prehistoric inhabitants of our planet are enveloped by a halo of mystery, because we are divided by tens of millions of years. And how it's great that the paleontologists from time to time can be able to find the remains of these mysterious creatures, recreate them appearance And to demonstrate the world all the variety of their species! In our selection - several of the most interesting finds, allowing to stretch the invisible thread into the world of dinosaurs.

Com dirt turned out to be a dinosaur

One of the most informative fossils from found on Earth is considered a skeleton of a nodo zeal, with well-surviving skin and a plate armor, found in Canada, an excavator operator by Sean Fankom. Conducting work in one of the mines, the man saw in the ground a huge frozen kom dying, which weighed about half a kilogram and had an interesting patterned texture. He showed the find to the experts-archaeologists, and those came to delight: this is nothing more than the remains of the dinosaur!

According to Paleontologists, find more than one hundred million years. Thanks to the remains found, scientists recreated the appearance of the nodo zeal. The perfect condition of the skeleton with soft tissues Experts explain the fact that the dinosaur could be at the bottom of the ocean or the sea.

You can see the very find in the Royal Tyrrhellovian Paleontological Museum of Canada.

According to scientists, the nodozavra had large sizes (up to several meters), their body was covered with a protective scaly shell, like armor.

Giant tail

Five years ago, the National Institute of Anthropology and History, together with the National Autonomous University of Mexico, presented the world the skeleton of the tail of the Gadrozaurus found by archaeologists in the Mexican Desert Coaaul. The sensational find allowed researchers more to learn more about these giant waterproof lizards, having tens of millions of years ago. If we consider that the length of the found tail, consisting of 50 vertebrae, is about five meters, it is easy to imagine how much the entire gardener was.

Presumably, the length of the prehistoric dinosaur, along with the tail, was at least 10-11 meters, and he weighed more than three tons. It is even more impressive that, according to paleontologists, these lizards-giants lived with flocks and could develop a very greater speed.

Cases of detection of such large whole fragments of prehistoric animals on Earth are extremely rare. In addition, the tail is perfectly preserved. For 20 days, scientists managed to carefully clear the ancient bones from sedimentary rocks without damaging the find.

Next to the skeleton of the tail Archaeologists also discovered the femur, as well as bones of other assholes.

By the way, the first skeleton of the Gadrozava on the planet was found in 1858, in New Jersey (USA). In general, the remains of this type of dinosaurs at different times scientists find on all continents of the world, except Australia. In Russia, these lizards were also found. For example, in 1990, the area of \u200b\u200bEarth 600 meters long, containing tens of thousands of gardzavrov bones, was discovered on Amur at the aircraft laying. Subsequently, the remains were extracted and carefully studied by Russian-Belgian researchers.

Fighters of prehistoric front

In 1971, during the international expedition to Mongolia, Paleontologists discovered the skeletons of two dinosaurs who died, allegedly more than 70 million years ago during the duel. The VocyerPtor clung to the cogs of the rear legs in the neck of the protoceraptor, and he, in turn, tried to tear the enemy the paw and broke it.

Presumably, both enemies died from the fact that they suddenly covered the giant sandy wave.

Meganodka

Four years ago, the international group of paleontologists found the remains of the most huge from ever existed on our planet dinosaurs in Argentina. They were also recognized by the largest fossil found in the history of archeology and paleontology. The discovered bones accounted for about 70% of the entire skeleton of a prehistoric animal.

Lisprora gave the name Dreadnoughtus Schrani and attributed to the supercount of herbivores of the Titanozava. According to scientists, the dreadnights were so great that none of the prehistoric creatures could have a threat to them.

The weight of the foundation found in Argentina was approximately 65 tons, and the length of the body is 26 meters, and the analysis of the dinosaur bones showed that at the time of death he was still young, in other words, adult representatives of Dreadnoughtus Schrani achieved even more sizes.

Three-footed instance

Three years ago in Canada, on the territory of the modern Natural Park, Dinosor, the remains of Hasmosaurus were found, and, of them, scientists managed to collect almost the entire skeleton of this unusual lizard. This dinosaur was distinguished by the presence of holes in the bone collar and had three horns - over each eye and on the nose.

Over 75 million remains. Tens of millions of years ago, such dinosaurs were typical inhabitants of North America.

Now this unique copy is decorated with the exposition of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (USA).

Little miracle in feathers

The year before last scientific world shocked another archaeological find. One of the Canadian paleontologists fell on the bazaar in Myanmar a piece of amber, inside which was ... a fragment of the tail of a dinosaur. The study of the contents of amber showed that a prehistoric tail (or rather, the tail) is about 100 million years. This is the first case when a mummified part of the dinosaur skeleton was seen in Yantara.

The length of the find is 3.6 cm and, most likely, this part of the body belonged to the maniraptor not yet reached an adult - a flying prehistoric essence, which is considered one of the ancestors of some species of modern feathery. The length of this dinosauric during life was no more than 15 cm, in other words, it was the size of the sparrow.

With the help of computed tomography, researchers were able to see the small details of the tail, as well as its structure. In addition, they managed to detect the traces of feathers in Yantar. But to allocate DNA dinosaur, alas, failed.

Unusually many dinosaurs remains found in the south of the United States, in a unique place that is known as

There have always existed many historical mysteries in the world. Fortunately, the answers to many questions turned out to be practically under our nose, or rather under their feet. Archeology has opened us the way of knowledge of our origin with the help of found artifacts, documents and many other things. Until now, archaeologists tirelessly repaid all new and new prints of the past, opening us the truth.

Some archaeological discoveries simply shocked the world. For example, Rosett stone, thanks to which scientists were able to translate many ancient texts. The detected scrolls of the Dead Sea were extremely important for the world religion, allowing to confirm the texts of the Jewish canonika. In the same significant findings can be attributed to the grave of the King of Tuta and the detection of Troy. Finding traces of ancient Roman Pompei opened historians access to the knowledge of the ancient civilization.

Even today, when it would seem, almost all science looks forward, archaeologists still find ancient artifacts that can change our idea of \u200b\u200bthe past planet. Here is a dozen most influenced on world history discoveries.

10. Kurgan Hisarlyc (1800th)

Hisarlyc is in Turkey. In fact, the opening of this hill is a testimony of the existence of Troy. For centuries Iliad from the poem Homer was no more than the myth. In the 50s-70s of the XIX century, trial excavations were crowned with success, and it was decided to continue research. So it was found confirmation of the existence of the Troy. Excavations continued in the twentieth century with a new team of archaeologists.

9. Megalozavr (1824)

Megalozavr was the first dinosaur studied. Of course, the fossil skeletons of dinosaurs were found before, but then science could not explain what it was for the creatures. Some believe that it was the study of Megalosaur who became the beginning of many scientific fiction stories about the dragons. However, not only this was the consequence of such a find, a whole boom occurred in the popularity of archeology and passionateness of humanity by dinosaurs, everyone wanted to find their remains. Found skeletons began to classify and exhibit in museums for universal ferris.

8. Treasures Sutton Hu (1939)

Sutton-Hu is considered the most valuable treasure of Britain. Sutton Hu is the burial chamber of the king who lived in the VII century. Various treasures, lira, wine cups, swords, helmets, masks and more were buried with him. The burial chamber surrounds 19 hills, which are also graves, excavations in Sutton-Hu continue to this day.

7. Dmanisi (2005)

Ancient man and creatures that have evolved in modern Homosapiens, have already been investigated many years. It would seem that today there are no white spots in the history of our evolution, but a skull of 1.8 million years old, found in the Georgian city of Dmanisi, forced archaeologists and historians to think. It represents the remains of the type of homoelectus migrating from Africa, and confirms the hypothesis that this species stands separately in the evolutionary chain.

6. Goebekley Teppe (2008)

For a long time, Stoneheggage was considered the most ancient religious structure of the world. In the 60s of the 20th century, this hill in southeastern Turkey was potentially named over ancient than Stonehegging, but very soon he was recognized as a medieval cemetery. However, in 2008, Klaus Schmidt discovered stones there with age of 11 thousand years, which were unambiguously processed by a prehistoric person who had no clay nor metal devices for this.

5. Defenseless Vikings Dorset (2009)

In 2009, road workers accidentally stumbled upon human remains. It turned out that they were excavated by a fraternal grave, in which more than 50 people were buried with severed heads. Historians immediately looked into the books and understood that once there was a mass murder of Viking, it happened somewhere between 960 and 1016. Skeletons belong to young people in twenty years, it follows from history that they tried to attack English-sakes, but they resisted very zheno, which led to a massive murder. They say that the Vikings stripped and tortured before beheaded and quitting in the pit. This discovery sheds some light on the historical battle.

4. Petrified man (2011)

The finds of petrified human remains are already far from news, but it does not make them less terrible and, at the same time, attractive. These perfectly mummified bodies can tell a lot about the past. Recently, a petrified body was found in Ireland, his age is about four thousand years old, scientists suggest that this man died very cruel death. All bones are broken and his pose is very strange. This is the most ancient petrified person ever found by archaeologists.

3. Richard III (2013)

In August 2012, the University of Leicester together with the Council of the City and the Richard III community organized, led to the detection of lost remains of one of the most famous English monarchs. The remains were found under modern parking. The Lester University announced that it would initiate a complete study of Richard III DNA, thus, the English monarch could be the first historical person, whose DNA will be investigated.

2. Jamestown (2013)

Scientists have always talked about cannibalism in the ancient settlements of Jamestown, but no historians have no archaeologists for that direct confirmations. Of course, history tells us that in ancient times, people in search of new light and wealth often found a terrible and cruel end, especially in the cold winter time. Last year, William Kelso and his team discovered the punched skull of a 14-year-old girl in a pit with the remains of horses and other animals, whom the settlers have eaten in the hungry time. Kelso is convinced that the girl was killed for the thickening of hunger, and the skull struck to get to the soft tissues and the brain.

1. StoneHedge (2013-2014)

The long century Stonehead remained for historians and archaeologists with something mystical. The location of the stones did not allow to determine how specifically they were used and as turned out to be placed in this way. StoneHedge remained a mystery, many have been fighting. Recently, the archaeologist David Jackis organized an excavation, which led to the detection of the Zubra's remains (in ancient times they were eaten, and also used in agriculture). Based on these excavations, scientists were able to conclude that in the 8820s before our era, Stonehedzh was settled and was not conceived at all as a separately located object. Thus, previously existing assumptions will be subjected to revision.