Lenin's biography is the most important thing. A brief biography of Lenin is the most important thing. Terrible famine in the once richest empire
Lenin (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich (born April 22, 1870, died January 21, 1924) - the greatest genius of mankind, the successor of the work and teachings of Marx and Engels, the founder of Bolshevism, the founder and leader of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Communist International, organizer and leader of the first dictatorship of the proletariat in the history of the state, leader, teacher and friend of the working people of the whole world. Never before after Marx history liberation movement the proletariat did not advance such a gigantic figure as Lenin. Lenin's whole life was an example of an irreconcilable struggle against the enemies of the people for the happiness of all working mankind. Lenin was born on April 22 (10), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). His father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was a teacher, school inspector, and then director of public schools. Lenin's elder brother, revolutionary Alexander Ilyich, was executed in 1887 for participating in the preparation of an attempt on the life of Alexander III... After graduating from high school in 1887, Lenin entered the law faculty of Kazan University.
A few months later he was expelled for active participation in student unrest, was arrested and sent to a village near Kazan. (Later, in 1891, after independent training, Lenin passed all the exams for the faculty of law at St. Petersburg University.) After staying in the countryside for about a year, Lenin returned to Kazan, began to study Marx's Capital, and entered the Marxist revolutionary circle. In May 1889, Lenin moved to Samara, where he organized the first Marxist circle. Even then, Lenin amazed everyone with his deep knowledge of Marxism. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here in 1894 he wrote his brilliant work "What are the" friends of the people "and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?"
In it, Lenin defeated the populists, pointed to the leading role (hegemony) of the working class of Russia in the struggle against tsarism and capitalism, for the victorious communist revolution, and for the first time put forward the idea of a revolutionary alliance of workers and peasants as the main means of overthrowing tsarism, landowners, and the bourgeoisie. Lenin saw that a proletarian party was needed to carry out these tasks. In 1895, he created the St. Petersburg Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, the embryo of a revolutionary proletarian party in Russia. In December 1895, Lenin was arrested, imprisoned, and. then in 1897 he was exiled to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where NK Krupskaya came to exile.
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| VI Lenin in his student years. |
When the revolution began in Russia in 1905, Lenin directed all the work of the Bolsheviks to lead the masses in the revolution. With his immortal work "Two tactics of social democracy in the democratic revolution" Lenin enriched Marxism with a new theory socialist revolution, he developed the theory of the development of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist one, laid the tactical foundations of the Bolshevik party. Lenin mercilessly exposed the Mensheviks and the vilest of them, Trotsky, who instilled in the workers disbelief in the forces of the working class, was opposed to the alliance of workers and peasants, and was leading the way to disrupting the revolution. In order to directly lead the struggle of the working class in the revolution, Lenin returned to Russia in November 1905. Soon, at the Tammerfors Conference of the Bolsheviks, Lenin met for the first time with Stalin, who was then leading the revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia.
After the defeat of the first Russian revolution, Lenin was forced to go abroad again in 1907, where he stayed for more than 9 years. In the difficult years of the Stolypin reaction, amid the decline of the labor movement, the flight of intellectuals from the party, and the Mensheviks' attempts to liquidate the party, Lenin gathered the forces of the party in the struggle against anti-party tendencies in the working-class movement. Lenin, fighting against revisionists, degenerates in the field of the theory of Marxism, wrote his famous book Materialism and Empirio-criticism. In this work, he defended theoretical basis the Marxist party. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks convened the Prague Conference in January 1912, at which they expelled the Mensheviks from the party and formed a separate Bolshevik independent party. With the beginning of a new upsurge in the workers' movement and the publication of the newspaper Pravda, in June 1912, Lenin moved from Paris to Krakow, closer to the border, in order to directly direct all the work of the party. When the imperialist war broke out, Lenin was arrested by the Austrian police and imprisoned for 11 days, and then left for Switzerland, where he lived until the February revolution of 1917.
Lenin sharply and irreconcilably opposed the war, exposing its predatory nature. He called for turning the imperialist war into a civil war and put forward the slogan of the defeat of "their" governments in the imperialist war. Lenin exposed the betrayal of the leaders of the Second International, who with the outbreak of the imperialist war went over to the service of the bourgeoisie and became supporters of the war. He also exposed the hidden social-chauvinists - the so-called centrists - Kautsky, Trotsky and other traitors to Marxism who defended the interests of the imperialist bourgeoisie. From the very first days of the war, Lenin began to muster forces to create a new, Third International. During the war (1916) Lenin wrote the book "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism", in which he gave the deepest Marxist analysis of imperialism. Based on his theory of imperialism, Lenin scientifically substantiated the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country and the impossibility of the simultaneous victory of socialism in all countries After the overthrow of the autocracy in February 1917, Lenin, despite the opposition of the imperialist governments, returned to Russia. On April 3 he arrived in Petrograd, he was enthusiastically greeted by the working masses, who saw him as their leader. On April 4, Lenin announced his famous April the theses in which he outlined the brilliant plan of the party's struggle for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution, putting forward the slogan: “All power to the Soviets.” On the basis of this plan, the Bolsheviks launched militant work to prepare socialist revolutions.
After the July days, the Provisional Government issued an order for the arrest of Lenin. The bourgeoisie, who madly hated Lenin, and its Meninevist-Socialist-Revolutionary agents decided to kill him. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, together with Trotsky, Kamenev, Rykov, insisted on the extradition of Lenin to the authorities. Stalin insisted that Lenin hide and leave Petrograd. While underground, Lenin continued to lead the party. During these days he wrote his wonderful book State and Revolution, in which he further developed Marx's teaching on the dictatorship of the proletariat. In September 1917, given the tremendous growth in the influence of the Bolsheviks among the masses, Lenin indicated that the uprising was ripe.
On October 7, Lenin returned to Petrograd, and on October 10, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, after Lenin's report, adopted his resolution on an armed uprising. On October 24, the Central Committee gave the signal for an uprising. Lenin took the lead in the uprising. Together with Lenin, the victory of the October Socialist Revolution was organized by his faithful ally - Stalin. Under the banner of Lenin, the working class won the Great October Socialist Revolution. The Second Congress of Soviets enthusiastically adopted the historic decrees on peace and land written by Lenin and formed the world's first workers 'and peasants' government - the Council of People's Commissars headed by Lenin. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet Government achieved the respite necessary to strengthen the Soviet Republic by concluding peace with Germany and defeating the Trotskyist-Bukharin war provocateurs. With a firm hand, Lenin built the Soviet state, suppressing the resistance of the overthrown classes - the bourgeoisie and landowners. More than once the enemies of the people attempted to assassinate Lenin's life. On August 30, 1918, Lenin was seriously wounded by a terrorist Socialist Revolutionary. This villainous attempt was organized with the complicity of Trotsky and Bukharin.
In the most difficult conditions, Lenin led the struggle of the workers and peasants for Soviet power and the independence of our homeland, against foreign interventionists and White Guard hordes and, directly directing the defense of the country, hand in hand with Stalin organized the victory of the Red Army in the civil war. Under Lenin's leadership, the workers and peasants liquidated the landlord class, defeated the bourgeoisie, and dealt a severe blow to the kulaks. In the struggle against the enemies of the working class, Lenin created in 1919 the militant headquarters of the world workers' movement - the Communist International and directed the first congresses of the Comintern, where its ideological and organizational foundations were forged. After the end of the civil war, under the leadership of Lenin, the country was transferred to peaceful work, to restore the national economy. The VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in December 1920 adopted Lenin's plan for the electrification of the country. Lenin pointed out the ways of a new economic policy that ensured the building of socialism in our country. More than once the Trotskyists, Bukharinites and other traitors, who later became agents of foreign intelligence services, tried to undermine the unity of the Bolshevik party and force it to deviate from the Leninist path.
Each time, under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolshevik Party inflicted brutal blows at this agency of the class enemy in its ranks. On Lenin's proposal, the party adopted at the 10th Congress in 1921 a resolution on the unity of the party - an iron law for the protection of the unity of the Bolshevik ranks.
Lenin's injury in an attempt on his life in 1918 and continuous hard work undermined his health. Beginning in 1922, Lenin was forced to interrupt his work more and more often. On November 20, 1922, Lenin spoke at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. This was his last speech, which he ended with the words: "From NEP Russia will be socialist Russia." At the end of 1922, Lenin fell seriously ill. But even during his illness, he did not stop working for the benefit of the revolution, to which he devoted all his strength, all his life. Already seriously ill, Lenin wrote a number of important articles ("Pages from the Diary"), in which he summed up the work done and outlined a plan for building socialism in our country. On January 21, 1924, at 6 hours 50 minutes in the evening, Lenin died. The working people of the USSR and the whole world with the deepest sorrow accompanied their father and teacher to the grave, best friend and protector - Lenin. The working class and peasantry of the Soviet country responded to the death of Lenin by even more rallying around the Leninist party. The banner of Lenin was raised high and carried on by the Bolshevik Party. The faithful successor and great successor of the work and teachings of Lenin - Stalin on the mourning days of Lenin on behalf of the Bolshevik Party gave a great oath at the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR - to fulfill Lenin's behests without sparing his strength. The Bolshevik Party fulfilled this great oath of Stalin with honor. Under Stalin's leadership, the Bolsheviks achieved the victory of socialism in the Soviet country.
Lenin - the greatest statesman and political figure in the history of mankind, a mighty leader and organizer of the revolutionary struggle and victories of the working class, his genius theorist, the luminary of science - in the new conditions of the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution raised the revolutionary theory of Marx to a higher level. Lenin's teaching summarizes the gigantic experience of the proletariat in its struggle to overthrow the capitalist system and build a new one, socialist society... Lenin's richest theoretical legacy is invaluable. Lenin's most important works have been translated into all major languages of the world.
Marxism-Leninism illuminates for the proletarians and working people of the whole world the path of struggle for the abolition of all exploitation, for the happiness of mankind.
Listen to the poem by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Part 1:
Mayakovsky V.V. 1925 g.
Listen to the poem by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Part 2:
Mayakovsky V.V. 1925 g.
FROM THE BIOGRAPHIC CHRONICLE OF V. I. LENIN. PERSONAL LIFE EVENTS
1870, April 10 (22). Born in Simbirsk in the family of the inspector of public schools I.N. Ulyanov and the daughter of a doctor M.A.Ulyanova, nee Blank. He is their fourth child.
1886, January 12 (24). Death of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov from cerebral hemorrhage. January 15 (27). Participates in his father's funeral. September 19 / October 1. Confirmation by the Simbirsk District Court of the inheritance rights to the movable property of I.N. Ulyanov - M.A.Ulyanova in one fourth part, daughters Olga and Maria in one eighth part and sons of Alexander, Vladimir and Dmitry in one sixth part.
1887, 8 (20) May. In the courtyard of the Shlisselburg prison, A. I. Ulyanov, who was convicted in the case of the attempt on the life of Alexander III, was executed along with four associates.
June 10 (22). The Pedagogical Council of the Simbirsk Gymnasium awards V. I. Ulyanov a certificate of maturity and awards him a gold medal. August 10 (22). The director of the Simbirsk gymnasium F.M. Kerensky sends to Kazan University the characteristics of those who graduated from the gymnasium; among them is the characteristic of V.I. Ulyanov.
11 (23) August. FM Kerensky sends to the manager of the Kazan educational district a list of students who graduated from the 8th grade and have "moral maturity"; V.I.Ulyanov is named among them.
December 4 (16). Participates in a student gathering at Kazan University, organized in support of student protests that began in Moscow against the reactionary university charter. Surrenders his admission ticket to the university.
December 5 (17). Writes a petition to the rector of Kazan University to expel him from the number of students due to the impossibility of continuing education under the existing conditions of university life.
1889, January-February. MA Ulyanova buys with the money received from the sale of a house in Simbirsk, a small farm in the Samara province of Bogdanovskaya volost near the village of Alapaevka.
November 15 (27). The test commission of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University awards V.I. Ulyanov, after passing the required exams, a first-degree diploma.
1894, end of February. He meets N.K. Krupskaya in St. Petersburg at the apartment of engineer Klasson during a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists.
1898, January 8 (20). Asks in a telegram to the director of the police department to allow his fiancée N.K. Krupskaya to serve her exile in the village of Shushenskoye.
June 7 (19). According to M.A. Ulyanova about the postponement of the wedding with N.K. Krupskaya due to the lack of the necessary documents. Early July. The police department puts forward as a condition of living with N.K. Krupskaya in Shushenskoye the immediate conclusion of a church marriage with her.
1909. V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya get acquainted with I. F. Armand during her arrival from Brussels to Paris.
1915, early March. Death in Switzerland of N.K. Krupskaya's mother - Elizaveta Vasilievna.
March 10 (23). Participates together with N.K. Krupskaya in the funeral of her mother at the Bremgarten cemetery in Bern (Switzerland).
1916, 12 (25) July. The death of his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, in Petrograd at the age of 82. V. I. Lenin learns about this in Zurich (Switzerland).
1917, April 4 (17). Upon arrival from Switzerland, he visits the graves of his mother, Maria Alexandrovna and her sister, Olga Ilyinichna, at the Volkov cemetery in Petrograd.
1919, March 13. Takes part in the funeral at the Volkovo cemetery in Petrograd of M.T. Elizarov, the husband of her older sister A.I. Ulyanova-Elizarova.
1922, April 23. Professor N. Rozanov in the Botkin hospital in Moscow removes from the body of V. I. Lenin the bullet with which he was wounded on August 30, 1918. End of May. General weakness, loss of speech, a sharp weakening of the movement of the right limbs, lasting three weeks. December 16. Second cerebral hemorrhage. Paralysis of the right arm and right leg.
1923, March 10. Third cerebral hemorrhage. Severe paralysis of the right side of the body and speech impairment.
March 14th. A government announcement is published, which indicates that Lenin's health condition has deteriorated significantly, in view of which the government has found it necessary to establish the publication of medical bulletins on his health condition.
1924, January 21. Fourth cerebral hemorrhage in the quadruple region. The death of V. I. Lenin at 6 hours 50 minutes in the evening in Gorki near Moscow.
January 27. The sarcophagus with Lenin's body is installed in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
STATE POSTS WHICH V. I. LENIN FOUND
1917, night from 26 to 27 October. Elected by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets as the head of the Soviet government - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
1918, early July. The V All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopts the Constitution of the RSFSR, which clarifies the status of the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, which is occupied by V. I. Lenin. November 30th. At a plenary session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is approved, and the Council is given full rights in mobilizing the country's forces and resources for its defense. V.I. Lenin is approved as the Chairman of the Council.
1920, April. The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense was transformed into the Labor and Defense Council (STO) of the RSFSR under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin.
1923, July 6. The session of the Central Executive Committee elects V. I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. July 7. The session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR elects V. I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. July 17th. The Labor and Defense Council was created under the USSR Council of People's Commissars under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin.
PARTY CONGRESS HELD UNDER THE SOVIET POWER WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF V.I. LENIN
1918, March 6-8. VII emergency congress of the party. Questions about the revision of the party Program, about the new name of the party - RCP (b). Controversy about the Brest Peace.
1919, March 18-23. VIII Party Congress. V. I. Lenin makes a report to the Central Committee on the work in the countryside, on the military question. Adoption of the second Party Program.
1920, March 29 - April 5. IX Party Congress. The next tasks of economic construction, the issue of cooperation were discussed.
1921, March 8-16. X Congress of the Party. Questions about the replacement of the appropriation tax in kind, about the unity of the party. Adoption of the NEP.
1922, March 27 - April 2. XI Party Congress. In the report of the Central Committee, V. I. Lenin declares that the retreat is over, that the alliance of the working class and the peasantry is strengthening. Thesis: "who - whom".
Source of information: A.A. Dantsev. The rulers of Russia: XX century. Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix publishing house, 2000.
Born in Simbirsk on April 22 (10), 1870. His father came from the bourgeoisie of Astrakhan. He graduated from high school and university, worked as an inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. The mother was the daughter of a doctor, an advanced person in his time, a great idealist who did not make a career for himself. She received a Spartan education in the village and was educated at home. Except for father and mother, big influence Vladimir had an older brother, Alexander, whose execution, as a participant in the assassination attempt on the tsar, became the strongest impetus for the entry of the young Ulyanov on the revolutionary path.
He graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal in 1887, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission he was expelled for participating in student "riots". Only three years after being expelled from the university, in 1890, it was possible to obtain permission to pass exams as an external student. In two terms (in the spring and autumn of 1891) he passed the exam at St. Petersburg University.
In 1895, he met abroad with the "Emancipation of Labor" group, which had a tremendous influence on him and accelerated his entry into the struggle for the creation in the same year of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." For the organization and activities of this Union, he was arrested, spent one year and two months in prison, exiled for three years in exile in the village of Shushenskoye in the Minusinsk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Returning from exile in February 1900, Lenin organized the publication of the Iskra newspaper, which played an enormous role in the creation of the RSDLP in 1903. At its second congress, the majority of the delegates, led by Lenin, stood for a more revolutionary and clear definition of who should be a party member, for a more businesslike organization of the party's governing bodies. Hence the division into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks began. At first, Lenin was supported by Plekhanov, but under the influence of the Mensheviks he moved away from the Bolsheviks. Lenin took an active part in the first Russian revolution. Acting under false names (conspiracy), he shattered the revolutionary and reformist illusions of the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, their hopes for a peaceful outcome of the revolutionary movement. He sharply criticized the so-called Bulygin (deliberative) Duma, and gave the slogan of its boycott. He pointed out the need to prepare an armed uprising, actively supported the representatives of the Social Democracy from the State Duma. He pointed out the need to use all legal opportunities when it was impossible to hope for a direct revolutionary struggle.
The first World War mixed all the cards. At the beginning of the war, V.I. Lenin was arrested by the Austrian authorities, but thanks to the efforts of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released and left for Switzerland. In the midst of an explosion of patriotism that swept all political parties, he was practically the only one who called for the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war - in each country against its own government. In this debate, he felt a complete lack of understanding.
After the February 1917 revolution, Lenin returned to Russia. On the evening of April 2, 1917, at the Finlyandsky railway station in Petrograd, a solemn meeting was arranged for him by the masses of workers. Vladimir Ilyich made a short speech to those who were greeted from the armored car, in which he called for a socialist revolution.
The period from February to October 1917 was one of the most intense periods of Lenin's political struggle with the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks in the conditions of the transitional stage from the bourgeois democratic revolution to the socialist revolution. These were legal and illegal ways, forms and methods of political struggle. After three political crises of the bourgeois Provisional Government of Russia (April, June, July 1917), the suppression of the counterrevolutionary rebellion of General Kornilov (August 1917), a wide period of "Bolshevization" of the Soviets (September 1917), Lenin came to the conclusion: the growth of the influence of the Bolsheviks and the fall of the authority of the Provisional Government among the broad masses of the working people makes possible an uprising with the aim of transferring political power into the hands of the people.
The uprising took place on October 25, 1917 according to the old style. On that day in the evening, at the first meeting of the Second Congress of Soviets, Lenin made a proclamation of Soviet power and its first two decrees: to end the war and transfer all landlord's territory and private land to the free use of the working people. The dictatorship of the bourgeoisie was replaced by the dictatorship of the proletariat.
On the initiative of Lenin and with strong opposition from a significant part of the Bolshevik Central Committee in 1918, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty was concluded with Germany, justly called "shameful". Lenin saw that the Russian peasantry would not go to war; he believed, moreover, that the revolution in Germany was approaching at a rapid pace and that the most shameful conditions of peace would remain on paper. And so it happened: the bourgeois revolution that broke out in Germany annulled the painful conditions of the Brest-Litovsk Peace.
Lenin stood at the origins of the creation of the Red Army, which defeated the combined forces of internal and external counter-revolution in the civil war. On his recommendations, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(THE USSR). With the end of the civil war and the end of military intervention, the country's economy began to improve. Lenin understood the iron necessity of changing the political line of the Bolsheviks. To this end, at his insistence, "war communism" was abolished, food appropriation was replaced by a food tax. He introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed free private trade, which made it possible for broad strata of the population to independently seek those means of subsistence that the state could not yet give them. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-owned enterprises, on electrification, on the development of cooperation. Lenin pointed out that in anticipation of a world proletarian revolution, keeping all large-scale industry in the hands of the state, it is necessary to gradually carry out the construction of socialism in one country. All this can help to put the backward Soviet country on a par with the most developed European countries.
But Lenin's colossal workload began to take its toll on his health. Strongly undermined his health and the attempt on his life by the Socialist-Revolutionary Kaplan.
January 21, 1924 V.I. Lenin died. The body rests in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924), revolutionary, politician Soviet Russia, leader of the Bolshevik revolution, head of the Soviet government (1917-1924). The real name is Ulyanov. Born April 10 (22), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). Father, Ilya Nikolaevich, made his way from a teacher high school until the director of public schools in the Samara province, received the title of nobility (died in 1886). Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Blank, the daughter of a doctor, received only a home education, but could speak several foreign languages, played the piano, read a lot. Vladimir was the third of six children. A friendly atmosphere reigned in the family; parents encouraged their children to be curious and treated them with respect.
Probably already in school years Vladimir Ulyanov began to form the first, still vague ideas about the injustice of the social order. In any case, already in one of school essays he referred to the "oppressed classes." His older brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement, in May 1887 he was executed for plotting to assassinate the tsar. The death of his brother shocked Vladimir, and since then he has become an enemy of the regime. At Kazan University, where he entered the Faculty of Law in 1887, he joined the student revolutionary circle, took part in student gatherings and was detained by the police. In December of the same year, the authorities expelled him from the university and sent him under police supervision to his mother's estate, where he continued his self-education. In the fall of 1888 he got the opportunity to return to Kazan, got acquainted with the works of K. Marx and joined the Marxist circle. The enthusiasm for Narodism and admiration for the "Narodnaya Volya" was finished, henceforth Ulyanov became a staunch adherent of Marxism.
The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope on which we will hang them.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
In subsequent years, he lived in Samara under police supervision, earned private lessons and in 1891 managed to pass the state exams as an external student for the full course of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1892-1893 he worked as an assistant attorney at law in Samara, where he simultaneously created a Marxist circle, translated the Manifesto of the Communist Party of Karl Marx and began to write himself, arguing with the populists.
Having moved to St. Petersburg in August 1893, he worked as a lawyer and gradually became one of the leaders of St. Petersburg Marxists. Sent abroad, he met the recognized leader of the Russian Marxists, Georgy Plekhanov. After returning to Russia, Ulyanov in 1895 united the St. Petersburg Marxist circles into a single "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In December of the same year, he was arrested by the police. Spent over a year in prison and was exiled for three years in Eastern Siberia under the public supervision of the police. There, in the village of Shushenskoye, in July 1898 he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the Petersburg revolutionary underground.
While in exile, he continued the theoretical and organizational revolutionary activity... In 1897 he published the work Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the views of the populists on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German Social Democracy Karl Kautsky, and they made a great impression on him. From Kautsky, he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized party of a "new type", bringing consciousness into the "dark" and "immature" working masses. Polemics with those Social Democrats who, from his point of view, underestimated the role of the party, became a constant topic in Ulyanov's articles. He also waged fierce polemics with the Economists, a movement that argued that social democrats should focus on economic rather than political struggle.
After the expiration of his term of exile, he went abroad in January 1900 (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). There, together with Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began to publish social the democratic newspaper Iskra. From 1901 he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and since then has been known in the party under this name. In 1902, he outlined his organizational views in the pamphlet What Is to Be Done? He proposed to rebuild the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), formed in 1898, according to the type of a besieged fortress, turning it into a rigid and centralized organization headed by professional revolutionaries - leaders whose decisions would be binding on ordinary members. This approach met with objections from a significant number of party activists, including Yulia Martov. At the second congress of the RSDLP in Brussels and London in 1903, the party split into two streams: "Bolsheviks" (supporters of Lenin's organizational principles) and "Mensheviks" (their opponents). Lenin became the recognized leader of the Bolshevik faction of the party.
During the Russian revolution of 1905-1907, Lenin managed to return to Russia for a while. He directed his supporters to actively participate in the bourgeois democratic revolution in order to try to win hegemony in it and achieve the establishment of a "revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry." On this issue, which was covered in detail in the work of Lenin, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, he sharply disagreed with the majority of the Mensheviks, who were guided by an alliance under the leadership of bourgeois-liberal circles.
The defeat of the revolution forced Lenin to emigrate again. From abroad, he continued to lead the activities of the Bolshevik movement, insisting on a combination illegal activities with legal, participation in elections in The State Duma and in the work of this body. On this basis, Lenin broke with a group of Bolsheviks led by Alexander Bogdanov, which called for a boycott of the Duma. Against his new opponents, Lenin published a polemical work Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909), accusing them of revising Marxist philosophy. In the early 1910s, differences within the RSDLP became extremely aggravated. In contrast to the otzovists (supporters of the boycott of the Duma), the Mensheviks-liquidators (adherents of legal work) and the group of Leon Trotsky, which advocated the preservation of the unity of the party ranks, Lenin forced the transformation of his current in 1912 into an independent political party, the RSDLP (b), with its own print organ - the newspaper "Pravda".
Ideas become power when they take over the masses.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
"Who is Lenin?" - the younger generation asks this offensive question more and more often. Returning social injustice seems to be the norm. But those who lived by the postulates of Lenin's teachings know that this is not the norm at all. In any case, his works are still available and even very topical. In addition, it is simply necessary to know the history of your country. And about who Lenin is, too. The country lived for seventy years according to his teachings - this is a fairly large part of the life of the state. With great victories. With faith in tomorrow. Let's hope that Vladimir Lenin is alive.
Childhood
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was the fourth child in the family of the director of public schools in the city of Simbirsk, Ilya Nikolaevich, was extremely friendly, because the mother completely devoted herself to the children. An extremely gifted pianist, superbly well-read - she had something to pass on to the children. And she herself best example before their eyes: never raising her voice, strict, but at the same time a kind-hearted woman, fair, but able to understand her child and really deeply understand the situation. All five of Lenin's brothers and sisters became revolutionaries. The eldest, Alexander, was executed for the attempt on the life of the Tsar. Vladimir Ilyich always studied perfectly well. He graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal and entered Kazan University. For active participation in student unrest, he was expelled and sent to the village of Kokushkino.
Revolutionary
In 1888, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin became a professional revolutionary. The study of "Capital" by Marx and the works of Engels, Plekhanov, Kautsky helped him in four years to comprehend all the heights and depths of political economy and philosophy. He carefully studied the economic conditions in Russia and the position of the proletariat and peasantry. At the same time, Vladimir Ilyich was preparing to take external exams at St. Petersburg University and passed them brilliantly, having received a diploma of an assistant attorney at law. However, he practically did not engage in legal practice, since other goals and objectives determined all his aspirations. Even then, being very young, he surprised his comrades-in-arms with the versatility and quality of knowledge and the irreconcilability of his convictions.
Who is Lenin
Even his first philosophical works were brilliant. In 1894, a work was published entitled "What are the Friends of the People ...", where the entire path of the working class through the revolution to freedom and prosperity against tsarism and capitalism and for socialism was already clearly traced. Lenin continued the work of Marx and Engels, independently developing and developing their teachings. In 1897 he was sent into exile in Shushenskoe ( Krasnoyarsk region). Here he worked hard on his books (including "The Development of Capitalism in Russia"). In his personal life, changes also came: he married whom all his life was his first and most reliable assistant in all revolutionary affairs. At the same time, in Shushenskoye, Lenin invented a means for rallying all the progressive forces of the country. This means later turned out to be the Iskra newspaper.
Party leader
In 1903, Lenin contributed to the speedy convocation of the second congress of the Social Democratic Labor Party. By this time, the Social Democrats no longer had the question of who Lenin was. His works were not only widely studied, but also found their supporters and opponents. There, in London, the split of the party into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, which he had discovered back in Shushenskoye, was revealed. This is how Bolshevism took shape as an independent political trend. All subsequent years, Lenin worked tirelessly, living semi-legally either at home or abroad. He devoted most of his time to the study of labor reform, published the newspaper Novoye Vremya, and conducted revolutionary educational work. was brutally suppressed. Vladimir Ilyich identified all the objective and subjective reasons for the failure. The years that followed, especially from 1908 to 1911, were very difficult.
Scientist-innovator
In 1911, a party school for workers began its work, where Lenin lectured on the theory and practice of party policy. After the conference, the newspaper Pravda appeared in St. Petersburg. It was then that the broadest sections of the population of Russia learned about who Lenin was, what he was calling for and how he would lead the working class to the victory of the revolution. Lenin directed the publication from abroad, wrote materials for it every day, which helped to attract most of the class-conscious workers to the case. The first world war was not met with enthusiasm by the people. And Lenin called on the belligerents to turn their weapons against bloody tsarism and capitalism. In 1915, he substantiated the possibility of the victory of socialism in a single country. The February bourgeois year summoned Lenin from abroad to Petrograd. He edited Pravda, explaining Bolshevik slogans and calls for a revolution that will be many times stronger than the February one. In addition, he conducted classes, gave speeches in the soldiers 'barracks, in the workers' shops. The number of supporters of the revolution grew rapidly. An order was issued for the arrest of Lenin. The work continued underground.
Organization of the revolution
October 25, 1917 happened! Lenin's contribution to the revolution is indeed enormous. The doctrine he created about the party as the leader of the proletariat in the struggle for its dictatorship appeared for the bourgeoisie and all its manifestations. In addition, Lenin became the founder and leader of a new philosophical trend of the Marxist persuasion. The volume of works written by him is enormous: fifty-five volumes of scholarly texts. And the value of what is stated in them is immeasurable.
Lenin (real name - Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich - the largest Russian Soviet political, statesman, publicist, Marxist, founder of Marxism-Leninism, one of the organizers and leaders of the October Revolution of 1917, founder of the Communist Party, creator of the first socialist state, Communist International, one of the leaders of the international communist movement... Ulyanov was from Simbirsk, where he was born on April 22 (April 10, O.S.) 1870. His father was an official, an inspector of public schools. In the period 1879-1887. Vladimir Ulyanov successfully studied at the local gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. Until the age of 16, being baptized Orthodox, he was a member of the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh.
The turning point in the biography of V. Lenin is considered the execution in 1887 of his elder brother, Alexander, who took part in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Alexander III. Although the brothers did not have a particularly close relationship, this event made a huge impression on the whole family. In 1887, Vladimir became a student at Kazan University (Faculty of Law), but participation in student riots resulted in expulsion and exile to Kokushkino, his mother’s estate. He was allowed to return to Kazan in the fall of 1888, and exactly a year later the Ulyanovs moved to Samara. Living in this city, Vladimir, thanks to active reading of Marxist literature, begins to get acquainted with this teaching in the most detailed way.
After graduating from the external law faculty of St. Petersburg University in 1891, Lenin moved to this city in 1893 and worked as an assistant attorney at law. However, he is not concerned with jurisprudence, but with issues of state structure. Already in 1894, he formulated the political credo according to which the Russian proletariat, leading all democratic forces, must lead society to the communist revolution through an open political struggle.
In 1895, with the most active participation of Lenin, the St. Petersburg Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class was created. For this he was arrested in December and then, more than a year later, he was sent to Siberia, the village of Shushenskoye, for three years. While in exile, in July 1898 he married N.K. Krupskaya in view of the threat of her transferring to another place. For the rest of his life, this woman was his faithful companion, companion and assistant.
In 1900 V. Lenin went abroad, lived in Germany, England, Switzerland. There, together with G.V. Plekhanov, who played an important role in his life, started the publication of Iskra, the first all-Russian illegal Marxist newspaper. At the Second Congress of Russian Social Democrats, which took place in 1903 and was marked by a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, he headed the first, subsequently creating the Bolshevik Party. I found the 1905 revolution in Switzerland, in November of the same year, under a false name, I illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he lived until December 1907, taking over the leadership of the Central and St. Petersburg committees of the Bolsheviks.
During the First World War, VI Lenin, who was at that time in Switzerland, put forward the slogan of the need to defeat the government with the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war. Having learned from the newspapers the news about February revolution, began to prepare for his return to his homeland.
In April 1917, Lenin arrived in Petrograd, and the very next day upon arrival, he proposed a program for the transition of the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one, proclaiming the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" Already in October he was one of the main organizers and leaders of the October armed uprising; in late October and early November, the detachments sent out on his personal order contribute to the establishment of Soviet power in Moscow.
The October Revolution, the repressive first steps of the government headed by Lenin, turned into a bloody one that lasted until 1922. Civil war, which became a national tragedy, claimed the lives of millions of people. In the summer of 1918, the family of Nicholas II was shot in Yekaterinburg, and it was established that the leader of the world proletariat reacted to the execution with approval.
Since March 1918, Lenin's biography has been associated with Moscow, where the capital is transferred from Petrograd. On August 30, he was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt, the answer to which was the so-called. red terror. On the initiative of Lenin and in accordance with his ideology, the policy of war communism was pursued, which in March 1921 was replaced by the NEP. In December 1922 V. Lenin became the creator of the USSR - a state of a new type that had no precedent in world history.
The same year was marked by a serious deterioration in health, forcing the head of the country of the Soviets to curtail active work in the political arena. In May 1923 he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow, where he died on January 21, 1924. The official reason death were named problems with blood circulation, premature wear of blood vessels, caused, in particular, by huge loads.
IN AND. Lenin refers to individuals whose assessment of their activities ranges from harsh criticism to the creation of a cult. However, no matter how his contemporaries and future generations treat him, it is quite obvious that, being a politician on a global scale, Lenin, with his ideology and activities, had a tremendous impact on world history at the beginning of the last century, setting it a further vector of development.