Fauna of the Yalta reserve. Yalta mountain-forest nature reserve Yalta mountain-forest reserve - flora and fauna

In January of this year, many of you supported the appeal "Stop the destruction of the Yalta mountain-forest nature reserve!" - against the legalization of the illegal seizure of almost 1,000 hectares of its land, which is being prepared in accordance with the "Project for changing the borders and expanding the Yalta mountain-forest nature reserve." Since then, we have received answers to it, together with colleagues from other organizations, we sent requests that more accurately clarified the situation.

Now, based on the results of our correspondence, it can be argued that the situation around the Yalta reserve casts doubt on the future of the entire natural reserve fund of Ukraine. Indeed, despite the protests and demands of the public, the project, according to which part of the reserve's lands will go to private estates, moves through the authorities and receives all the necessary approvals. Now we can safely say that the deriban of the reserved lands was planned at the highest level!

A cloud hung over Yalta in 2011, when the President of Ukraine announced the need to structure and "expand" the reserve's lands. This idea was picked up, and already at the end of the year, for money from the budget of Ukraine, the Crimean Academy of Sciences developed a project to "expand" the territory of the reserve. And the mechanism spun ...

Now the "expansion project" has received the name "the project of changing the boundaries of the Yalta mountain-forest natural reserve", and it solves all the questions of the deribaners. Here you have a pipeline (the decision on which was blocked by the public back in 2010), and all illegal allocations of land in the reserve (exactly illegal - after all, not a single piece of land has been officially transferred to anyone since Soviet times, and about 1000 hectares of reserved lands have which owners will quickly be found.

The most interesting thing in this situation is that our rulers do not show any documents to the people - neither the report of the CAS, nor the project of changing the borders of the territory itself. The documentation, which should be put up for public discussion, is classified for a reason. After all, it is practically impossible to justify the need to carry out any work at the expense of the reserve's lands.

But back to our appeal. According to the response of the Ministry of Ecology and Resources, the project of "changing the borders" was agreed and sent for consideration to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Presidential Administration and the Cabinet of Ministers simply ignored the appeal, and the Crimean Prosecutor's Office cannot figure out illegal land allocations.

In the hope of rectifying the situation, and taking into account the replies received, we turned to the Chairman of the Committee The Verkhovna Rada on environmental policy Irina Sekh - since project documentation not provided for open access, and the issues of existing illegal seizures of the reserve's lands have not been resolved, for this moment we consider it necessary to introduce a moratorium on any land withdrawal from the Yalta reserve.

In general, if the Yalta reserve still has chances, then only in the event of a mass public campaign in its defense.

We hope that the information received by us and the Lviv "EcoPrav" ("Ecology. Right. Man") will be useful for her.
1. Reply of the Republican Committee for Land Resources of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

2. Answer of the Ministry of Ecology and Resources.

3. Response of the Republican Committee of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea on protection environment.

4. Reply of the Republican Committee of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea on forestry and hunting issues.

5. Reply of the Prosecutor's Office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

6. A very informative answer received by colleagues from the IBO "Ecology. Law. Man".

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CONTACT:
Oleg Vyatkin, ECG "Pechenegi": tel. 0951396278, trolll_ecoukr.net
Prepared by ECG "Pechenegi", a member of the International Socio-Ecological Union.

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The Supreme Court, as part of the collegium of the Cassation Court, in a ruling of March 5, 2020 in case No. there is an interrogation of the person, not an interference with privacy.

The GBU YAGLPZ includes 4 research environmental departments: Gurzufskoe, Livadiyskoe, Alupkinskoe and Opolznevskoe.

YAGLPZ is an environmental, research institution, the main tasks of which are the preservation in the primary state of the unique mountain-forest natural complex of the southern mountainous Crimea, the study of natural processes and phenomena in it, efficient use natural resources, strengthening the protection of mountain forests, development scientific foundations environmental protection natural environment, as well as, conducting environmental education activities, including at environmental education sites and trails.

Uniqueness natural conditions, formed on the territory of the reserve, is associated with its position in the system of geobotanical zoning. So, the territory of the Yalta GLPZ belongs to the Mediterranean region of sclerophilous forests, maquis, shiblyaks, frigans and tomillars, the Crimean-Novorossiysk subprovince, the Crimean Mountain District of coniferous and broad-leaved nemoral and hemixerophilic forests, steppes and tomillars.

The territory of the reserve is located on the southern macroslope of the Main Ridge Crimean mountains and stretches along the Black Sea from west to east from Foros to Gurzuf for 40 km. The reserve is located at an altitude of 380-1200 m above sea level, in some places dropping to the sea. Its upper border runs along the Ai-Petrinskaya, Yalta and Nikitskaya yaylam (plateau).

The vegetation cover of the reserve most fully reflects all the diversity and richness of the flora and vegetation of the Mountain Crimea. The species composition of the Yalta reserve is represented by 1351 species, which is 49% of the entire flora of Crimea and 66% of plant species of mountain Crimea.

About 75% of the area of ​​the nature reserve is occupied by conifers and broadleaf forests sub-Mediterranean and Central European type. The main forest-forming species is Pinus pallasiana (58%), listed in the Red Book Russian Federation, which is widely known for its medicinal properties and creates special, unique landscapes. On the plateau-like summit of the main ridge, forests are replaced by mountain-steppe and meadow vegetation.

Thus, in a relatively small area, huge wealth is concentrated, characterized by the heterogeneity of the floristic and coenotic composition, among which there are many endemic and relict plant species and communities. So, on the territory of the reserve there are 141 species of plants listed in the European Red List and 41 species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, including tall juniper, dull-leaved pistachio, folded snowdrop, Crimean saffron, thin-leaved peony and many species from the orchid family (orchids) ... There are also many plants that belong to the category of endemic species, that is, they grow only on the territory of the Crimea: rumia crythmolist, hogweed ligustilla, brown cornflower, uchansun hawk, etc.

The fauna of the reserve is also diverse. The YAGLPZ is home to 36 species of mammals, 11 reptiles, 4 species of amphibians and 19 species of molluscs. Among the mammals in the forests of the reserve, you can see the European roe deer, wild boar, the Crimean subspecies of the fox and weasel, the European hare and others. The world of birds is also quite rich, represented by 96 species, of which 40 species nest here. The spineless fauna is also diverse and is represented by many species of spiders, cicadas, butterflies, barbel, among which there are many endemics.

You can learn a lot of interesting things about the unique southern coastal nature and the Yalta reserve during cognitive walks through the unique mountain landscapes of the natural reserve on specially organized sites and routes, both historically established and newly discovered.

The diversity of the fauna of the Yalta Reserve is largely due to the presence of four plant belts on its territory. This created, in particular, a favorable situation for mountain forest species. At the same time, the vertebrate fauna of the reserve is relatively poor, which is typical for all Crimean peninsula due to its geographical isolation.
There are 37 species of mammals in the reserve (72% of the total species composition of the Crimean theriofauna); 150 bird species (50% of the avifauna of the peninsula); 10 species of reptiles (66.6% of the species composition of the herpetofauna) and 4 species of amphibians (75% of the entire batracofauna of Crimea).
Mammals are represented by the orders of insectivores, bats, lagomorphs, rodents, carnivores and artiodactyls.
Among insectivores, the common hedgehog and 4 species of shrews are found. These are extremely useful animals that destroy a huge mass of harmful insects and other invertebrates. Shrews are of great benefit to agriculture and forestry, catching insects in places where other animals cannot get them: in the upper layers of the soil, among the roots, in the forest floor and other inaccessible shelters.
In the mountainous part of the reserve, there is the lesser shrew, an endemic subspecies of the peninsula. It inhabits the banks of water bodies, preferring places heavily littered with plant litter. Unlike the common shrew, it does not dig in the soil, but collects worms, spiders, millipedes and various insects and their larvae on the soil surface.
Small kutora is found along the banks of mountain streams, streams and springs. Nests, as a rule, are arranged underground, in dense thickets of grass, in tree roots or in crevices between stones. Its diet is more varied than that of other shrews; it feeds on invertebrates and small vertebrates. How rare view, is included in the "Red Book of Ukraine".
From the genus of white-toothed shrews, there are two species - the small white-toothed shrew and the white-bellied shrew. The biology of both species, as well as the way of life, are poorly understood. Various small invertebrates, mainly insects, serve as food.
There are especially many bats in the forests of the reserve (twilight-nocturnal animals, of which there are 18 species in the Crimea). Representatives of two families are found here - horseshoe and ordinary (or smooth-nosed) bats... They use natural and artificial dungeons (caves, grottoes, cellars), attics, abandoned buildings as shelters. Some species use tree hollows, for example, Natterer's bat, and the giant and small nocturnia settle only in the hollows deciduous trees... Unlike Karadag, where colonies of several species of bats have been recorded in thousands, large colonies have not been found in the Yalta Nature Reserve. Colonies of Natterer's bat and tricolor, two-tone leather and some other species number 20 - 30, less often 50 individuals. The Lesser Horseshoe Bass is found in summer and in winter, alone and in small groups, the European Shirokushka more often settles singly.
The reserve is home to the rare and largest of the bats - the giant nocturnal, whose wingspan is only slightly less than half a meter. She flies out to hunt in early twilight. Unlike most bats that feed low above the ground, it feeds on large insects that it catches at high altitudes.
The bats very useful, as they destroy nocturnal insects at a time when most carnivorous birds resting. Their food is dominated by moths, dipterans and beetles, they en masse exterminate bloodsuckers - carriers of dangerous diseases.
In the reserve there are 9 species of bats, included in the "Red Book of Ukraine": horseshoe bats large and small, Natterer's bat and tricolor, broadleaf European, small and gigantic wechids, Mediterranean and leathery bats.
The order of Lagomorphs is represented by the European hare. The order of rodents by the number of species (17) takes the second place after bats. The most notable among them is the Altai teleut squirrel brought to the Crimea in 1940-1941. She quickly acclimatized and spread widely in the mountain forests of the Crimea, where living conditions were more favorable, the climate is much milder than in the south of Siberia. The main component of protein nutrition is the beech fruit.
The mouse family is represented by 6 species. Rats are typical synanthropes, they prefer to live near humans. Only black rats live in the mountain-forest part of the reserve. Mouse-like are represented by 4 types. The wood mouse is ubiquitous; kurganchikovaya in summer lives mainly in the field, and is common in settlements; yellow-throated is found only in mountain forests, where it, as a stronger competitor, displaces wood mouse and in separate years becomes mass appearance... The common vole is also found in the southern part of the reserve.
Detachment predatory mammals in the reserve it is represented by only two families: canines and mustelids. The wolf in the Crimea disappeared back in the 1920s, but occasionally enters through the Perekop Isthmus. Given the inconstancy of the wolf's stay on the territory of the reserve, it can be considered that the fox is the largest predatory animal here. The Crimean mountain fox is an endemic subspecies. It is smaller than ordinary, but has a fluffier and brighter fur, which is considered by experts to be of higher quality. The number of foxes is relatively high, especially during the years of mass reproduction of the yellow-necked mouse.
The largest member of the weasel family is the badger. He lives only in the mountain-forest part of the reserve. By the nature of the diet, it is omnivorous. At the Crimean badger hibernation shallow and interrupted during thaws, and in warm, mild winters does not occur at all.
Weasel is the smallest member of the mustelid family and the most active predator. Dwells everywhere. The stone marten is an endemic subspecies. She lives mainly in the mountain-forest part of the reserve.
The ungulates of the reserve are represented by only 4 species. The Crimean red deer and European roe deer are native species, while the wild pig and mouflon have acclimatized in the Crimea relatively recently.
The Crimean red deer is an endemic subspecies of the European red deer, which differs from it in the size and details of the structure of the antlers. If earlier the deer in most cases came from the neighboring Crimean State Wildlife Preservation and Hunting Economy, now it is a permanent resident of the reserve.
The roe deer is in the first place among the ungulates in the reserve. The Crimean roe deer is almost 2 times smaller than the Siberian roe deer, it lives mainly in places where there are a lot of shrubs, grassy meadows, rocks. These animals are especially active at dusk, and during the day they lie in the shade of rocks or in windbreaks. On autumn nights, on the Ai-Petrinskaya yayla, you can see dozens of roe deer - herds that eat juicy grasses.
Mouflon, brought to the Crimean Mountains in 1913, does not live in the reserve permanently, but from time to time it migrates from the reserve hunting economy. The wild pigs that appeared here in 1957 quickly multiplied and spread throughout the peninsula.
Birds are the most numerous among vertebrates. From late February to June, up to 40 species are concentrated on the nesting site. In July - August, a significant part of them leave the forests in search of more feeding places, flying to the floodplain forests and less forested foothills. Of the nesting species, the most numerous are finch, rattle warbler, and black tit. In September, the forests and yayls of the reserve are enlivened by passing species. Quail, corncrake, other shepherd, golden bee-eaters, small falcons, sparrowhawks, many passerines are flying. From the beginning of October in protected forests woodcocks begin to accumulate. The time of appearance of wintering birds is not constant, it depends on meteorological conditions, the yield of forage, etc. In the pine forests of the reserve, the most common great spotted woodpecker, black tit, spruce crossbill; in forest glades with thorny bushes - shrike-shrike and black-headed warbler; in floodplain forests - blackbird, wren, great tit; on the yayla - the lark and the forest pipit; in rocky habitats - white-bellied and black swifts. After the establishment of the reserve regime, such species as pheasant, chuklik and wood pigeon became background. To a lesser extent, klintukhs nest in tree hollows in high-trunk forests. On the rocky cliffs, there are wild doves.
On the territory of the reserve, you can see two types of turtle doves - common and ringed; last - the new kind Crimean fauna which appeared on the peninsula in 1970.
A detachment of daytime birds of prey in recent years significantly poorer. The white-tailed eagle, the dwarf eagle, the vulture, the snake-eagle have ceased to nest; the burial eagle, the goshawk, the steppe harrier, field and meadow harriers, the Saker Falcon and the peregrine falcon, and the sparrowhawk are rare. Of the nesting birds of prey, only the wasp eater and the common buzzard are relatively common.
The order of owls is represented by 5 species. The smallest of them are the scops owl and the house owl. Long-eared owl is a rare breeding species of forest foothills. She settles in trees, feeds in open areas. The gray owl is a typical forest inhabitant, abundant in the high-stemmed forests of the Crimean Mountains.
There are few reptiles in the reserve. Lizards are represented by several species. The Crimean lizard with a high pyramidal head is ubiquitous, much less often - a rocky lizard with a noticeably flattened head, inhabiting rocks and outcrops of hard rocks. The nimble lizard also lives here, there is now a rare species - the legless jaundice. Of the snakes, the most interesting is the leopard snake, listed in the "Red Book".
The only species of turtles found here is the marsh turtles, in the last 30 years it has been rare. Amphibians are represented by the common tree frog, green toad and lake frog. The crested newt is found in small numbers.
Among the numerous and varied insects, there are many rare and endangered species: praying mantises, swallowtail butterflies, hawk moths, deer beetles, rhinos, etc. Of the terrestrial mollusks known in the Mountainous Crimea (81 species), in the reserve there are: in mountain forests - 40 species , in the transitional slope part - 49, in the south coast - 27 species. Moreover, 20 species (25%) are endemic.

The reserve in Yalta is an interesting living museum of nature. On the territory of almost 15 thousand hectares, there was once a local forestry. However, the natural collection of Crimean flora and fauna here turned out to be so rich that in 1973 it was decided to stop any use of this place for economic purposes and assign it the status of a protected area. Since then, the staff of the reserve has been actively working to preserve and increase natural wealth... The Yalta Nature Reserve is protected by the state as a particularly significant object.

The mountain-forest reserve is located between Gurzuf and Foros. On the one hand, its space is limited by the sea, on the other - by the Crimean peaks. The highest point of the reserve is Mount Roca, which is almost 1,500 meters above sea level.

The collection of flora preserved here is of the greatest value. In the reserve you can find most of the plants that are typical for the territory of the Crimean mountains as a whole. A large proportion of these representatives flora is on the verge of extinction and is listed in the Red Book.

The forest component of the reserve occupies two-thirds of the entire area, and is divided into several main zones. The lower level, closer to the coast, is oak with occasional splashes of juniper and pistachio trees. Above it are pines, hornbeams and ash. The upper "floor", at an altitude of 900 meters above sea level, was occupied by pine and beech trees.

On yayls (flat treeless areas, which are traditionally used by mountain residents as summer pastures), wild herbs grow here - carnation, bindweed, stone-lover, rank, peony and many other steppe and meadow grasses.

The most numerous inhabitants of the reserve after plants can be safely called birds. Thrushes, goldfinches, oatmeal, peregrine falcons, siskins, blue tit, jays - more than 150 species in total.

Compared to the variety of plants and birds, the collection of fauna here is almost modest - only 37 species. Mammals, for example, are represented by roe deer, mouflons, red deer, foxes, badgers, weasels. However, most of them belong to the so-called "Crimean subspecies" and have their own characteristics that are characteristic only for representatives of this region.

Reptiles and amphibians are rarely found here: geckos, lizards, newts, tree frogs and toads.

except scientific research and nature conservation activities, the reserve is engaged in active educational and educational work. For this, a museum has been created on the territory of the reserve, as well as special routes have been developed that help visitors to the reserve to learn more about the nature of Crimea and to get imbued with the idea of ​​an attentive, eco-friendly lifestyle.

What to see

Most of the Yalta nature reserve is accessible for visiting. However, movement within it is limited - you can only move along specially permitted routes.

The main office building is located Museum of Nature reserve. Long-term results of scientific and practical work of the entire team working here flock here. Scientific materials, herbariums, zoological information and collections, revealing the peculiarities of the flora and fauna of the Crimean peninsula.

The exact address of the museum: Sovetskoe village, Dolosskoe highway, building 2.

Be sure to take a ride on cable car "Miskhor-Ai-Petri"... This is one of the most popular walks among both local residents and tourists who have come to Crimea. The road has three stations: the lower one is Miskhor, the middle one is Sosnovy Bor and the upper one is Ai-Petri (1152 meters above sea level). It is breathtakingly beautiful on the road and incredibly interesting on the observation decks.

You can climb Ai-Petri peak and in other ways. You can get there on foot or go on horseback by ordering a horse ride with a guide. A stunning panorama of the Crimea opens up from here.

The easiest, shortest and safest way up is Miskhor (Koreiz) trail.

In the summer heat, it will be a separate pleasure to go down to Three-eye cave... The entrance there is represented by three holes or "eyes", from where the cave got its name. 22 meters down the stairs and you find yourself in the epicenter of coolness. It is never warmer than +1 degrees here, so be sure to take warm clothes with you. The middle of the cave is always occupied by a huge block of ice and frozen ice splashes, illuminated from above by rays from the hole.

The cave can be reached via a trail that starts near the upper cable car station. Follow the signs.

On Ai-Petri you can see the highest waterfall Crimea - Uchan-Su... Powerful streams of water rush down from a height of almost one hundred meters. It looks especially impressive in spring, after the mountain snow melts. In summer, the waterfall almost dries up.

There are dozens of interesting routes and objects in the reserve, of which one can single out Uch-Kosh gorge, Fucking staircase , "Ecological ring" and many others.

Visiting some objects is possible only with a special permit or with an excursion group.

Shtangeevskaya trail of the Yalta nature reserve - panorama Google maps

Prices in the Yalta Reserve 2020

Residents of Yalta have the right to a preferential visit to the reserve. To do this, you need to obtain an annual pass. It will cost 200 rubles.

All other visitors will be charged for individual visits. For example, climbing to the top of Ai-Petri - 100 rubles, a visit to the Uchan-Su waterfall - 50 rubles. There is a paid visit to the caves of Yalta, Geodesic, Trekhglazka and some hiking trails - Botkin, Shtangeevskaya and others.

How to get to the Yalta mountain-forest reserve

The territory of the reserve stretches for 53 kilometers from Foros to Nikitskaya yayla. The nearest settlements are: Alupka, Yalta, Gurzuf.

You can get to the Yalta Mountain-Forest Natural Reserve either by car or by public transport... When traveling by car in winter, you need four-wheel drive vehicles, because the roads of the reserve are replete with serpentines. In snowfall, you will also need chains for wheels.

Bus routes No. and are carried out from the Yalta bus station in the direction of Mount Ai-Petri. You need to get off at the stop "Lower Station of the Cable Car". The easiest way for tourists to find themselves on the hiking trails of the reserve is by taking the cable car from Miskhor.

Yalta Nature Reserve in June (video)

Located in the Crimea. It was organized in 1973, February 20. The total area of ​​the reserve is 14,523 hectares.

The reserve includes 4 forestry: Alupkinskoe, Livadiyskoe, Gurzufskoe, Landslide... There are various attractions in the protected lands, in particular Pass Devil's Ladder, Uchan-Su waterfall, Three-eye cave, Ai-Petri mountains.

Yalta reserve stretches along the Black Sea coast from Foros to Gurzof, from southwest to northeast. The highest point of the reserve is a mountain called Roca - 1349 meters. The reserve covers the southern slope of the Main Ridge, composed of rocks of various ages.

The reserve is dominated by a climate close to the Mediterranean. A moderate humid climate is observed in its upper part. average temperature July is + 24C, January - + 3.5C. Average annual temperature is + 13C. The frost-free period lasts for 247 days. The snow cover is retained, as a rule, for 11 days. The reserve receives from 550 to 560 mm of precipitation annually.

Yalta mountain-forest natural reserve and its flora

Forests cover about 75% of the protected area. In total Yalta reserve there are three main forest belts.

The first of them grows on the coastal lower slopes. This is a forest of fluffy oak interspersed with groves of dull pistachio and high juniper. After felling, the main species are often replaced by thickets of eastern hornbeam and prickly tree.

The second forest belt is located at an altitude of 400-900 meters. It is composed of Crimean pine interspersed with ash, hornbeam, rocky oak.

As for the third forest belt, it is located at an altitude of 900 meters and is represented by pine and beech forests. On yaylah dominated by meadow plant and mountain-steppe communities.

The flora of the Yalta reserve is represented by 1363 species of vascular plants, among which there are many endemics: Crimean breakthrough, Yaylinsky, Steven's sunflower, Crimean geranium, Crimean peony, finger rank, nettle naked, Sobolev stone lover, Crimean bindweed, low carnation and others.

In addition, the local flora includes 78 species of plants included in Red Book of Ukraine... These are Crimean adenophora, dull-leaved pistachio, small-fruited strawberry, Siberian sable, Crimean cistus, Crimean violet, Crimean peony, green tar, Bieberstein's gum, Crimean lumbago, high juniper, adiantum of Persian hair, numerous orchid types of hair.

Yalta mountain-forest nature reserve and its fauna

Fauna of the Yalta reserve less rich. The most diverse is the local avifauna... The reserve is home to 150 species of birds: siskin, crossbill, blue tit, mountain bunting, goldfinch, finch, blackbird, woodpecker, burial eagle, black-headed jay, peregrine falcon and others.

Mammals are represented by 37 species, including European roe deer, European hare, Crimean subspecies of fox, white-breasted, Crimean subspecies of weasel, badger, mouflon, red deer and others.

Reptiles are represented by yellow-bellied, yellow-bellied and leopard snake, copperhead, Crimean lizard, Crimean gecko and others.
The species composition of amphibians is rather poor, represented by 4 species. So, in the reserve you can see a green toad, tree frog, lake frog and crested newt.

Rare and protected species include the following: badger, small cutora, bats, noctuaries, tricolor and Nutter's bat, small and large horseshoe bats and others. also in Yalta reserve are found different kinds insects.