From the memoirs of a rocketman. The biggest secret of Soviet rocketry (4 photos)
memoirs of missilemen of the 19th division - Vladimir Vasilyevich Chereslo, born in 1934. In 1953 he graduated from 10 classes, entered the Kaliningrad military school. He graduated from it in 1955 and was sent to the Carpathian Military District in the unit that was stationed in the city of Kamenets - Podolsk, Khmelnitsky region. In 1956 he served in the artillery battalion of the 12th Rocket Brigade in Borshchev, Ternopil region. December 1956 until October 1961 he served in the Southern Group of Forces in Hungary in the 83rd separate Jet Battalion as platoon commander, senior battery officer. Corr .: Tell me, please, how did you influence the events in Hungary of your 06 part? - Administrative power was in the hands of the commandant's office. Until May 1957, we maintained the order of the commandant service. This was the mission that took place until 1957. And later, the liquidation of military administrations took place and power completely passed to the Hungarian government. But we continued to fulfill our duties here until 1961. Corr .: How many people did you have? - CW: A separate part. Corr .: Were your relatives with you? - C.V .: At that time I was single. Although, yes, later they were allowed to bring in families. Corr .: Then you were worried about certain global problems? - C.V .: Yes, it was about the life and death of the USSR, and the countries of the socialist camp, i.e., about avoiding World War III. For example, M. Thatcher the Iron Lady believed that nuclear weapons were an opportunity for success for the West. At first this was perceived as a misunderstanding of the thesis, about the possibility of a world catastrophe, but over time it became clear that the presence nuclear weaponsThis is our parity in this area, this is the first guarantee to avoid a nuclear war. After all, everyone understood that either side could be the first to “press the button”. As a result, he will receive an answer that will lead to the destruction of the planet. My opinion: The Cuban missile crisis was not "brewed" by the USSR. We did not use nuclear weapons in Hirasima and Nagasaki, the Americans did it. We were lagging behind in the development of nuclear weapons then. The main thing is that the USSR quickly reached parity, i.e. guaranteed the possibility of avoiding nuclear war. Otherwise, planet Earth would cease to exist. Since 1961 to 1971 Served in the Rocket Regiment of the 19 Rocket Division as head of the refueling department of the third division of military unit 54 145, as a senior engineer of the division. Corr .: Did ordinary civilians take part in engineering and technical work? - CW: Yes, they were miners, representatives of mines. In 1963, the accident happened. Corr .: What is the accident? - C.V .: After we made the command post hall, three missiles were launched. Then the first combat schedules were worked out. After that, we moved on to preparing for a re-launch. At that time, there was no documentation for these operations. We have worked these charts to obtain information, calculated when it will be possible to make repeated launches. It was then that tragic events took place, for technical reasons. These are the flaws of designers, assemblers, as a result of which people suffered. Corr .: That is, they suffered, died? - CW: No, they were still alive, but they inhaled too much vapors of fuel components - nitric acid vapors. And this is a burn of the human respiratory tract. Corr .: Tell me, for this process, have you thought out special protective equipment? - CW: Yes, there were protective equipment ... They worked. I was personally saved by a combined-arms gas mask. And people who did not use it, and the components of the fuel got on their faces. To check the personnel, I went to another mine. 10 minutes passed after the first accident. There I found two people who were trying to hide. They apparently wore gas masks, but when they probably had nothing to breathe, they took them off, inhaled, inspired by nitrogen fumes. I pulled them out of the mine and took them to the hospital. But their airways were burnt, pulmonary edema developed. After these accidents in the hospital, they were treated for 45 days, for six months, even for two years. Treatment was provided by the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. Corr .: They were all young people, right? - CW: Of course - those who served the first, second, third year. They were 18-20 years old. Then three people from my unit died. After that, for about ten more years, I continued to serve at a gas station. There were no such accidents. We began to pay more attention to the protection of people. In the 70s-80s, all the complexes were rebuilt. I had to rebuild dozens of missiles in the area. Each regiment had about a dozen missiles located at a distance of 7-8 km. Their delivery to anywhere in the world is 25 minutes. I will make a reservation right away that they have never been launched in Ukraine. I would also like to emphasize that after the accidents, safety measures were always followed. Of course, a gas mask could protect the respiratory system, but, for example, if acid gets on the head, it will burn everything ... Before the accidents, and not only soldiers died, Marshal Nedelin died, everything happened: somewhere they overlooked, somewhere they missed. You know, in order to prevent an accident, you need to re-check everything. And this was a new task, a waste of time, so no one was involved in defense. There were schedules, everything happened quickly, in a hurry. What can I say, especially when it was necessary to have time to make preparations for the descent for some holiday. This haste sometimes ended in the death of people. After accidents, protective measures were always followed very strictly. Corr .: Tell me, please, if you consider the situation in general: how did family life develop? - C.V .: I was a bachelor, a year later I got married and got an apartment. All the housing that was built in Rakovo, first of all, was provided to us, the missilemen. Corr .: That is, you felt a certain privileged social status? - CW: Yes, of course and without a doubt. Corr .: As I understand it, this is another stimulus of patriotism - a feeling of interest in a person, a sense of the need for this matter, and not a call. - CW: You know, the Soviet ideology brought us up like this: First, think about your Motherland, and then - about yourself! - Corr .: It seems to me that in our time the education of young people following the example of Soviet ideology, on a "naked" interest, will cause negative emotions. Yet then the state was - the foundation of young people. At least they did not refuse the draft and did not pay off the army in such numbers as now (laughs). - CW: I'll tell you more: then people themselves went into the army, they didn't need to be forced. Look: a military school officer was graduated. In our division they already knew how many people would arrive, some with their families, some with children. If a lieutenant graduate came with his family, then even the captain - a bachelor - was not given an apartment, but first of all to him. They were interested in him, pointed to a certain perspective. Bachelor officers, for example, were provided with hostels, and later with a hotel. That is, everything was thought out, provided for to the smallest detail. That is why it was honorable to serve in the Soviet Army, there was pride and patriotism. Now isn't it? After all, the rocket troops were elite troops. Corr .: Probably the selection was also serious? - CW: Yes. For example, among the people who served with me, all had secondary education and even higher education.
This information has been prepared at the request of veterans of the city's missile forces for the 55th anniversary of the creation of the missile forces strategic purpose, which was celebrated on December 17, 2014.
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE ROCKET FORCES
The origin of the missile forces is associated with the development of domestic and foreign missile weapons, and then - nuclear missile weapons and methods of their combat use.
The fundamental documents for the creation of missile forces is the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 13, 1946 No. 1017-419, which determined practical measures to create a new branch of the defense industry - domestic rocketry, as well as organizational measures for the development of missile weapons in the Armed Forces of the USSR.
The first missile formation - 22 BrON RVGK - was formed in Germany in August 1946 on the basis of the 92 Guards Mortar Regiment ("Katyusha") in the village of Berka, 6 km from Sondershausen. Major General A.F. Tveretsky was appointed the first brigade commander. - a graduate of the Military Academy. Dzerzhinsky, a military officer, awarded two Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War 1, 2 degrees, the Red Star, etc. Subsequently, General Tveretsky A.F. was the head of the Rostov rocket school.
The development of the first missile system was carried out on the basis of the German FAU-2 missiles under the leadership of a group of designers headed by S.P. Korolev.
Among the developers were V.P. Glushko. (engine); Pilyugin N.A. (control system); Kuznetsov V.I. (gyroscopes); Barnin V.P. (ground equipment), as well as a group of German specialists led by Helmut Gretrupp.
Since the Americans took out all the valuable archives, missiles and technical documentation. Together with the chief designer von Braun, our leading specialists had to search for technical documentation of components and assemblies throughout Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. After that, by the end of 1946, the first sample of the A-4 rocket (a copy of the FAU-2) was assembled.
22 BRON began to study and test the first A-4 ballistic missile. At the beginning of 1947, the brigade was redeployed to Kapustin Yar in the Stalingrad region (USSR) and transferred to the 4th State Range of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Following the brigade, two special trains with equipment for the A-4 missile arrived from Germany. On October 14, 1947, the first batch of A-4 missiles made at Soviet enterprises arrived at the test site. On October 18, 1947, at 10:47 am, the first in our country was launched an experimental ballistic missile A-4. The missiles successfully launched, reaching a range of 274 km from the launch site. At the site of the first launch at the Kapustin Yar test site, a monument was erected in honor of this event.
The first launch took place on October 10, 1948 domestic rocket R-1 (8A-11), manufactured at factories in our country. This is a rocket with liquid-oxygen rocket engines and 75% ethyl alcohol weighing 13.4 g, with a warhead with an explosive volume, weighing 800 kg, a flight range of 270 km. The rocket consisted of a warhead (warhead), instrument compartment, middle and tail sections; control system - autonomous.
The rocket was launched from the launch pad and vertical position. Transportation was carried out on an unpaved cart using an ATT tractor. The rocket was reloaded by a gantry crane. Time to prepare the rocket for launch on TP and LP is at least 8 hours.
On November 28, 1950, the first R-1 (8A-11) missile system was put into service and began to enter the troops.
At the same time, the design bureau of S.P. Korolev was developing a new R-2 (8Zh-38) complex with a missile range of 600 km. At the end of 1951, the R-2 complex was put into service with the 22BrON, which was redeployed to the village of Medved, Novgorod region.
In total, for the period from 1950 to 1953 at the Kapustin Yar test site, the following were formed:
- 23 BrON (1950). The brigade commander - Colonel M.G. Grigoriev (later - the commander of the first ICBM division, participant of the "Angara" project at the Plisetsk training ground, the First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General. The place of permanent deployment of the brigade is Kamyshin, Stalingrad region (later - Kolomyya in 1960);
- 54 BrON (1952). The brigade commander - Colonel T.N. Nebozhenko, since May 1952 - Major General P.V. Kolesnikov The location of the brigade is Kapustin Yar, in 1959. Relocated to the Baltic States, years. Taurage, then to Siauliai;
- 56 BrON (1952). The brigade commander is Colonel TN Nebozhenko, the brigade is stationed - Kapustin Yar;
- 90 engineering brigade (1952). The brigade commander - Colonel Lukashevich, later - the head of the MFA KKVO, Lieutenant General. After formation, relocated to Kremenchuk, KVO;
- 77th engineering brigade (1953). The brigade commander is Colonel Shubny M.E. After its formation, it was relocated to the city of Belokorovichi;
- 80th engineering team. Commander - Colonel M. Chumak After forming
Ranovania was relocated to Belokorovichi.
In March 1953, the special-purpose brigades were renamed into the engineering brigades of the RVGK
22 Bron-v72 engineering brigade. 23 Armor - 73 engineering brigade. 56 Armor - 85 engineering brigade.
By 1955, four more Ings were formed. brigades
12th engineering brigade - the location of the settlement of Postavy. 15 Ing. The brigade is the location of the city of Mozyr. 22 Ing. The brigade is the location of the city of Lutsk. 233 engineering brigade - the location of the city of Klintsy.
After the missile brigades began to receive missiles with nuclear charges R-11M \\ 8K-11 \\ and R-5m \\ 8K-51 \\ with a range of 150 and 1200 km. The combat capabilities of missile systems have increased significantly. The formations of the missile forces were able to solve both operational-tactical and strategic tasks in the theater of operations. By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in August 1958, three Ing. brigades armed with the R11-M \\ 8k-11 \\ complex are transferred to Ground forces \\ 77.90 and 233 \\. brigades ..
The strategic missile forces will include 72-73- 80-12-15-22 engineering brigades.
December 17, 1959 by a decree of the government of the USSR created the new kind armed forces - strategic missile forces with the main headquarters in Odintsovo, Moscow region.
In connection with the deployment of NATO missile systems with nuclear warheads in Western Europe and Turkey, the Soviet government decides to put the newly created regiments and divisions on alert.
In accordance with the directive of the General Staff in 1958, one of the missile divisions from the 72nd, 73rd, 85th engineering brigades with R-5M (8K51) missiles (flight range 1200 km, nuclear warhead, SU - autonomous, system BRK-2) are redeployed to a new location:
650 orders of 72 engineers brigade - Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad region. Division Commander - Colonel B. Spryskov, Prtb Commander - Lieutenant Colonel Tamarlakov;
- 640 order of 85 engineering brigades - s. Perevalnoe, Crimea. Division Commander - Lieutenant Colonel I.L. Kurakov, commander of the Prtb - Lieutenant Colonel S.I. Sorokin;
- 652 order of 85 engineering brigades - Manzovka village, Primorsky Territory. Division Commander - Colonel Generalov S.T., Prtb commander - Lieutenant Colonel Golyanskiy GD;
- 651 order of 73 engineering brigade - Svalyava city, Transcarpathian region. Commander - Colonel Abrashkevich V.A., commander of prtb - Lieutenant Colonel Dzyuba V.A.
One battalion is deployed in missile regiments by May 10, 1959 and takes over on combat duty.
In 1960, the "Regulations on combat duty of units and subunits of the Strategic Missile Forces" was put into effect.
In June 1960, two missile armies were formed on the basis of two DA air armies: in Smolensk (50 RA) and in Vinnitsa (43 RA).
The 43rd army at that time included:
- 19RD - headquarters in Khmelnitsky;
- 33RD - headquarters in Mozyr;
- 35 RD - headquarters in Ordzhonikidze;
- 37 RD - headquarters in Lutsk;
- 43 RD - headquarters in Romny;
- 44 RD - headquarters in Kolomyya (regiments: Svalyava (Mukachevo), Stryi, Dolina, Kolomyia);
- 45 RD - headquarters in Kolomyya;
- 46 RD - headquarters in Pervomaisk;
- 49 RD - headquarters in Lida;
- 50 RD - headquarters in Belokorovichi.
- 23 RD - headquarters in Kansk;
- 24 RD - headquarters in Gvardeysk;
- 29 RD - headquarters in Taurage (Shauliai);
- 31 RD - headquarters in Pinsk (Pruzhany);
- 32 RD - headquarters in Postavy;
- 8 RD - headquarters in Ostrov;
- 58 RD - headquarters in Kaunas.
disbanded in 1990.
ROCKET TROOPS OF LAND FORCES
The Rocket Forces of the Ground Forces are designed to accomplish missions in combat and in operations with or without the use of weapons of mass destruction.
Organizationally, the missile forces consist of formations and units of operational-tactical and tactical missiles.
Operational-tactical missile systems
In August 1958, in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the USSR, engineering brigades 77, 90, 233 were transferred to the Ground Forces, armed with the R-11 (8A61) and R-11M (8K11) missile systems - the first with a conventional warhead, the second with nuclear warhead.
The R-11 (8A61) complex was put into service in 1955. The rocket was used on PU 89218 (ATT base), T-1 fuel (kerosene, oxidizer), AK-20 (20% - nitrogen dioxide, 80% nitric acid), launchers TG-02, SU - autonomous, warhead - conventional explosives, Warhead - non-detachable, starting weight - 5.4 g, length 10.5 m, firing range - 270 km.
Rocket complex R-11M (8K11)
The development of the R-11M was reduced to the modernization of the R-11. As a result of the work, the mass of the warhead increased by 1.3 times. The main difference was that new rocket had a warhead with nuclear warhead weighing 10 kg. In addition, an emergency blasting system (APR) was installed on the rocket, with a firing range of 80-150 km. The rest of the performance characteristics are the same as in the P-11.
Launchers 8-U218 based on ISU-152K 8U218 provided transportation, testing, installation of the rocket on the launch pad and launch. This complex had good maneuverability, maneuverability, reduced the preparation time of the rocket for launch, and was the first autonomous unit.
In April 1958, the complex was adopted by the engineering brigades of the Ground Forces. Serial production began in 1959 at the Kirov plant in Leningrad.
Rocket complex 9K72 (8K14) - "Elbrus",
export version of Scud "
The development of the complex has been carried out at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant since 1958.
The R-17 (8K14) rocket had a liquid-propellant rocket engine with a pumping fuel supply system, the main components of which were an oxidizer based on nitric acid AK27I, fuel was TM-185 kerosene, and the starting fuel was TG-02. Fuel tanks - load-bearing, refueling method - volume and weight, MS - inseparable from the APR system.
For its application, a 2P19 crawler starting unit was developed, then on the basis of MAZ-543 - a 9P117, 9P117M unit. the launch was carried out from the launch pad in a vertical position.
In March 1962, the 9K72 RCS with the 8K-14 missile was adopted by the ground forces' missile brigades. The firing range is 50-300 km, the power of the warhead is 10-300 kt, the rocket length is 11.3 m, the diameter is 0.88 m, the starting weight of the loaded rocket is 5.864 kg.
Rocket complex 9K714 "OKA"
OTR 9K714 "OKA" was developed by the Kolominsky machine-building plant under the leadership of the chief designer of the Invincible S. P. Adopted in 1980. It is a self-propelled launcher based on the BAZ-6944 chassis. Solid-propellant missiles 9M714 with a detachable warhead, autonomous control system. The missile is equipped with conventional and nuclear warheads (10-50 Kt). Calculation of 3 people, smarsh deployment time 5 minutes, starting weight 4630 kg, firing range 50-450 km, target hitting accuracy 0.035 m.The complex was liquidated in accordance with the agreement between the USSR and the USA on the destruction of missiles medium range 1987-1989
Rocket complex 9K76 (9M76) "Temp-S"
Front-line operational-tactical complex "Temp-S" was developed by the Moscow Research Institute-1, chief designer Nadiradze A.D. Introduced into service in 1966.
The launcher is mounted on the MAZ-543 base. Solid-propellant two-stage missiles 9M76 in a container, with an autonomous control system, separated by a warhead in both nuclear and conventional equipment. Combat charge power (100-300-500 Kt). Smarsh deployment time 30 minutes, firing range 300-950 km, starting weight 9300 kg.
The complex was eliminated in accordance with the agreement between the USSR and the United States on the destruction of medium-range missiles 1987-1989.
Formation and formation of missile brigades in Kremenchug
The first missile formation, stationed in Kremenchug from 1952 to 1958, - the 90th engineering brigade of the RVGK - was formed at the Kapustin Yar state range on the basis of 56 BrON (the commander of the engineering brigade is Colonel Lukashevich.)
RVG 90 engineering (missile) brigade
Until 1958, the brigade was armed with the R-2 (8Zh38) missile system with a flight range of 270-600 km, a detachable warhead, an autonomous control system, fuel components: alcohol in the fuel, oxidizer - liquid oxygen, THA - hydrogen peroxide; Warheads - both with conventional explosives and nuclear. Introduced into service in 1952.
TTX missiles 8Zh38
Length - 18 m,
Case diameter - 1.65 m,
Warhead weight - 1500kg,
Fuel weight - 16 t,
Dry rocket weight - 4500kg,
Starting weight - 29.4t.
Preparation of the rocket for launch was carried out at technical and launch positions. After checking the rocket at the TP, it was lifted onto the launch pad using the 8U22 installation. In an upright position, the control system was checked, the rocket was refueled and guided. The rocket preparation time for launch at the launching position is 3-4 hours.
At the same time, a military town was being built. So, for the period from 1952 to 1954, 3 barracks, a headquarters, a checkpoint, a first-aid post, a canteen and high-rise buildings for preparing calculations were built.
In 1958, in accordance with the Directive GS 90, the engineering team was relocated to the ZakVO, Shaumyany.
152 Brest-Lithuanian Guards Orders of Lenin, Kutuzov Missile Brigade
Participant of the Great Patriotic War (1942-1945). From 1945 to 1958, she was a member of the GSVG artillery corps, Rostok. In 1958, it was disbanded and re-equipped in the city of Konotop. On April 19, 1958, she was sent to the city of Kremenchug to the location of the 90th engineering brigade of the RVGK, which will be relocated to the village of Shaumyany, ZakVO. The brigade is armed with the OTR R-11M (8K11) complex.
In July 1960, after the formation and military coordination, it departs to a new location - the city of Naumburg, GSVG, 8th Guards A. In May 1966 he returned to the USSR again - to the city of Chernyakhovsk, Belarus. In 1969 it was re-equipped with the OTR 9K72 (8K14) "Temp-S" complex, firing range - 300-970 km.
From 1983 to 1988 it was relocated to the GSVG. In 1988 he returned to the USSR in the city of Chernyakhovsk, re-equipped with the 9K79 "Point U" complex, firing range - 180 km.
Since 1997, it has been transferred to the Land Forces of the Baltic Fleet.
In 2009 re-equipped with new complex OTR "Iskander", firing range - 50-450 km.
Currently deployed in the city of Chernyakhovsk, it is part of the Western Military District of Russia.
107 Leningrad Order of Kutuzov
Rocket brigade
In December 1942, the formation of the 67th howitzer artillery brigade began in the training center in Kolomna. Already on May 10, 1943, the 67th howitzer artillery brigade, consisting of 3 howitzer artillery regiments, had a fully trained and close-knit personnel. The first brigade commander, who formed it, was Major Stepan Prokhorovich AZAROV.
On July 12, 1943, the brigade left for the Western Front. She took the first battle on August 7 of the same year when she broke through the long-term and deeply echeloned enemy defense in the Spas-Demyansk direction.
On August 31, 1943, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, all personnel of the brigade were commended for excellent military operations in breaking through the enemy's defenses and liberating the city of Yelnya.
Further, with the participation of soldiers, the units were liberated from the Nazis in the cities of Smolensk, Roslavl and Vitebsk. The 67th GABR made a significant contribution to breaking the blockade of Leningrad. After that there were bloody battles for Orsha and Kishinev. The artillerymen liberated the peoples of Romania (Iasi, Bucharest), Hungary (Budapest) and Austria (Vienna) from the Nazi yoke. For successful hostilities and heroism on June 26, 1944, the brigade was given the honorary name "Leningradskaya", and on December 16, 1944, the unit was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, II degree. The 67th Leningrad Order of Kutuzov, II Degree, ended the war with a howitzer artillery brigade near Passadorf (Austria) under the command of Colonel ALEKSEEV, after which it was redeployed to Sybyu (Romania).
In total, during the war, the personnel of the brigade received 17 gratitude from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
IN post-war years 67 GABr repeatedly changed its location. Was in Hungary, in the cities of Dnepropetrovsk, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev. In 1960, the 67th howitzer artillery battery was disbanded.
Due to development military equipment at the turn of the 60s, the ground forces of the Soviet Union began to be equipped with mobile operational-tactical missile systems with conventional and nuclear warheads.
On August 8, 1960, the management of the 107 missile brigade was formed with a deployment location in the city of Kremenchug. To staff the brigade, the personnel of the 67th howitzer artillery Leningrad Order of Kutuzov of the II degree of the brigade was involved. Also, the 484 and 661 missile divisions of the 152 missile brigade were transferred to the brigade. The brigade received the R-11M (8K11) missile system. The first commander of the 107 Leningrad Order of Kutuzov of the II degree of the missile brigade was appointed Major General of Artillery T.M. ZAITSEV. Chief of Staff - Colonel VA SHAROV, Deputy for Political Affairs - Hero of the Soviet Union Colonel KP NEZDOLIY
As the successor to the 67th GABR, the 107th missile brigade inherited both its traditions and honorary names. The part's birthday is December 16, 1960.
In September-October 1961, the 107th missile brigade as part of the brigade command, 484 and 661 missile divisions, as well as 242 separate helicopter units was redeployed to the territory of the Hungarian People's Republic and became part of the Southern Group of Forces.
The brigade headquarters and 661 missile battalions were located 2 km south of Dombovar, 484 missile battalions - 2.5 km east of Tab, 242 separate helicopter link - in the town of Sarmellek.
In 1965, the brigade first conducts tactical exercises with combat missile launches at the Kapustin Yar state range. In total, in the period from 1965 to 1991, 107 missile brigades conducted 12 tactical exercises with combat missile launches at the Kapustin Yar state range (1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991). ), of which four times (in 1968, 1970, 1972, 1981) combat launches performed excellently.
In December 1967, the 107th missile brigade returned to its place of formation - in the city of Kremenchug - and became part of the 6th Guards Tank Army of the Kiev Military District.
During the Soviet era, the brigade was actively engaged in combat training. Eleven times the personnel of the brigade performed combat missile launches at the state range (in 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989 and 1991). For its successes in combat and political training, the brigade four times (in 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1991) received the Challenge Banner of the Military Council of the Kiev Military District as the best missile unit (brigade commander - Colonel V. SELTSOV).
On December 6, 1991, the Supreme Council of Ukraine adopted the Laws of Ukraine "On the Armed Forces of Ukraine" and "On the Defense of Ukraine", in accordance with which the construction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine began.
On January 9, 1992, by the personnel of the young replenishment, and on January 10, 1992, by the rest of the personnel of the brigade, the Military Oath of allegiance to the people of Ukraine was taken.
On March 19, 1992, the 107 missile brigade was transferred from the subordination of the commander of the 6 Guards Tank Army to the Odessa Military District, and a year later, on March 20, 1993, the 107 missile brigade was transferred to the disposal of the Head of the Missile Forces and Artillery Directorate General Staff Armed Forces of Ukraine.
October 24, 1997 at the base training center Chauda, \u200b\u200bduring the tactical exercises, the brigade's personnel for the first time since the independence of Ukraine carried out combat launches of operational-tactical missiles (brigade commander - Colonel V.V.DOBRUNOV, chief of staff - LEXIN).
On October 28, 1997, the First Missile Division was formed, which in July 1998 included the 107th Missile Brigade.
On August 10, 1998, the commander of the missile forces and artillery, Lieutenant General V. TERESHCHENKO presented the battle banner of the Ukrainian state.
Three times (in 1998, 1999 and 2001) the personnel and combat vehicles brigades took part in the military parade in honor of the Independence Day of Ukraine in the capital of our country - the hero city of Kiev.
In March 2003, the brigade was rearmed: the 9K72 missile system was replaced with a more modern and mobile Tochka U missile system (9K79U).
In 2004, the First Missile Division was disbanded, and the brigade was transferred to the forces of the Southern Operational Command in June.
In 2005, the 107 rocket brigade was reorganized into the 107 rocket artillery regiment, which received two types of missile systems salvo fire: 220mm system "Uragan" (9K57) and 300mm system "Smerch" (9K58) (regiment commander - Colonel SHKURATOV S.G., subsequently - Colonel KOMLYK N.V.)
22 missile brigade
It was formed in the city of Kremenchug on the basis of the Directive of the Civil Code of the Ground Forces of 23.08.1961 No. 391. The main staff consisted of a personnel of 107 RBR and other parts of the KVO. The brigade included 4 ordnance complex 9K72 "Elbrus" based on ISU-152K PU-2P19.
In the fall of 1962, the first launch of 8K14 missiles was carried out at the state range (the battalion commander is Lieutenant Colonel KOLYANOV, the commander of the sbatr is Captain NEGUTOR).
By 1969, the brigade consisted of:
- 4 Ordn 8K14, 3 sbart, one, and then - 2 PU in each
- combat support units (BU, MB, TB, helicopter link);
- rear units.
In total, the brigade had 1,200 personnel. The first commander of the brigade was Colonel Vladimir Kirillovich KRAMARENKO, deputy commander - Alexander Ivanovich Vasyukhin, NGO - Colonel Nikolai Dmitrievich ZELENIN (later - Colonel Kuzma Pavlovich NEZDOLIY, Hero of the Soviet Union).
In August 1967, the brigade was redeployed to the Hungarian People's Republic, Dombovar, to the place of 107 RBR. 107 RBR returns to the place of its formation - in the city of Kremenchug, Poltava region.
In 1990, 22 RBR was redeployed to the territory of the BVO (Osinovaty).
Disbanded in 2005 on the territory of Belarus.
Material used:
Military ikiklopedia, historical form 107 rbr, memoirs of veterans-missile.
Material prepared by: Guards. Colonel (Ret.) V. A. Seltsov
Let's plunge into history a little. Any leadership in technology is necessarily based on a solid scientific foundation. What or who could have formed the foundation of cosmonautics (rocket technology) of the USSR? Scientific schools known to the world? No, they weren't.
In the early years of Soviet power, real scientists either emigrated from Russia or were destroyed. Availability modern technology after civil war during the period of devastation? Ruled out.
Rocket R-1
True, there was one famous self-taught theorist in the country - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. However, his real biography and scientific contribution are little known to us and extremely mysterious; they were created in full accordance with Lenin's cliché "Every cook will rule the state." A small example, our famous "Tsiolkovsky formula", which does not take into account the realities of a rocket flight, was placed in a Cambridge University textbook a year before Kostya was born. Dreams are dreams, and experts around the world know that the fundamental scientific and technical issues of liquid-propellant rocket flight were developed in detail by the Americans Robert Goddart and Theodore Karman, the French Esnault-Peltrie, the Germans Hermann Obert, Walter Homan and Max Valier.
It is interesting to note that it was Valier's work "Flight into the world space, as a technical opportunity" made such a strong impression on the MAI student Mikhail Yangel that he read excerpts from this book to his future wife on a date in the park. Yes, German rocket scientists received excellent education from real professors. Thanks to the work of foreign luminaries, rockets moved from book pages to drawing boards, polygons (only the army could provide the necessary powerful funding) subsequently to cosmodromes, acquiring modern flesh. The world's first launch of a liquid-propellant rocket (fuel components - oxygen + gasoline) was carried out by R. Goddard on March 16, 1926. To compare the level of development of rocket technology in the Soviet Union and Germany before World War II, let us consider several figures. The Soviet liquid-propellant rocket GIRD-X of the 1933 model had a launch weight of 29.5 kg, its engine thrust was 75 kg, and its flight height was 80 m. The German A-2 rocket of the 1934 model weighed more than half a ton, its engine thrust was 1 ton, flight altitude - 2 km.
By the way about GIRD. There is information that S. Korolev met with the author of the famous work "Conquest of Interplanetary Space" (later recognized theorist of flights to the moon) Y. Kondratyuk (Shargey), the designer of unique wind turbines that amazed the imagination of his contemporaries. I met and offered to become his deputy instead of the deceased F. Zander. After examining the handicraft laboratories of the GIRD, Yuri Kondratyuk delicately refused. And after the arrest of M. Tukhachevsky, who was in charge of the missilemen, who by that time had not given anything to the armament of the Red Army, some of the "wasteers of folk remedies" were shot, some were assigned to camps. The creators of the legendary Katyusha were also slandered (by their own) and destroyed.
German V-1 shell
Based on the research of Western scientists, von Braun, according to the recipes of H. Obert and under the leadership of V. Dornberger, designed in 1937 the first real ballistic guided missile A-4, later renamed V-2 by the Fuhrer (V-2 is also interpreted as a mockery of the English symbol of victory from two fingers - "victory"). Its weight was 13 tons, engine thrust - 25 tons, range - 300 km! And already at the beginning of 1944, von Braun with his like-minded people Helmut Grettrup and Walter Riedel made calculations and determined the scope of V-2 modifications for launching with its help ... an Earth satellite! H. Mueller's spies were enraged by the distraction of missilemen from improving the weapon of retaliation. All three were arrested. But then they had to be returned to their place - in the transcript of Hitler's conversation with von Braun, phrases were found about planetary Aryan domination. On October 3, 1942, the V-2 became the first missile to exceed the speed of sound. And on February 17, 1943 (!) The first spacecraft of terrestrial origin entered space. According to generally accepted canons, space starts from 70 km. The V-2 rocket carrying the instruments rose to an altitude of ~ 190 km! Here is how the organizer V. Dornberger describes this historical event: “… about an hour after sunset, a bright flame appeared and grew over the forest. I did not see the rocket itself - but a long, flaming jet of gas went into the dark sky and dissolved in it. The rocket was at an altitude of about 3 kilometers, when, vertically going up, it suddenly emerged from the shadow of the Earth and sparkled in the sun, which for us had already gone beyond the horizon. The "romantic" Dornberger, like von Braun, was later again very lucky - in the first days of the world they fell into the hands of the Americans, and not the British intelligence. The latter had instructions to hang the covetous ones on the first bitch without any trial. But Soviet propagandists do not pay any attention to the historical fact of the war. Rocketeers and historians of civilized countries, in particular Great Britain, consider the Germans to be the pioneers of space, paying tribute to the event that took place on February 17, 1943. It is interesting to note that the same von Braun later launched the first two American astronauts to the same altitude - A. Shepard on May 5, 1961 (185 km) and V. Grissom on July 21, 1961 (190 km). Since 1944, the V-2, parts of which, thanks to the instructions of the British, were found at the test site in Poland by M. Tikhonravov and Y. Pobedonostsev, began to be closely studied by Soviet specialists. Immediately after the end of the war, documentation, samples of V-2 and Rheintochter, Reinbote, Wasserfall, Typhoon missiles, engines, technological equipment arrived in the Soviet Union (on an even larger scale - in the USA, England). And the first Soviet ballistic missile R-1 is a complete analogue of the German V-2 rocket, only created according to domestic drawings and from domestic materials. What else could you call her?
At the end of the war, the Nazi rocket leadership had no other way to escape than surrender to the Americans. But how will the Yankees behave, whether they will be handed over to the British in the heat of the moment, whether they will cooperate and on what conditions, in the last days The war was not clear to either von Braun or the Reich's chief rocket officer, General Dornberger. And in the first group that surrendered to the Americans, G. Grettrup was not. And he did not get into the second one ... In the very first days of peace, the Soviet command, puzzled by the results of the study of parts of huge ballistic missilesfound at the Polish test site in 1944, began the hunt for German specialists. One of the first "skull hunter" was appointed B. Chertok (later the permanent deputy of S. Korolyov), a shrewd, ironic person, fluent in the Aesopian language. Since all materials on the history of rocketry in the USSR were strictly maliciously classified and selectively destroyed, practically the only sources of information available today are the memoirs of Boris Evseevich (he kept a diary all his life), as well as V. Mishin, B. Raushenbakh, S. Ilyushin, V. Bolkhovitinov, N. Kamanina. As for the memories of the German missilemen who were in "honorable Soviet captivity", then, without imagining these people, without knowing the motives of their behavior, in my opinion, one can only take this information into account. It turned out that in the Soviet zone of occupation there was a missile center - "Nordhausen", an underground plant where concentration camp prisoners worked. They found important materials there. To study them, the "Rabe Institute" was created, in which the Germans began to work under the supervision of Soviet specialists. B. Chertok became the head of the institute, and one of the employees of the German missile center became the director. But they really lacked a specialist who knew the whole problem. And soon they found him - it turned out to be Helmut Grettrup.
Helmut Grettrup
Negotiations on cooperation with him were led personally by B. Chertok, also an engineer for control systems. A good ration, a decent monetary allowance, and the intelligence of the Soviet director played their role. Grettrup recruited leading German specialists, professors and doctors of science. The study of our future luminaries went so successfully, such prospects for improving the V-2 opened up that we had to significantly enlarge the organization. Its functions were expanded, the largest organizer of rocket artillery, Lev Gaidukov, was put at the head, his deputy was S. Korolev, whom Gaidukov freed from the Kazan "sharashka" bypassing Beria (as well as V. Glushko). They tried to steal Werner von Braun from the Americans, but at the last moment the operation was canceled, which, as noted by B. Chertok, was most delighted by S. Korolev, under whose leadership V. Glushko, N. Pilyugin, V. Kuznetsov worked in Germany, M. Ryazansky. In Germany, by joint efforts, it was possible to restore one of the main rocket factories, which made it possible to obtain ten V-2 sets. In the summer of 1946, on a voluntary-compulsory basis, about 500 leading German specialists were sent to the USSR, where some of them (about 150 people) were placed in strict isolation on Gorodomlya Island in the middle of the picturesque Lake Seliger. To manage missile development in the USSR, NII-88 was created, headed by a major organizer of military production, Lev Honor. In the structure of the head institute, the “guests” were assigned the role of Branch # 1 (!), Whose soul was G. Grettrup. The Germans (they were taken out with their families) received a decent salary (much higher than the payment of our specialists), rations, they were regularly taken to Moscow theaters and museums. They were provided with normal "office" space, housing, laboratory equipment, a small factory, where both our and German workers worked. Having neither a party nor a trade union organization, the Germans immediately secured their leisure time on their own - they built tennis courts, created a symphony and jazz orchestra. From all this it becomes clear that the country's leadership was going to cooperate with the Germans seriously and for a long time. And the Germans were settling down completely. In the same way as in the USA - the Germans worked there until the end of the century, von Braun created space technology, W. Dornberger, having served a sentence for war crimes in England, rose to the rank of adviser to the president on air defense in the USA. It should be noted that after Germany S. Korolev was "pushed" into third roles - he headed only one of the departments, of which there were more than 25 in the head research institute, not counting branches and other structural units. Now V. Glushko, M. Ryazansky, V. Barmin, V. Kuznetsov, N. Pilyugin were much higher than Korolev in terms of service rankings - they were the heads (or the first deputy heads) of allied enterprises (institutes) with experimental plants. It was the "Soviet" Germans under the leadership of G. Grettrup, ahead of the "American" Germans, who in the projects of their "own" missiles gave the world technical solutions that are now textbook for all the world's missilemen - detachable warheads, carrying tanks, intermediate bottoms, hot pressurization of fuel tanks, flat nozzle heads of engines, thrust vector control with the help of engines, etc. Having in its composition a galaxy of world-famous scientists, first of all, such as Hoh (a leading figure in control systems, died in the USSR under mysterious circumstances - "from appendicitis"), Magnus (specialist in gyroscopes), Umpfenbach, Albring (a student of L. Prandtl himself!), Mueller, Rudolph, it is not surprising that they were the ones who won all government competitions to create the USSR missile shield. They carried out projects of ballistic missiles with a flight range of 600, 800, 2500 and 3000 km, for an intercontinental range (analogous to R-7), and proposed an aerodynamic scheme for cosmonaut flights to the Moon (later used in the H-1 project). Conical compartments were the trademark of German ... and Soviet missilemen until the early 60s. The Germans also managed to lay the solid foundations of Soviet anti-aircraft and cruise missiles (G-5 or R-15 with a range of 3000 km). All German projects were named with the letter "G" - G-1, G-2, etc. No less important for subsequent developments was the fact that Grettrup was essentially the first in the world to develop and express the doctrine of design complex systems, which include missile. In general terms, it is also valid in our time. What could talented Soviet engineers, united by a passionate dream of breaking out into the first roles, oppose foreign stars? That's right, the mode of secrecy and intrigue. Although the experience of the just ended war clearly testified: if someone could not be trusted, then certainly not the Germans. And about a wide front of work on the creation of ballistic missiles and powerful liquid-propellant rocket engines, Soviet intelligence, like the allies, was not aware of anything practically until mid-1944 - the Germans had no information leak. A traitor to the secrets of the Soviet rocket technology, which is just getting on its feet, Pinkovsky is known to historians all over the world.
Helmut Grettrup (center) after a successful launch
The scheme of work with German specialists quickly acquired a peculiar character. At the scientific and technical councils, the Germans made a detailed report on the next rocket project. Opponents played. The report was comprehensively considered and discussed. Recognized his victory. Then Soviet specialists came to the island, clarified the nuances, took away the documentation, in many cases without even bothering to republish it, limiting themselves only to erasing German surnames. And most importantly, the "guests" were not allowed to experience anything, explaining this by the busyness of all the stands. As a result, having squeezed out everything that is possible from the German missilemen, creating unbearable conditions for them and their leadership further work, the Germans were returned to the GDR without even deciding the issue of their employment. In the film "The Taming of the Fire" there is a cynical phrase attributed to S. Korolev: "I have nothing to learn from the Germans, I learned from Tsiolkovsky" ... Intrigues, endless appeals over the heads of the leaders led to the predictable result - as in 1937, the leadership of the Research Institute fell under the Stalinist repression. They did not have time to shoot them - the great leader died. A complete rehabilitation followed, all the awards were returned to them, but they no longer got into rocketry - "all the places were already taken." To compensate for the "exodus of the Germans" in 1954, four independent missile design bureaus were created, including the Dnipropetrovsk one. Later than others, in August 1956, the S.Korolev Design Bureau was created. The last, as befits a leader, at the end of 1953, G. Grettrup left the USSR. Chertok notes that from shame he could not look Helmut in the eye. Right on the platform of the railway station in Berlin, agents of the American intelligence "packed" G. Grettrup into their car, took him to the embassy, \u200b\u200band from there to West Germany. There he was offered a leadership job in the States with his friend von Braun. He refused. He was interrogated. True, this cannot be called interrogations - he was not beaten, so, long conversations with light in the face. The results of these "conversations" are already known. One can only be amazed at the decency of G. Grettrup after what “ours” did to him - he, as he could, “cast a shadow over the fence”. The American special services, angry at the persistence of the "scoop", created an atmosphere of hostility around him, preventing him from finding a job anywhere. The family was in poverty for a year. But then Grettrup nevertheless found a place in one of Siemens divisions, invented electronic machines for counting and exchanging money (for the first time in the world), now no less popular than rockets. Very soon, more than four hundred employees were already working under his supervision. But the secret services got him here too. In 1967, when the rocket was shown on television for the first time, with the help of which the founder of practical cosmonautics S. Korolev launched Yuri Gagarin into space, Grettrup cried silently, recognizing the rocket of his team, - this is how the German's wife wrote in her memoirs.
Americans would not be Americans if they did not try to "put a spoke in the wheels." And here it is appropriate to say that they have declared a uniform electronic war on us. Directly against us was a powerful electronic tracking unit located, if my memory serves me, in Mazandaran (Iran) near the city of Behshehr. Simple launch tracking is one thing. Ours, too, not without success, followed the American tests. Another thing is electronic interference in the flight of a launched rocket. No sooner had our product left the launch pad than a stream of various kinds of interference fell on its onboard electronic systems, from simple jamming of commands from the ground to their deliberate distortion. Needless to say, what kind of danger to people poses a missile, having lost controllability. In order not to be unfounded, I will say that in the summer of 1964, at its eighth, penultimate launch, the 8K81 rocket already in flight, which will be discussed below, began to deviate noticeably from the course. The flight director had to urgently turn off the main onboard telemetry station and switch to a backup one. Knowing the mores of the Yankees, our designers envisaged: automatic registration of electronic impact on the onboard systems of tested missiles, "jumping" in frequencies in cases of such impact detection, installation, in addition to the main telemetry station, two or even three reserve ones.The rumor about the creation of a miracle rocket quickly spread throughout the country, and the people greeted this news with relief. People were able to forget the nightmares that tormented them in the 50s, when sometimes a strong night thunderstorm was mistaken for an atomic bomb. However, in the official press, even in such widely read newspapers as Izvestia or Komsomolskaya Pravda, articles began to appear on "our terrible lagging behind" the Americans in rocketry. The main topic raised in these articles was that our foolish rocket scientists use liquid fuel in missiles, while the Americans use solid fuel. Therefore, their missiles fly faster than ours, farther than ours and throw more cargo. Articles were signed by professors, doctors of sciences, heads of large research institutes.Decades have passed, and now the technical side of this issue was finally enlightened by Academician Herbert Alexandrovich Efremov, General Director of NPO Mashinostroyeniye: “statements that the creation of a promising complex with a liquid-propellant rocket is the ruin of the country is nothing more than a lie. ... The practice of domestic rocketry shows that liquid ICBMs, having a lower cost, have higher energy and operational characteristics. If we compare the cost of liquid-propellant and solid-propellant missiles, it turns out that a hundred-ton ICBM with LPRE will cost the budget 3-4 times less than a solid-propellant missile of a similar class.
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More than forty years have passed since the Americans announced their landing on the moon. Naturally, representatives of NASA and the US leadership are in defense of the American version. But a special place in the unleashed propaganda campaign is occupied by the support of this version by prominent representatives of the former Soviet party nomenklatura (near-missile officials, individual academicians, high-ranking designers and even many famous cosmonauts). Without this support, the American legend would not have survived a day. After all, no one ever asked missilemen on this score: officers of combat crews who made missile launches in the same Tyura-Tama at that time or conducted electronic tracking of launches, engineers who directly performed engineering calculations and adjustment of units, assemblies and systems of tested missiles.
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People were silent bound by a subscription not to disclose. Who wants to spend eight years in prison for a loose tongue. For me personally, these obligations expired only in 2005. It's good if you keep quiet about the real military secrets. But you are mostly silent about the perfect feat of Soviet engineers, soldiers and officers ...
For a significant part of the specialists of the Tyura-Tam test site, the fact that the Americans did not fly to the moon was Openel's secret.
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