How did the Russian peasants live in the day before the troubles? The life of the Russian peasant in the XVI-XVII centuries as described the life of the townskens in the 17th century

help with history !!! It is necessary to write 5 changes in the life of the peasant class of Russia 17th century and received the best answer

Answer from Natalia [Guru]
Unlike feudal feudal, especially nobility, the position of the peasants and the hills in the XVII century. significantly deteriorated. Of the private owner, the peasants of the palace lived, worse than all - the peasants of secular feudalists, especially small. The peasants worked in favor of the feudalists on the barbecine ("label"), made natural and monetary regulations. The usual size "Frozen" - from two to four days a week, depending on the size of the Barhood economy, the consistency of serfs (rich and "family-owned" peasants worked for more days a week, "scarce" and "single" - less), the number of them Earth. "Table reserves" - bread and meat, vegetables and fruits, hay and firewood, mushrooms and berries - drove "to the yards to the owners of the same peasants.
Carpenters and masonry, bricks and painters, other masters of nobleman and boyars took from their villages and villages. The peasants worked at the first factories and factories belonging to feudalists or treasury, they made cloth and canvases at home, etc., etc. The fasteners, in addition to the work and payments in favor of the feudalists, were obligations in favor of the treasury. In general, their undercover, durability were harder than the palace and protein vehicles. The position of the peasants dependent on the feudalists was aggravated by the fact that the court and the disgusting of the boyar and their orders were accompanied by unacted violence, bullying, humiliation of human dignity.
After 1649, the broad sizes took the suction of runaway peasants. Thousands of them were enough and returned to the owners. The feudalists, especially large, there were many horses, sometimes several hundred people. These are clerks and servants for parcels, grooming, and tailor, guard and shoemakers, Sokolniki and "Singe Guys". By the end of the century, a fusion of a cauldron with a peasantry occurred. The average welfare of the Russian fortress peasantry has decreased. Successful, for example, the peasant scarce: in the seasacing region by 20-25%. Some peasants had half total, about tithing land, there were no other. And the wealthy has happened several tens of decoders of the Earth. They took Merovinni, Mill, and others to the merchants, and others. They went to merchants and industrialists, sometimes very large.
From the serfs B. I. Morozov, for example, which became shipowner contractors, and then large saltergovts and fishermen of Anthropov were reached. And Glotters, Peasants KN. Yu. Ya. Sulesheva from the village of Karachair, Murom County, became the richest merchants of the first half of the century.

Answer from 3 response[guru]

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Life of the Russian peasant inXVI- XVII Centuries

Koronov Lilia Romanovna

student of the Faculty of History and Jurisprudence EI K (P) Fu

E-mail: lilia. [Email Protected] yandex . ru

Krapkinna Irina Evgenievna

cand. East. Sciences, Associate Professor EI K (P) Fu, Elabuga

The history of everyday life is one of the most promising directions that have been developed in domestic historiography since the end of the 20th century. The topic is relevant against the background of the XX-XXI centuries increased at the turn. Interest in the study of the status of a Russian woman in modern society, for which it is necessary to study and understand the economic and socio-political situation of a woman in Russia throughout the long historical period.

According to the first universal census of the population of the Russian Empire of 1897, the peasantry was the largest estate and amounted to 77.1% of the population, and the female peasant women compiled 38.9% of the total population of the entire Russian Empire.

For the peasant family of the XVI-XVII centuries, it is characteristic that the spirit of mutual assistance reigned in it; Responsibilities were strictly distributed. The people were very high the authority of family life.

The Russian peasant family of the XVI century consisted of an average of 15-20 people. It was a patriarchal family, in which three or four generations of relatives lived together. However, already in the XVII century, there were no more than 10 people of representatives of only two generations.

The peasant marriage was made from economic considerations: the feelings or desire of young people were not taken into account - the landowner could marry serfs at its discretion. In addition, the people were not accepted, so that young people and girls themselves conclude.

When choosing a bride, preference was given to healthy and hardworking girls - it was due to the fact that after marriage on women's shoulders there was a household, raising children, work in the garden and field. Girls engaged in needlework, had more chances to successfully marry.

To marriage in the XVI-XVII centuries, very early - girls from 12 years old, and young men with 15. And also there was a ban on the conclusion of marriages with relatives to the sixth knee and with the Inovers. It was possible to enter into marriage for no more than three times, "Stoglav" said about this: "The first marriage is the law, the second - forgiveness, the third is a law-exposure, the fourth is dishonesty, the swine has any life."

The creation of a new family was necessarily accompanied by a wedding walk. The Russian wedding contained two elements: Christian (wedding) and folk ("fun"). Weddings were taken to play in autumn or in winter - it was the most successful time, since all agricultural work was completed. Before the wedding, a walling was required, in the process of which the parents of the bride decided whether they should give their daughter for this groom. In the event that they agreed, there was a "collusion": the groom with their father came to the parents of the bride into the house and the parties agreed on the wedding expenses, timing, the size of the dowred bride and gifts. Having come to a single decision, started preparing for the wedding.

"Domostroy" taught parents to collect his daughter from birth, postponing "from all profits." The attached part of the canvas, clothing, shoes, decorations, dishes - Xi it was inserted into a box or a chest.

After all the preparations were finished, a wedding was played in the agreed period. The peasant wedding of the XVI-XVII centuries was accompanied by a multitude of rites: the scalping of the head crest moistened in honey, the hair treatment under the kico, the shower of the newlyweds hop, the treats of bread-salt - these rites were aimed at attracting young happiness in family life. However, there was a custom that caused the further position of a woman in the family: the groom kneel into one of the scoothes of the whip, and in the other - a coin. The task of the bride was to remove the boots on the legs in turn, if the boot was turned out to be the boot with a coin, it was considered lucky, and the family life is happy, and if the boyfriend turned out to be the first, then the husband shouted his wife - so the husband showed the nature of further relationships in family .

The position of the married peasant of the XVI-XVII centuries was more free than in women of the highest classes: she could freely leave the house, dealing with economic affairs.

Peter Petreys notes that the peasants worked in a field and at home on a par with husbands. At the same time, women had other things, such as cooking, washing, needlework, that is, the manufacture of clothes for all family members, as well as they wore firewood and water in the hut. In addition, a foreigner notes that husbands often beat their wives.

However, the woman possessed a big prestige in the family. He especially increased after the birth of a boy - it was connected with the endowment of the Earth only men. The peasants of the XVI-XVII centuries were constantly busy business even during pregnancy, in connection with this, labor could pass anywhere - in the field, in the hut or in Khlev. In the Russian medieval society, the hospital replaced the bath and, if possible, they tried to give birth exactly there. "Domostroy" ordered to teach children respect to parents. The child was taught by the appropriate craft from an early age. Mother trained daughter to keep the farm and needlework from an early age: from 6 years old began to master the strainer, from 10 - sickle, sewing. At the age of 14, the girls were already able to weave, mow the hay and the bake of bread. In 15 years, peasant girls worked in the field on a par with adults.

In their free and economic work, the time of women was engaged in a loom. I. E. Zabelin writes that linen business in the peasant economy was exclusively in female hands. In addition to this sewing, spinning, too, was the occupation of women and girls in long winter evenings. The sewing of the shoes was very troublesome business: the billet of the linen fiber took place in the summer, then he was soaked for several weeks, then the stems of the miles, quenched and cleaned the ridges - as a result, a raw material was obtained for spinning. Having finished the spinning, the peasants of the canvas fabrics, for this, a weaving machine was made of a shed in the house. In the summer, when the cloth was walked, he was whisked in the sun, spreading to the meadow. Only after all this canvas was ready for climbing and sewing. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the girl's needlework was engaged, gathering together with the light of the lady; Evenings were carried out in conversations.

Since ancient times, clothes were intended not only to hide nakedness, but in order to emphasize human wealth. In addition, it was believed that the clothes are called upon to drive away evil spirits.

Thanks to the information of foreign guests, you can make a description of the outfits of the peasants of Russia. Men and women's clothes were very similar; It was not pleasant for the eyes and sewed at home. The peasants worked in old clothes, finishing the matter, changed out in everyday, and on holidays, the church was put in the church. The clothes often moved by inheritance, was carefully kept in cities and chests and cleaned after each socks. The main subject of clothing in the XVI-XVII centuries was a shirt stuck from woolen fabric, the so-called vanity, and a flax or hemp cannon, but because of the complexity of the manufacturing technology, linen shoes were less common.

According to the Russian medieval bushes, a woman was not allowed to emphasize the figure, so the shirt had a free cut, did not run to the body and reached his knees. From the XVII century on top of the shirt began to wear a sundress, that is, a sleeveless dress that facilitated the chest and expanded the book or deraink - a woolen skirt of blue or black, with a decorated bottom.

In the clothes of the peasants until the XVI-XVII centuries, the belt played the role of the Oberega, but to the specified period, this value was lost and it becomes just a traditional detail of the costume.

Particular attention in the XVI-XVII centuries was given to female head removes, as there was a clear distinction between maidens and female. Before marriage, girls were allowed with a uncoated head, after marriage - it was considered not a decent behavior. Girls wore dressings - decorated fabric strips, which wrapped the head of the hoop, "Accompanits" - decorations on the braid, and married women - hairbirds (home sessions), sublocks (soft hats, worn with a mounted or scarf), Ubolls (holidays), Kokoshniki (Run from marriage before the birth of the firstborn and on holidays) or Kiki, that is, they twisted their hair and hid them under a cap.

The outerwear of the peasants was made of the skin of the ram, which had a specific smell. On the legs of the peasant women were lapties who were made in their own Lyk farm in a mixture with pieces of fur or coarse cloth. Winter rushed boots and woolen socks. The stocking was not - they were replaced by pieces of canvas, which wrapped her legs.

For peasants, it is characteristic that the elegant dresses were always kept clean and stored in the chests, getting only on holidays and for hiking to church. Often, clothing items switched to inheritance.

The women of the peasant class of the XVI-XVII centuries could not afford to acquire expensive decoration items, so the clothes were decorated with embroidery.

The girl began to produce clothes in advance, which will be given to her, because it required a very long and painstaking work. At the wedding, most often the bride washed beautiful, that is, a red dress.

I would like to note that the peasants did not take care of the grace, taste or combination of colors. All the clothes were made with her own hands and therefore it was treated very carefully, new clothes were dressed in exceptional cases and taking care of her preservation again cleaned in the chests, where they were kept. Clothes in the XVI-XVII centuries were worn until it comes to complete disrepair. Another feature of the peasant clothing of Russia in the period under review is that there was no clothing made specifically for children - they were forced to descend the clothes of adults, and if the clothes were sewn, then "on the grown".

In other words, the clothes of the Russian peasant of the XVI-XVII centuries did not differ in a variety of forms and matter, so they were trying to decorate her embroidery and in other ways. The main purpose of the clothes was to protect from the cold and the cover of nudity - and with this household clothing coped.

The peasant table of the XVI-XVII centuries did not differ in diversity and was based on the custom. The basis of the diet was black bread, soup, porridge and kvass; Many dishes were like each other.

"Domostroy" advised the hostess interested in tricks of cooking dishes from "good wives." The food of the peasants was closely connected not only with religion (strict observance of posts), but also with what peasant farms produced.

Compliance with posts in the XVI-XVII centuries attached particular importance to every Orthodox Christian. For this reason, the table of the Russian peasant was divided into lean and rapid (meatseed). During the lean days, the use of meat and making products was prohibited, and all this was allowed to be for meat. The Orthodox calendar highlighted four main multi-day and many one-day posts. Thus, the number of lesn days a total of about 200 calendar days occupied. In addition to large Wednesday's posts and Friday throughout the year, with the exception of the shin and solid weeks, were also launched days. Religious standards and "Domostroy" regulated the use of certain products throughout the four main posts.

The first walked a great post, which had a duration of 40 days, a lean bread, fish, porridge with her, porridge, peas, dried and boiled rods, soup, pancakes, kissels, jar, onions, peas, repurrents, mushrooms Cappouting.

The following was Petrov Post, begins a week after the Trinity of the Day and the day ending on Petrov, that is, on July 12th. Throughout this post, the Orthodox peasants in food used fish, the ear seasoned with saffron, onions and garlic, pies with a militant and peas, mushrooms, soup.

Next was the Assumption post, laughing from 1 to 14 August. At this time, a fish meal was served to the table: a sour cabbage with fish, a fish seasoned with garlic, in a gravy with seasonings, fish jelly, ear, fish bugs, baking, acidic pies with peas or fish.

And the final major post was the Christmas, which lasted 6 weeks from November 12 to the Nativity of Christ. Here, the peasants of the XVI-XVII centuries were trapeseed by boiled and stewed fish, flavored garlic and horseradish, fish jesters, cavalus. At the end of the Christmas post for a festive table, the peasants tried to serve meat dishes piglets or ducklings.

The largest day posts are the Day of the Cross of the Lord, the Christmas Christmas Eve. This days served a vehicle porridge, peas, baked repa, cabbage soup and brideller.

The basis of the peasant food was rye bread, and the baking from wheat flour was put on the table only on large holidays. Without bread, no meal was done. In addition, he played an important role in various rites: religious (prosphoras for communion, cakes for Easter), wedding (newlyweds met "bread and salt"), folk (pancakes on Maslenitsa, gingerbread to meet Spring).

Bread baked once a week in a special wooden cadke - a quasher, which was rarely soap, because she was constantly in work. Before you put the dough, the hostess rubbed the walls of the Salt's hub, then poured it with warm water. In the peasant economy of the XVI-XVII centuries, a piece of dough remaining from the previous baking was used. Next fell asleep to flour and mixed thoroughly, left overnight in a warm place. The mistress Mesal's dough rose to the morning until it started to lag behind both the hands and from the wigs of Kvashni. After that, the dough was put again in a warm place for the night, and in the morning they smeared again. Now the dough molded and put in the oven. Baked bread was stored in special wooden bunch. A woman who knew the oven delicious bread, was particularly respected in the family. In the lack of town years, the peasants were forced to add Swan's flour, bark trees, ground acorns, nettle and bran, as a result of which the bread acquired a bitter taste.

In the XVI-XVII centuries, peasants baked from flour not only bread, but also pies, pancakes, pancakes, gingerbread, but all this was present solely on the holiday table. Pancakes can be considered the most popular flour dish: they were prepared for the carnival, fed the female and remember of the deceased. Next, they walked pies - they were prepared from yeast, fresh and puff pastry, and they could oversaw in oil (spicy) and without it in the appendix. Filling for pies served eggs, fruits and berries, meat and fish, cottage cheese, vegetables, mushrooms, cereals. Another flour dish of the Russian peasant festive table was gingerbread form. When preparing the test, honey and spices were added to it - hence the name. From a mixture of rye and wheat flour baked Kalachi.

In the peasant environment of the XVI-XVII centuries, the broadest spread was soup and cereal, and schi called any chowder. Kashi cooked from cereals on milk or water with the addition of oil. Kashi were the attribute of many folk rituals, for example, it was cooked on the christening, a wedding and a commemoration. If the woman knew how to cook and bake bread, it was already a reason to consider it a good mistress. The hump was prepared from fresh and acidic cabbage, often with the addition of turnips, beets. In general, the repa was considered the second bread. The soup was cooked both on meat broth, and simply on the water.

In the near-day days on the Russian medieval peasant table, it was often possible to meet dairy soups and cereals from various croup, arched with oil or lard, cheeses, cottage cheese, sour cream and meat dishes. In Russian land, meat was in prosperity, however, the peasants consumed him with little; Each type of meat was supplemented with garden crops (repo, garlic, onions, cucumbers, pepper, radish). From spring to late autumn, meat dishes were prepared mainly of lamb; In winter, from beef (as a large amount of meat has not been spoiled in the cold), before Christmas - from salt or smoked pork.

However, not all on the peasant table was grown by the most peasant family. Wide extension had ear boiled from river fish caught on community grounds. Also, the fish was used in a salty, boiled, smoked form and was used for cooking, pies, a kitlet, was served with buckwheat, a fast and other croups. The dishes from the bird (grown home or caught on the hunt) were combably seasoned with horseradish and vinegar.

The feature of the Russian table dishes is that they were richly seasoned onions, garlic, pepper, mustard and vinegar, but salt, because of their high costs, the peasants rarely could afford.

The most common drinks among the peasants of the XVI-XVII centuries were kvass, Morse, and in April - Berezovets, that is, birch juice. Also wide use of beer, honey, vodka.

Couples were available to many, moreover, on its basis, it was possible to prepare many dishes, for example, a okroshka, beetroot, turbine. A good mistress knew how to prepare a wide variety of kvass: from barley or rye malt, from honey and berries (cherries, cherry, raspberries, cranberries) or fruits (apples, pears). In addition, Kvass, as well as cabbage, were excellent means of preventing diseases such as ration. Beer was cooked from barley, oats, rye and wheat. Original and the best Russian drink, famous among foreigners, was honeycomb; All travelers unanimously recognized his dignity. Honey was cooked from berries (raspberries, currants, cherries, lingers, cherry), with yeast or hop.

In the XVII century, vodka appears and is widely distributed in the peasantry environment. Usually, Russian vodka was made from rye, wheat or barley, but it was an exception - this is a female vodka that was made with the addition of molasses or honey due to which it was sweet. In addition, in the manufacture of vodka, the vodka often insisted on a variety of spices (cinosa, mustard) and fragrant herbs (mint, beastly, juniper) and made liquid on different berries.

Alcoholic beverages were widespread - they were usually used on different holidays and reasons, but foreign travelers noted that drunkenness was frequent among the Russian people in the XVI-XVII centuries. "Domostroy" forbade a woman to eat black beverages, but Jacques Gaper notes that women and girls were often attached to drunkenness.

In the peasant environment it was believed that food should be earned, so there were rarely breakfast. The peasant family of the XVI-XVII centuries rarely managed to dine together: in the suffer time, ate straight in the field, in order not to waste time.

Based on the foregoing, it can be said that the food culture of the peasants of the XVI-XVII centuries fully depended on religious posts and agricultural products. The casual diet of the peasants was extremely unpretentious and consisted of croup, vegetables (such as repa, cabbage, cucumbers), meat and fish, that is, their meal was more simple, because of the fact that foods were used to be used in their sect .

Summing up, I would like to note that the Russian woman of the XVI-XVII centuries provided full support and help her husband, she worked on a par with him; In addition, she was engaged in raising children, sewing clothes and cooking. The peasant family was big, and the incomes are small, as a result of this, a woman could not afford the purchase of clothes - everything was produced in the very farming. There were also things with the peasant table - most of the produced they were forced to give landlords. Thus, the peasant family was very cohesive, and the position of a woman in the family depended on its own skills.

Bibliography:

1. Adam olery. Travel Description to Muscovy // [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.vostlit.info/
2. Jerome Mussei. Notes about Russia XVI - the beginning of the XVII century. / Ed. V.L. Yanina; Per. and Sost. A.A. Sevastyanova. - M.: MSU, 1990. - 288 p. // [Electronic Resource] - Access Mode. - URL: http://krotov.info/
3. Domostroy / Sost., Intr. Art. per. and comments. V.V. Wheel; Premium. Tests V.V. Christmas, V.V. Wheel and M.V. Pimenova; Art. A.G. TURIN. - M.: OV. Russia, 1990. - 304 p.
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The culture and life of the Russian people in the 17th century were under high-quality transformation. At the adoption of the throne of the king. Peter I, the trends of the Western world began to penetrate into Russia. In Peter I, trade with Western Europe has expanded, diplomatic relations with many countries have established. Despite the fact that the Russian people were represented in their most peasantry, a secular education system was formed in the 17th century. Schools of Navigation and Mathematical Sciences opened in Moscow. Then mountain, shipbuilding and engineering schools began to open. In the countryside began to open church-parish schools. In 1755, at the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov was opened university in Moscow.

Council

To evaluate the changes in the life of the people after the reforms of the pen I, it is necessary to explore the historical documents of this period.

Peasants

A little about the peasants

The peasants in the 17th century were the driving force that provided her seven food and gave part of his crop on the marks for the Barin. All the peasantry was serf and belonged to a rich serfs.

Peasant life

First of all, the peasant life was accompanied by severe physical work on his land put on and on the workout of the barbecue on the landlord lands. The peasant family was numerous. The number of children reached 10 people and all children have learned from the smallest years to the peasant work, in order to become the assistants to the Father. It was welcomed by the birth of sons who could become for the head of the family support. The girls were considered a "sliced \u200b\u200bpiece" as in marriage they became a member of the husband's family.

At what age could be married?

For church laws, boys could enter the marriage from 15 years old, girls with 12. Early marriages and were the cause of large families in families.

Traditionally, the peasant yard was represented with a straw roof, and a crate and hlev for livestock were built on the courtyard. In winter, the only source of heat in the hut was a Russian stove, which was treated on the "black" wall and the ceiling of huts were black from soot and soot. Little windows were delayed or a fish bubble or waxed canvas. The evenings for lighting were used by Luchin, for which they made a special rack, which was placed in water with water, so that the burntive corner of the rachin fell into the water and could not cause a fire.

Furnishing in the hill

Peasant Razba

The setting in the hut was scarce. The table in the middle of the hollows and on the machines wide shops, on which households were laid on the night. In winter cold, the young cattle (piglets, calves, lambs) were transferred to the hip. This showed a homemade bird. Preparing for the winter cold, the peasants caught the slit of the log cabin of pakrels or moss to smallest.

clothing

We sew the peasant Rubahu

Clothes sewed from a domain canvase and used animal skins. The legs shouted into pistons, which were two pieces of skin, collected around the ankle. The pistons were worn only in autumn or in winter. In dry weather shouted Lypti's woven.

Food

Lay out a russian oven.

Food was cooked in a Russian oven. The main foods were grain: rye, wheat and oats. From the oats of Mol Tolokly, which went on the preparation of jelly, kvass and beer. Casual bread baked from rye flour, bread and pies baked on holidays from white wheat flour. A large help for the table was vegetables from the garden, followed by a woman who looked and cared. The peasants learned to keep cabbage, carrots, turnips, radish and cucumbers up to a new crop. Cabbage and cucumbers were shed in large quantities. For holidays prepared meat soups from acidic cabbage. Fish on the peasant table appeared more often than meat. The children were going to the forest on the collection of mushrooms, berries and nuts, which was essential additives to the table. The most wealthy peasants started fruit gardens.

Russia's development in the 17th century

In the XVII century The development of estates and growth of the Russian state with an extraordinary diversity of the affiliated territories and the population living on them gave the same diversity of household culture, strategies of everyday life, psychology and moral and value installations.

Nevertheless, in the everyday life of Russian people XVII century. You can select some common trends.

1. The increase in the influence of foreign household culture. In the XVII century Russia experienced several powerful injections of Western culture. The confusion of the beginning of the century was accompanied by the Polish and Swedish intervention with all the consequences of this. Part of the country was located under foreign occupation for several years. Wars of the middle and the second half of the century provided the acquaintance of Russian military people with the life of the Swedish Baltic States (the troops reached Derpta and Riga), the speech of the compulculation (the former capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian Wilight was under the rule of Alexei Mikhailovich). The accession of Ukraine was accompanied by the most serious cultural influence of the former lands of the Commonwealth for Russia. Finally, the development of society and the economy (the shelves of the new building, an increase in the number of serving ingenians, manufactory under the start of foreign specialists, etc.) sharply expanded the horizons of contacts and interaction with the Western European culture.

All of the above contributed to the spread of elements of Western household culture (European dress, dishes, food, home decoration items, the first newspaper - "Kurats", the court theater, etc. - all these elements of Western culture appear in Russia in the XVII century, even to the Petrovsky era ), as well as European scientific knowledge, translation books, monuments of literature. Western influence has not yet had such a concentrated nature, as during the years of Petrovsky reforms at the beginning of the next century, but all cultural and domestic trends of future transformations were laid in the XVII century.

2. Strengthening attention to the human person. In the XVII century Democratization of the culture occurs (the appearance of a household tale genre in the literature, the spread of epistolary creativity, the expansion of information channels, etc.) the design and development of classes, the establishment of boundaries between the estates caused increased attention of a person to their own identity. Hence the aggravated perception of the issue of personality in this world. American historian II. Collmann drew attention to an unusually important role that the XVII century Russian people played. The concept of personal honor. Moreover, for this phenomenon, social latitude was characterized: it was believed that the honor in one form or another is characteristic of all social groups. Attention to questions of honor is attention to personality, it is a status, its social roles.

In Moscow Rus, writes Naisi Collmann, the honor was a way to resolve and prevent conflicts, as it was a discourse that determined the way of interaction between people in the house, family, village. She gave people a way to attitudes towards the authorities; The consciousness of the fact that their honor was part of a large social reserve that bind them to the king and, thus, with God through officials and other representatives of the state. Protection of honor provided institutions and norms that bind people with society, as well as the strategy to achieve unity in the surrounding world. This will be especially useful as the bureaucracy and reforms will increasingly associate individuals with the "imaginary community" of the absolutist state. It was a social code that contributed to social submission and order. He emphasized the inviolability of marriage and family, respect for the social hierarchy, evasion from violence by the word and affair both in the family and in the community, the faithful service to the state, identification with the social status in which a person is born. It was not a social code that would contribute to change, innovation and social mobility, but it was just what was required by the state. He was especially harsh in relation to women, prescribing them to complete submission of the power of men and tight control over sexual activity. Humility and obedience were considered values \u200b\u200bthat gave the Woman Honor.

• 3. Formation of the strengths of household culture, social psychology and everyday life. It is in the XVII century. The problem of "several Russian", the formation of socio-cultural communities (sometimes even with the ethnic component) begins (sometimes with the ethnic component), which, as they have developed, more and more moved away from each other. In society, the tragedy of misunderstandings arose, and its main unifying beginnings were the central monarchical state power (and in the context of the "rebellious century") and the Russian Orthodox Church (in the context of the split). Meanwhile, the growing differences in everyday life, household culture and social strategies was inevitable both by virtue of the total vector of the estate policy, and because of weak communication between different parts of a huge country. Under these conditions, the only way to integrate a variety of society turns out imperial model. It is in the XVII century. All prerequisites are laid on the embodiment of this model to life, which at the beginning of the next century in intensive mode was implemented by Peter I.
• 4. Strengthening people's attention to the device of their daily life. Attention to a person, he demanded to ensure a comfortable stay. Historian Yu. V. Gauthier very accurately noticed that until the middle of the XVII century. the estate, and in the cities - the courtyard was only a means of ensuring their service; In the second half of the century, they began to equip it as a place of residence. Increasing interest in the arrangement of the house, economy, the external signs of welfare and wealth (earlier such interest was characterized only for the highest boyars and nobility, for the social advantage, now it covered the increasing layers).

"In the housing of rich people, decorations began to play the role of a kind of social" passport ", testifying to the knowledge of the owner. The house of the house, went out to the street and the first" represented "the owner of the world, turned into a whole building with a noticeable roof, and sometimes with a tower or" "Observe them. The wider and patterns were the gate, the rustle and the owner of the courtyard was more and more significant. The porch was also abundant and colorfully (on which or near which guests were met) with one or two" fractures ", and over each platform of fracture - Tent The roof with the flag or vane, the railing is taken at the bottom of the exact baths. Extremely decorated and the roofs of high buildings, are far visible behind the cauldron's fences. And the roofs themselves won the "barrel", painted lemene or teaching, walked the roofs of the carved comb. On Swees and At the bottom, the patterned panels and eaves were allowed. If we have enough wealth, the details of the roofs were golden or silver. However, the king was very jealous to such "excesses" and improved the owners of Slash Complex luxury dwellings extra charges. The palaces of the king himself, indeed, hit the visitors to the fabulous luxury of the internal and external decoration. "

5. The inclusion of a person in many corporate ties. For example, take the city Silver. He is the sovereigns of a servant man on the instrument, the fighter of the city garrison, a resident of a specific settlement, Sogge, Streets, a parishioner of its church, a member of the city community, the selection of officials of the urban and Slobodsky self-government, the breadwinners of his family, a member of a certain kind (clan). Hence a significant role in the social life of the concept of the "courtyard", where a person lived along with his relatives and households. The yard was a unit of taxation, created the material basis for the existence of a member of society.

Main type of dwelling - izba - In the XVII century. Changing little. For rural buildings, it continues to be characteristic of the lack of foundations, earthen floors, duplex roofs with a third window under the rod of the roof for an exhaust smoke. The huts were carried out mainly in black, chimney pipes remained rare and were used mainly by weissious people. The ceilings in the hut also had limited distribution.

From innovations in rural architecture, scientists allocate the spread of Seine and "Canniks", which served to transition between buildings, combined into a single N- or P-shaped complex of hips, crates, etc. In the peasant yards, the number of supervisory buildings (centers, kelves , cellars, sheds, baths, etc.).

The housing of wealthy citizens differed from the peasant yards of the size and composition of buildings. Houses in the cities tried to put on pillet. (Lower room used as a warehouse or residential for servants in rich houses). Thus, it was provided with a warm floor in gornice - The main residential room, which was located above the apartment. By the end of the century, along with the horses apply svetlitsy. They were distinguished by large "kosybs" (from oblique pieces of mica, which were inserted into the grades) by windows (in the burnors for a long time there remained wicked windows and even with the spread of windows with the frame they still had a small size). Thus, the Svetlitsy differed in a fundamentally different number of daylight in a residential room. In rich houses, they were often used as a room for any needlework.

In the XVII century Lose two types of earlier buildings - povlia and tereme. Calm in the XVI century. A multi-storey building was called in the courtyard of Mr., who was something like a fighting tower for the defense of the boric estate. In the XVII century The need for such facilities disappears. Povlushi turn into household or auxiliary residential buildings. According to a number of scientists, gradually lose the distribution and terema as the top, distant part of the choir, intended for settlement away from the curious eyes of the female part of the Mr. family. As residential premises are mainly used by flames and Svetlitsa, and for servants - Songs and Sweets.

An important element of the external architectural decoration of the house in the XVII century. The stairs, the porch and gallery become. Since the flames and Svetlitsy are usually placed on a bunch, i.e. In fact, on the second floor, the entrance to them was made with the help of stairs, who were striving to give an artistic decoration.

For the manufacture of clothes in the XVII century. Fur, skins, woolen, linen, september (coarse wool) and prefabricated fabric are still used. Foreign fabrics are gradually distributed: expensive cloth, atlas, velvet, etc. The price of a dress from such a fabric could be equal to the cost of the village. As shown by G. G. Gromov, in the XVII century. The clothes remained high value in everyday life. Clothes (expensive dress, fur coats) were awarded the heroes distinguished by the war. "Dress" and loans gave a salary. Craw dress: in the descriptions of numerous robes and gangster attacks in the XVII century. Often appears such a fact as removal from the victim. Finally, any clothes have been drunk to holes, and the hoists were kept and allowed for a patch for new clothes.

Russian costume XVII century. It is developed in the direction of its improvement, borrowing of foreign traits, decorations and diversity.

"The outerwear of men was quite diverse, but this diversity did not fit the abundance of titles: Armenians, Sweets, Ayama, Zipuny, Kaftans, Single-Order, Furious, Okhabney, Even Sarafan and Ferianzi come across the suite of men of this time. New, special name was often used For the same or almost identical things, but there were vulnerable either with material or small parts (length, presence or absence of slots in shoulders, etc.). The most common upper clothes was chirped in the waist, swinging in the peasant houses such clothes in Depending on the length and tissue were called either zipino (short) or cafutan (long), or sermago (from coarse cloth). The same outfits were called retinue, closer, etc. If such clothes have a smell, then it was Single Order, having had a slot; sleeves could fold back. In the middle of a century, the life of wealthy peasants are increasingly included as a festive clothing, perceived from citizens, serving people I eat (Sagittarov, Pushkje, etc.), Kaftans from purchased non-ferrous cloth. The admiration of foreigners caused felt raincoats, very durable and not missing water. The clothes of the boyar and the court nobles were more difficult, more diverse and luxurious peasant. You can see here the allocation of a peculiar type of maid clothes - Terrika. It was a relatively short genus of cafetan made of lightweight fabric, tightly fitting shape. Trellies were usually colored smooth-colored fabrics, often silk. Over the Terrik, the caftan of colored cloth with narrow and long sleeves, sowned by fur and carefully decorated. For the XVII century. The caftan was the most common men's clothing, he was worn by all the lines of society - from the peasants to the boyars. For the shooters and other types of troops, he was both "uniform clothes" (each Streletsky regiment had its own color of the cloth). The nobility, especially rich and approximate, Kaftans were spits from velvet and brocade.

For palace receptions and other solemn incidents, swingled clothes were put on top of the caftanes, often only on the shoulders, Vnakidka. Such clothes were called in different ways: a fur coat, a fear, oxhand, a deer, but the differences between them were only in the details of cutting. Separate clothes from the most expensive patterned fabrics, separating them with gold and silver sewing, pearls, gems, luxurious furs. If the salary of the king of any clothes was honored for honor, then the fur coat meant a reward for great merits or a sign of a special grace of the king ...

In addition to the summer woman, during the exits, the woman was put on on top of some kind of clothes of the disintegration. In the summer, most often it was spacious and long beans, or ohabni, with very long sleeves and extensive collars. Such such beans made of colored Sukon, patterned velvet, brocade. They wore them to cape on the shoulders or did their hands into special slots in the shoulder part, and the long sleeves were folded and hung around. The luxurious tissue was abundantly decorated with sewing, pearls, furs (collar, sleeves, slots, side). Especially cared for the beauty of buttons, which were larger than walnut and fastened with long loops from patterned shoelaces. In the rich families, beacons were considered as mandatory to afford the wedding dress, like the seasons. Put the fur lining in the fear, but rarely ...

An almost mandatory part of the female weekend, the festive outfit was a different kind of overhead collars - "necklaces". Depending on the material, cutting, decorations were called these collars with necklaces, fears, bawed, involution. They did them out of fur, patterned velvet, brocades, nizali from pearls in "Crawling", planting in special jacks gems ...

In Russian sources as the main type of shoe, boots are mentioned. In the rich, these boots made of colored safyan, often embroidered with pearls, golden thread, forged by silver horses, etc. Proshonya - from ugly raw skin, sometimes black ...

"Russians are all worn on the heads heads. Princes and boyars, or state counselors (royal spirit), when they go to the solemn meetings, from a black fox, or a sable, embroider from the elbow; At the same time, velvet ... caps, chopped by black fox, or sable with a small empty from the same fur, and on both sides shelted with gold, or a pearly snarrow. The simple people wears in the summer of white felt hats, and in the winter Sukonnya, knocking on ordinary (Barani) fur caps "[olery A. Description of travel to Muscovy and through Muscovy in Persia]."

Food of the Russian man in the XVII century. It continued to develop the traditions of the previous century, and it is difficult to talk here about some serious innovations, except for the manifestation of already mentioned trends: the growth of diversity, expanding foreign influence on the tables of nobility, etc.

"Bread remained basic food. On weekdays there were bread from rye flour, to which it was sometimes added (barley). Rye bread accounted for cheaply wheat and moreover, he was considered more nutritious. Depending on the variety of flour, from which baked bread, rye bread They distinguished the syntic and decisive, and wheat kalachi - grated, dumping, circular. The flour of the highest grade was considered a circular ... The cities baked bread and all sorts of tests from the test Special artisans. So, in Moscow in 1638 there were about 600 people who were engaged in the manufacture and food trade, of which 167 were engaged only by the production of bread products. This number included 78 Moscow events, 54 Khlebnik and 35 cakes ...

In appearance, bread differed smooth, or ordinary, and "genuated", i.e. Decorated and baked in forms. It is difficult to present a complete list made in the XVII century. Bread products: Kalachi, Karavai, Carpets, Popics, Basmans, Colabs, Skys, etc. Kalachi, for example, was made depending on the flour and form of several varieties. Kalachi baked baked eggs in the form of twisted rings ... Kalachi in the form of round bulls were called "fraternal", their baked flour. Another variety - "Mixed" Kalachi - got such a name because they were baked from an equal mixture of wheat and rye flour. Such bread that had a special taste was served even to the royal table ...

Among the tests from the test, cakes were specialized in Russian cuisine ... In the form of Russian pies were most often obliged: long, oblique, "karasi" (but shape resembling crucies), less often baked round cakes, cakes "hoofs" (in the form of chews ). The magnitude of the pies was different - from large to the smallest, which was called patty. A filling for pies was very diverse: meat, fish, cottage cheese, cereal, vegetables. Sources of the XVII century. Note at least 50 types of pies ...

In addition to pirogors, Karavai should be noted; They were several species: "Bit", "Yatsky", "Braotsky", "with cheese", "with sugar" ... from other flour products were popular with pancakes and boots. For the type of olives), which were served on the table with honey. Pancakes baked both wheat flour and from wigs, oatmeal, buckwheat (the latter called "red"). Pancakes made subtle or "Promer", for the bodies were taken onions, eggs, snacks. Hismobiles, sweet pies and rugs, honey gingerbreads made up a festive delicacy. The manufacture of gingerbread, baked "on honey" and decorated with various patterns, which was achieved with special "gingerboards", was a special handicraft specialty.

The still common type of bread food of all layers of the population were porridge (barley, buckwheat, oat, millet) and kissels. So, in the monastery everyiodants, the most diverse porridges are listed: "Miln porridge with honey", "porridge with heads", "Porridge with brine and herring", "porridge buckwheat with pea", "porridge with decoction", "Porching with juice" , "Porridge oatmeal with sniffs", "Porridge is yarn with cucumbers" ... In short days, dairy products were used: milk (fresh, sour, foam), cream, sour cream, cottage cheese, cheese. On milk boiled porridge, it was added to the noodles; From a mixture of cottage cheese, eggs, milk and flour made cheesery ...

Meat dishes were prepared from lamb, pork, beef and birds. Apparently, there was a special relationship at that time to veal. Foreigners note that Russian people did not use veal in food, considering it "spohaning" ... The meat of yalny cows was solished in autumn for the winter; The heart, legs, the liver, the languages \u200b\u200bof the future were not bought ... a clear preference was given to swine meat before the beef. Pork salted for the winter; From Sala cooked soup and added it to porridge.

Sing the same as in the XVI century, remained important hot food. They were cooked necessarily on an acidic basis, from a different meat with cabbage, repo, borsch. Young piglets were fried entirely and put on the table "under hell and garlic." From pork heads made a jelly. Intestines Stopped a mixture of meat, buckwheat cereal, flour and eggs; Part of the stomach (scar) - onions and buckwheat. These dishes, like the majority of meat boiled and fried eats, were served "under the exile" (sauce).

Fish back was common in the XVII century, apparently more than meat. This was primarily due to the fact that the Moscow State was rich in fish, whose fishery was engaged in the population from the White Sea to Caspian. The church was playing a certain role in spreading fish food, which limited meat consumption, allowing two days a week (on Wednesday and Friday) to eat only fish or vegetable indoor ... the most common drinks in the XVII century. There were kvass, honey and beer. Beer was cooked from barley, rye, oats, wheat, hops. There were several varieties of beer: simple, light, martov, raspberry, fake (somewhat flavored), welded ... One of the most beloved and popular drinks remained honey. It is difficult to list all its varieties: Swimmed, simple, fresh, red, white, berry, apple, cherry, currant, juniper, crimson, black, honey "with cloves", arrest, welded, white patter, boyars, prince, old, Light, lightweight, whirlwind, "Braotsky". According to the cooking technology, all the varieties distinguished on boiled and set ...

At this time, tea appears in Russia. For the first time he was sent to Mikhail Romanov from Mongolia. In the second half of the century, tea in a packaged form ("in paper bags, in each pound of weight") bring Russian merchants from China. Tea attributed to therapeutic properties and used more as a medicine than just a drink. "

In the XVII century The first cases of tobacco use are known (got on Russia in the years of Troubles together with European mercenaries). However, the spread of tobacco did not receive, and the authorities treated smoking negatively: with Mikhail Fedorovich smokers cut off her nose.

In the daily life of the Russian man XVII century. Two tendencies are combined: on the one hand, continues to take the tradition, ascending to the XVI century, on the other hand, new trends, phenomena and processes that tend to prepare Petrov's reforms began the beginning of the XVIII century. It is necessary to emphasize that the widespread opinion on the explosiveness and revolutionism of Petrov's reforms in the field of life is not quite true: the embryos of almost any of them can be found in the XVII century. Petrovsky reforms were prepared by the entire logic of the development of Russian history in the XVII century.

Each person must be interested in the past of his people. Not knowing the story, we will never be able to build a good future. Therefore, let's talk about how the ancient peasants lived.

Accommodation

The villages in which they lived, reach approximately 15 yards. It was very rare to meet a settlement, numbering 30-50 peasant yards. In every cozy family yard stood not only the dwelling, but also shed, hlev, the poultry house and various extensions for the economy. Many residents could also boast of gardens, vineyards and gardens. Where the peasants lived, you can understand the remaining villages where the courtyards and signs of life of the inhabitants are preserved. Most often, the house was built of wood, stone, which was rooted with reed or hay. In one cozy room and slept, and ate. The house was a wooden table, a few bench, a chest for storing clothes. We slept on wide beds on which the mattress was lying with straw or hay.

Food

The food diet of the peasants included cereal from various grain crops, vegetables, cheese products and fish. During the period of the Middle Ages, baked bread did not do because of the fact that it was very difficult to grind the grain into the state of flour. Meat dishes were characteristic only for the festive table. Instead of sugar, peasants used honey wild bees. For a long time, the peasants were engaged in hunting, but then fishing was fishing. Therefore, the fish was much more often on the tables of the peasants than the meat that feudal themselves was poured.

clothing

The clothes that the peasants of the Middle Ages were wary, was very different from the period of the ancient centuries. The ordinary clothes of the peasants were linen shirt and pants to the knee or an ankle. On top of the shirts put on one more, with longer sleeves, - blisted. For the outerwear used a cloak with a fastener at the level of shoulders. The shoes were very soft, sewn out of the skin, and there was no solid sole. But the peasants themselves went more often barefoot or in uncomfortable shoes with a wooden sole.

Legal life of peasants

The peasants who lived the community were in different dependence on the feudal Lada. They had several legal discharges that they ended up:

• The bulk of the peasants lived according to the rules of the Valashi law, which the celian took the basis of that life when they lived a rural free community. The ownership of land was common in a single right.
• The remaining mass of the peasants was subordinate to the fastened right, which was thought out by feudalles.

If we talk about the Valash community, then there were all the features of the serfdom of Moldova. Each community had the right to work on Earth only a few days a year. When feudal fasteners were served, they introduced such a load on the days of work, which was realistic to fulfill it only for a long time. Of course, the peasants were to carry out the mantles that went to the prosperity of the church and the state itself. Fortress peasants who lived in the 14th - 15th century split into groups:

• State peasants who depended on the Lord;
• Private owner peasants who depend on a certain feudal.

The first group of peasants had much more rights. The second group was considered free, with his personal right of transition to another feudal, but such peasants paid the tenth, served the barbecine and sued the feudal. Such a situation was close to the full reassurance of all peasants.

In the following centuries, various groups of peasants appeared, which were dependent on the feudal Lada and its cruelty. The way the serfs lived simply led to horror, because they had no rights and freedoms.

Reflooring peasants

In the period 1766, Gregory Gick was published a law on the complete reassigning of all peasants. No one had the right to move from the boyars to others, the fugitives quickly returned to the police. The whole fortress increase was intensified by taxes and obligations. Taxes had any activity of peasants.

But even this whole oppression and fear did not give the spirit of freedom in the peasants who rebelled against their slavery. After all, otherwise the serfdom is difficult to name. The way the peasants lived in the era of feudal Lada was not immediately forgotten. The unrestrained feudal oppression remained in memory and did not give long time to peasants to restore their rights. Duty was the struggle for the right to free life. The struggle of the strong spirit of the peasants was perpetuated in history, and amazing his facts so far.