Polybiy about the cycle of state forms. The teaching of the polybia on the origin of the right and the state. The theory of political cycle The teaching of polybia on the cycle of political forms

Social administration - the category is extremely complex and capacious, attracting the best minds of humanity throughout its history. Problems of social management, the optimal social structure are devoted to the works of outstanding thinkers of the East and West, the value and conclusions of which are not outdated to the present.

Plato and Aristotle Systems

The most outstanding antiquity thinker The ancient Greek philosopher Plato distinguished the four basic virtues who speakers as major values: wisdom (truth, faith), courage (beauty, strength), prudence (good, mind) and justice. According to Platon, the state is a person, only in a much larger scale. His highest task is self-preservation by the formation of citizens in the spirit of virtue; Its defined by the ethics political goal is the perfect man of the perfect state. In such an ideal state, due to the natural inequality of people, there are a number of classes corresponding to hierarchies of virtues (values). The estate of the lowest virtue (prudence) includes peasants and artisans who provide their work to the material basis of society (production sphere). The virtue of courage corresponds to the class of warriors and officials who should be unquestioned to fulfill their duty, protecting the states of the state: from the outside - reflecting the attacks of enemies, inside - through the protection of laws (military-political sphere). Finally, the state of the rulers-philosophers, whose virtue is wisdom, determines the legislation, manages the state, organizes the spiritual development of society.

Aristotle, the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, in his political views proceeded from an understanding of a person as a "public animal", whose lives of which includes a family, society, state. The Aristotle state considered very realistic: the statesman could not wait until the ideal political conditions occur, and should be based on opportunities in the best possible way in the conditions of the best constitution to manage people - as they are, and above all to take care of the physical and moral education of young people. The best state forms, according to Aristotle, the essence of the monarchy, aristocracy, a moderate democracy, whose turning side, that is, the worst state forms are tyranny, oligarchy, hlokracy (the domination of mobiles).

The theory of the cycle of state forms of polybia

Polybia History covers historical events in Greece, Macedonia, Malaya Asia, Rome and in other countries from 220 to 146 BC. e.; It first expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bworld history.

In his "universal history", Polybiy analyzed in detail the change of three main forms of state power, named by him the kingdom, aristocracy and democracy. The scientist distinguishes them primarily on a quantitative basis: if the power is in the hands of one thing - this is a kingdom (one), if several is an aristocracy (the power of a few), if many, in principle, everyone is democracy (democracy). However, according to Polybia, not any uniform can be called the kingdom without reservations, but only this, in which the managed is inferior to the power of goodwill. Not every minority board is called aristocracy, but only this, in which the managers become the most wise and fair (optional). Like this, the state cannot be called democracy, in which all the folk mass has the power to do everything on its own arbitrariness. Democracy is the power of the people as an organized whole, the life and interest of which the life and interests of each member of this whole are subordinate to the life and interests of each member of this whole.

Thus, the characteristic of the three forms of state power of polybium builds not only on a quantitative basis, but also on high-quality. The kingdom, aristocracy and democracy, he considers certainly positive categories - this is good in the field of social device that people managed to create. But there is a polybia and other definitions: monarchy, oligarchy and chip. It is also the designation form of power. According to quantitative and high-quality signs: the monarchy is the power of one, but the acting not by the good will of the people, but according to his own arbitrariness, i.e. the power of the usurper; The oligarchy is the power of a few, but not the best, chosen by the people, but a bunch of invaders who pursue mercenary goals; The Globleracy is the power of the people, but not as an organized whole, but spontaneously active mass, crowd. Consequently, the three positive forms of power polybium opposes three formally similar, but negative.

At the same time, the negative forms of power are associated with positive on the objective law of nature: each positive form moves with time to the negative (the perverted form of the kingdom is the monarchy, aristocracy - oligarchy, democracy - the Globlera). The same relation appears not only within each pair of formally homogeneous types of power, but also between formally heterogeneous species. When the royal rule goes into the appropriate perverted form, that is, the monarchy, then on the ruins of this latter, in turn, the aristocracy grows. After the degeneracy of the aristocracy, democracy appears to the oligarchy, which is also reincounded into the overtrach. Democracy is destroyed and passes into the lawlessness and dominance of force, while this period of massive wild and instincts of the crowd does not end with the establishment of the autocrat power. Thus, according to Polybia, is the cycle of the state device, according to which the forms of the Board are changing, go into each other and return again.

His views on the state and the right of Plato (427-348 BC) outlined in the books "State" and "laws".

The dialogue "State" is devoted to justice. The ideal of justice Plato saw in the division of labor, respectively, the needs and natural deposits. According to Plato, the principle of justice becomes the foundation of the model of the desired state device. He divides all citizens of such a state for three estates:

1) the wise men who manage the state;

2) guards guarding it;

3) merchants and artisans.

Plato considers four types of "perverted state device":

1) Timocracy;

2) oligarchy;

3) democracy;

4) tyranny.

All these types of state device are steps towards the degeneration of the state. In Timocracy, there is a passion for enrichment, which gradually develops into the domination of oligarchs. The oligarchy degenerates into democracy. Democracy degrades the worst form of government - tyranny. At the same time, Plato displays tyranny from democracy.

08 The teachings of Aristotle about politics, state and right. The theory of copyness.

Aristotle (384-322 BC. E.) outlined political and legal views in treatises "Politics", "Nikomakhova Ethics".

The goal of the state, according to Aristotle, is "the benefit of the life of all its members." For this, citizens must be virtuous. The very state is formed from the natural attraction of people to communicate. At the same time, slavery is ethically acquitted, because the slave is devoid of virtue and is able to perform only physical work.

Aristotle adhered to the principle of division of justice into two forms:

1) universal, established by law;

2) Private, which concerns the selection or exchange of property and honors between community members.

Aristotle highlighted six types of government: the correct is the monarchy, aristocracy and politics, and the wrong is tyranny, oligarchy and democracy.

The state ideal of Aristotle is poly-tia (mixed form of positive from the oligarchy and democracy).

09 The teaching of polybia on the cycle of political forms

Polybiy (approximately 200-120 BC) - the last major political thinker of ancient Greece. The main motive of the "history" written in 40 books is the path of Romans to world domination.

The description of the historical process in polybia is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe cyclical development of the world. It comes from the fact that social life exists from nature and is directed by fate. Like living organisms, any society passes the state of increasing, flourishing and, finally, decline. Completed, this process is repeated first. The development of a society of polybius treats as an infinite movement in a circle, during which "the forms of the board are changing, transfers one to another and returned again."

The cycle of political life is manifested in a consistent change of six forms of state. The first monarchy arises - the sole board of the leader or king, based on the mind. Separating, the monarchy passes into the opposite form of the state - in Tiracy. Tirana has the fact that the noble men will overthrow with the support of the people of the hated ruler. So establishment of the surveyor - the power of a few, pursuing the interests of the common good. Aristocracy, in turn, is gradually degenerated into the oligarchy, where few people rule, using power for compassion. By their behavior, they excite the dissatisfaction of the crowd, which inevitably leads to another coup.

The people, not believe more in the reign of kings or few, imposes care of the state for himself and establish democracy. Its perversion is the Globlera (the domination of mobiles, crowds) is the worst form of the state. "Then weaving the domination of strength, and the crowd gathering around the leader makes murders, expulsion, the redistribution of the Earth, until it turns completely and again will not find themselves the ruler and autocrat." The development of the state returns to its beginning and is repeated, passing through the same steps.

To overcome the cycle of political forms is capable only a wise legislator. To do this, he needs, assured polybium, to establish a mixed form of the state, combining the start of the monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, so that every power serve as oppose the other. Such a state would have been able to in a state of uniform fluctuations and equilibrium. " Historical examples of mixed building polybium found in the aristocratic Sparta, Carthage, in Crete. At the same time, he highled the political structure of Rome, where all three main elements are presented: monarchical (consulat), aristocratic (Senate) and democratic (popular assembly). The correct combination and equilibrium of these authorities of Polybius and explained the power of the Roman power, who conquered "almost the entire well-known world".

The political concept of polybia served as one of the links between the political and legal teachings of ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

Ancient world

Polybiy (200 -120. BC)

Polybiy The last major political thinker of ancient Greece. Written by the "History" in 40 books consecrate the path of the Romans to world domination.

Polybii is not free from traditional ideas about the cyclical development of socio-political phenomena. The cycle of political life has been manifested in a consistent change of six forms of state.

The first arises monarchy - The sole board of the leader or king, based on the mind. Decaying the monarchy goes into tyranny. The discontent of Tyran leads to the fact that noble men with the support of the people overthrow the hated tyrana. So set aristocracy - The power of a few pursuing the interests of the common good. Aristocracy in turn is gradually degenerated into oligarchywhere they rule a few using power for compassion. By their behavior, they excite the people, which leads to a coup. The people, not believe more in the reign of kings and few, laying care about the state on itself and establish democracy. Its perverted form - Glohalia - The worst form of the state. Then the power of the force is returned, and the crowd kills around the leader kills, until it finally and again does not find himself a self-adjustment. The development of the state returns to its beginning and is repeated, passing through the same steps.

To overcome the cycle of political forms, it is necessary to establish a mixed form of the state, combining the start of the monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, so that every power serve the opposition to another.

At the same time, polybium highlights the political structure of Rome, where all three main elements are presented: monarchical (consults), aristocratic (Senate) and democratic (popular assembly). The correct combination and equilibrium of these authorities of Polybius and explained the power of Rome.

Conclusion: The political concept of polybia served as one of the links between the political and legal teachings of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. In his arguments about the mixed form of the Board, the thinker anticipated the ideas of the bourgeois concept of "costs and counterweights".

Political and legal teaching Mark Tully Cicero.

Ancient world

Mark Tully Cicero (106 - 43 years BC)

Cicero was a prominent ideologist of the Roman aristocracy during the republic. Unlike Greek authors, he was not a philosopher. He took place from the rider (monetary aristocracy) and lived in the era of the last period of the Republic of Rome, when the republic moved to the sunset. Born in Rome, was in Greece, he studied Greek philosophy. In his socio-political views, the best achievements of the ancient Greek philosophical thought with the Roman history and theory of law were synthesized, as it were, as it were, "bridge" between them and the legal thought of Western Europe.

Cicero is a famous speaker on judicial affairs. His political benchmarks: the conservative, advocated the preservation of old men, in Rome at that time there was a mixed republic. He opposed any sole power. The final of life is tragic: the triumverat included it in the listing lists (persons who were considered outside the law) cut off her head and right hand.

The main socio-political views of Cicero are set forth in his dialogues "On the State" and "On Laws" (54 -51 BC), "On the duties" and "On old age" (44 g BC). This traces an analogy with the works of Plato "State", "Law".

The origin of the state

Cicero Following Aristotle defends the idea of \u200b\u200bthe natural divine-natural origin of society and the state. He claims that the person from birth is endowed with three, only inherent in the properties: reason, the gift of speech and the need for communication. Thanks to these properties at a certain stage of development of humanity, various forms of joint activity of people are formed, that is, a society arises.

The primary form of public association of people is recognized as a family from which the state is being formed. The natural causes of the emergence of the state of Cicero saw, first, in the desire of people to implement a common interest; Secondly, in the need to protect the property.

Among the tasks of the state, Cicero paid attention to such as:

* preservation of the inviolability of the established property relations;

* maintenance of proper order;

* Management affiliated to the state territories;

* ensuring the functioning of moral and religious norms and values;

Legal theory

Cicero subdivides the right to positive and natural.

Natural right acts as an eternal law, mandatory for everyone. This law follows from nature. He says that neither the decree of the Senate, nor the people are able to free people from the natural law: "who does not conquer this law, that fugitive from himself." He is not written, and has congenital character.

Cicero asks the question that primary: natural or positive right? The answer for it is unequivocal - natural, because It existed to the state.

Under natural right, he understood:

* Do not harm others if you are not provoked by injustice;

* Do not violate someone else's property. Everyone should use the general property as common, and private - as personal.

Teachings about the state and the right to the Epoch of the Early Middle Ages

(X -xv centuries)The teachings about the state and the right of early Middle Ages represents the long period in the history of European political and legal thought, which is directly related to the Christian religion. Only those scientists who shared the religious and secular positions of Christianity could count on fame and recognition. This clearly defined content and directivity was distinguished by medieval political thought from the ancient and subsequent Renaissance teachings.

Another source of political teachings was the socio-political thought of antiquity. The writings of Aristotle and Plato were particularly significant. Medieval scientists have considered questions about the form of state, authorities of the authorities, its relationships with estates, the role of a citizen, but at the same time they took into account antiquity experience.

Augustine Blessed, Thomas Akvinsky, Martily Padowan

The origin of the Christian doctrine of politics and law. The teachings of Augustine blissful.

Early Middle Ages

(8/1) The origin of the Christian doctrine of politics and law

Christianity arises in the I - II century of our millennium in the Roman province of Judea.

The time of its occurrence was characterized by a deep crisis experienced by the Roman Empire. The powerful state car brutally suppressed the uprising of slaves and free poor and conquered peoples (a severe Jewish war was held in the second half of the 60s). Under these conditions, it remained only to believe and hope for the help of supernatural forces, on a miracle.

In Rome itself, the inner decay, terrible devastation and moral loyalty of the tops reigned. The official Roman religion could not offer consolation of the masses, for it was too closely connected with the state. This faith brought a new religion - Christianity, which, among other things, turned to all people, without the difference in their nationality and classes, as to equal before God.

Christianity originated in the Lona of the Jewish religion, but soon deviated from her. Judaism is the first monotheistic religion (recognizing a single God), arose more than three thousand years ago.

The New Testament is the main source of judgment on the political thoughts of early Christianity. It consists of four Gospels: (evangelism, translated from Greek) from Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, Acts of the Apostles and Revelations of John Theologian, better known under the Greek name "Apocalypse".

The main provisions of Christianity:

* In the community, the idea of \u200b\u200bGodbragurance of individual peoples was overcome;

* The equality of all believers is proclaimed;

* Attitude towards physical work in Rome is negative (considered a physical work with shame, the lot of slaves), and in the Christian community everything was obliged to work. "If someone does not want to work, you don't eat." Epistle of the Apostle Paul Fesalonians (2 Fairy. 3.10);

* Roman law defended the interests of private property, and in the communities of the first Christians everything was generally;

* Distribution by labor or need: "Divided everything, looking at the need for everyone" and "there was no need between them in need" (Acts 4,32 -35;

* In Rome, the cult of luxury dominated, and the Christian has a reluctance cult. The first Christians condemned wealth, tying him with the oppression of the poor. The complication was declared incompatible with faith in God: "You can not serve God and Mamon" (Matt. 6, 24; Lux 16, 13).

These principles allow us to talk about "Christian communism." Its feature is that he is closed in religious communities, and not universal, and is consumer in nature, and not a productive nature.

The idea of \u200b\u200bChristianity of that period: "Who will refuse the desire for power in the substitution will receive the salvation of the soul." Political and legal reality condemned.

By the middle of the 2nd century, the church apparatus is formed. The leadership of the communities goes into the hands of the bishops, presbyters, devils that make up the cleric (clergy) standing over believers.

Gradually, adaptation to political reality occurs. The principle of loyalty to the existing power and the principle of humility is substantiated. So, the apostle Paul says in the message Romans: "Every soul may be submired by the highest authorities, for there is no power not from God, the existing authorities from God are installed." Christianity becomes the religion of the dominant.

(8/2) The political and legal teachings of Avrellium Augustine (354 - 430).

Early Middle Ages

Augustine belongs to the relatively early period of Christianity - 1V - X century. He is one of the fathers of the church. Heritage is part of the patraint, i.e. Labor of the Church. Augustine was distinguished by education. In Carthage, Rome and Milan studied rhetoric. The reading of the treatises of Cicero awakened interest in philosophy, he wanted to find the truth. At first she believed that he would find her at Manahi, in their teaching about the dualism of good and evil. They declared the whole body world (natural-space, social and human) by the generation of the devil. With eternal embodiment of evil, which deserves contempt and destruction. At the age of 33, Christianity accepted and the rest of his life was devoted to the development and propaganda of the fundamental ideas of Catholicism, as well as the adamant struggle against heresy.

Averalius Augustine wrote about 100 books, 500 sermons, 200 messages. Its main works are: "Confessions") in 30 books; "On Trinity" (De Trinitate "400 - 410), where theological views are systematized, and" in the Grad God "(" De Sivitate Dei "412 - 426). The last treatise is considered to be the main work of Augustine, because it contains his views. both historical and philosophical and political and legal views.

The basis of the state A special look at the nature of man. He says that a person is a sinful creature, and the real state exists as a punishment for the original sin, the touch of Adam and Eve to the knowledge tree. Therefore, Averali highlights two types of earthly states:

One state as an organization of violence towards a person. Begins with Fratubicians of Cain, who killed Abel.

Other states originate from Abel, this is Christian states, power is based on the care of the subjects.

The purpose of the state Consists of:

* Serving the Church, in the help of the Heavenly Hoody to direct the world of earthly to the world of Heaven;

* violent admission to the Christian Church, armed by the eradication of heresy;

* In maintaining social order.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe justice of Augustine

In the course of his reasoning, Augustine is trying to find a criterion that distinguishes the state from the gang of robbers. And finding him, saying that the state in which justice is not respected is a large gang of robbers.

Form of state

Augustine repeats the traditional division on the right and incorrect forms. Unjust king - tyrant, unfair people - also tyran, unfair aristocracy - the power of the egoistic grouping. With regard to the correctness of the forms, that is, where the right is observed, Augustine does not prefer any of them. Any form of government may be if not good, then tolerant, when God and man respect, that is, justice follows.

In his opinion, secular power and church differentand each has sovereignty. At the same time, the church power is the highest, because the spiritual sphere is higher than the worldly. In his opinion, the spiritual power is called upon to improve the power of secular, to send her efforts to beagle affairs. But no aggressive conclusions about the direct submission of the sovereign of the Church, about the right to how to shift kings, i.e., essentially, about endowment of the church hierarchy of secular power, there is no Augustine. The main thing in his teaching is precisely the separation of the two authorities.

Conclusion: Since Augustine, the tradition began the tradition of differences in secular and spiritual power. In the Middle Ages, this ratio will be implemented in the theory of "two swords" and will be used in resolving the rivalry of the Pope and emperors.

Polybiy (210-128 BC) - Greek thinker, historian, author of the concept of a composure of the forms of government.

Epoch. Loss by Greek independence policies. The inclusion of Greek policies into the Roman Empire.

Biography. The leaving from Greece, from a notable kind. It was intermented in Rome among the 1000 noble Greeks (300 survivors). It turned out to be close to the court of Roman Patricia Scipiion. He considered the most advanced Rome, and the future - for Rome.

Main work: "Universal History".

Logical foundation of political teaching. Historicism. History, considered polybium, should be universal. It should cover the events that occur simultaneously in the West, and in the East, to be pragmatic, i.e. associated with military and political history. Stoicism. Shared the ideas of the Stoics about the cyclical development of the world.

So, the circulation of the forms of the state of the state: the three correct forms and the three incorrect forms of government replace each other.

Any phenomenon is subject to change. Any correct form of government is degenerated. Starting with tyranny, the establishment of each next form is based on the comprehension of the previous historical experience. So, after the overthrow of Tirana, society does not risk entry power to one.

As part of its mental design, the composure of the forms of the Polybium Board determines the period necessary for the transition from one form of the Board to another, which allows you to predict the time of the transition itself:

The life of several generations of people takes the transition from the royal power to tyranny;

The life of one generation of people occupies the transition from the aristocracy to the oligarchy;

The life of three generations of people occupies the transition from democracy to the Glochpathy (democracy is degenerated after three generations).

Polybii sought to find such a state of government's government that would ensure equilibrium in the state like a floating ship. To do this, it is necessary to connect three correct molds of the board to one. A specific example of a mixed form of reign for polybia was the Roman Republic, which combined:

-\u003e Consul authorities - monarchy;

-\u003e Senate Power - Aristocracy;

-\u003e Power of the National Assembly - Democracy.

Unlike Aristotle, for which the ideal form of government is the mixture of two incorrect (incorrect for Aristotle!) The forms of the Board: oligarchy and democracy, at a polybia, the ideal form of government is a mixture of the three proper forms of state government: monarchy, aristocracy, democracy.

The ideal of the mixed form of the government of the state of Polybia consistently adhered to Mark Tully Cicero, Thomas Morel, Niccolo Makiavelli.

Greek historian Polybiy took the Roman state as a new object of political research.

1 generation - time interval separating father from his son; Up to XX century. - approximately 33 years; Now this figure is inclined to 25. (Julia D. Philosophical dictionary. M., 2000. P. 328).

The crisis of ancient Greek statehood clearly manifested itself in the exercises on the state and the right of the Hellenistic period.

In the last third of the IV century. BC e. Greek policies lose their independence and fall first under the power of Macedonia, and then Rome. The political and legal thought of this period found its expression in the teachings of Epicura, Stoikov and Polybia. In its philosophical views, epicuria (341-270 BC) was the successor of the atomistic teaching of democritus. Nature according to the teachings of the epicura develops in its own laws, without the intervention of the gods.

Ethics - a link between its physical and political and legal representations. The main values \u200b\u200bof the Epicurov Ethics (pleasure, freedom), like it, in general, are individualistic. Freedom of a person is, according to the epicurus, his responsibility for a reasonable choice of his lifestyle. The sphere of human freedom is the scope of his responsibility for itself; She is out and need, since "the need is not subject to responsibility," and a non-permanent case.

The main goal of state power and the foundation of political communication consist, in the epicurus, in ensuring the mutual safety of people, overcoming their mutual fear, is not harmful to each other harm. In political terms, epicurovskaya ethics, such a form of a moderate democracy is most common, in which the rule of laws is combined with the maximum possible measure of freedom and autonomy of individuals.

The founder of Stoicism was Zeno (336-264 BC. E.). In the history of Stoicism, three periods distinguish: an ancient, medium and new (Roman). The main representatives of Stoicism are Zeno, Cleanf and Chrysipp, Panete and Sidoidon, Seneca, Epicate and Emperor Mark Azeri. The universe as a whole according to Stoicism is governed by fate. Fate in the teachings of Stoikov acts as such a "natural law" ("General Act"), which is at the same time divine character and meaning. According to Zenon, "the natural law of the Divine and has the power that commands (do) is correct and prohibiting the opposite."

The civic hostel is based on the thoughts of the Stoikov, the natural population of people to each other, their natural relationship among themselves. The state, therefore, acts at the Stoics as a natural association, and not as an artificial, conditional, contractual education.

The doctrine of the Stoikov had a noticeable impact on the views of Polybia (210-123 BC) - a prominent Greek historian and a political figure of the Hellenistic period. Reviews of polybia are reflected in his famous work "History in forty books." In the center of Polybia research - the path of Rome to domination over the whole Mediterranean. In his attempt to holistic coverage of historical phenomena, it is based on the idea of \u200b\u200b"fate", according to which it turns out to be universal law and mind. In general, the Polybia is characterized by a state view of the events that occur, according to which the state of the state plays a decisive role in all human relations. In total, there are, according to Polybia, six major forms of the state, which, in the order of their natural occurrence and shifts, occupy the next place in the framework of their full cycle: the kingdom (royal power), tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy, Glohacery. Polybius concludes that "the undoubtedly perfect form should be recognized as such, which combines the peculiarities of all forms named above," that is, the royal authorities, aristocracy and democracy.

The treatment of polybia (approximately 200-120 BC) was formed under the influence of stoicism, polybium is considered the last major thinker of ancient Greece. The main motive of his "history" in 40 books is the path of Romans to world domination.

Polybiy comes from the presentation of the Stoics about the cyclical development of the world: social life exists from nature and sent by fate; Like living organisms, all society undergoes the state of increasing, flourishing and finally decline; Completed, this process is repeated first. In other words, Polybii interpreted the development of society as an infinite movement in a circleIn the course of which "the forms of the board are changing, transfers one to another and returned again." In Rome, he saw the cosmopolis held (world state). He wrote a lot about the cycle of the forms of the state.

At first, people lived in a natural state - without the state and the right, according to the principle "wins the strongest", then they gave the power to wise - there was a historically the first right form of government - a monarchy, and then the cycle of political life began, which manifests itself in a consistent change of six forms of state.

1) Monarchy is the sole leader's sole board or a king based on mind. Monarchy is based on the right.

2) decaying, the monarchy goes into the opposite state form - in tyranny. Tirands are based on strength.

3) Tirana discontent leads to the fact that Tirana is overthrown with the support of the people and the aristocracy is established - the power of a few pursuing the interests of the common good.

4) Aristocracy degenerates into the oligarchy, where they rule a few, using power to complaint

5) it excites the dissatisfaction of the crowd - the people, not believe more in the reign of kings or few, entails concerns about the state for himself and establish democracy

6) its perversion is the Globlera (the domination of mobiles, the crowd) is the worst form of the state; The dominance of force is wagused, and the crowd gone around the leader makes murders, expulsion, the redistribution of the Earth, until it does not completely and again will not find themselves the ruler and autocrat.

The development of the state returns to the beginning and is repeated, passing through the same steps. The aristocracy is the best of the listed form of government, but the optimal will be a mixed form of government (combining elements of all fair forms of government).