The meaning of the word voivode. Who is the voivode? Determination of the voivode

Voivode is a complex concept composed of two parts: "howl" - "army", and also "water" - "leader, driver". We literally get "troop driver".

The word "voivode" is Slavic, in Latin it corresponds to dux, and in German - Herzog. In those days, the ancient Slavs had a mainly military life, and there was a custom to choose leaders at the tribal veche in case of a military threat. When it ended, the governor's power ceased.

Empowerment

In the 17th century, there was a threat to the identity of the Baltic and Western Slavs, as the danger lurked from different sides so the popular government changed a little.

The Russian governors now had power not only military, but also civil and spiritual. There appeared the chiefs of the tribe, "lords", the so-called "supreme voivods", they also performed the duties of chief judges and high priests. In the course of time, among many Slavs the name "voivode" was transformed into the concept of "prince". In the specific period, each of them had their own army and governor. It was a man performing in war time military functions, and peacefully in charge of various civil affairs.

When the monarchy was established, regimental governors were appointed only by the Moscow sovereigns. Rat was divided into 5 regiments, which were headed by one or more commanders. The chief was considered the head of a large regiment. The voivods were assisted by clerks who carried out the census and carried out monetary calculations. After the outbreak of hostilities, it was necessary to check all military men in the lists, as well as draw up new ones for the correct issuance of a monetary salary. The title of military commander was abolished under Peter the Great, only civilians were left.

Transformation of the concept

A small reform took place in the 16th century. Local governors began to be called annual, as they were appointed for a year, later - police. In the 17th century, the general introduction of this position took place. V Time of Troubles there was a need for military power for each city, as well as for a connecting body of government for Moscow and the provinces, which would have power over all social classes. Usually not one governor was sent, but several (second and third governors), clerks and clerks. Most of the branches of local government were at the disposal of the governor. Their duties included the recruitment of troops, the issuance of salaries in money or bread, the capture of thieves and robbers, fugitives. They had to take measures to protect against fires, epidemics, monitor prohibited games and shows, eradicate schism, monitor the clergy and church attendance. A voivode is, among other things, a judge. He decided civil cases up to 100, and subsequently up to 500 rubles. Those of them, over which the governors did not have power, were sent to Moscow. most often it was not included in their powers, but some were granted this right too. The provincial service was very profitable, "selfish". This explains its short duration: the service lasted a year, two, sometimes three.

The abolition of the governor

In 1775, the post of governor was abolished. The provincial offices, which had been with them since the reign of Peter, were closed. However, in Poland this post existed until the end of the 18th century.

Voivode Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky

Since 1543, Vorotynsky was appointed governor of the city of Belev. He distinguished himself during the attack of Sahib-Giray, the Crimean Khan. This happened in 1541. The battle took place on the Oka line. All attempts to cross to the opposite bank were in vain, since it was well guarded by Russian troops. Sahib-Girey nevertheless decided to try to break through with the help of the approaching Turkish artillery. The Tatars opened cannon fire and began to cross the river, but they were stopped by Russian regiments, who arrived a little later, and the Crimean Khan was forced to stop the offensive. Sahib-Girey changed the direction of the strike and moved his troops to Pronsk. The assault began on August 3. The city was subjected to artillery fire, but they managed to defend it. The next day, the khan withdrew to the steppe. He was pursued by Mikhail Vorotynsky with his brothers Vladimir and Alexander. The result of their campaign was 45 captured languages ​​- spies sent to Moscow. In 1551, Mikhail Ivanovich received the rank of "tsar's servant", and the next year he will play a huge role in the conquest. In May 1566 Ivan the Terrible grants Vorotynsky the rank of boyar.

Pretich

Another famous Old Russian representative of this position is Voivode Pretich. He was at the head of the squad that provided assistance during the siege of Kiev in 968. It was Pretich who made peace with the Pechenezh Khan.

In conclusion, it is worth summing up everything that has been said. So, the voivode is the boss, the ruler of Slavic peoples... History has known many wise and selfless representatives of this position. The very word "voivode", whose synonym is "ruler", is associated with something powerful and courageous. Subsequently, this position was abolished, and today we can talk about this concept only in the historical aspect.

Who is the voivode and the meaning of the word "voivode" you will learn from this article.

Who is the voivode?

There are several definitions of this concept, depending on the country where it was spread.

In times Kievan Rus and in the Slavic lands it was known already from the 10th century. The word of the voivode meant the leader of the Varangian squads, later also as the commander of the princely troops. Later in the western territories of Russia, they were even the administrators of the territories.

In ancient Poland, until the XIV century, this was the highest position in the state after the ruler. The voivode was the deputy ruler in matters of army command and justice, a member of the Senate. From the middle of the XIV century, the voivods were members of the Royal Council, and from 1493 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the voivods formed a government and had a permanent seat in the Senate (they could even become a senator).

The competence of the voivode was different in the lands of the Polish crown, and over the years, the functions of the voivode gradually diminished. For example, the military function was reduced to the protection of the Polish-Lithuanian gentry at the places of its assembly. In terms of administrative functions, they were retained the rights of chairmanship at seimiks, supervision over cities, control of prices for goods.

In the Moscow state during the XVI-XVII centuries there were so-called regimental governors, who headed each of the 5 regiments of the Moscow army.

Governors in medieval countries such as the Czech Republic, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania bore the title of military leaders.
In Bulgaria, during the Ottoman rule, the commanders who led the rebels (hayduks) were also called voivods.

Slav .: leader of the army), in Russia this concept had a triple meaning: the chief of the army, the highest local governor and one of the subordinate bodies of local government. The first concept is the most ancient history up to the 16th century; the second belongs to the XVI-XVII centuries, when the voivode replaced the former governor, and the third - appeared under Peter I. The voivods of the ancient Russian princes led the detachments of the princely squad. In the Moscow state, the Russian army for the campaign and battle was divided into 5 regiments: advanced, large, right hand, left hand and sentry (dorsal). Each of these regiments was led by one or more governors. The regimental governors were appointed by the sovereign. In addition to the regimental voivods, the Russian army also included: 1) the ertaul voivode, who commanded the light troops; 2) the voivode of the shell, or the chief of artillery and 3) the voivode of the gulyavy - the head of the gulyai-city. The commander of a large regiment was considered the main one. Under Peter, the rank of military commander was abolished, only the rank of civilian commander was retained. In the XVI-XVII centuries. provincial administration becomes the system of the Moscow government, partly replacing the system of governorship. The voivode, as the highest local rulers, began to appoint Ivan IV from 1555. At first, voivods were appointed only to distant border towns, as to places requiring military protection; then in the 17th century. they are already in all cities. The governors were appointed at the discretion of the tsar as a result of the petition, which was previously considered in the Tsar's Duma; the very appointment went through the Discharge order or another, which was in charge of the voivodeship. The governors were ruled by orders and had a wide range of activities. The subjects of the provincial administration can be subsumed under the following types: 1) military affairs: recruiting troops, distributing salaries, allocating service, etc .; 2) diplomatic affairs; 3) financial and economic affairs, however, limited only to supervision, "observation"; 4) concern for the provision of welfare and security to the people (for example, the capture of thieves, robbers and fugitives) and 5) court cases, for example, the resolution of civil cases up to 100 and even up to 500 rubles. Peter the Great destroyed the provincial administration, replacing the governor with governors (1708). But later, after the division of the provinces into provinces (1719), Peter reinstated the governors as governors of the provinces and, consequently, assistants to the governors, and under his successors, the governors were also appointed to individual cities - city and suburban governors. After the introduction of the Institution of the Provinces of Catherine II (1775), the governors and their offices were abolished.

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Alexey Voevoda is a Russian athlete, three-time world champion and three-time winner of the Professional Armwrestling World Cup, Olympic medalist in bobsleigh in twos and fours. His heroic strength has become the talk of the town, and its maintenance of a vegetarian diet still seems to many fans. sports talent Alexei's unprecedented fairy tale.

Childhood and youth

The athlete was born in the village of Kalinovitsa, Chernihiv region and lived there until he was 5 years old. Then he moved with his parents to Sochi, where his father, a party worker, was transferred to the post of first deputy chairman of the city executive committee. Alexey was in love with sports since childhood.

At the age of 6, he got into the martial arts section, was engaged in several types of karate, as well as judo, in which he became a candidate for master of sports. Later, the boy was impressed by the strength of his grandfather, who bent coins with his fingers, and began to develop his strength.

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Alexey Voevoda in his youth

After school, Alexey planned to enter a higher police school, but could not pass the standards for physical training, so he became a student of the Faculty of Economics at the Sochi branch of the RUDN University.

Soon he transferred to the Sochi University of Tourism and Resort Business and graduated from the Faculty of Tourism, Service and Sports. In his student years, the future athlete worked as a security guard at the enterprise. After receiving a diploma higher education Alexey entered postgraduate studies in economics and psychology, but did not complete his studies.

Personal life

In his youth, the Voivode was known as a womanizer, before whom it is difficult for any girl to resist. He claims to have always treated his ladies with respect. At one time, Alexei did not dare to have a long relationship. As the bobsledder later explained in an interview, the reason for this was the unhappy youthful love for a red-haired beauty named Anna.

Later, a chosen one appeared in his personal life, who took all the thoughts of an athlete. He calls the girl Aurora herself great love own life. According to some reports, the lady of the heart became the wife of the Voevoda. There are no children in Alexei's family yet.

The voivode is a vegetarian. The athlete deliberately gave up meat and began to adhere to a vegetarian diet, since such a diet helps him to improve not only well-being, but also athletic performance.

Initially, the hero became a raw foodist. He needed to reduce his body weight before the competition, but he could not not eat - apathy and loss of strength began, and the protein diet caused excessive intoxication of the body. A raw food diet has become a way out for the athlete from this situation. For 3 months of such a diet, the Voivode felt a surge of strength, while his weight decreased, and muscle mass stayed.

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Alexey Voevoda demonstrates his biceps

However, Alexey, as a person who should show excellent physical shape, needed amino acids, which means protein, so over time he switched to vegetarianism.

The bobsledder also became convinced of the inadequacy of eating meat. According to the athlete, it not only does not restore strength, but also slags the body. The governor also realized that he was unable to kill the animal, which became the ethical reason for vegetarianism.

Now the athlete's breakfast consists of a glass of water, salads and rolls. In the evening, Alexei consumes vegetables, fruits and juices. According to the athlete, such a diet saturates the body with a large number of necessary nutrients... For several years of a vegan diet, he formed his own nutritional system, according to which he is going to defend his Ph.D. thesis.

The bobsledder repeatedly talked about his power system on the air of Elena Malysheva's program. Alexey often becomes the hero of television programs, and not only of the Match TV channel. In 2019, he attended the TV show "Live", as well as the children's program "Good night, kids." Bobsledder speaks at radio stations "Nashe Radio", "Romance" and others.

Aleksey Voevoda does not have his own website, and the old page on the VKontakte network has been removed. But the deputy and the athlete maintains a personal microblogging on Instagram, where he posts photos from important work events.

Arm wrestling

Alexey Voevoda acquired his first sports fame as a professional armwrestler. He began this sport in high school, training with his father, a lover of this kind of competition. But I got into professional sports unplanned, accidentally hearing that the “Iron Hand of Sochi” competition will soon take place in the Zodiac bar, for participation in which an entry fee is required. Alexey did not have the money he needed, but his friends helped, so it was impossible to refuse.

At the competition, the Voevoda made a splash, easily defeating all rivals, including the European champion Kote Razmadze, who until that moment was considered invincible. Kote was so impressed by the young man's talent that he took him under his wing and became the first professional coach in Alexei's life.

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Alexey Voevoda and Denis Cyplenkov

During a year of training, Voevoda became the world armwrestling champion, then twice repeated this achievement, and three more times raised the World Cup, organized by the Nemiroff holding, over his head. The best performances of Alexei are fights with John Brzenk, Michael Todd, Travis Budget. Denis Tsyplenkov was the strongman's sparring partner for a long time. Since both athletes trained with the same coach, they never went to the site against each other.

Due to the fact that Alexey fulfilled all the necessary standards to obtain the title of Honored Master of Sports in arm wrestling in just over a year, a certain incident arose. The fact is that, according to the rules, this title is awarded only after five years of training. An interesting precedent was formed, which, to the credit of the sports federation, was decided in favor of Aleksey Voevoda.

In 2016, the athlete took part in armwrestling competitions, where American Tim Bresnan became his rival. But over the years of his bobsled career, Voevoda lost his armwrestling skills, as a result he lost in five rounds out of six. After the tournament, the Russian congratulated his opponent and promised to promote this sport among young people.

Bobsled

Almost by accident, the athlete, whose height is 194 cm and weight - 116 kg, got into bobsleigh. After winning the next title of champion in arm wrestling, he noticed that in the sports press only one small note was devoted to his victory, while bobsledders, who took only 8th place at the Olympics in the American Salt Lake City, were given a whole newspaper spread.

Alexey Voevoda decided to find out what kind of sport it was, went to the location of the national team and overtook all the team members in test races with a 100-kilogram sleigh. The coach of the national team Valeriy Leichenko immediately included the Voevoda in the squad and made him an overclocker in pairs and fours.

During his sports career in bobsleigh, Voevoda experienced two dangerous falls. This happened for the first time in Vancouver, during the opening of the track. Then Alexei still had long hair, which during the jump got out from under the helmet, and they were severely squeezed, which could lead to serious consequences. The athlete after the rental made himself a short haircut.

The second time a bobsledder was kicked out of a bob was during a competition in Calgary. A muscular corset saved Alexei from serious injuries, but he still tore two ligaments. For 2 years he dropped out of bobsleigh and devoted them to arm wrestling, where he continued to win all kinds of prizes. After the operation and full recovery, the Voivode returned to the sleigh and in 2006 on Olympic Games in Turin he became a silver medalist, and in 2010 - a bronze medal winner.

Alexey Voevoda and Alexander Zubkov

The athlete distinguished himself with no less significant results at the world championships. In 2008, in Cesana, his deuce came to the finish line third, and in 2011 the Voivode, together with the pilot Alexander Zubkov, won gold in Königsze.

In 2013, the athlete joined the Sochi 2014 ambassadors team and did a lot to popularize the upcoming Olympics. Voevoda himself did not initially plan to participate in the competition, but a month before the start he nevertheless accepted the invitation of the coaches and proved that he was in great shape: at the home Olympics, Alexey won two gold medals as part of a four-crew and a two-crew, becoming the Olympic champion.

Then Aleksey Voevoda accepted the invitation of Channel One and became a participant in the new entertainment program "Without Insurance", which television began broadcasting at the end of January 2016. This is an extreme sports show, where celebrities, together with professional gymnasts, had to show the audience the most difficult balancing act on a weekly basis.

In 2017, a special IOC commission hearing was held, at which a decision was made to deprive the Russian national team of three gold medals won at the Sochi Olympics. Two of them belonged to Alexander Zubkov and Alexey Voevoda. The pilot was charged with doping. Later, the Voivode was also recognized in the substitution of doping tests and was banned from participating in the Olympic Games for life. Later, this measure was replaced by a refusal to participate only in the Olympic Games in Korea.

VOIVODA

VOIVODA, military leader, ruler among the Slavic peoples. In Russia, from the 10th century. In the Russian state - at the head of a regiment, detachment (late 15th - early 18th centuries), cities (mid 16th century - 1775), provinces (1719-75).

A source: Encyclopedia "Fatherland"

A source: Encyclopedia "Russian Civilization"

See what "VOEVODA" is in other dictionaries:

Right, left hand, head of the right left wing of the army. | · Old. mayor, governor. Courage to the power of the voivode. A strong army is a voivode, a prison is a vegetable garden. One soldier (voivode) leads thousands, and God leads thousands and a soldier. God punished the people: ... ... Explanatory dictionary Dahl

voivode- VOEVODA, history. - Warlord; the person representing the highest (more often military) power on the ground In Tobolsk, confirmed the boyar's son. You can deliver a formal reply to the voivode overnight (1. 14). LORD XI XVII 2. 261: voivode (1380) “the same”. Wed also Samotik ... ... Dictionary of the trilogy "Tsar's patrimony"

Warlord, ruler among the Slavic peoples. The voivode as the head of the princely squad or the head of the militia has been mentioned in Russian chronicles since the 10th century. In the 15th and 17th centuries, the voivods were at the head of each of the regiments and detachments of the Russian army. In ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

VOEVODA, s, husband. V Ancient Rus and in some Slavic states: the chief of the army, as well as the region, district. Frost voivode is a fabulous old man who personifies severe frost. | adj. voivodship, oh, oh. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Cm … Synonym dictionary

Slavic word corresponding to Latin dux and German Herzog, leader of an army. The ancient Slavs, as well as other tribes, were dominated by the military, and the custom was established, from the voice of the tribal veche, to choose a voivode or leaders in case ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Warlord, ruler among the Slavic peoples. In Russia it has been known since the 10th century. V The Russian state headed a regiment, a detachment (late 15th - early 18th centuries), a city (mid-16th century 1775), a province (1719 1775) ... Legal Dictionary

VOEVODA, military leader, ruler among the Slavic peoples. It has been known in Russia since the 10th century. In the Russian state, at the head of a regiment, detachment (late 15th - early 18th centuries), cities (mid-16th century 1775), provinces (1719 75) ... Modern encyclopedia

Warlord, ruler among the Slavic peoples. It has been known in Russia since the 10th century. In the Russian state, at the head of a regiment, detachment (late 15th early 18th centuries), cities (mid-16th century 1775), provinces (1719 75) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

See the Chief, the leader (II, 1) ... Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia