New troubles in Russia. The main milestones of the troubled time in Russia. What we learned

One of the most difficult periods in the history of the state - Time of Troubles. He lasted from 1598 to 1613. It is on the line of the XVI-XVII centuries. There is a hard economic and political crisis. Oprichnina, Tatar invasion, Livonian war - all this led to the maximum growth of negative phenomena and strengthening public indignation.

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The reasons for the start of the troubled time

Ivan the Terrible had three sons. He killed his eldest son in a furious fury, the youngest was only two years old, and the middle, Fedor - 27. Thus, after the death of the king, it was Fedor who had to take power into his hands. But the heir is the person's mild and the ruler's role did not fit at all. Later, Ivan IV created the Regent Council at Fedor, which included Boris Godunov, Shuisky and other boyars.

Ivan Grozny died in 1584. Fedor became the official ruler, but on the fact - Godun. A few years later, Dmitry dies in 1591 ( younger son Ivan Grozny). A number of versions of the boy's death are put forward. Main version - The boy himself inadvertently ran to the knife when he played. Some argued that they knew who killed Tsarevich. Another version - he was killed by Godunov's minions. A few years later, Fedor dies (1598), without leaving the children after himself.

In this way, historians allocate the following main reasons and factors of the beginning of the Time of Time:

1. Interrupting Dynasty Rurikovich.
2. The desire of the boyars to increase its role and power in the state, limit the power of the king. Claims Boyar turned into an open struggle with the top of power. Their intrigue negatively affected the position of the royal power in the state.
3. The economic situation was critical. The conquest hikes of the king demanded the intensification of all forces, including production. In 1601-1603 - a period of hunger, as a result, the impoverishment of large and small farms.
4. Serious social conflict. The current system has rejected from himself not only the numerous runaway peasants, hills, landing people, city Cossacks, but also some parts of serve people.
5. Internal policy of Ivan the Terrible. The consequences and the result of the Oprichnina strengthened distrust, undermined respect for the law and power.

Events Smouse

The period of troubled time has become a huge shock for the statewhich affected the basics of power and the state system. Historians allocate three periods of troubles:

1. Dynastic. The period when the struggle for the Moscow throne took place, and he lasted until the reign of Vasily Shui.
2. Social. The time of the civilian classes and the invasion of foreign troops.
3. National. The period of struggle and expulsion of the interventory. He lasted before the election of the new king.

The first stage of Smouse

Taking advantage of the instability and discharge in Russia, Lhadmitriy with a minor army crossed through Dnipro. He managed to convince the Russian people in the fact that he is Dmitry - the younger son of Ivan the Terrible.

A huge mass of the population reached for him. Cities opened their gates, Poshesky people and peasants entered into his detachments. In 1605, after the death of Godunov, in his direction the governors arose, after a while and all Moscow.

Boyar support was needed by Lhadmitry. So, on June 1, on Red Square, he proclaimed Boris Godunov, and also promised the privileges of the Boyars, orders and nobles, inconceivable benefits to the merchants, and the peasants are peace and peace. Anxious moment came when the peasants asked Shuisky, Dmitry Tsarevich was buried in Uglich (it was Shuisky headed the commission to investigate the death of Tsarevich and confirmed his death). But Boyar has already argued that Dmitry is alive. After these stories, the enraged crowd broke into the house of Boris Godunov and his relatives, defeating everything. So, on June 20, Falsmitry with the honors joined Moscow.

To sit on the throne turned out to be much easier than to keep on it. To approve of his power, the impostor secured serfdom, which led to the dissatisfaction of the peasants.

Waiting Boyar Lhadmitry also did not justify. In May 1606, the peasants opened the gate of the Kremlin, Lhadmitry was killed. The throne took Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. The main condition for his reign was the limitation of power. He swore that no decisions would be made independently. Formally, the restriction took place state power . But the situation in the state was not improved.

The second stage of Smooty

This period is characterized not only by the struggle for the power of higher classes, but also free and large-scale peasant performances.

So, in the summer of 1606, the peasant masses appeared the head - Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. Under one banner gathered peasants, Cossacks, chores, subsidence, large and small feudal feudals, serviced. In 1606, the Tvoblinov's army moved to Moscow. The battle for Moscow was lost, I had to retreat to Tula. Already there, the three-month siege of the city began. The result did not complete the campaign to Moscow - the capitulation and execution of the Bolotnikov. From this time, the peasant uprisings went to the decline.

The Government of Shuisky sought to normalize the situation in the country, but the peasants and serve still remained unhappy. The nobles doubted the ability of power to stop peasant uprisings, and the peasants did not want to take a serfdom. At this moment, misunderstanding, another impostor appeared on the Bryansk lands, who called himself Lhadmitry II. Many historians argue that he was sent to rule the Polish king of Sigismund III. Most of his detachments were Polish Cossacks and gentry. In the winter of 1608, Faldmitry II moved with an armed army to Moscow.

By June, the impostor reached the village of Tushino, where he stopped the camp. He was silent to loyalty big citieslike Vladimir, Rostov, Murom, Suzdal, Yaroslavl. In fact, two capitals appeared. The boyars were sworn by Shui, then the impostor and managed to receive salary on both sides.

For the expulsion of Falsmitria II, the Government of Shuisky concluded a contract with Sweden. Under this agreement, Russia gave Sweden Karelian parish. Taking advantage of this mistake, Sigismund III moved to an open intervention. Commonwealth went to Russia. Polish parts threw an impostor. Lhadmitry II is forced to flee to Kaluga, where he was unable to finish his "Board".

In Moscow and Smolensk, the diplomas of Sigismund II were delivered, in which he argued that as a relative of Russian rulers and at the request of the Russian people, he goes to save a digestible state and the Orthodox faith.

Frightened, Moscow Boyars recognized the Russian king of Koroleic Vladislav. In 1610, a contract was concluded in which stated the main plan of the state system of Russia:

• the inviolability of the Orthodox faith;
• restriction of freedom;
• the division of the state of the sovereign with the Boyarskaya Duma and the Zemsky Cathedral.

The oath of Moscow Vladislav took place on August 17, 1610. For the month of these to the events, Shuisky was forcibly tonsured into the monks and Soslated in the miracles of the monastery. To control the boyars, a commission of seven boyars was collected - semiboyarschina. And already on September 20, the Poles were unhindered to Moscow.

At this time, military aggression openly demonstrates Sweden. Swedish detachments took most of Russia and were already ready to step on Novgorod. Russia has become on the threshold of the final loss of independence. The gripful plans of the enemies caused a huge indignation among the people.

The third stage of Smouse

The death of Falsmitria II strongly influenced the situation. Preposition disappeared (the fight against the impostor) to rule the Sigismund Russia. Thus, Polish troops have become occupying. Russian people are combined for resistance, the war began to acquire national scales.

The third stage of Discharge begins. At the appeal of the Patriarch, detachments to Moscow come from the northern regions. Cossack troops led by Zarutsky and Grand Duke Trubetsky. So the first militia was created. In the spring of 1611, the Russian troops began the assault of Moscow, which was not crowned with success.

In the fall of 1611, in Novgorod, with a call to the fight against foreign interventories, Kuzma minin addressed to the people. A militia was created, whose supervisor elected Prince Dmitry Pozharski.

In August 1612, the alarm and mining army came to Moscow, on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was completely liberated. Troubled time, which lasted for almost 10 years, ended.

In these difficult conditions, the state needed a government that would reconcile people of different political parties, but could also find a class compromise. In this regard, the candidacy of Romanova satisfied everyone.

After the grace liberation of the capital, the diplomas about the convening of the Zemsky Cathedral were scattered throughout the country. The cathedral took place in January 1613 and was the most representative of Russia for the entire medieval history. Of course, the struggle for the future king broke out, but as a result, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova (a relative of the first wife Ivan IV) was constructed. Mikhail Romanov was elected to the tsar on February 21, 1613.

From this time the history of the romanian dynasty board beginswhich was on the throne over 300 years (until February 1917).

The consequences of a vague time

Unfortunately, troubled time ended in deplorable for Russia. Territorial losses were incurred:

• loss of Smolensk for a long period;
• loss of access to the Finnish bay;
• eastern and West Karelia captured by the Swedes.

The Orthodox population did not accept the society of the Swedes and left their territory. Only in 1617, the Swedes left Novgorod. The city was completely ruined, there were several hundreds of citizens in it.

Troubled time led to economic and economic recession. The amount of arable land fell 20 times, the number of peasants decreased by 4 times. Land processing has decreased, monastic yards were ruined by the interventionists.

The number of those killed during the war approximately equal to one third of the inhabitants of the country. In a number of regions of the country, the population has fallen below the level of the XVI century.

In 1617-1618, Poland once again wanted to make the seizure of Moscow and build a Koriicha Vladislav's throne. But the attempt failed. As a result, the signing of a truce with Russia for 14 years, where the refusal of the claims of Vladislav into Russian throne was noted. Poland remained northern and Smolensk lands. Despite the difficult conditions of the world with Poland and Sweden, for Russian state The end of the war and the desired passage. The Russian people alone defended Russia's independence.

Troubled time in the history of Russia serious place. This is the time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and early assimilation. As part of this article, we will understand some of them. Where to get the rest - see at the end of the article.

Causes of troubled Time

The first reason (and basic) in the suppression of the dynasty of descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of Rurikovichi. The last king of this dynasty - Fyodor John, son died in 1598, and from the same time the period of troubled time begins in the history of Russia.

The second reason is more the reason for the intervention during this period - that upon completion of the Livonian War Moscow State It was not peaceful contracts but only a truce: Yam-Zapolskoe - with Poland and the plus with Sweden. The differences of the truce from a peace treaty is that the first is only a break in the war, and not its completion.

Course of events

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Troubled time began directly with the death of Fyodor Johnovich. Because it is a period of "nonsense", a mind, when impostors and people in general are random. However, in 1598, the Zemsky Cathedral was convened and Boris Godunov came to power - a person who has long and stubbornly went to power.

The Board of Boris Godunova continued from 1598 to 1605. At this time, the following events occurred:

1. Terrible hunger 1601 - 1603, the consequence of which there was a raising of cotton Kosolap, and a mass passage of the population to the south. And also dissatisfaction with power.
2. Presentation of the first: from the fall of 1604 to June 1605.

The runtime of the Falgestrimiter of the first continued one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. In his reign the following processes continued:

Lhadmitry the first (he is a grister of frews)

The growth of dissatisfaction with his Board of Boyars, since Lhadmitry did not respect the Russian customs, married Catholicke, began to distribute Russian lands in the victobs of the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the impostor overthrew the boyars led by Vasily Shui.

The Board of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected on the Zemsky Cathedral. His name simply "shouted", so he "enlisted" support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called armored oath, which will be consulted in everything with the Boyar Duma. The following events occurred in his rule:

1. The peasant war under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikova: from spring from 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the Voivode "Tsarevich Dmitry", the second False Dmitry.
2. False Lhadmitria campaign from autumn 1607 to 1609 years. During the campaign, the impostor could not take Moscow, so I sat down in Tushino. Delicious appeared in Russia. No side had funds to overcome to a friend. Therefore, Vasily Shsky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. The defeat of the "Tushinsky thief" by the troops of the Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shui.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at this time in a state of war. Since the Swedish troops turned out to be in Moscow, albeit mercenaries, Poland was able to start an open intervention, referring to the Muscovy Alliance of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky boyars, as a result of which the so-called "Semiboyarschina" appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king of Sigismund in Moscow.

Results of the vague time for the history of Russia

First of all The Troubles became the election of the new reigning dynasty of the Romanov, which was ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began Mikhail and ended with Mikhail.

Second summary Few disgusting. All the 17th century it lost its influence, and with him an old generic principle.

Third result - Destroy, economic, economic, social. Her consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth total - Instead of a boyars, the power made support to the nobility.

PS.: Of course, all you read here are available at the millions of other sites. But the goal of the post is compressed, briefly tell about the smoothie. Unfortunately all this is not enough to perform the test. After all, behind the scenes there are many nuances, without which the second part of the test is unthinkable. So I invite you

The end of XVI and the beginning of the XVII centuries are marked in Russian history. The above, she quickly descended down, seized all the layers of the Moscow society and put the state to the edge of death. The troubles lasted a quarter of a century - from the death of Ivan Grozny to election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich (1584-1613). The duration and intensity of the Troubles clearly suggest that it appeared not from the outside and it's not by chance that the roots were buried deep in the state body. But at the same time, the troubled time is striking by its ambiguity, uncertainty. This is not a political revolution, since it began not in the name of a new political ideal and did not lead to him, although it is impossible to deny the existence of political motives in Smoot; This is not a social coup, since again, the troubles arose not from social movement, although in further development With her, the desires of some sections of society were sprawled to social change. "Our unfortunate is the fermentation of a patient of a state body that has sought to get out of those contradictions to which his previously preceding the course of history and which could not be resolved peaceful, in the usual way." All previous hypothesis about the origin of the Disame, despite the fact that in each of them the share of truth is lost, they have to leave, as not allowing the task. The main contradictions that caused a vague time was two. The first of them was a political, which can be determined by the words of Professor Kuevsky: "The Moscow Sovereign, whom the course of history conducted a democratic fatigue, was to act through a very aristocratic administration"; Both of these forces, who grew up together thanks to the State Association of Russia and who worked on it together, were penetrated by mutual distrust and hostility. The second contradiction can be called social: the Moscow government was forced to strain all his strength for the best device of the highest defense of the state and "under pressure from these higher needs, the interests of the industrial and agricultural classes were sacrificed, the work of which served as the foundation of the national economy, the interests of serving landowners," the consequence of what There was a mass escape of a major population from the centers to the outskirts, intensified with the expansion of the state territory suitable for agriculture. The first contradiction was the result of the collections of Moscow's diets. The attachment of the valves did not matter the nature of violent, fighter war. The Moscow Government left the lot in the management of his previous prince and was content with the fact that the latter recognized the power of the Moscow sovereign, became his servant. The power of the Moscow sovereign, according to the words of Klyuchevsky, was not at the place of specific princes, but above them; "new state order He was a new layer of relations and institutions, which lay on top of the actual before, not destroying him, but only laying on him new duties, pointing to him new challenges. "New Princely Boyars, pushing the old boyars Moscow, took the first places in the degree of his partitioned seniority, accepting Only very few of Moscow boyars in their environment on equal rights with their rights. Thus, around the Moscow sovereign, a vicious circle of princes-boyars were formed, who were the top of his administration, his main council in managing the country. The authorities were previously ruled by the state one and in parts, And now began to rule the whole land, occupying a position on the seniority of their breed. The Moscow government recognized them with them, supported him even, contributed to its development in the form of locality, and thus fell into the above contradiction. The power of the Moscow sovereign arose on the basis of primary law. The Great Moscow Prince was his rapid girl ; All residents of its territory were His Hallops. The entire preceding course of history was led to the development of this view of the territory and the population. Recognition of the rights of boyars grand Duke Changed his old traditions, which in reality could not be replaced by others. The first understood this contradiction of John Grozny. Moscow boyars were strong mainly by their land tribal possessions. John Groznyy decided to complete the mobilization of the boyars land tenure, taking their baseless specific sockets from the boyars, providing them with other land in return to break their connection with the Earth, to deprive their former importance. Boyar was broken; He was replaced by the lower dowry layer. Simple boyars gods, like Godunov and Zakhariah, captured the championship at the court. The surviving remains of the boyars came across and prepared for Smoot. On the other hand, the XVI century. There was an epoch external warsenduring the acquisition of enormous spaces in the east, southeast and in the West. To conquer them and to consolidate new acquisitions, it took a huge number of military forces that the government was gaining from everywhere, in difficult cases not be broken by the services of the Khopov. The service class in the Moscow state received, in the form of a salary, the land in the estate - and the earth without workers did not have any value. The land that far away from the borders of military defense, also did not matter, since the servant man could not serve with her. Therefore, the government was forced to convey the huge space of land in the central and southern parts of the state. Palace and black peasant volosts lost their independence and moved under the management of serve people. The former division on the parish was inevitably due to collapse in small written. The process of "reinforcement" the lands exacerbates the aforementioned mobilization of land that caused the result of persecution against the dishevement. Mass evings ruined the economy of servicing people, but even more ruined the pains. The mass relocation of the peasantry on the outskirts begins. At the same time, the peasantry opens for resettlement the huge area of \u200b\u200bthe Zaoksky Black Soch. The government itself, caring for strengthening newly acquired borders, supports relocation to the outskirts. As a result, by the end of the reign of Grozny, eviction takes the nature of the overall escape, intensified by athhorts, epidemics, Tatar raids. Most of the serval land remains "in empty"; There is a sharp economic crisis. The peasants lost the right of independent land tenure, with the apector of servicing people on their lands; Posad population turned out to be displaced from southern landings and cities engaged in military power: Former shopping places take the nature of military administrative settlements. Posad people running. In this economic crisis there is a struggle for working hands. Win stronger - boyars and church. The affected elements remain a servant class and even more the peasant element, which not only lost the right to free land use, but, with the help of the bonded record, loans and newly emerged Institute of Old-timing (see), begins to lose and the freedom of personal, approach the fastened. An enheament between individual classes grows in this struggle - between the major owners of the boyars and the church, on the one hand, and the serum class on the other. The general population is tatting hatred for the depressing classes and, irritating against government writings, ready to open upwards; It runs to the Cossacks who have long separated their interests from the interests of the state. Only the North, where the land remained in the hands of black volosts, remains calm during the upcoming state "destroyed".

In the development of troubles in the Moscow State, the researchers distinguish between three periods: the dynastic, during which the struggle for the Moscow throne takes place between various applicants (until May 19, 1606); Social - time class struggle in the Moscow state with complicated interference in Russian affairs of foreign countries (until July 1610); National - Fighting ingenous elements and the choice of the National Sovereign (until February 21, 1613).

First period of Smaddy

The last minutes of Lhadmitria's life. Picture K. Veniga, 1879

Now, at the head of the board, the old boyars party was found, which chose V. Shui in the kings. "Boyar-Prince Reaction in Moscow" (expression S. F. Platonova), Mastering the political situation, built the kingdom of his informant leader. The election to the throne V. Shuisky occurred without the advice of the whole earth. Brothers Shui, V. V. Golitsyn with brothers, Yves. S. Kurakin and I. M. Vorotynsky, who conspires each other, led Prince Vasily Shuisky to the frontal place and from there were proclaimed the king. It was natural to expect that the people will be against the "cry" king and that there will be a secondary boyars against him (Romanov, Nagi, Belsky, M. G. Saltykov et al.), Which gradually began to change from Opal Boris.

The second period of Smoy

After his election to the throne, it was necessary to clarify the people, why he was elected, and not who else. It motivates the reason for his election by the origin from Rurik; In other words, it gives the principle that the seniority of the "breed" gives the right to the seniority of power. This is the principle of ancient boyar (see locality). Restoring the old boyars traditions, Shuisky was to formally confirm the right of boyarism and, if possible, to provide them. He did it in his armchair, undoubtedly having the nature of the restriction of the royal power. The king admitted that he was not waited to execute his hobs, t e. Refused that the principle that the Terrible was put as sharply and then took Godun. The record satisfied the princes-boyars, and then not everyone, but she could not satisfy secondary boyars, a small servant of people and a lot of population. Smoot continued. Vasily Shuisky immediately sent the adherents of Falsitria - Belsky, Saltykov, and others - in different cities; He wanted to get along with Romanovs, Nagi and other representatives of secondary boyars, but there was a few dark events, which indicate that he failed. Filaret, who was erected by the impostor in San Metropolitan, V. Shuisky thought it was to build a patriarcial table, but the circumstances showed him that it was impossible to rely on Filaret and Romanov. It was not possible to rally and the oligarchic circle of the princes-boyar: he broke out partly, partly became part of hostile relations to the king. Shuisky hurried to marry the kingdom, without waiting for the Patriarch: his Novgorod Metropolitan Isidor, without ordinary pomp. To dispel rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry is alive, Shuisky came up with a solemn transfer to Moscow of the relevance of Tsarevich, ranked church to the face of saints; He resorted to official journalism. But everything was against him: on Moscow, reasonable letters were spread about the fact that Dmitry is alive and will come back soon, and Moscow worried. On May 25, Shui had to already calm the mobile, which he raised against him, as they said, P. N. Sheremetev.

King Vasily Shuysky

On the southern outskirts of the state flashed fire. Only there became aware of the events of May 17, as the Seversk Land risen, and for her shock, Ukrainian and Ryazan places; The movement passed on Vyatka, Perm, captured and Astrakhan. The excitement broke out also in Novgorod, Pskov and Tver places. This movement, hugging such a huge space, was different in different places, there was a different goal, but it was undoubtedly dangerous for V. Shui. In the Seversk Earth, the movement was social in nature and was directed against the boyars. The center of movement was taken here to Putivl, and at the head of the movement of steel KN. Grig. Peter. Shakhovskaya and his "Big Governor" Bolotnikov. The movement raised by Shakhovsky and Bolotnikov was absolutely different from the previous one: first fought for the filthy rights of Dmitry, in which they believed, now - for the new public ideal; Dmitry's name was only a pretext. Bolotnikov called for people, feeding hope for social changes. The genuine text of its appeals has not been preserved, but their contents is indicated in the diploma of the Patriarch of the Hermogene. The appeals of the Bolotnikov, says the Hermogen, inspires the worms "Everything evil affairs for killing and robbery", "veils the boyars hills to beat their boyars and their wives, and wobble, and the estates they are stolen; and punches, and unambigurs And their belly of their robs; and call them the thieves to themselves, and they want to give them a boyarism and voivodship, and Ocolism, and the Diacy. " In the northern strip of cities of Ukrainian and Ryazan, the servant nobility rose, which did not want to put up with the boyars of Shuisky. At the head of the Ryazan militia, Grigory Sunbulov and the Lyapunov Brothers, Prokoki and Zakhar, and the Tula militia moved under the head of the Boyarsky Son of the East of the East of Pashkov.

Meanwhile, Bolotnikov broke the royal governor and moved to Moscow. On the way, he joined the noble militia, together with them approached Moscow and stopped in the village Kolomna. The position of Shuisky became extremely dangerous. Almost half of the state rose against him, the rebellious forces were deposited by Moscow, and he did not have troops not only for the harm of the rebellion, but even to protect Moscow. In addition, the rebels cut off the access of bread, and hunger discovered in Moscow. Among the precipitated, they were discovered, however, Returns: Nobility, on the one hand, the slaves, a runaway peasants - on the other, could live peacefully until they learned each other's intentions. As soon as the nobility got acquainted with the goals of the Bolotnikov and his army, it immediately recovered from them. Sunbulov and Lyapunov, although they were hateful, the order established in Moscow, chisi preferred and came to him with the obey. Behind them began to move other nobles. At the same time came to the aid of the militia from some cities, and Shuisky was saved. Bolotnikov ran away at first in Serpukhov, then in Kaluga, from which he switched to Tula, where he sat down with the Cossack impostor with a falsehood. This new impostor appeared among the Terke Cossacks and gave himself for the son of King Fyodor, in fact never existing. The appearance of it refers to the time of the first Falgestrium. Shakhovskaya came to Bolotnikov; They decided to shut down here and sit down from Shui. The number of their troops exceeded 30000 people. In the spring of 1607, the king of Vasily decided to act vigorously against the rebels; But the spring campaign was unsuccessful. Finally, in the summer, with a huge army, he personally went to Tula and besieged her, pacifying the rebel cities and destroying the rebels: entire thousands of prisoners in the water ", i.e., simply rope. A third of the state territory was given to the troops on robbery and ruin. Siege Tula pulled out; She managed to take only when he was invented to arrange on r. Upls dam and flood the city. Shakhovsky was referred to the Kuben Lake, Bolotnikov in Kargopol, where they were drowned, the false designer hung. Shuisky triumphed, but not long. Instead of going to pacify Seversk cities, where the rebellion did not stop, he dissolved the troops and returned to Moscow to celebrate the victory. From the attention of Shuisky did not slip away the social lining of the Movement of the Movement. This is proved by the fact that he has conceived a number of decrees to strengthen in place and to oversight that public layer, which discovered discontent with his position and sought to change it. The edition of such decrees Shuisky recognized the existence of University, but, seeking to defeat it with one repression, discovered a misunderstanding of the actual position of things.

Battle of Troops Bolotnikov with the royal army. Picture E. Lisner

By August, 1607, when V. Shuisky was sitting under Tula, appeared in the Starodube Seversky Second Lhadmitry, whom the people died very much in the thief. Stokers believed in him and began to help him. Soon there was a team of a squad, from Poles, Cossacks and any passing. It was not the Zemskaya squad, which gathered around Falgestrimika I: It was just a ham "thieves", which did not believe in the royal origin of the new impostor and went after Him in the hope of prey. The thief broke the royal army and stopped near Moscow in the village of Tushina, where he founded his fortified mill. From everywhere, people who threw a light nailed to it. Particularly strengthened the arrival of Lisovsky and Yana Sapgy.

S. Ivanov. Lhadmitria II camp in Tushino

The position of Shuisky was heavy. South could not help him; He did not have their own forces. Nadezhda remained north, relatively calmer and little victim from Discharge. On the other hand, the thief could not take Moscow. Both opponents were weak and could not overcome each other. The people corrupted and forgot about debt and honor, serving alternately alone, then another. In 1608, V. Shuisky sent his nephew Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopina-Shuisky (see) for help to the Swedam. The Russians lost to Sweden City of Karelu with the province, refused to species on the Livonia and pledged to the Eternal Union against Poland, for which they received auxiliary detachment of 6 thousand people. Skopin moved from Novgorod to Moscow, clearing the north-west path from Tushinsev. Sheremetev walked from Astrakhan, overwhelming the rebellion along the Volga. In the Alexander Sloboda, they joined and went to Moscow. By this time, the tushino ceased to exist. This happened in this way: when Sigismund found out about the Russian Union with Sweden, he declared her war and besieged Smolensk. In Tushino, ambassadors were sent to the local polish detachments with the requirement of joining the king. Among the Poles began a split: some obeyed the order of the king, others - no. The position of the thief and before was difficult: nobody ceremony with him, insulted him, almost beat; Now it has become unbearable. The thief decided to leave Tushino and fled to Kaluga. Around the thief during his parking lot in Tushina, the courtyard was gathered from Moscow people who did not want to serve Shui. Among them were representatives of the very high layers of Moscow nobility, but no known to Palace - Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov), KN. Trubetskaya, Saltykov, Godunov, etc.; There were also dinner people who sought to hear, gain weight and meaning in the state - Molchanov, Yves. Gorthotin, Fedka Andronov, etc. Sigismund suggested them to surrender to the rule of the king. Philaret and Tushinsky Boyar answered that the election of the king is not the matter of their one that they can do nothing without the Council of Earth. At the same time, they entered among themselves and the Poles in the agreement do not pester to V. Shui and not desire a king from "other boyars of Moscow" and brought negotiations with Sigismund that he sent to the Moscow kingdom of his son Vladislav. The embassy was sent from Russian Tushinsev, at the head of which Saltykov, KN. Rubet-Masalsky, Plescheyev, Twigs, Veljamins - all the large nobles - and several people of low origin. On February 4, 1610, they concluded a contract with Sigismund, finding out the desires of "rather mediocre nobility and driving Deltsov." Its main points next: 1) Vladislav is married to the kingdom of the Orthodox Patriarch; 2) Orthodoxy should be readable as before: 3) the property and rights of all the ranks remain inviolable; 4) the Court is committed in antiquity; Legislative authority Vladislav shares with the boyars and the Zemsky Cathedral; 5) the execution can only be done by the court and with the knowledge of Boyar; The property of close guilty should not be subject to confiscation; 6) Podachi, collected in antiquity; The appointment of new ones is done with the consent of the Boyar; 7) the peasant transition is prohibited; 8) the people of high ranks Vladislav must not lower innocently, and the smaller should increase according to merit; Departure to other countries for science is allowed; 9) Colds remain in the same position. Analyzing this contract, we find: 1) that he is national and strictly conservative, 2) that it protects most of the interests of the service for the estate, and 3) that he undoubtedly introduces some innovations; Paragraphs 5, 6 and 8 are particularly characteristic of this regard. Meanwhile, Skopin-Shuisky with celebration on March 12, 1610 entered the liberated Moscow.

Vereshchagin. Defenders of Trinity Sergiye Lavra

Moscow has shown, with great joy greeting a 24-year-old hero. Schui and shuisky, hoping that the days of testing were over. But during these uniforms, Skopin suddenly died. I went hearing that he was poisoned. There is news that Lyapunov offered Skopin to "sit" Vasily Shuisky and take the throne itself, but gives the right to seniority. This is the principle of an old boyars (see / P Skopin rejected this offer. After the king learned about this, he cooled to the nephew. In any case, the death of Skopina destroyed the connection of Shuisky with the people. Above the army became the governor brother Tsar Dimitri, completely Study personality. He moved to the liberation of Smolensk, but the village of Klushin was shamefully divided by the Polish hetman Zolkevsky.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) of the XVII century

Zholkevsky deftly took advantage of the victory: he quickly went to Moscow, mastered by Russian cities and leading them to the oath of Vladislav. To Moscow, he hurried from Kaluga and a thief. When in Moscow, they learned about the outcome of the battle during the club, rose "The rebellion is great in all people - hung over the king." Zolkevsky's approach and thief accelerated a catastrophe. In overturning from the throne, the main role fell out of the service class, at the head of which Zakhar Lyapunov agitated. There was a lot of participation in this and Palace to know, including Philaret Nikitich. After several unsuccessful attempts, the opponents of Shui gathered at Serpukhov gates, declared themselves with the Council of the whole Earth and "abandoned" the king.

Third period of Smaddy

Moscow found himself without the government, and meanwhile she needed now more than ever: on two sides, her enemies were tested. Everyone was aware of it, but did not know, to stop. Lyapunov and Ryazan seruners wanted to put king kn. V. Golitsyn; Filaret, Saltykov and Other Tushinsev had other intentions; Higher know, at the head of which they stood F. I. Mstislavsky and I. S. Kurakin, decided to wait. The board was transferred to the hands of the Boyar Duma, consisting of 7 members. "Sedmochy Boyar" failed to take power into their hands. They made an attempt to collect the Zemsky Cathedral, but she failed. The fear of the thief, on the side of which Mobile became, made them let into Moscow Zolkevsky, but he entered only when Moscow agreed to election of Vladislav. August 27 Moscow swore Vladislav. If the election of Vladislav and was not committed in the usual way, at the real Zemsky Cathedral, then nevertheless, the boyars did not decide on this step alone, but collected representatives from different layers of the state and formed something like the Zemstvo Cathedral, which was recognized for the advice of the whole land. After the long negotiations, both parties adopted the previous contract, with some changes: 1) Vladislav should have taken Orthodoxy; 2) They exchanged a point on freedom of travel abroad for sciences and 3) was destroyed by an article about increasing smaller people. These changes see the effect of clergy and boyars. Vladislav's election agreement was sent to Sigismund with a great embassy, \u200b\u200bconsisting of almost 1000 persons: here were representatives of almost all classes. It is very likely that the embassy included most of the members of the "Council of the whole Earth", who chose Vladislav. At the head of the embassy stood Metropolitan Filaret and Prince V. P. Golitsyn. The embassy was not successful: Sigismund himself wanted to sit on the Moscow throne. When Zholkevsky realized that the intention of Sigismund was unshakably, he left Moscow, realizing that the Russians would not reconcile with it. Sigismund slowed, tried to insulate ambassadors, but they did not retreat from the contract. Then he resorted to the bribe of some members, which he managed: they left for Smolensk to prepare the ground for the election of Sigismund, but the remaining were unshakable.

Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky

At the same time, in Moscow, "sad-blooded boyars" lost all importance; Power passed into the hands of Poles and a newly formed government mug, which has changed the Russian case and preparing a sigismund. This circle consisted of Yves. Mich. Saltykov, KN. Yu. D. Khullosnina, N. D. Veljaminova, M. A. Molchanova, Gorthotin, Fedki Andronova and MN. Dr. Thus, the first attempt of Moscow people to restore power ended in complete failure: instead of an equal ENIA with Poland, Russia risked to fall into full submission from it. A failed attempt forever put an end to the political meaning of the boyars and boyars. As soon as the Russians realized that she was mistaken in the choice of Vladislav, as soon as they saw that Sigismund does not remove the sieges to Smolensk and deceives them, the national and religious feeling began to awaken. At the end of October 1610, ambassadors from near Smolensk were sent to a certificate of threatening the turnover of affairs; In Moscow itself, patriots opened the truth in reasonable letters. All the eyes turned to the Patriarch of Hermogene: he understood his task, but he could not immediately take it for its execution. After the assault of Smolensk on November 21, the first serious clash of Hermogene with Saltykov, who tried to incline the Patriarch to the side of Sigismund; But Hermogen has not decided to call on the people to open the fight against the Poles. The death of the thief and the disintegration of the embassy forced him to "command the blood of the blood" - and in the second half of December he began to send the cities of the diplomas. It was open, and the Hermogen paid himself to imprisonment.

Call him, however, was heard. The first to rose from the Ryazan land of Prokoki Lyapunov. He began to collect the army on the Poles and in January 1611 moved to Moscow. Zemsky squads from all sides went to Lyapunov; Even Tushinsky Cossacks went to the revenue of Moscow, under the authorities of the KN. D. T. Trubetsky and Zarutsky. Poles, after the battle with the residents of Moscow and approached the Zemskiy squads, locked in the Kremlin and China City. The position of the Polish detachment (about 3,000 people) was dangerous, especially since he had little reserves. Sigismund could not help him, he himself was unable to end with Smolensk. The militias of the Zemsky and Cossack joined and laid down the Kremlin, but they immediately went to the mosted. Nevertheless, Raint declared himself with the Council of Earth and began to rule the state, since there was no other government. Due to the strengthened retail between the land and the Cossacks, it was decided in June 1611 to draw up a general resolution. The verdict of representatives of the Cossacks and serve people who constituted the main core of the Zemsky troops are very extensive: he had to arrange not only the army, but also the state. The highest authority should belong to all the army, which is named "All Earth"; Governor - only executive bodies This Council, which preserving the right of their displacement, if they are bad to do business. The court belongs to the voivods, but they can only execute from the approval of the "Council of the whole Earth", otherwise death threatens. Then it is very accurate and detailed business listed. All the awards of the thief and sigismund declared that are not values. Cossacks "Old" can receive estates and become thus in the ranks of serving people. Next, there are decisions on the return of runaway slats, who called themselves the Cossacks (new Cossacks), their former gentlemen; To a large extent he was shonened by the peculiarity of the Cossacks. Finally, ordinary department of the Moscow sample was established. From this sentence, it is clear that the Raint of Moscow considered himself the representation of the whole land and that the main role in the council belonged to the Zemstval people, and not the Cossacks. This sentence is also characterized by the fact that it indicates the meaning that the serunen class has become gradually. But the predominance of servicing people was shortly; Cossacks could not be solidar with them. The case was ended by the murder of Lyapunov and the escape of the land. The hopes of the Russians on the militia were not justified: Moscow remained in the hands of Poles, Smolensk by this time was taken by Sigismund, Novgorod - Swedes; Cossacks are located around Moscow, which robbed people, scrubbed and prepared a new confusion, proclaiming the Son of Marina, who lived in connection with Zarutsky, Russian king.

The state apparently lies; But the people's movement rose in all of the north and northeastern Russia. This time it separated from the Cossacks and began to act independently. Hermogens poured an animation in the hearts of Russians. The center of motion was the bottom. At the head of the economic organization, Kuzma minin was delivered, and the power of the army was presented to the Pozharski.

K. Makovsky. The appeal of minina on the square of Nizhny Novgorod

1598-1613. - The period in the history of Russia, called a vague time.

At the turn of the 16-17th centuries. Russia experienced a political and socio-economic crisis. And, as well as Ivan the Terrible, contributed to strengthening the crisis and the growth of discontent in society. This was the reason for the start of the vague time in Russia.

First period of Smaddy

The first stage of Troubles is characterized by the struggle for the throne. After death, his son Fedor came to power, but he was unable to rule. In fact, the country was ruled by the brother of the king's wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policy caused dissatisfaction with the masses.

The troubles began with the advent of Falsmitria of the 1st in Poland (in reality - Grigory Freakyev), allegedly wonderfully surviving Son Ivan Grozny. He lured to his side a significant part of the Russian population. In 1605, Feltmitry of the 1st supported the governor, and then Moscow. And in June he became a legitimate king. However, he acted too independently than the displeasure of the boyars, and he also supported the serfdom, which caused the protest of the peasants. On May 17, 1606, Lhadmitryy 1st was killed, V.I. entered the throne Shuisky with the condition for the restriction of power. Thus, the first stage of the Troubles was marked by the rule of the False Deadmithria of the 1st (1605-1606).

The second period of Smoy

In 1606, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotniks. People from different layers of society were included in the ranks of the assistant: peasants, chores, small and medium-sided feudalles, seruners, Cossacks and Posad people. In the battle near Moscow, they suffered defeat. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And the Lhadmitriy 2nd appears soon. In January 1608, his army went to Moscow. By June, Lhadmitryy 2th entered the near Moscow village Tushino, where he settled. In Russia, two capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on two fronts, sometimes even received a salary from both kings. Shuisky has concluded an agreement with Sweden, and the Commonwealth began a comprehensive hostilities. Falgestrium 2nd fled to Kaluga.

Shuisky was tonsured in monks and sent to the monastery miracles. In Russia, there was a transaction - Semiboyarschina (Council from the Seven Boyar). I went to a deal with Polish interventories, and on August 17, 1610 Moscow swore to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, Lhadmitriy 2nd was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end.

So, the second stage of Troubles was marked by an uprising of I.I. Bolotnikova (1606-1607), the reign of Vasily Shui (1606-1610), the advent of Falsmitria of the 2nd, as well as seveniboyarschina (1610).

Third period of Smaddy

The third stage of the Troubles is characterized by struggle with foreign invaders. After the death of Falsmitria of the 2nd, Russians united against the Poles. War acquired a national character. In August 1612

Troubled time in Russia is historic periodwho shake the state device in its basics. He fell at the end of 16 - the beginning of the 17th centuries.

Three days of troubles

The first period is called dynastic - at this stage, the applicants fought for the Moscow throne, until Vasily Shuisky climbed on him, although his rule is also included in this historical era. The second period is social, when various social classes fought among themselves, and inherent inherent governments enjoyed this struggle. And the third - National - he lasted until Mikhail Romanov asked to the Russian throne, and closely connected with the struggle against foreigners' invaders. All of these stages significantly influenced the further history of the state.

Board Boris Godunova

In fact, this boyar began to rule Russia back in 1584, when the son of Ivan the Grozny Fedor was ascended for the throne, completely incapable of state affairs. But legally he was elected king only in 1598 after the death of Fedor. Appointed his Zemsky Cathedral.

Fig. 1. Boris Godunov.

Despite the fact that Godunov, who accepted the kingdom in a difficult period of social disaster and the complex position of Russia on international arena, was good state Worker, Trone he did not inherit what made his rights to the throne dubious.

The new king began and consistently continued the course of reforms aimed at improving the country's economy: merchants were exempt from paying taxes for two years, landowners are for a year. But this did not make the internal affairs of Russia easier - cripples and hunger 1601-1603. caused mass mortality and raising the price of the bread of unprecedented sizes. And in all the people accused Godunov. With the advent of the "legitimate" heir to the Poland, which was allegedly Tsarevich Dmitry, the situation became more complicated.

First period of Smaddy

In fact, the beginning of the troubled time in Russia was supposed to be the fact that Lhadmitry entered Russia with a small detachment, which all increased against the background of peasant riots. Quite quickly "Tsarevich" attracted a simple people to his side, and after the death of Boris Godunov (1605) was recognized and boyars. Already on June 20, 1605, he joined Moscow and was planted for the kingdom, but he could not hold the throne. On May 17, 1606, Lhadmitry was killed, and Vasily Shuisky took the throne. The power of this sovereign was formally limited by the cathedral, but the improvement in the situation in the country did not happen.

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Fig. 2. Vasily Shui.

The second period of Smoy

It is characterized by performances of different social layers, but above all - the peasants under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. His army quite successfully moved around the country, but on June 30, 1606 was defeated, and soon Bolotnikov was executed. The wave of uprisings went a little on the decline, with respect to the efforts of Vasily Shuisky to stabilize the situation. But in general, his efforts did not bring the result - the second lentry appeared soon, who received the nickname "Tushinsky Thief". He spoke out against Shuisky in January 1608, and in July 1609, the boyars, who served both Shuisky, and Lhadmitria, jumped into loyalty to the Polish Kingdom of Vladislav and forcibly tonsured his sovereign to the monks. On June 20, 1609, the Poles entered Moscow. In December 1610, Lhadmitry was killed, and the struggle for the throne continued.

Third period of Smaddy

The death of Falsmitria became a turning point - the Poles no longer had an actual pretext to be in Russia. They become the interventory, to combat the first and second militia.

The first militia, which went to Moscow in April 1611, did not achieve special success, as it was broken. But the second, created on the initiative of Kuzma Minin and the prince headed by Dmitry Pozharsky, achieved success. These heroes released Moscow - it happened on October 26, 1612, when the Polish garrison capitulated. The actions of the people are the answer to the question why Russia survived in troubled time.

Fig. 3. Minin and Pozharsky.

It was necessary to look for a new king, whose candidacy would arrange all the strata of society. Mikhail Romanov became them - February 21, 1613, he was elected the Zemsky Cathedral. Troubled time ended.

The chronology of events of Smaddy

The following table gives an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat major events occurred during the time of Discharge. They are located in chronological order by date.

What did we know?

From becoming a story for grade 10, we briefed about the troubled time, considered the most important thing - what events took place in this period and what historical figures affected the course of history. Found out that in xVII century The troubled time ended with ascent on the throne of the compromise king Mikhail Romanova.

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