2 enterprise as an object of management. Organization as an object of management: its components and processes. Manufacturing enterprise as an object of management
From the point of view of management, an organization can be defined as social integrity, which is aimed at the implementation of certain goals, is built as a specially structured and coordinated system intended for some activity, and is related to the environment.
The presence of a systemic structure, defined goals and links with the environment are general characteristics for any organization.
The importance of organizations lies in:
· Pooling resources to achieve the desired goals and results;
· Efficient production of goods and services;
· Simplification of innovations;
· Use of the latest information and production technologies;
· Adaptation to changes in the environment and the impact on the environment;
· Creating value for owners, consumers and employees;
· Compliance with modern requirements for specialization, ethics, motivation and coordination of employees' activities.
The organization is a complex technical, economic and social system. The following main classification criteria are distinguished.
· In relation to external environment;
A mechanistic organization (rigid, bureaucratic) is characterized by the use of formal rules and procedures, centralized decision making, narrowly defined job responsibilities, and a rigid hierarchy of power in the organization.
· On interaction with a person;
Corporate organization is a corporation as a social type of organization. These are closed groups of people with limited access, maximum centralization, authoritarian leadership, opposing themselves to other social communities on the basis of narrowly corporate interests.
An individualist organization is a free, open and voluntary association of people carrying out joint activities.
· On the interaction of departments.
Managerial opportunities in the field of coordination in the specialization of individual jobs are limited - this limits the size of the organization. This can be solved by grouping similar works and performers together, i.e. to carry out their organizational separation. This process is called departmentalization. It differs in nature, goals, principles. There are many approaches to grouping specialized work in organizations, which differ in that they focus primarily on grouping work around resources or around a result.
Formal organization - created by the will of the leadership to achieve the goals of the organization. These are team groups, committees, working groups. Their functions are to carry out specific tasks and achieve goals.
An informal organization is a spontaneously formed group of people who have entered into regular interaction to achieve certain goals (goals).
In the context of systems theory, an organization is a collection of several elements interacting with each other in an interdependent way. In a simplified form, an organization receives resources (input) from a larger system (external environment), processes these resources (processes) and returns them to the external environment in a modified form (manufactured goods and services). Figure 1 shows the main elements of an organization as a system.
Rice. 1.
Organizational development is a planned, controlled and systematic process of transformation in the field of culture, systems and behavior of the organization in order to increase the effectiveness of the organization in solving its problems and achieving its goals.
There are the following qualifications for the stages of development of an organization:
Stage 1. Inception
The initial stage when creating an organization. Development of fairly large, fundamentally new directions in an existing organization.
Stage 2. Intensive growth of the organization
At the first stage of development - an increase in the number of personnel to such a level at which it becomes impossible for all employees to communicate in person (about 9 and above). Implementation of formal communication systems (documentation, regulations).
Formation of internal divisions on a self-supporting basis, incl. focusing on the internal customer. The emergence of leaders, around whom a group of people gathers, but within the framework of the company and a common goal. Profit growth, slowdown in turnover growth.
Stage 3. Stabilization
System stabilization. The prevalence of small, but constant incomes over large, but one-time transactions. Profit is not due to turnover, but due to lower costs per unit of production.
Stage 4. Recession (crisis situation).
The achieved milestones cannot be kept, the client leaves, the company is forced to reduce production volumes, reduce personnel, minimize organizational structure reducing costs to a minimum. Often a crisis situation is accompanied by insolvency, which leads to bankruptcy.
The basis of any economic system is production activity, i.e. production of products, execution of works and rendering of services.
Production creates the necessary basis for consumption, directly determines its level and ensures the well-being of both individual workers and society as a whole.
In the modern economy, production is organized in the form of an enterprise. Therefore, the enterprise is the main element of the economic system, and the level of equipment and technology used at the enterprise, the organization of production, the financial condition of the enterprise directly determines the degree of development of the economy as a whole.
The economic essence of an enterprise can be characterized from various angles.
In the general case, the definition of an enterprise means a commercial organization created with the aim of satisfying certain social needs with the help of profit, i.e. an enterprise is an economic entity.
An enterprise can also be considered as a property complex that includes all types of property necessary for the implementation of production activities.
An enterprise is a separate economic unit with economic and administrative independence, organizational, technical, economic and social unity, and having common goals of activity.
From this position, any enterprise is an organization.
An organization is a group of people whose activities are deliberately coordinated to achieve a common goal.
The idea of an enterprise as an organization allows us to conclude that an enterprise is, first of all, a collective of workers connected by certain socio-economic relations and interests. Profit in this case creates only the necessary base to meet the needs of the entire team. Those. an enterprise is a social unit.
An enterprise is not only an economic entity, but a legal entity.
A legal entity is an organization that owns, in economic management or operational management of separate property and is responsible for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise various rights, bear obligations, be a plaintiff or a defendant on its own behalf.
A legal entity must have an independent balance sheet or estimate.
Depending on the purpose and activity, legal entities are divided into two categories:
1) commercial organizations;
2) non-commercial.
The purpose of a commercial organization is to make a profit from its activities. Non-profit organizations do not set such a goal.
Commercial organizations can be created only in a certain organizational and legal form. The organizational and legal form is a system of norms that determines the relationship between partners in an enterprise, on the one hand, and the relationship of this enterprise with other enterprises and individuals.
Despite the differences between individual enterprises, we can highlight general provisions that characterize the economy of the enterprise:
1) the presence of separate property;
2) costs (costs), which characterize the cost of consumed resources;
3) incomes that characterize the result of the enterprise;
4) capital investment (investments), which characterize the reproduction process, i.e. the ability of an enterprise to carry out its activities as desired.
The main issues of the enterprise economy:
1. How is the property and resources of the enterprise formed?
2. How is the company's income generated?
3. How to manage costs?
4. How to make an investment?
It must be remembered that an enterprise is a complex system with an internal environment (structure) and an external environment. At the same time, the enterprise is an open system, i.e. its internal structure actively interacts with the external environment.
3. An enterprise as a property complex includes all types of property (economic assets) that are necessary for the implementation of production activities. The property of an enterprise is heterogeneous and classified according to various criteria.
First of all, property is classified according to its composition and sources of formation.
In terms of composition, there are:
1) non-current assets;
2) current assets.
Non-current assets are means of production that:
Have a useful life of more than 1 year;
Used in the activities of the enterprise;
Not created for the purpose of their subsequent resale.
Non-current assets are characterized by long-term use over many production cycles and recover their value in installments.
Current assets are consumed during one production cycle and during this cycle they transfer their value to finished goods.
According to the sources of formation, the economic assets of the enterprise are divided into:
1) own;
2) borrowed.
Own funds are formed mainly at the expense of the founders of the enterprise.
The borrowed funds are used temporarily for a certain period, after which they are subject to return.
The considered classification is the basis for constructing the balance sheet of the enterprise, which is the most general characteristic of the composition and placement of economic assets and the sources of their formation.
The balance sheet consists of two parts, which are called assets and liabilities. Each element of an asset and a liability is called a balance sheet item. Balance sheet items are grouped into sections. The balance sheet total is called the balance sheet currency.
The asset of the balance sheet includes non-current and current assets. The economic essence of an asset can be characterized from two sides:
1) the asset shows the composition, placement and actual use of the economic assets of the enterprise. The main attention is paid to what the financial resources of the enterprise are invested in and what is their functional purpose.
2) the asset represents the costs of the enterprise resulting from the previous economic activity, as well as the costs incurred for the sake of possible future income, therefore, the asset represents economic resources (capable of generating income).
The liability shows from what sources the economic assets were formed and, in terms of its economic content, represents the capital of the owners and the amount of the company's obligations.
A (assets) = K (capital) + O (liabilities)
Household assets in the balance sheet are reflected at a certain date (at the beginning and at the end of the period).
Balance information cannot be classified as confidential.
Any economic action causes changes in the balance sheet. In the asset of the balance sheet, the items are arranged in the order of increasing their liquidity, i.e. the ability and speed of transformation of certain types of property into cash. In the liabilities, the articles are arranged in ascending order of the urgency of the obligations.
One of the main elements of a market economy is an enterprise (organization). Becoming an object of commodity-money relations, possessing economic independence and fully responsible for the results of its economic activities, an enterprise must form a management system that can ensure high performance, competitiveness, and financial stability.
The term enterprise after the adoption of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part 1) has undergone significant changes. It has been retained only for a group of enterprises in state and municipal ownership. All legal entities receive the name of organizations, which are divided into two groups: commercial and non-commercial.
An enterprise is understood as a separate specialized production and economic unit created on the basis of a work collective organized according to one principle or another, which, on the basis of the available material and financial means of production, produces products or provides services necessary for society.
An enterprise as an object of law is recognized as a property complex used for carrying out entrepreneurial activities.
The enterprise as a whole as a property complex is recognized as real estate.
The enterprise as a whole or part of it can be the object of sale and purchase, pledge, lease and other transactions related to the establishment, change and termination of material rights.
A modern large enterprise is a complex industrial socio-economic system, which has all the characteristics of the system: input, output, process, goal, Feedback etc. The enterprise purchases resources (fuel, energy, equipment, materials, components) from suppliers, implements the production process due to the labor activity of the team, receives finished products and delivers them to consumers.
In addition to suppliers and consumers, the external environment in relation to the enterprise is a higher organization (various bodies, ministries), a bank through which all financial transactions with suppliers and consumers are carried out.
An enterprise, like any complex system, consists of a set of simpler systems that perform certain functions.
In terms of production and technology, an enterprise is a technical and technological complex, a system of working machines and mechanisms, selected proportionally in terms of quantity and capacity in accordance with the types of products (performed works, services), technology of its manufacture and production volumes.
Organizationally, an enterprise is a primary link, a production unit with a certain internal structure, external environment, laws of functioning and development. The organizational system of an enterprise includes its production and organizational management structure, as well as the relationship between production and management, between the enterprise and external organizations.
V socially the enterprise acts as a social subsystem of society, it is on it that the interaction of social, collective and personal interests is carried out.
Economically, an enterprise is a separate unit with a certain operational and economic
independence and carrying out their activities on the basis of full cost accounting. Economic system enterprises include economic relations enterprises with the state, a parent organization, suppliers and consumers, financial institutions.
In terms of information, an enterprise is a complex dynamic system characterized by a large volume, intensity and multidirectionality of informative connections between subsystems and elements, constantly exchanging various kinds of information with the external environment. The information system of the enterprise includes reporting and regulatory and technological documentation, as well as various information characterizing the state and movement of the components of the enterprise.
V ecologically an enterprise is a production system that interacts with the external environment through material and energy exchange.
From the administrative point of view, the enterprise acts as legal entity with the rights and obligations established by the state in the legislation.
Enterprise management is carried out on the basis of the approved charter, current legislation and regulatory documents.
The enterprise is a complex economic complex that includes a number of subdivisions.
Subdivisions of the enterprise are distinguished in two directions: technological and structural-organizational.
From a technological point of view, the enterprise is divided into production units. Production is a technically finished stage of a complex production process, which has clear boundaries due to the peculiarities of the technology.
The main organizational and structural unit of an enterprise is a shop (the exception is an enterprise with a shopless management structure).
A workshop is an administratively separate unit that performs part of the production process.
The workshop consists of sections. The site is the main subdivision of the workshop.
The workplace is the primary, basic link in the production structure of the enterprise. It represents a part of the three-dimensional space of the production room, in which everything necessary for the work of one or more performers performing a work or operation is located.
INTRODUCTION
A person comes into contact with the concept of "management" on a daily basis throughout his life. Management is always an informational process. Just like a substance physical world matter and energy are, the basis of control is information. The essence of the management process is described in the works of both Russian and foreign scientists. This essence lies in the fact that the movement and action of large masses or the transfer and transformation of large amounts of energy are directed and controlled with the help of small amounts of energy carrying information - energy-informational processes.
For the first time, the concept of "control" was associated with the concept of "cybernetics" American mathematician N. Wiener (1894-1964) in his book "Cybernetics, or control and communication in an animal and a machine", published in 1948. Historically, the word "cybernetics" originated in ancient greece... It was introduced into science by the philosopher Plato and comes from the Greek word "cybernetes", meaning "helmsman." Therefore, the steering wheel of a ship, guided by human hands, can serve as the first symbol of cybernetics, that is, control.
Manufacturing is an essential component of any country. It is production that determines the standard of living. As the scale of production increased, its structure and volume became more complex, the development of specialization and cooperation, and the deepening of the division of labor, the tasks of production management became more complex and expanded. At the same time, we are not talking only about engineering and technical management of production. The functions of production management are much broader and are associated with the provision of a complex set of organizational, economic, and social problems. Without this, it is impossible to ensure the normal functioning of production.
Target term paper- to study the production organization as a cybernetic system.
PRODUCTION PLANT AS A MANAGEMENT OBJECT
Modern science considers an industrial enterprise to be a system of activity, i.e. a self-organizing complex of elements (personnel, machinery and equipment, material and financial resources) isolated from the socio-economic environment, interconnected by a chain of cause-and-effect relationships and controlled on the basis of received and transmitted information in order to achieve the final result. The functioning of the system in this case is reduced to the movement of information, energy, resources. This transforms certain inputs (for example, materials, information, tools, funds) to obtain the desired outputs (finished products or services, information, profit).
An enterprise as a system consists of a controlled and a control subsystem, interconnected by information transfer channels (Fig. 1.1).
Rice. 1.1.
A set of production processes acts as a controlled subsystem of an enterprise, the implementation of which ensures the manufacture of products or the provision of services. This circumstance requires the division of the controlled system into subsystems in accordance with the nature of the processes occurring at the enterprise:
Preparation of production and development of new products;
Manufacturing processes;
Industrial infrastructure;
Product quality assurance;
Material and technical supply;
Sales and sales of products.
The enterprise has a number of features that characterize it as a system. These include the open nature of the enterprise in relation to the external environment, its complexity, dynamism, self-regulation.
The enterprise must be viewed as an open system that closely interacts with the external environment. For an enterprise, the external environment is: the economy of the country and the world as a whole, other enterprises and organizations, governing bodies, foreign firms, educational institutions, consumers of products and services, suppliers of raw materials, materials, etc. - all those parts of the world external to the enterprise that interact with it and are connected with it by contractual relations or the exchange of resources, products and information.
An enterprise as a system is also characterized by complexity, which is determined by the complexity of its goals and objectives, as well as a high variety of production and management processes occurring at the enterprise. An enterprise is a dynamic system with the ability to change, develop, move from one qualitative state to another in order to achieve certain goals, while remaining a system.
Finally, an enterprise is a self-regulating system that can adapt, within certain limits, to both internal and external influences and disturbances.
The enterprise as a system has the property of integrity. In other words, the enterprise as a whole is more than the sum of its constituent parts. In order for all elements and subsystems of the production system to be reunited into a single whole, into an integrated system, it must be organized, i.e. design, build and ensure the functioning of an integrated enterprise system.
The object of management is the socio-economic system. It is created from a set of elements: people, equipment, material, financial and information resources, etc.
The task of the enterprise is to perceive the factors of production (costs) "at the input", to process them and "at the output" to produce products (result) (Fig. 1.2.). This kind of transformational process is referred to as "production". Its goal is ultimately to improve what is already available, in order to thus increase the supply of funds suitable for satisfying needs. The production (transformation) process consists in converting costs ("input") into a result ("output"); in this case, it is necessary to comply with a number of rules of the game.
Rice. 1.2. Basic structure of the production process
Between the costs at the "input" and the result at the "output", as well as in parallel with this, the enterprise takes place numerous actions ("tasks are solved"), which only in their unity fully describe the production process (Fig. 1.3). The production process consists of private tasks of supply (supply), warehousing (storage), production, sales, financing, personnel training and the introduction of new technologies, as well as management.
All "levels" of management can be viewed as systems of different ranks (Fig. 1.3.).
The highest rank includes socio-political and macroeconomic systems in the form of a state, national economy, territories, regions, industries, cities with their surrounding infrastructure. In this case, management should be considered primarily as a phenomenon of public order, providing purposeful management of the activities of people, and in economic activity - management of the processes of reproduction of the economy.
where A - biological systems (living beings, humans); B - physical systems (machines, automatic machines and lines, devices); B - socio-economic systems; D - macroeconomic systems.
Rice. 1.3.
Middle-rank systems can act as production organizations, workshops, sections, etc. etc. Management in this case is aimed at ensuring the best functioning of the production process. The lower rank systems are:
biological;
physical;
biophysical.
As you know, a person, considered as a biological system, is an extremely complex object of control. Some physical systems are no less complex. For example, computers, robotics, programmed machines, automatic lines. These systems are called inferior only because they can enter as primary links in the systems of the middle and higher rank.
With the formation of systems of a higher rank, new patterns appear that reflect the essence of systems of a new rank, their goals, criteria, tasks and functions. The patterns that were inherent in systems of a lower rank continue to function in each component. new system, but new patterns, reflecting the connections of the newly formed system, acquire a dominant significance.
For example, in middle-rank manufacturing organizations (organization - shop - section), management should ensure the coordinated functioning of the joint work of many people to achieve the set goals. In such systems, the biological and physical laws of the elements are taken into account in the form of restrictions that determine the permissible physiological and physical exercise and the throughput of each element.
One of the defining factors affecting the entire course of the production process is control technology. The technological process of the emergence and processing of information in industrial organizations goes through certain stages (see Fig. 1.4).
It all starts with the idea of producing products for a specific purpose. Then, at the first stage, the process of collecting information about the external environment begins.
In the external environment, the political situation in the country, competitors in a similar production sector, product consumers, suppliers of material resources, the labor market, product sales market, and the price of similar products are analyzed. In other words, marketing research is carried out.
Rice. 1.4.
industrial management cybernetics information
The second stage is the collection of information about the state production facility where the products will be manufactured. The technological, organizational and financial capabilities of this facility are being studied. Information about the object should be represented by quantitative data of a number of variables, that is, indicators that characterize the object under study. The obtained indicators make it possible to apply at the next stage mathematical methods for processing information, facilitates its coding. At this stage, goals are defined and performance criteria are selected.
The third stage is characterized by the processing and transformation of information using technical means. Processing and transformation uses mainly computer technology and mathematical methods.
Decisions on the release of products demanded by the market are made at the fourth stage. They are based on processed and transformed information that characterizes both the external and internal environment of the object.
Based on the decisions made, at the fifth stage, for their implementation, control actions and commands are issued, with the help of which the production process is carried out. They are issued in the form of plans, in which the volumes of production, the timing of its production, and the divisions of the facility, which must perform certain actions in a timely manner, are determined.
The sixth stage is characterized by the fact that the decisions made are implemented here, which are expressed in the performance of labor actions of people and the operation of machines, mechanisms, automatic lines, etc. There is a process of transformation of objects of labor from the initial state to the one required by the designer's intention.
The change in the initial state of the object under the influence of information processes occurs at the seventh stage. Such a change in the object occurs under the influence of information that changes as a result of its processing.
Eighth, The final stage sequences technological process information processing is characterized by the receipt of final information about the changes that have occurred in the object as a result of the adopted and implemented decisions and is sent to the output. The information obtained is analyzed, deviations from pre-planned actions in the production of products are identified, and in case of deviations from the planned targets, a decision is made to regulate the course of the production process.
Management as a process is determined by a series of continuous, interrelated actions aimed at shaping and achieving. where it is the object of management. What does the concept of "organization as an object of management" mean?
This can be interpreted as an element of the social structure, which has its own functions and methods, as a result of which influence is exerted on all its members and on environment, including. In other words, the organization as an object of management is presented as a coordinated, social association of people, functioning on a permanent basis and acting in the direction of achieving the goals set for it.
The production and economic organization serves as a good example, since it systematically and purposefully combines material and technical and socio-natural components. In addition, such organizations cannot exist without a team, the composition of which, as well as its direction of activity, is clearly regulated by the subject of management. In this example, the organization is clearly displayed, as it can be seen that the object is what the subject controls.
Carrying out its activities, the company constantly cooperates with external
environment, forming an open system. Through the channels of this system, there is a constant exchange: resources come from outside, and ready-made goods are given back. At the same time, the organization plays a supervising role, maintaining a balance between these processes and mobilizing all resources for their implementation. In general, enterprise management establishes correlating actions to determine goals, form and operate its resources to accomplish assigned tasks.
Depending on the type of organization (educational, public, business, etc.), its size, type of activity, level of hierarchy, from internal functions and many other factors - the content and complex of actions used in the management process may change. But despite this,
any organization as an object of management is influenced by four main functions. These include: first of all, planning - is to develop an action plan and determine the standard indicators; organization - with the help of which tasks are distributed, and interaction is established between departments and their workers; motivation - financial or psychological stimulation of performers to materialize the planned goals; control - consists in comparing the achieved results with the planned ones.
So using scientific rationale, business management becomes a versatile process to obtain the desired profit.