Military warrant defense of the Red Army. Air Force forces during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) Rivne Brigadier Air Defense Region

At the end of 1941, one of those wonders, which the world never ceases to be surprised. The defeated, bleeding, almost completely destroyed Red Army as if rebuilt from the dead, first dropping the Wehrmacht from Moscow, then defeating the Army of Paulus under Stalingrad and finally intercept the strategic initiative in the Kursk battle, which predetermined the outcome of the war.

The new book of an authoritative military historian dedicated to these events is not the usual chronicle of hostilities, more than the ordinary description of the battles of 1941-1943. In his outstanding study, the leading American specialist committed that not one of his colleagues was not dared, "a comprehensive analysis of the Soviet military car and her work in the first years of war, the mechanics of the" Russian military marther ".

Encyclopedic material coverage, unprecedented with accuracy and depth of analysis, this work is already recognized by classic.

Having studied the huge amount of archival documents, assessing the fighting and tactical techniques of both sides, the ratio of forces on the Soviet-German front and the style of warfare, David Glants explores in detail the process of accumulating the Red Army of Combat Experience, which allowed her to compare with the enemy, and then surpass invincible Wehrmacht.

This fundamental work is annoying many myths that are both in German and American historiography. Glanks irrefutably proves that the decisive victory over Germany was observed on the eastern front and it was not by chance that the outcome of the war was not solved by the "generals dirt and frost", not nonsense and incompetence of Hitler (who was actually an outstanding strategist), but increased The skill of the Soviet command and the courage, dedication and perseverance of the Russian soldier.

Note 1: Due to the low quality of the source scan of the table, the pictures are left.

Flak

Separate anti-aircraft car divisions that provided the rifle cases by protection against air attacks (one division on the rifle body) consisted of three batteries equipped with four 76 mm or 85-mm implements each with a total number of division in 12 anti-aircraft guns. However, on June 22, the regular divisions of the anti-aircraft artillery were only in 40 rifle corps of the Red Army of 61. Although a typical small-handed body consisting of three rifle divisionsSupported by the only individual anti-airliner-artillery division was supposed to have 48 anti-aircraft guns, 72 quadruple 7.62-mm anti-aircraft guns and 27 machine-to-the-mounted 3,7-mm anti-aircraft guns, to the beginning of the war, only a few of them were fully equipped with anti-aircraft weapons.

In addition to these anti-aircraft gunners, the Red Army also included battalions of armored trains and individual armored tickets, which throughout the war were used as platforms for anti-aircraft guns and, as a rule, were subordinate to the country's air defense.

Together with the Red Army as a whole during the operation of Barbarossa, her anti-aircraft troops suffered heavy losses:

"As a result of large losses of aviation and the impossibility of its massing, the air defense of the troops was carried out mainly by anti-aircraft artillery and small armsadapted for aircraft shooting. Air defense troops The input of operations carried heavy losses in the material part. In addition, a significant amount of anti-aircraft artillery armament was used to equip fighter-anti-tank parts. Production of anti-aircraft artillery arms in connection with the emergence of evacuation industrial enterprises decreased. All this led to a large noncompliament of fire funds in the units of air defense. For example, the South-West Front by the end of the second month of war had only 232 - 76.2-mm and 176 - 37 mm of anti-aircraft guns, which was respectively 70 and 40% of the regular need of the front in this artillery ".

When NGOs in the summer of 1941 began to simplify the military structure of the Red Army, in addition to the abolition of rifle buildings, it also reduced the number of anti-aircraft forces in the composition of rifle regiments and divisions, shifting responsibility for anti-air defense for individual anti-aircraft artillery divisions of combustinal army. For example, by December 1941, NGOs transformed anti-aircraft rods of rifle regiments in platforms with three 12.7-mm machine guns, and anti-aircraft divisions of rifle divisions - to anti-aircraft batteries equipped with six 37-mm anti-aircraft guns and nine trucks. This reduction process ended at the end of December the elimination of anti-aircraft platforms in rifle shelves and anti-aircraft batteries in small-scale divisions. This was done mainly due to a decrease in the German air threat, with the result that 108 separate anti-aircraft-artillery divisions, which have been in RVGK on January 1, 1942, seemed to protect the field army field troops until the ability to form larger Anti-airflow RVGK.

In early 1942, NGOs began to enhance the Air Force RVGK, starting to form small anti-aircraft artillery shelves to protect the field armies. These shelves consisted of three batteries with four-37-mm anti-aircraft guns in each and two anti-aircraft guns: one of the three plates of four Maxim machine guns, and one of the two plates of four DSH machine guns with a total number of shelf in 326 people , twelve 37-mm guns, twelve 7.62 mm and eight 12.7 mm machine guns. 35 of these regiments of NPOs gave in June 1942 by the current fronts, including 18 - Western, on eight - Bryansky and South-Western and one - North Caucasian. In addition, on June 2, NGOs improved the Office of the Air Force, subdued all the airless parts, guns and machine guns, as well as all means of air surveillance, recognition of goals and communication in the current fronts and armies to the head of the artillery of the Red Army and recently appointed deputies of artillery commander in existing fronts and armies.

In order to further strengthen the Air Forces of the NGO at the beginning and middle of August 1942, he began to form two new types of anti-aircraft artillery divisions. The first consisted of three batteries with four 76-mm or 85-mm guns and one machine gun DSHK in each, the second had the same structure and the same weapon, but the number of 514 people and intensified the battery from six spotlights. Finally, at the end of August 1942, NKO has formed another, more severe species of the anti-aircraft regiment - of two divisions with 12 guns in each. However, by the end of the year, only eight such regiments were formed.

Despite these attempts to strengthen the anti-heart defense, the commander of the front and armies experienced considerable difficulties with the concentration of a sufficient number of anti-aircraft arms to protect their troops when conducting major operations. Therefore, on October 22, 1942, NPO issued an order signed by Stalin and requiring from all air fronts and army to form anti-aircraft artillery groups, which together with front-line aviation had to cover their troops during major operations:

1. For covering from aviation of the enemy of shock groups in the initial position and when the occurs, besides the use of cover aviation, Create anti-aircraft groups from army air defense regiments and due to the withdrawal of zenctatar and anti-aircraft machine gunners of rifle and other compounds operating on the main I. secondary directions.

In the anti-aircraft group, it is possible to appoint from 1/2 to 2/3 of all military anti-aircraft facilities of the front (army).

An anti-aircraft group to give a shock group of the army or front for its cover.

2. Especially carefully, in place and in motion, to organize the observation service and alert so that the anti-aircraft group has time to prepare for the opening of the enemy's aviation fire and create a barrier fire, and the troops have time to take the necessary measures to reduce the losses from bombing and machine-gun shelling of enemy aviation. .

3. The command of the anti-aircraft group of the upcoming army is imposed on the Deputy Head of Artillery Artillery for Air Defense, which is at the disposal of the headquarters of the army to allocate the necessary means of communication.

4. All the command of all kinds of troops assist and need help anti-aircraft batteries and machine guns of an anti-aircraft group, moving on the upcoming troops: to skip them out of turn through the crossing, allowing to overtake the columns of the troops on the roads, help anti-aircraft parts when congresses from roads to occupying firing positions.

In accordance with this order, on October 31, 1942, a part of the anti-aircraft artillery regiments was summarized in 18 new anti-aircraft artillery divisions of the RVGK. This division consisted of headquarters, four anti-aircraft guns of army type with three four-refinery batteries in each, as well as a small rear service. She had a total number of 1345 personnel person, forty-eight 3,7-mm anti-aircraft guns, 48 \u200b\u200bMaxim machine guns and 32 DSHK machine gun.

As a result, the RVGK anti-aircraft artillery increased from 108 regiments as of January 1, 1942 to 27 anti-aircraft artillery divisions, 123 separate anti-aircraft gunners and 109 separate anti-aircraft divisions by January 1, 1943, and up to 30 divisions, 94 separate regiments and 95 Separate divisions on February 1, 1943.

Such an increase was only possible because the Soviet military industry produced 3499 anti-aircraft guns 37-mm caliber in 1942 and 2761 anti-aircraft gun 85-mm caliber, and in 1943, another 5472 anti-aircraft guns of 37-mm caliber and 3713 anti-aircraft guns 85- mm caliber. However, despite this production growth, the lack of an average 85-mm anti-aircraft guns did not allow the anti-aircraft troops of the Red Army to effectively deal with airplanes flying at an altitude of more than 3000 meters.

In 1943, NGOs significantly strengthened and improved its anti-aircraft artillery troops. In the second half of February, he reorganized the anti-aircraft-artillery divisions by adding a lot of fire management to each of them, eliminating one of the light shelves to enhance the fourth battery of each of the three remaining and adding to each division of the fourth average regiment with 85-mm anti-aircraft guns capable of shot down Enemy aircraft at an altitude of more than 3000 meters. Initially, these divisions consisted of three light shelves with four batteries in the four same 37-mm anti-aircraft guns each with a total regimental number in 16 guns, one medium shelf, divided into four 4-cannon batteries, the total number of the shelf in sixteen 76 mm or 85 -mm anti-aircraft guns and reinforced rear service. In total, there were 64 anti-aircraft guns in the division. In addition, the NPO has completed the withdrawal of anti-aircraft batteries from small-scale divisions, using their material part to help equipping new artillery divisions of RVGK, subordinate RVGK, and included many of these new divisions with many anti-aircraft artillery regiments and divisions.

At the same period, the formation of two new specialized species of anti-aircraft artillery regiments began. The first, formed since February to protect the airfields, had twelve 37-mm guns, 12 Maxim machine guns and eight DSHK, differing from the regiment of the 1942 sample only by the fact that it did not have vehicles, and the personnel had only 270 fighters. The second type of regiments for the protection of airfields was formed from April, these shelves were like their structure on the shelves of anti-aircraft artillery divisions and had 420 personnel, twelve 37-mm guns, 12 Maxim machine guns and 12 DSHK machine guns - not two And on four platforms. In 1943, NGOs formed 38 regiments to protect the airfields and 52 new separate anti-aircraft artillery regiments; From the last, everything except four was based on the previous 12-cannon structure.

Since April 1943, the formation of new separate anti-aircraft artillery divisions began. These divisions consisted of three batteries with four-76-mm or 85 mm anti-aircraft guns and one DSHC machine gun in each of the total number of 380 personnel, twelve 76 mm or 85 mm of anti-aircraft guns and three DSHK machine guns. However, a shortage of 76-mm anti-aircraft guns forced NPO to form only two such divisions, each of which consisted of two batteries with four 37-mm cannons and one battery with 85-mm cannons.

Thanks to these reforms, NKO was able to put almost all the anti-aircraft artillery forces of the Red Army under the leadership of RVGK. The shelves and divisions of the anti-aircraft artillery protected the current army and front troops, the anti-aircraft-artillery divisions of the average caliber covered key objects in the rear. In addition, the Red Army in 1943 used more than 60 armored trains for air defense in 1943 - for example, during the Kursk battle, Soviet terrestrial troops supported 35 armored trains.

History of Russian air defense ( PVA) originates from the winter of 1914, when during World War II For the first time B. Russian Empire Guns and light machine guns were applied to the shelling of Austrian and German aircraft. In November 1914, headquarters of the 6th Army developed a special document called " Instructions for aeronautics near the 6 Army". The commander of the army signed a secret order number 90.who approved the instructions and determined the timing of its introduction to December 8, 1914. This day is considered to be Birthday of the air defense system of Russia.

Then it included specially formed artillery units adapted for aircraft shooting. Aviation cover was carried out by specially prepared crews of the Gatchina Aviation School. The same order by the head of the air defense of Petrograd and the Tsarist village, the First Commander of the Air Defense, Major General Burman G.V., Head, was appointed Officer electrical school.

The foundations laid down when creating air defense in the royal army continued to be improved and developed and improved after the Great October socialist revolution. In May 1918, the Office of the Air Defense of Moscow was created, in whose subordination was 25 aircraft and 8 artillery batteries. 4 months before the start of the war, in February 1941, General base Red Army Head of the Army General Zhukov G.K. Officially fastened the separation of anti-aircraft air defenses on the country's air defense and funds military aircraft. It was the first attempt to transition from the object to the territorial construction of the WFA of the USSR.

On June 22, 1941, the military air defense troops had 13 air defense zones, 3 buildings, 2 brigades, 39 brigade air defense areas. The number of the personal composition of the air defense troops amounted to 182 thousand people. For the cover of important economic and administrative centers of the country, 40 fighter airlines were allocated, numbered 1500 combat aircraft and 1206 crews.

Fire shield of the capital

The initial period is Great Patriotic War I revealed serious shortcomings in the management of troops, their preparation and equipment. Showing mass heroism, warriors In the most difficult conditions of the initial stage of war, 2500 German aircraft shot down.

Winners made his worthy contribution to the victor's piggy bank Moscow District PVA. They destroyed 7313 aircraft of fascist aviation, of which 4168 aircraft were shot down by fighter aircraft and 3145 - anti-aircraft artillery.

During the battle, Moscow, the warriors of the air defense of Moscow, including 54, 55, 59 anti-aircraft guns of air defenctions and 25 fighter-aviation regiment ( iAP) who were located on the territory of the Leninsky district of the Moscow region. Earlier, this area was included in the responsibility zone 1 of the Air Defense Corps. He is 1 Air Defense Army, then 5 VGO Brigades. From December 1, this is the area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility of the 5 deality division. Finally, veterans were waited that justice and the mind prevalent from the current military leaders and the truly our army structure was restored. Commander Moscow PVA area was appointed

None of the capital of Europe had such powerful air defense as the capital of the USSR - Moscow.

One of the bright pages in defensive battles on the approaches to Moscow fited the warriors of 1 air defense corps, 193 and 329 anti-aircraft artillery regiments who took part in the reflection of the first fascist aircraft to Moscow. In the first raids, about 200 - 250 aircraft participated. Only units were able to break through to the capital.

In the reflection of the first raid, natives took part. Petrovskoe Golovin V.S., der. Zhukovo - Bobyv V.P., Pos. Assistricant. Lenin - Palitsky M.A.

On the territory of the Leninsky district, on the territory of the current Gorkinsky and Milocal settlements housed 1203 Zenap To protect Moscow from the south and southeast. In October, the village of Night bombers in 57 aircraft was placed in the area of \u200b\u200bVse. V. V. Vassevo's villages and Pychchino. In May 1942, the headquarters were located in the Milk school 1203 Zenap, ensuring the air defense of Moscow in the west direction of the Vidnoe-Butt-Domodedovo line. This is reminded of a commemorative board on the former building of the Miloc School.

The staff of Moscow air defense showed vivid examples of courage and heroism when performing their military debt to the homeland. Night Taran made a pilot 28 JAP(Vnukovo) Lieutenant Yeremeev V.P., awarded the title of Hero (posthumously) for his feat.

For courage and heroism in the protection of Moscow 6 parts became guards, 11-awarded the orders of the USSR. More than 25 thousand soldiers, sergeants, and generals were awarded by government orders and medals, 32 - awarded title Hero of the Soviet Union7 Warriors are forever enrolled in the lists of military units.

In memory of the heroic feats of warriors PVA May 7, on the eve of the 65th anniversary Great VictoryIn the city prominent, a military historical monument was created and an anti-aircraft gun was established.

Valery Yakovlevich Golov, from the materials of the forum of the Moscow District Air Defense, especially for website

The arms race is not an attribute of the last decades. It began a long time ago and, unfortunately, continues at the present time. Weapon service is one of the main criteria for its defense capability.

At the end of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century, aeronautics develop rapidly. Aerial balloons were mastered, and a little later - airships. The brilliant invention, as often happens, was delivered to military rails. It is free to fall into the enemy's territory, spraying the enemy's positions of the enemy, to throw the saboteurs to the enemy's rear - the limit of dreams of military leaders of that period.

Obviously, for the successful defense of their borders, any state was interested in creating a powerful weapon capable of hitting flying targets. These are precisely such prerequisites and marked the need to create an anti-aircraft artillery - a type of weapons capable of eliminating opponent's air objects, not allowing them to penetrate their territory. Consequently, the enemy deprived the possibility of troops a serious damage from the air.

In an article on anti-aircraft artillery, the classification of this weapon is considered, the main milestones of its development and improvement. Installations were described in service with the Soviet Union and Wehrmacht during the Great Patriotic War, their application. It also describes the development and testing of this anti-aircraft weapon, the features of its use.

The emergence of artillery to combat air targets

The very name of this type of weapon is of interest - anti-aircraft artillery. This type of artillery received its name thanks to the estimated zone of the defeat of the guns - air. Consequently, the angle of shelling of such guns, as a rule, is 360 degrees and allows you to fire for the goals in the sky above the gun - in Zenith.

The first mention of this form of weapons is the end of the nineteenth century. The reason for the appearance of such armaments in the Russian army was the potential threat of an air attack on the part of Germany, with which the relationship of the Russian Empire was gradually aggravated by relations.

It is no secret that Germany has long been developing aircraftcapable of participating in hostilities. Ferdinand Background Zeppelin, a German inventor and designer, significantly succeeded in this matter. The result of fruitful work was the creation of the first airship in 1900 - Zeppelin Lz 1. and at least this device was still far from perfection, he had already represented a certain threat.

In order to have a weapon, able to confront German aerostats and airships (zeppelins), the Russian Empire began its development and testing. Thus, in 1891 the first year, the first tests dedicated to the shooting of the weapons existing in the country in large air targets are held. As targets for such shooters, ordinary air cylinders moved by horse power. Despite the fact that the shooting had a certain result, all military command involved in the teaching was agreed in the fact that for effective anti-air defense of the army, a special anti-aircraft gun is necessary. So began developing anti-aircraft artillery in the Russian Empire.

Sample Gun 1914-1915

Already in 1901, domestic gunsmiths issued a draft of the first domestic anti-aircraft gun for discussion. Nevertheless, the highest military leadership of the country rejected the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating such a weapon, arguing its solution to the lack of extreme necessity in it.

However, in 1908, the idea of \u200b\u200ban anti-aircraft gun received a "second chance". Several talented designers have developed a technical task to the future tool, and to implement the project entrusted the design group under the direction of Franz Lender.

In 1914, the project was implemented, and in 1915 underwent modernization. The reason for this was the naturally ariser question: how to move such a massive gun to the right place?

The solution was found - to equip the cargo car gun. Thus, by the end of the year, the first copies of the guns mounted on the car appeared. The wheelbase for the movement of the gun was Russian trucks "Rousse-Balt-T" and American "Whites".

Thus was created the first domestic anti-aircraft gun, which entered the name "Lander's gun" by the name of its creator. The weapon has proven itself in the battles of the First World War. Obviously, with the invention of aircraft, this weapon constantly lost its relevance. Nevertheless, the last samples of this gun were in service until the end of the Great Patriotic War.

The use of anti-air artillery

Anti-aircraft guns were used when conducting hostilities to achieve not one, but several goals.

First, shooting over the air objects of the enemy. This is, for which this type of weapons was created.

Secondly, the maintenance of a barrier fire - a special reception used unexpectedly when refilling an attack or a counterattack of the enemy. In this case, the instrument calculation was given specific sections that were to be shot. Such an application also turned out to be quite effective and applied a significant damage to the personnel and technique of the enemy.

Classification

There are several options for the classification of anti-aircraft artillery. Consider the most common: classification by caliber and classification by method of placement.

By type of caliber

It is customary to distinguish between several types of anti-aircraft, depending on the size of the cutting barrel caliber. For this principle, weapons of fine caliber are distinguished (the so-called small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery). It varies from twenty to sixty millimeters. And the average (from sixty to one hundred millimeters) and a large (more than one hundred millimeters) of calibers.

This classification is characterized by one venterity principle. The more cannon caliber, the more massive and harder. Consequently, large-caliber cannons are more difficult to move between objects. Often, large-caliber antipilities were placed on fixed objects. Small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery, on the contrary, has the greatest mobility. Such an instrument is easily transported if necessary. It should be noted that the USSR anti-aircraft artillery has not been replenished with large-caliber guns.

Many tools of the Times of the Great Patriotic War are standing in museums, parks and squares dedicated to victory. Part of the anti-aircraft gun is still used in mountainous terrain as an anti-voltable gun.

The heroic defense of Leningrad is one of the most striking pages of the Great Patriotic War. The defense was produced not only from the ground, but also from the air. Leningrad War Aviation Combat

The immediate cover of Leningrad from air strikes was carried out by the 2nd air defense case. Communicated Major General M. M. Fetwell, his deputy was Major Major General Artillery S. A. Krasnophevtsev, Deputy For Politchesti Brigadier Commissioner Chumakov, Headquarters Colonel V. M. Dobryansky, head of artillery Corps Colonel S. K. Zherchokhinsky.

After deploying the case with the beginning of the war, it was included in its composition: six anti-aircraft guns of medium caliber, one separate anti-aircraft artillery division of medium caliber, one anti-aircraft gun shelf, two anti-aircraft spotlights, three shelf of barrier balloon, one regiment deposit and a separate radio station.

In addition to the terrestrial parts of air defense for the air defense of Leningrad, two fighter aviation divisions were allocated from the Air Defense of the Leningrad Military District. With the beginning of hostilities, additional five fighter aviation regiments were included in these divisions.

The host commander was appointed Hero of the Soviet Union Colonel S. P. Danilov, Military Commissar Brigadd Commissioner F. F. Verov, headquarters Colonel N. P. Abramov.

The 7th Fighter Aviation Corps was transferred to the prompt subordination of the 2nd air defense system commander, which was extremely important to ensure the purposeful use of fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft artillery in the air defense system of Leningrad.

To fulfill the tasks, fighter aviation air defense was based on 10 airfields located around Leningrad, 20 - 60 km from him. In addition, in the first months of war, another airfields could be used if necessary. Most of the airfields were located in the south and south-west of the city. But by September 1941, when the city was besieged by the opponent, the airfield network of the 7th Fighter Aviakorpus sharply decreased. At its disposal there are only four airfields located north. On them, fighters fighters were based during the entire period of Leningrad blockade.

Fighter air defense aircraft from the first day of the war installed on the approaches to Leningrad and over the city itself around the clock patrolling in the air, and on the airfields were in combat readiness on duty groups of fighters. But as the reliability of the air enemy's detection increases with radar stations, the "Reduce" was created and the ability to make duty groups of fighters in the air. This allowed from September 1941 to reduce fighter patrols near Leningrad.

The principle of the anti-aircraft artillery of the middle caliber was based on the principle of circular defense with the strengthening of the North-Western, Western and South-Western directions, which before the war, the command of the 2nd CFA Corps considered the most dangerous. In the first weeks of the war, some changes were made to the grouping of the anti-aircraft artillery of the average caliber. In particular, they strengthened the Western direction by setting up eight batteries on the barges in the Finnish bay and somewhat expanded the fire zone in the northern part of the city with the aim of covering the most important airfields.

After the hostilities, the main directions of the opponent's aviation approach to Leningrad from the South and South-West and our southern airfield airfield airfields began to be subjected to assault and bombarding plates, in August 1941 it was necessary to produce more significant rearrangement of medium-sized anti-aircraft anti-aircraft batteries . An additional external line was created from the 15 batteries of the middle-caliber anti-aircraft artillery, which were removed from the North and Eastern sectors and installed along the line of Nizino, Ropsha, Sloboda Kolomna, Pokrovskaya, Glinka. For maneuverable actions on the ways of the opponent's aviation approach from the south-west and south, a separate division of the anti-aircraft artillery of the average caliber was formed in the composition of the three batteries due to the superlistful material part. In addition, 6 separate railway anti-aircraft batteries were created to cover the way of communication from August 1941.

With ground-based approach german troops The Leningrad had a number of anti-aircraft batteries of the southern and south-western sectors to move to new positions, as well as remove the anti-aircraft batteries that stood on the barges in the Gulf of Finland, as they were under the influence of an enemy artillery fire. As a result, by October 1941, the zone of the zone of the zone of the defense of Leningrad in the south and the southwest was significantly reduced.

In the Western and South-Western directions, the depth of the fire zone was only 17 - 18 km from the city, from the south - 27 km, and in other destinations - 26 - 28 km.

The anti-aircraft artillery of the small caliber covered the most important objects within the city. Its guns were installed on the square buildings on specially equipped areas. Due to the fact that the anti-aircraft's anti-aircraft batteries were located throughout the city in the separation from the combat order of their regiments, the management of them was difficult. Therefore, in September 1941, they were promptly subordinated to the commander of the zenit machine gun shelf, and in February 1942, it was reduced to a separate anti-aircraft gun of small caliber in a separate anti-aircraft gun, which made it possible to more correctly organize batteries and their combat training.

Most of the anti-aircraft machine guns was on the cover of the firing positions of the middle-caliber anti-aircraft batteries from low-tie aircraft. The rest of the machine guns, mainly the DSHK system, was part of the anti-aircraft machine gun shelf and performed combat missions on the defense of industrial objects of the city. They are as well as anti-aircraft guns of small caliber, stood on the roofs of buildings.

Due to the large non-compliance with the searchlight stations of the parts of the 2nd CFA Corps with the beginning of the war, all anti-aircraft spotlights were used to create only the light zone of the night shooting of anti-aircraft artillery. But the combat situation in the first months of the war demanded the creation of light spotlights for the night battle fighters. At the end of July 1941, the forces of searchlights of the regiments on one of the main routes of opponent's aviation routes in the southwestern direction, in the area of \u200b\u200bGatchina, Siversets, Vitino, Ropsha, a light spotlight area of \u200b\u200b40x25 km was created.

At the end of July 1941, in order to strengthen the Western Direction in the Finnish Bay, there were 8 sector stations with sound selectors and 12 stations of the supports. This most was the connection of the Leningrad Luminous Zone with the Luminous Cronstadt air defense zone.

The promotion of the enemy to Leningrad was forced at the end of August 1941. Remove the light spotlight field for the night battle of fighters in the south-west direction, as well as to take barges with spotlights from the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Neva, as they were subjected to the artillery shelling of the fascists. In addition, 86 spotlights and south-west directions were reserved.

As a result, during the blockade, the main area of \u200b\u200bthe light zone of anti-aircraft spotlights was significantly reduced and the spotlights could only partially provide night shooting of anti-aircraft artillery. In the southern and western directions, the boundary of the light zone was behind the border of the zone of fire of anti-aircraft artillery.

Three shelves of the balloon balloon have been built on the principle of circular defense with the strengthening of the attachment of the most important objects within the city and with a compaction of the grouping at the most likely directions of opponent aviation flights. On the approaches to the city, the front line of the balloon, removed from the borders of the city by 12 - 15 km from the south and 8 to 10 km from the north, was created. Here, the balloon's ballogeons were located in a checker order at the intervals between posts 800 - 1200 m. At the beginning of the war, 150 aeright posts were located in the city, and on the approaches to it - 147. To cover the Western approaches to Leningrad in the Finnish bay on the barges, there was still 31 Aerostat.

During the blockade, the zone of the aerostat boom has declined sharply. Due to the loss of aerostates and a disadvantage of hydrogen for aeright parts on the defense of Leningrad, only 114 posts remained, they were clearly lacked to create an appropriate branch density.

The ballogene's balloon, which had aristed in the armament of the air defense of Leningrad, made it possible to produce a barrier at heights of 2000 - 4500 m at the limit velocity of the wind to 12-15 m in sec.

The 2nd regiment and the 72nd separate radio station by June 24, 1941 launched the main post of the 14th air defense corps, 16 road posts, 263 observation posts, 23 post deposit for the guidance of fighter aircraft on the air enemy and 8 sets of radio installations Rus -1 ("Rewand").

The basis of the deposit service in the first months of the war was ground posts of visual observation. Of these, a warning band and a solid surveillance field were created. Warning strip Voshos was 120-140 km from Leningrad and passed from the Finnish Bay to Lake Ladoga in front of Narva, Luga, Chudovo, Volkhov and further along the eastern shore of Lake Lake. In the north and northwest, the posts of the prevention bands were located along the state border with Finland. The solid field of observation was created around Leningrad and was a four or five concentric rings of VINOS posts. The external survey of the solid field of observation took place at a distance of 60 - 70 km from the city, and the internal distribution - at a distance of 25 - 30 km. The warning band and a solid observation field combined nine radial compartments from observation posts. Airspace over the Finnish Bay of Leningrad and Over Ladoga Lake Posts The 2nd Air Defense Corps was not viewed. Here, observation of the air enemy was carried out by the abundance of the Red Baltic Fleet, which interacted with the air defense body.

Eight radar plants Rus-1 were deployed a month before the war and formed three lines of radio commercials of the air enemy.

The occurrence of the enemy led to a significant coagulation of the network of observation posts VOS. Thus, from July 3, 1941, the discovery of posts VOS in the Karelian Isthmus began, from July 19 - from the turn of Gdov, meadow, and in early August - throughout the front. By mid-September, the former service system of Leningrad ceased to exist. The front line moved almost close to the city. On the provision of Leningrad, only 62 existing posts are left, which formed a solid field of observation in the blocked area. The advanced line of posts VOS took place in the north of N. Nikoyasi, Lembalovo, Sestroretsk, and in the south - shopping port, Pulkovo, Ust-Izhora further on the Neva. At these borders, the posts remained throughout the blockade.

Under the conditions of the blockade, radar installations Rus-2 played an exceptional role. From the second half of August 1941, they became the main means of observing the air situation. By the end of the first year of the war, the Leningrad air defense institution was already provided by 10 Rus-2 radar stations, of which 2 were like "pegmatite", and the other types "Reduce". Directly Leningrad provided 5 Rus-2 stations. All these stations worked quite reliably, providing the detection of enemy aircraft on a distance of 100 - 140 km.

Thus, since September 1941, the old system of WGO Leningrad, based on visual observation of posts, ceased to exist and its place was taken by the introduction system, in which Rus-2 radar stations played the main role. Supervisory posts were turned into a means of refining the data of radar in the near approaches to the city (176).

Leningrad air defense troops entered into battle with an air opponent in the first days of the war. On the night of June 23, 1941, two groups of bombers, seven - nine aircraft in each, tried to raid on Leningrad from the Karelian Isthmus (177). Bombers walked at low height. Meeting of Zenitchikov in the Gorskaya, Sestroretsk region, they were divided: one group went to Kronstadt, where the anti-aircraft gunners of the Red Baltic Baltic Fleet were shot down 4 aircraft, and the rest, hastily unfolding, left. The second group has subjected to the bombardment of Military Town and the command points of Zenitchikov. A flair of this group reflected the batteries of the 115th and 194th anti-aircraft artillery regiments. The zenithors of the 2nd Air Defense Corps shot down one enemy aircraft from this group.

In the first months of war, the efforts of enemy aviation were mainly focused on airborne intelligence. Scouts usually acted with large heights - 6000 - 7000 m. In terms of exploration, fascist aviation produced bombing of Leningrad facilities.

In the first half of July 1941, the North German Fascist Army Group, using its numerical superiority and a great advantage in the technique, went to the long approaches to Leningrad. Direct threat was created by the city of Lenin. To strengthen and support our landlord troops, the 2nd Capital Air Defense Corps on July 5 allocated 100 anti-aircraft guns with better calculations and sent them to anti-tank defense. By order of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front on August 22, 115, 189, 194 and 351th, anti-aircraft guns additionally formed four anti-tank divisions and sent them to anti-tank defense to the Southern Fortified Area.

The exit of the German troops on the long approach to Leningrad allowed them to tighten their aircraft to the near the city of the airfield and from the second half of July 1941. Strengthen bombing raids on the city.

On July 20, a group in the amount of 9 bombers Yu-88 under the cover of 11 I-110 fighters at an altitude of 3000 m tried to break through to Leningrad from the southern direction. In the area of \u200b\u200bKrasnogvardeysk, it was met by 25 fighters of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps. In the air combat, our pilots shot down 8 enemy aircraft, forcing the rest to turn around and go back.

An attempt to break through to Leningrad the enemy repeated the next day, when 25 Yu-88 aircraft, Me-110 and Me-109 at an altitude of 4000 m approached the city from the south, but, having met the intensive fire of anti-aircraft batteries, turned around and left, throwing bombs to Gorelovsky aerodrome.

July 22, the bloated repeated. This time, five groups with a total number of up to 70 aircraft rushed to Leningrad. To meet, they were raised 75 of our fighters, who were shot down in air battles 13 cars and forced the rest to abandon the plaque.

Having received a crushing fighter of the air defense of Leningrad for these three days, especially from air defense fighters, the Nazis collapsed their raids on the airfields of fighter aviation, trying to suppress her. Along with this, they continued attempts to break through to Leningrad. In total, July and August, the fascists made 17 group raids to Leningrad, of which 8 day and 9 nights.

The troops of Leningrad air defense, successfully reflecting all these raids, until September 1, 232 enemy aircraft were shot down, including fighter aviation destroyed 192, and 40 aircraft anti-aircraft artillery. Of the 1614 enemy aircraft aimed at Leningrad, only 28 opponent bombers managed to break through to the city.

Upon reflection of the raids by enemy aviation, pilots and anti-aircraft people, deposits and spotlights showed courage and courage.

On August 10, 1941, 6 fighters of the 192nd Fighter Aviamaker, headed by the commander of the squadron captain I. A. Shapovalov, stormed the ground troops of the enemy in the village of Ustye. At this time, an enemy group of 40 - 50 bombers aircraft appeared in the air. Our six fighters, dropping the bombs on enemy position, decided to disrupt the idea of \u200b\u200bthe fascists and resolutely attacked them. Captain I. A. Shapovalov was a successful queue set up Me-110, however, his plane caught fire from enemy shots. But the captain continued the battle and his last fascist aircraft was tagged. Bold attacks of six brave fighters prevented the enemy group to perform their task

But not only in the air, Leningrad fighters destroyed the enemy aircraft during this period. They made bold crushing raids and on enemy airfields. So, on August 25, reconnaissance established a concentration of over 70 German aircraft at the airfield in the Spasskaya region. For the attack of this airfield, four groups of fighters consisting of 41 aircraft flew. At the first occasion, they inflicted a bomb strike on the airfield, and then began to storm the parking of aircraft, making three or four attacks. The fascists tried to raise their aircraft into the air, but our pilots were destroyed during takeoff 14 aircraft, and 40 cars were destroyed at the airfield. On the revenue, the Germans raised 12 of their fighters from the neighboring airfield. Our aviators entered them into the air combat and shot down 6 aircraft.

Zenitiki their fire forced enemy bombers to act from large heights and dumping bombs often without aiming, where it fell. Many anti-aircraft parts and divisions, courageously reflecting the raids of fascist aviation, successfully replenished the account of a shot down enemy aircraft. Thus, the division of the 351th anti-aircraft artpol under the command of Captain A. I. Sumenkov for one fight hit 14 opponent aircraft.

In the battles on the approaches to Leningrad, the 8th battery of the 351th anti-aircraft artpol was distinguished under the command of Lieutenant P. N. Petrunin. On August 30, 1941, the advanced parts of the German fascist troops came to the Neva in the village of Sela Ivanovo and tried to forcing it. On this site there was only one 8th anti-aircraft battery located on the opposite shore. Our rifle parts have not come here. Lieutenant P. N. Petrinin immediately organized defense. Commander of the Office of the Office Lieutenant E. A. Miloslavsky with scouts Junior Sergeant D. A. Kratuyukhin and Krasnoarmese A. D. Panfilov established continuous observation of the opponent. Once the fascists accumulated and went to the shore for crossing, the battery opened fire. According to the exact adjustment of Lieutenant E. A. Miloslavsky, the gaps were covered with Nazis and accelerated them without letting it crouch.

Then the enemy decided to destroy the battery with a blow from the air. On the morning of September 2, several Yu-88 bombers appeared above the firing position. However, the battery has longly discovered danger and met them with a valve volley. Three aircraft, embraced by a flame, crashed into the ground, and the rest, hastily dropping the bombs, disappeared.

In the evening, the enemy again threw a large group of Yu-88 bombers to suppress the battery. The hot battle broke out. But this time, the anti-aircraft workers won, knocking up three more aircraft. It was clear that the fascists would try to take revenge on artilleryrs. Commander changed fire position. The enemy discovered the battery and again threw it a large group of aircraft, now Yu-87, which flew from different sides and dive. The fire had to lead a straight entry to each instrument independently. In the cruel battle, the battery was lossed, but the fire did not stop until the last enemy plane was extinguished.

In difficult conditions, it was necessary to act and advanced posts. With the promotion of the enemy, the command of the 2nd Air Defense Corps was forced to take these posts closer to the city. And, retreating together with our troops, they often had to fight with a terrestrial opponent, for example, on July 14, 1941 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe post. Movement No. 0114, the column of fascist tanks broke through the village of Ivanovo. Head of the post Sergeant N. I. Zornitis, who has been reporting this, together with the Krasnoarmeys-observers I. A. Zaitsev, P. A. Zhuliev and P. P. Yakovlev entered an unequal battle. And even when the Nazis opened an artillery fire for the post, brave soldiers continued to beat the enemy. Movement destroyed four tanks and several dozen Hitler's soldiers. The entire personnel of the post was died in an unequal battle, but the tanks were detained, and in the meantime they arrived our parts and discarded the enemy. Zornnikov has since become in parts of Leningrad air defense with the symbol of courage and patriotism.

The first battles with a strong and experienced air enemy forced the pilots of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps to seek and master new tactical techniques, mastering the skill of air combat. At the beginning of the war during patrolling and reflection of the raids, our pilots usually used the combat order of the "parade" building links and nines. It strongly connected the maneuverability of the group, distracted the attention of pilots to holding the combat order and prevented the timely detection of the enemy. The whole group of the group was usually introduced into the battle, without covering its attacking crews. The enemy used it and produced unexpected attacks on top, on the side of the Sun, because of the clouds, as a result, our pilots carried unnecessary losses. Attacks they carried out monotonously, as a rule, from the rear hemisphere, and especially from the back from the bottom, and the fire was opened from large distances and long queues. Insufficiently applied and masking using cloudiness and sun. The exit from the attack was most often produced by peering without the use of a horizontal maneuver, which allowed enemy fighters to use their advantages on the vertical maneuver.

Elimination of these shortcomings has become the most important task of fighter pilots in the first months of war. "Paradinary" construction no longer applied. In combat orders began to highlight the shock group and the cover group, and a pair of fighters became the smallest combat unit. Special attention has now paid the attack attacks and output from them. Such techniques like a secretive convergence with the enemy, the opening of fire with short distances, imposing opponent fighters on horizontals and at the most favorable altitudes, began to bring significant success to our pilots in air battles. If the results of air fighting with the enemy in July - August 1941 accounted for a relationship of approximately 2: 1 in favor of the pilots of the 7th Fighter Aviakorpus, then in May - June 1942, this ratio has already increased to 4: 1.

In some parts of the anti-aircraft artillery in the first months of the war, the calculations were departed with the opening of fire, the batteries were poorly prepared for shooting and unhappyly led the salvo fire. To eliminate these disadvantages, a lot of attention was paid to the organization of monitoring the air situation and target designation on batteries, to train the range finding and instrumental calculations, to prepare the material part to shoot. In turn, the radio station had to hastily impass the new radar installations of Rus-2, which in the conditions of reduction of the network of observation posts VOS was the only means of timely detection of the air enemy on the approaches to the city.

In early September 1941, the ground troops of the enemy came close to Leningrad and began to prepare for the storm of the city. Before proceeding with the storming of the defensive lines of Leningrad, the enemy subjected the city to strong artillery shelling and air bombardment. On September 8, 1941, the fascist aircraft made a daylight on the city by two groups of Yu-88 bombers consisting of 23 aircraft who were 4000 m at an altitude of 4000 m. Some of them managed to break through to the goal and reset the fugasal and incendiary bombs in the southern part of the city . With the onset of darkness, the flare was repeated. Up to 20 aircraft, coming by one by one by the southwestern direction at an altitude of 6000 m, bombed the city. And in the morning the enemy switched to the offensive, counting on to take Leningrad storm, but failed.

On the night of September 9, German aviation repeated air raid on Leningrad, dropping 48 fuhas bombs weighing from 250 to 500 kg.

During September 1941, the opponent made 23 group plates to Leningrad, of which 11 day, and the rest at night. In the afternoon, he applied the main bombarding strikes, and at night the raids were calculated on the insulation of anti-heart defense and demoralization of the population. The most intensive raids on Leningrad were committed on September 19 and 27. On September 19, the enemy made four day and two nights with the participation of about 280 aircraft, and on September 27, the group of the group with a total number of up to 200 aircraft, three times collapsed their blows to the city and airfields.

Simultaneously with the bombing of the city in September, the German-fascist aircraft tried to destroy the main forces of the Red Baltic Baltic Fleet in Kronstadt. For this purpose, three days in a row - 21, September 22 and 23 - up to 400 aircraft produced massive bomber raids on Kronstadt.

The main severity of the reflection of the raids fell on the anti-aircraft artillery of Kronstadt and Leningrad. On September 21, the fire led 22 anti-aircraft batteries that shot down 7 aircraft. Under the fire of the anti-aircraft artillery, the fascists could not lead the sighting bombing and fleet ships of substantial damage did not cause. On another day, September 22, the flare on the Kronstadt fascists failed. Fighters and anti-aircraft users, destroying 6 aircraft, did not allow bombers to the object. Loss and without achieving success in the first two days, on September 23, the enemy aviation increased the height of the flight to 4000 - 6000 m. But on this day, five raids on the Kronstadt success Germans did not bring. Only one of our battleships was damaged yes, several objects were injured in Kronstadt. The enemy missed 12 aircraft on this day.

In general, the enemy was unable to achieve its ideas to destroy the ships of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet. Arounding a few small raids, which were also successfully reflected by air defense, it stopped strikes on the courts of the CBF until April 1942.

In September raids, more than 2,700 enemy aircraft participated on Leningrad, but as a result of active actions of air defense to the city, only 480 German aircraft were able to break through. At the same time, fascist aviation suffered significant losses. Only the military air defense forces, defended Leningrad, shot down 272 aircraft, of which the pilots of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps - 120 and the anti-aircraft artillery of the 2nd air defense body - 152 aircraft.

The German-fascist command, without achieving decisive results in the September battles, was forced to abandon further attempts to take Leningrad storm. It decided to break the heroic resistance of the defenders of the city by a long blockade, systematic artillery shelling and bombing from the air.

Indeed, the German fascist troops switched to the exercise of their barbaric design. But huge losses incurred by aviation of the enemy in daytime massive raids, forced it to move almost exclusively to night actions. From October 1 to November 24, 1941, the Nazis produced 37 bombarding raids to Leningrad, of which 32 were committed at night and only 5 during the day, and then in solid cloud conditions. About 840 aircraft participated in these raids. Night feet, as a rule, were made in clear lunar nights at altitudes of 5000 - 6000 m. Bomber to the city was suitable from different directions. The intervals between the time aircraft reached 20 minutes, and the raids stretched overnight, exhausting the personnel of the air defense troops and the population. So, on the night of November 14, the flight lasted for 14 hours, and only about 36 aircraft participated in it.

During the blockade in the control system of the air defense system, Leningrad had significant changes aimed at its strengthening.

In accordance with the decision of the State Defense Committee, the 2nd Corpus of the Air Defense was reorganized into the Leningrad Corpsist Air Defense Region. The commanding troops of the Leningrad Corpsist Air Defense region was appointed General Major Coastal Service G. S. Zolovin, Military Commissioner Regiment Commissioner A. A. Ikonnikov, Headquarters Lieutenant Colonel P. F. Rozhkov.

Svirky and Ladoga brigadd air defense areas that performed the tasks of defense of Leningrad's communications, remained unchanged. The State Defense Committee has provided direct subordination of the Leningrad Corpsist, Ladoga and Swir Brigade Districts of the Air Defense Region to the Military Council of the Leningrad Front, and not the commander of the air defense forces of the country, as was done for all other air defense compounds of the country. A similar exception was dictated by the specific conditions of the anti-air defense of a blocked city, in which the troops of the front and the military air defense troops carried out one common task - the defense of the city. In this situation, the leadership of all the troops defended Leningrad, it was advisable to focus in one center.

During the blockade, changes were made in the leadership of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps, which were in operational submission of the commander of the Corps region. Colonel E. E. Yerlykin, Military Commissar Brigadd Commissioner G. Yu. Pevzner, headquarters, headquarters, N. P. Zhiltsov, was appointed commander of the hull.

In the difficult time of the blockade the main attention of the command of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps was focused on the cover of the enemy aviation of the Ladoga waterway, on patrolling and reflection of the raids to the Ladoga waterway. For three months, starting from October 1941, the corps produced 1836 aircraft-departures, which was about 42 percent. The total number of aircraft-departures of the case. At the same time, pilots over Lake Lake shot down 37 enemy aircraft. The body also continued to conduct combat operations and to support ground troops. To perform these tasks, 1460 flights were performed.

A decisive role in the reflection of raids to Leningrad in October - December was playing anti-aircraft artillery. But during this period there was a critical position with ammunition. The receipt of shells during the fighting did not cover the flow. So, in September 1941, Zenitchi spent about 69,000 shells, and received 14530 shells. Workers of Leningrad were greatly assisted by Zenitchikov, launched the production of anti-aircraft shells at the plants of the deposited city. However, a sharp drawback in projectiles for 85-mm anti-aircraft guns was felt over the entire blockade.

The command was forced to take emergency measures to save ammunition. The fire on enemy aircraft opened only with the permission of the regiment commander and in some extreme cases - with the permission of the division commander. Under the reflection of night raids, the barrier fire was carried out only two guns of each battery, the number of shots in the curtain was also reduced. In addition, the command of the 2nd air defense body made a mistake, practicing the shooting of anti-aircraft artillery according to sound selectors. This method of shooting was extremely ineffective. During the period from June to December 1941, 69220 shells were spent by this method, and it was possible to knock down only 1 opponent's aircraft. Therefore, at the beginning of 1942, in Leningrad air defense, refused to shoot with sound plates and switched to barrier fire.

At the end of November 1941, the Germans again changed their tactics of attacks on Leningrad and switched mainly to day rates. But now these raids were carried out exclusively with continuous cloudiness, with a bombing due to clouds. Usually, the flight began in the afternoon and lasted before the onset of darkness. The bombers approached the city by singing or groups in 2-3 aircraft, at intervals of 20-40 minutes, at an altitude of 4000 - 4500 m. In each such income, 12-15 aircraft participated. At the same time, the opponent produced the artillery shelling of the city.

The reflection of these raids was extremely difficult. Fighter aircraft could not successfully act under conditions of continuous low cloudiness, and anti-aircraft artillery did not have instruments for keeping victory shooting By invisible in optical instruments goals. It was only a barrier fire of weak density due to the lack of ammunition.

On April 4, 1942, the German-fascist aviation once again tried to destroy the ships of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, which now stood at the mouth of the Neva from the Vasilyevsky Island. For this purpose, the Nazis threw 100 bombers under the cover of fighters. At the same time, they attacked the airfields of our fighter aviation and fired with artillery fire anti-aircraft batteries that stood in the lane.

But this time the enemy was calculated. Given the character of his air intelligence, the command of Leningrad's air defense system in advance strengthened the defenses of the parking of ships. A grouping of anti-aircraft batteries on the approaches to the ships constructed, and directly at the parking focused anti-aircraft batteries and part of anti-aircraft guns to combat diving aircraft. Enemy aircraft were met by our fighters and powerful fire of anti-aircraft artillery. The city was able to break through 58 bombers who dropped up to 230 fugas bombs. But under the fire of the anti-aircraft artillery, the accuracy of the bombing was low, and the ships of the fleet of substantial damage did not suffer. The fascists lost 25 aircraft.

After this unsuccessful, the Nazis Nazis twenty days led reinforced air defense and location of ships in the parking lot. And then for four days - 24, 25, 27 and 30, they produced a number of large raids on the parking lot of ships. They participated up to 200 bombers under the cover of fighters. But this time, our aviators and anti-aircraft users successfully reflected all the raids, destroying 38 opponent aircraft. A minor number of bomber broke through the city and parking lot, which almost did not cause any damage.

After the April raids on the ships at the mouth of the Neva, the Germans did not undertake bombardment raids to Leningrad until the end of October 1942

In April, the Leningrad Army of Anti-Friendly Defense was created, which included the ground parts of the air defense of the Leningrad Corps region and the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps. The commanding troops of the Leningrad Army air defense was appointed General Major Coastal Service G. S. Zagyin, members of the Military Council Brigadier Commissioner A. A. Iconnikov, Brigadier Commissioner F. F. Verov and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of the Workers' Deputies P. S. Popkov.

This event played a positive role in strengthening the air defense of Leningrad, as it was completed by the operational and organizational association of all the troops who defended Leningrad from the air into a single system, and a significant strengthening of the management bodies made it possible to improve the quality of management by their combat actions.

In the conditions of a long blockade of the city, the importance of reliable interaction between the troops of the Leningrad Air Force Army, the Leningrad Front Air Force and the air defense troops of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet has increased significantly. To this end, their headquarters have developed uniform documents: a planning table of interaction of air-defense funds; Instructions for the fighter aviation of the Leningrad Army Air Defense, the Air Force of the Leningrad Front and the Air Force of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet on the reflection of the opponent's aviation raids to Leningrad, on the naval base of Kronstadt and the port of Osinovts; A single coded card for the guidance of fighter aircraft on the air enemy and a single scheme of fighter aviation zones.

The commander of the Fighter Aviation of PVA Leningrad Special Resolution of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front was given the right to apply Fighter Aviation CBF to reflect the massive raids to the city.

The system of posting fighters on the enemy was one for all fighter air defense aviation, the Air Force of the Leningrad Front and the Municipal Baltic Fleet Air Force. The introduction of the Leningrad Army Army, the Leningrad Front and the 12-known Baltic Fleet Air Defense, had direct telephone and radio communications among themselves and exchanged aircraft data.

The anti-aircraft artillery regiments of the CBF had a fierce relationship with anti-aircraft artillery regions of the Leningrad Air Force Army and exchanged mutual information on a direct telephone connection.

The interaction with the air defense system was organized by the headquarters of the Leningrad Front.

In 1941 - 1942 The pilots of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps of the Air Defense destroyed 653 German aircraft, of which 534 in air battles and 119 at the storming of airfields. Besides, in. The fight against the ground enemy, they destroyed 23 tanks, 228 cars, about 34 artillery batteries and supputed about 86 batteries. During the same period, 339 enemy aircraft were shot down part of the anti-aircraft artillery. In the fight against the ground opponent, the anti-aircraft users destroyed 61 enemy tanks, 29 cars defeated about 37 and supputed 59 artillery and mortar batteries, 35 sucks and 16 observation points.

Protecting precipitated Leningrad, warriors of air defense committed a lot of glorious combat affairs and heroic feats.

Despite the extremely difficult conditions for the fight against fascist aviation, Leningrad air defense troops in the first period of the Great Patriotic War did not allow the fascist barbarians to destroy the city with air blows. Lenin's city lived and continued to heroically fight.

Air Forces during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) Lecturer: Mavrin Sergey
Valerevich
Performed: Vernuhaeva A. N. and
Tkachenko A. Yu.
"A" flow. 12 The group of therapeutic faculty.
year 2012

Air defense - a set of protection measures
(defense) from the air attack of the enemy
April 8th Day of the Air Defense Forces (Air Defense Day)
In April 1942, the Moscow Front FRONT was formed, and in Leningrad and
Baku created air defense armies. The first operational associations appeared
Air defense troops.
In June 1943, the Office of the Commander of the Air Floor
Countries were disbanded. After the reorganizations for April
1944 were created Western and Eastern Fronts, as well as
The Transcaucasian air defense zone, which in the same year were reorganized in
North, South and Transcaucasian air defense fronts.
Air defense troops who defended Moscow were reorganized into a special
Moscow Air Defense Army. On the far East In March 1945 were
Created three air defense armies: Primorskaya, Pria Amur, Zabaykalskaya.

On November 9, 1941, the position of the commander of the air defense of the territory of the country and her, Major General Homadin was appointed, was appointed.

The war found the air defense troops during their re-equipment. In the anti-aircraft artillery, there were still few new 37 mm automatic and 85 mm anti-aircraft guns. IN

Yak-1.
MiG-3.

The composition of these compounds to the beginning of the massive raids of fascist aviation was over 600 fighters, more than 1000 medium and little guns

Gas transport for aerostat

Air defense troops, defended Moscow, destroyed 738 enemy aircraft. In addition, 6 Fighter Aviation Corps Apply assault strikes,

The aerostate aircraft is lighter than air used for flight the lifting force of the gas enclosed in the gas shell (or heated air) with

Widely used to protect
cities, industrial areas,
Factories, Government Buildings
naval databases, etc
Aerial attacks.
For accurate bombing aircraft
have to go low and
fly directly
object. It is in similar
places, right above the roofs of buildings,
above the bridges above the factory
Pipes and aerostats launched
barriers not allowing enemy
bombers to engage on
The object is a flurry of fire.

The action of the balloon's balloon was designed for damage to airplanes in a collision with cables, shells or suspended on tr.

Aerostate observation

By type of filling, aerostats are divided into:
Gas - Charles,
thermal - Mongolfier,
Combined - Road.
Height "Hanging Aerostat
Calculated very accurately.
Enemy plane could not care
Under Aerostat: when bombing with
such a low height car would
just covered the explosive wave from
Own bombs. And if the aircraft
Reset bombs from above, they
destroyed the balloon (he absorbed
and fragments), which is gently
collapsed on the object or next to
Him. Even when the aerostat hung on
high high high, pilot is not
could fly under him: prevented
Air Cables Holding
Giant.

Devices for cutting the cables of balloon ballogers

germans really tried to protect their own
Airplanes from "attacks" of aerostat. On the
Bomber installed Paravanas.
Paravan is a triangle of cables,
connecting the nose of the aircraft (elongated
Special pole) and the ends of his wings.
The air cable just slipped with
aircraft without clinging for propellers or
Other protruding details.
There were other solutions. On wings
Installed blades for cutting cables
(they helped, straight say, weakly), and
Airplanes equipped with sickness for
Aerostate ignitions.

Ready to launch Aerostat
Brokes before large
Theater in Moscow

In addition to trucks, Katyushai also equipped with water transport - armored vehicles and specialized vessels to support land

Katyusha
Unofficial Soviet collective name of domestic combat
BM-13 rocket plants (reactive artillery machines.)
1941 - The first volley of the famous Katyusch was thundered in 1921 Developers N. I. Tikhomirov, V. A.
Artemyev
-

Another, exotic version. Guides for which shells were installed were called skates. Sorogadvukhlogram shell PIIM

Another option that the name is associated with the "K" index on the mortar housing - the installation was produced by the Kalinin factory (on another source

"Night Witches"

46th Guards Taman Red Banner Order of Suvorov 3rd
The degree of night bomber aviation regiment (46GV. NBAP)
- Female aviation regiment in the USSR Air Force during
Great Patriotic War.
During the war years, the regiment was awarded to 23 soldiers
Hero of the Soviet Union

Sebarsa Irina Fedorovna Guard Senior Lieutenant 1004 Martial Departure.

Guard Senior Lieutenant Mecklin Natalya Fedorovna - 980 combat departures. Awarded on February 23, 1945.

Aronov Raisa Yermolaevna Guard Senior Leyleinant 960 Combat Railways. Awarded on May 15, 1946.

During the war, the organizationally took shape as a kind of military air defense forces
Artillery and fighter aviation.
During the years, the air defense troops successfully coped with their tasks. They are
ensured the defense of the industry and communications, allowing breakthrough to
only individual aircraft objects, as a result
Short-term businesses of enterprises and violations in the movement of trains
In some areas of railways.
Performing your tasks, the air defense troops of the country destroyed 7313
aircraft of the fascist aviation, of which 4168 by the forces of IA and
3145 anti-aircraft artillery, machine-gun fire and baroque aerostats.
Over 80,000 soldiers, sergeants, officers and generals of air defense troops were
Awarded with orders and medals, and 92 warrior awarded high rank
Hero of the Soviet Union and 1 - twice.