Let's say this word: peru. Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters - these are letters, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read the letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can use more letters than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced like [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of the phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -\u003e [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -\u003e [yablaka]
• anchor -\u003e [yakar "]
• tree -\u003e [yolka]
• sun -\u003e [sonce]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of sound pronunciation.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of modern Russian. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

• Write down the required word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables is always the same as the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft., unpaired sound, sonorous [e] - vowel, unstressed ________________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their interrelationships and rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing is given.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters when participating in word formation can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - cheerful and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example, [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds unlike the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. The vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words in letters, stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of the exhalation, the increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can take this position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In Russian, unchanged phonetic properties are retained only by one phoneme "U": ku ku ru za, tablet, u chu s, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’], etc.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko 't'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako'], eight [vo'c'im '], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], fire [cas't'o'r]. It is also not difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence in our language of homonymy: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya to ma].
• New houses [but "vie da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain \u003d [go "ry] - [gara"];
• he is online \u003d [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• testimonial \u003d [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily in relation to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(naked syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• ahead -di [fp'ir'i d'i'];
• e-naturally-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when parsing sound refer to the 2nd degree reduction. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i'ts: a], become numb [atyp'in'et't '], hope [over'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (\u003d at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "U" always:
  • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
  • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu 'pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't'];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye'w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
  • - yacht [ya'hta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
  • - the receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
  • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels "E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yil'vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [yi nva'rsky], core [yidro´], sarcastic [yiz'v'i´t '], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign-language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Evgeny [ye] vge'ny, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda '], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi], vanity [suyi ta'],
  • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to the Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is sounded differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's carry out a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [cro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l´s'yi]. But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Y" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: f, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in shock position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey mushroom [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o'r], child [rib ' o'nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl'u'f], people [l'u' d'am], gateway [shl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [cas't 'y'm].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: da acha - d dolphin,
  • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
  • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - luks,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ']: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [f], [c], [sh] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
  • [h ’], [uch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.) in front of you: zavod, b people o, w from n.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: st opka a, fishk a, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under investigation is a voiced consonant, if you hear a noise, then it is deaf.

Hint: For an associative connection, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located nearby. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but well [no'sh], snow [s'n'ek'k], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced with its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with a subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-alphabetic analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced into sounds [d'd '], bessh clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two consonants standing next to each other changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help to determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] spruce, face [n'z '] ia, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] ration;
• the letters "Н", "К", "Р" during phonetic analysis by composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borsch [ borscht'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform the sound-letter analysis, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of the soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during the letter analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: and].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must denote one of the repetitive sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, got in.
• Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "mid", "zch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
• In the sound-letter parsing of the combination "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes is defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hic], molodch ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

• nt → [ny ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [razno'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clean up;
• zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gru’sch ’: uk], narrator [rask’sch’: uk];
• gh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
• shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isnu'sh': ity];
• stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
• zd → [u ':]: buster [abye'sh': uk], furrowed [baro'sh ': ity];
• ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
• vain → [h'ch ']: to split off [ach'ch' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
• pm → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’:‘ zna], ciliated [r’is’n’ ’h’: it’s];
• dch → [h ’:]: underline [pach’: o'rk’ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• squeeze → [w:]: squeeze [w: a't ’];
• zzh → [f:]: get rid of [il: y't ’], ignition [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
• ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'o'sh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
• thu → [pcs], in word forms with "what" and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'by], not for anything [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and so on;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n] - alphabetic analysis for all other options: fabulous [skazach'n], dacha [da'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! zhd → in place of the letter combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rain.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. In order to correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, the unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'es'n'y], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’and'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'y], agent, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vzye´s: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tour'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'is: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng ’e'n];
  • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, suits;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'iy], fraternal [bra'tskiy];
  • ts → [ts:] / [ts]: sports men [spark: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: yp'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
• "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festive ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
  • zd → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts'];
  • ndc → [nts]: dutch [gala'ants];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
  • rdch → [rf "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
  • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [c]: punch [pats: ep'i't '], twenty [two'ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [race], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • lnts → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [ballast o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanel '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

• E.I. Litnevskaya Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Training of Educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD "FEATHERS"

In a word pё ryshki:
1.3 syllables (feathers-shki);
2.the stress falls on the 1st syllable: feather

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word "feathers": [по́оршк❜и].

7 letters, 7 sounds

Customization

PRUNING RULES 1

§ 5

§ 5. Vowels [and], [s] both under stress and in unstressed syllables are pronounced in accordance with the spelling. They are designated on the letter by the letters and and s.

Letter and denotes the sound [and] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: i'va, i'skra, izba, play, publish; b) after the vowels: cut, stand, stand, play; c) after soft consonants: power, tina, vit, pure, cabbage soup, erase, saw, pinch, beat.

§ 8

§ 8. Letter s denotes a vowel [s] within a word after solid consonants, including after [c] (except for [w], [g], after which and are written; see § 7). Wed wash, forget, smoke, was, full, smoke, smoke, chick, short.

§ 21

§ 21. The letter ё (or the letter e, since two dots above e in writing and in print are usually not put) denotes a striking vowel [o] after soft consonants: flax (pronounced [l❜ on]), led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), go (pronounced [id❜ óm], bake (pronounced [p❜ ok]), graze (pronounce [pas❜ ó m]), roar (pronounce [r❜of]), honey ( pronounced [m❜ ot]), dernu (pronounced [d❜ о́ rnu]), chёln (pronounced [choln]), click (pronounced []).

Thus, the words ox and led (pronounced [ox] and [vol]), they say and mel (pronounced [mol] and [mol]), coffin and row (pronounced [grop] and [gr❜ op] ) contain the same vowel [o] with the preceding hard or soft consonant.

§ 66

§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [c], [t] and [d], [c] and [z], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. For each of these consonants, there is a corresponding letter in Russian graphics. The softness of these consonants at the end of the word is indicated by the letter b... Wed top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), economical and economical (pronounced [ekan❜m❜]), bang and bang (pronounced [bang]), was and was (pronounced [was)]). The softness of these consonants in front of the consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugalká]), bank and banku (pronounced [ba [ńku]), rarely and redka (pronounced [re ре t❜ kъ]) ...

The softness of these consonants before the vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter i (Unlike and) denotes a vowel [a] after a soft consonant; Wed small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter e (Unlike about) denotes a vowel [o] after a soft consonant; Wed pier and mol (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter yu (Unlike at) denotes a vowel [y] after a soft consonant; Wed fat and bale (pronounced [t❜ uk]). The use of letters is distributed in approximately the same way and and s: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter s after hard consonants that have a soft pair; Wed game, hut, clean, sew, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitchfork and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.

Examples for distinguishing between hard and soft consonants: top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), bead and hips (pronounced [б❜ о́ drъ]), graph and grafya (pronounced [count❜ а́]), shaft and sluggish (pronounced [v❜ al]), raft and flesh (pronounced [raft]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame á]), wasp and axis (pronounced [os❜]); thunderstorm and threatening (pronounced [graz❜ á]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), coffin and row (pronounced [gr❜ op]), steel and steel (pronounced [stal❜]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), bow and hatch (pronounced [l❜ uk]), gorka and bitter (pronounced [goŕ r❜k]).

FEATHER feather, pl. feathers, feathers, feathers, cf. (colloquial). Reduce-caress. to the pen. What feathers, what a sock! Krylov.

In sentences

• They would poke a feather under my shoulder blade - and that's it.
• That is why we walked for a long time without noticing a single feather.
• One thing that remained was still hovering in the air, shaking its victim like a feather.
• Oliver jumped up from the ground as easily as a feather.
• For three days everyone in the house was looking for Margalo, but they did not find a feather.
• You sit, creak all day with a feather - neither turn nor breathe, but here.
• I felt as light as a feather and surprisingly cheerful.
• Not a word, not a single act did I add even a feather on the scales of injustice.
• Let's see what you sing when the fashion for them passes and the ladies start wearing some kind of horror with a feather on top of their heads.
• The burden is not easy, but for his strength it is just a feather.
• In these combinations, Count Shivru meant no more to her than a blade of grass.
• A moment later, the imam announced that the shah was deciding this matter in favor of the one who knows how to use the feather.
• He wheezed and gasped, even though Beatrice was as light as a feather.
• We will shoot lower, so we will not touch a single pigeon feather, all our bullets will sink into the stumps.
• In two years I learned how to put on some kind of filthy evening dress with a long train, as well as a Tyrolean outfit and a hat with a feather.
• From the side it seemed that Bud was blown aside like a feather.
• It is not enough that you sell us to the bourgeoisie like chickens, but you also want to pluck us to the last feather.
• On the rest of the surface, a hot morning drove oily mirror reflections, like a cook smeared a hot pie crust with a feather dipped in oil.
• Lifting it like a feather, Valver began to wield it like a reaper in a field.
• Two or three tiny feathers swirled in the air, falling to the ground as slowly as if the air had become as viscous as water.
• Therefore, I had to be content with salt water alone, which they moistened Vansliperken's face and head through the sheet and tickled him in the nose with a burnt feather, which, in connection with the dog bites, soon brought the lieutenant to his senses.
• Pardalyan and Valver raised him like a feather and laid him flat between them.
• I will shoot a bird when it sits on a branch, and I will not hit a single feather of another bird, even though there may be a hundred of them on the same tree.
• They moved forward very quickly, since the gigantic power of Fidget allowed him to play with a light pie like a feather, and the art of his comrade almost balanced their so different natural characteristics.
• He soon returned and, throwing it into the stream, declared that he was light as a feather.
• True, he was completely indifferent to which family or species the bird belonged to, but give him the bird in his hands, and he will take off the skin and stuff it with cotton wool, without crushing a single feather.
• What will be as light as a feather for others will be a stone block for you.
• No hesitation, Mr. Kahn fished the bird out of the jug and carried it, dripping with molasses from each feather, to the stream, where he began vigorously scrubbing and washing it with carbolic soap.
• He caught his friend under the armpits and, lifting him like a feather, put him on his horse.
• Our world is like a chicken coop immersed in a night's sleep, where one has only to accidentally touch the feather of some pestle slumbering on a pole, as everything comes into indescribable excitement, rushes, clucks and scatters droppings in all directions.

Exercise 26.

Exercise 27. Say the following words and phrases. Try to justify the pronunciation of the stressed vowel. Note the cases of variant pronunciation and explain how these fluctuations can be caused.

Obstetrician (admittedly obsolete - obstetrician), scam, spineless, bluff, being, deadwood, recipient, potter, grenadier, bigamist, stout, day and night, dispensary, dromedary, wand, bilious (admittedly gall), misogynist, asp, asp , life, backbone, star-shaped, other being, expired, carabinier, waiter, nomad, stickman, manner, pronominal (admittedly pronoun), missionary, polygamist, mohair, high sky, go into oblivion, bewildered, inexpressible, unforgettable, shouts like publicized, one-oar (permissible - one-oar), simultaneous, one-tribeman, guardianship, sedentary, sedentary, well-behaved, solitary, wandering, porter, timely, saddle, surveillance, in complete loneliness, modern, bent, intimate, beautiful tapeworm, tribesman, transfer, ridge, masterpiece, plug.

Exercise 28. Read the sentences aloud. Justify the pronunciation of accented vowels after soft consonants.

1. The painting depicts a kneeling monk raising his emaciated hands. 2. Over the past period, no changes have occurred in the economy. 3. M.Yu. Lermontov's contemporaries immediately perceived as the successor of A.S. Pushkin. 4. The moon illuminates the bent figure of the old man and his emaciated face. 5. He is too aware of all the details of the crime committed. 6. There are no committed crimes: the criminal always leaves some evidence. 7. Bleeding fighter died in hospital. 8. The election results, announced the day before, amazed even experienced experts. 9. What are you shouting like a public figure! 10. A ruby \u200b\u200bis called star-shaped, which is cut in such a way that in the overflow of the faces you can see a pattern resembling stars with six rays. 11. I don't want to be involved in any scams! 12. The film "Bluff" made the actor Celentano very popular in Russia. 13. Ksendz is a Polish Catholic priest. 14. Due to his high growth, he was immediately enlisted in the grenadier regiment. 15. A dromedary is a one-humped domesticated camel. 16. For many years he worked as a kiosk at a newsstand. 17. Your car has a damaged starter. 18. From constant blow-drying my hair has become whitish. 19. Spring came, and a hairdryer blew from the south. 20. For Christmas, the husband gave his wife a ring with a large tapeworm. 21. Polygamy is a crime in our country, and a polygamist can be prosecuted. 22. The Meteorological Center predicts ice and ice on the roads tomorrow. 23. We decided to continue our journey by rowboat. 24. He was carrying such a devious! 25. The potter has made some decorative pots for us. 26. After the fire, only embers remained at the site of the house. 27. Your jokes are too bitter, so they are mistaken for a mockery. 28. Our kennel specializes in breeding short-haired dogs. 29. Our position was hopeless. 30. Many written texts written on birch bark were found in Veliky Novgorod. 31. Faded grass wilted in the rain. 32. Several logs lay near the porch. 33. In the 19th century, bullies, hunters to fight in a duel on any occasion, were called breters. 34. Berries are best kept in plastic buckets. 35. The officer who involved him in the conspiracy soon disappeared. 36. He was ashamed to admit that he worked as a pianist in a cinema and as a traveling salesman. 37. Streams of water flowed down the gutter. 38. He fell into oblivion. 39. We had to take a loan from a bank in order to pay off importers on time. 40. Actor Gerard Philippe starred in the movie "Great maneuvers" without stuntmen. 41. You cannot treat your son as a worthless person, even if he seems spineless to you. 42. His simple belongings and dead wood lay on the sod by the pine. 43. This plump girl could not stand the routine and always strived for a bright life full of adventures. 44. Oblomov is the hero of the novel of the same name by I.A. Goncharova. 45. The edge of the sword touched my neck. 46. \u200b\u200bBeing determines consciousness. 47. How is your life? 48. Gas burners burned day and night. 49. Carabinieri are called gendarmes in Italy. 50. He caught her puzzled look. 51. I don't need your custody. 52. He did not like a sedentary lifestyle and communication with his fellow tribesmen.