The basic concepts of astronomy. Astronomy. Every day you need to pay

Verification work number 2. (self-control)

Determination of geographic latitude

according to astronomical observations

Option 1

1. At what height takes place in Leningrad, the geographical latitude of which is 60 °, the upper climax of the star Altair?

2. The luminais goes back at the point of the East. Where will it be in 12 hours?

Option 2.

1. What is the declination of the star if it cultures in Moscow, the geographical latitude of which is 56 °, at an altitude of 63 °?

2. How are the daily paths of stars relative to the heavenly equator?

Option 3.

1. What is the geographical latitude of the observation site, if the regulator is observed in the upper climax at an altitude of 57 °?

2. Where is there no stars of the South Hemisphere of the Sky on Earth?

Option 4.

1. At what height is the top culmination of the star of the back in the city, the geographical latitude of which is 50 °?

2. As relative to the horizon there are daily stars for an observer at the Earth's Pole?

Option 5.

1. What is the declination of the star if its upper climax in Yerevan, the geographical latitude of which is 40 °, is at a height of 37 °?

2. What circle of heaven all the stars crossed twice a day, if the observations are conducted in medium latitudes. ""

Option B.

1. What is the geographical latitude of the observation site, if Bethelgeuse star was observed in the upper climax at an altitude of 48 °?

2. How is the axis of the world relative to the earth's axis? relative to the plane of the horizon?

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1. How many times is the star of 3.4 star magnitude weaker than Sirius having a visible stellar value -1.6?

2. What is the absolute stellar value of Sirius, if the distance to it is 2.7 ps?

3. What is the luminosity of the run? The absolute star magnitude to take equal to 4.8.

1. How many times is the star having a visible stellar value - 3, brighter the stars of the second magnitude?

2. Calculate the absolute Star magnitude of the run, if the distance to it is 8.1 ps?

3. What is the luminosity of Sirius? The absolute star magnitude to take equal to 4.8.

Evaluation

Structure of the Solar System

(Heavenly Mechanics)

Verification work number 3. (self-control)

Capler's laws Option 1

1. What) is equal to a large floor) the axis of the orbit of uranium, if the stellar period of circulation of this planet around the sun is 84 years old?

2. How is the value of the speed of movement of the planet?

Option 2.

1. Maxigious semi-axles of the orbit of Saturn 9.5 a. e. What is the starry period of his appeal around the sun?

2. In which point of the elliptical orbit, the kinetic energy of the artificial satellite of the Earth (USS) is maximum and in what is the minimal?

Option 3.

1. Large semi-axes of Jupiter's orbit 5 a. e. What is the starry period of his appeal around the sun?

2. At what point of the elliptical orbit, the potential energy of the artificial satellite of the Earth (UES) is minimal and in what is the maximum?

Option 4.

1.Well period of appeal to Jupiter around the Sun is 12 years. What is the average distance of Jupiter to the Sun?

2. At what point of the orbit of the planet, its kinetic energy is maximum, in which one is minimal?

Option 5.

1. Marsh orbit of Mars 1.5 A. e. What) is the stellar period of his appeal around the sun?

2. How does the value of the movement of the planet change?

Option 6.

1. The large semi-axis of the orbit of Venus is 0.7 a. e. What) is the stellar period of its appeal around the sun?

2. How is the visible movement of the planets?

Creative task:

Determine your age on the planet

__________________________________________________________

Verification work number 6. (self-control)

"Definition of distances to stars"

1. Distance to Star Bethelgeuse 652 SV.God. What is her parallax?

2. Pararallax passion 0.28 ". How long is the light goes from this star to the ground?

3. Pararallax Stars is 0.5 "Determine how many times this star is further from us than the sun.

4. Pararallax Altair is 0.20.. Distance to Vains 29 light years. Which of these stars is further from us and how many times?

2) call the color of the following stars for their spectral

3) What stars belong to the following stars luminosity classes

Evaluation

Verification work number 4. (self-control)

Configurations and conditions of visibility planets

Option 1

1. What period of time repeated moments of maximum remoteness of Venus from the ground, if its star period is 225 days?

2. What planets can be observed in confrontation? What can not?

Option 2.

1. What period of time is repeated by the confrontation of Mars if the star period of its appeal around the sun is equal to 1.9 years?

2. What planets can not be in the lower connection?

Option 3.

1. And is it equal to the stellar period of circulation of Venus around the Sun, if its upper connections with the sun are repeated after 1.6 years?

2. In what configuration and why mostly observe Mars?

Option 4.

1. And is it equal to the starry period of the appeal of Jupiter, if its synodic period is 400 days?

2. What planets can be in the upper connection?

Option 5.

1. Condiminate the synodic period of the treatment of Mercury, knowing that its starry period of circulation around the Sun is 0.24 years.

2. In which configurations may be internal and external planets?

Option 6.

1. What will be the stellar period of circulation of the outer planet around the Sun, if its confrontation will be repeated after 1.5 years?

2. What planets can be visible next to the moon during the full moon?

Output:




	Evaluation

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A person to follow the task of software is ensured by the sum of different costs. This type of cash payments has a feature: in fact, it is not documented anywhere. Because of this, there are nuances that require clarification. Within the framework of this article, detailed information is provided regarding the regulation of payment and amount of daily accrual. Information is relevant for 2017.

Daily - money issued by an employee by the organization whose amount is charged from the expected costs per day. Daily suitable are part of travel expenses. The interpretation of the term is given and fixed in the Supreme Court.

The employer provides financing for additional expenses in which an employee will be needed who has left for a service trip. Employees receive daily daily for each business trip, it is regulated by law. Simply put, it is a pocket money that is issued to employees by their employer at the time of the execution of a travel assignment.

These additional costs include:

purchase tickets for public transport
food purchase money
other personal needs of the employee

Daily varieties

Daily will be received by the employee before the upcoming direction on a travel trip. Labor Code obliges an employer to do.

Daily payments:

when sending their employees to a local or foreign business trip
with constant work on the road, with permanent field departures, equipment in an expedition or geological exploration
when finding an employee in classification classes

The procedure for calculating and paying daily

The accurate daily size is not displayed in the Labor Code and is accrued every time individually. Daily dimensions change in each business trip. All the expenses of the employee who is traveling on a business trip are negotiated in advance.

The law does not provide for the setting of the maximum amount of daily payments.

In Russia, the maximum amount of daily diurnal, from which the tax is offended will not be, equals 700 rubles.
With overseas business trips - 2500 rubles.

The daily size will depend on the calculation of other estimated costs during a business trip. While the employee has not yet drove on a business trip, the number of days is calculated, which will take the execution of a travel assignment. The start of the business trip will be reached from the place of work. The time spent on the way to the station, airport, bus station, is included in the business.

Daily and Accounting

The term of any business trip will be confirmed by document documents that are presented when an employee finishes a trip and return to a permanent place of work. In addition, the employee provides an Advance Report. The daily employee will not receive before the employer will make an orders for the employee's trip to a business trip.

From the 2015 year to confirm the business destination of the future business trip no longer need the previous package of documents. Now daily payments are declared according to the internal order of the company and are prescribed only in the order on the direction of the employee on a travel trip.

Accounting for all expenses made from daily employees issued in the advance report, which is filled with an employee who came from a business trip. Before traveling, the employee fills in which requests finance for personal needs. After completing the application is submitted to the accounting department. The application should have the signature of the chief accountant, the head of the organization and the commoded employee itself.

Daily trips

The currency in which the daily foreign travel assignment is issued is determined by the employer himself. The daily calculated in the currency is transferred to the ruble equivalent of the Central Bank of the Central Bank (by the last day of the month), in which the advance report is approved.

Returning, an employee (no later than ten days after arrival) must present an advance report. The report should be noted the following provisions:

all documents that fix the waste of issued money (checks, etc.)
the report in which all actions related to the execution of a travel assignment are described in detail.
scanned Page Passport with Customs Marks

Daily issued an employee in the form of an advance, which is calculated on a travelative estimate. The size of the daily, which gives a commercial organization, is determined by it, but below the legislative minimum, it will not be in any case.

Daily accrued on foreign standards immediately after departing from Russia. This formality acts in the opposite direction. The day of changes in the amount of money, which is given as daily, is determined by the stampe in the passport on the border.

Unsumed funds must be returned to the enterprise's cash desk.

Daily daily business trips

Issue daily for trips for a day and less so far is not completely settled. The employer may issue money to employees with one-day business trips, if confirmed and enshrined. Then the daily allowance will be considered in other expenses, which the employer himself allowed.

If an employee, staying in a day trip, every day has the opportunity to come to the place of residence, the employer has a legitimate daily reason not to pay. This nuance is regulated by the position number 749. But if the employee and the employer agree, the daily diurnal can be paid in a smaller size or completely replaced by one-sized residue to the salary.

The employer may calculate the amount of daily payments to a minor and rear number to include them in other travel expenses. In the case of a controversial situation, the employer can motivate the failure of daily daily trips to less than a day by the fact that the employee does not need the housing.

With one-day business trips or work trips to another country, the daily employee will receive in the amount of 50% of the size reflected in the internal regulations of the organization. Payment is made in the currency of the country where the employee is directed.

Daily daily trips are still called. The employer is often trying to keep the daily and deprive of their employees, it motivating it in different ways. Knowledge of the relevant heads of the Labor Code will help them in solving this task in their favor.

Daily days on weekends and non-working days

Daily accrued and for the way for a trip. The employee will receive them in any case, even if it does not work on a business trip. Although such payments and regulated by labor legislation, the size and terms of accrual can be regulated within the enterprise, consistent with its internal regulatory schedule.

Payment is paid not only work and rest during the weekend spent on a business trip. The employee receives benefits upon departing on a business trip on weekends and including non-working days:

daily payments are made by double size
for every day off or non-working day, conducted without accrualing daily, the employee deserves an extraordinary vacation paid by the employer

The daily weekend can also provoke a conflict situation with the bosses. But here the situation is permitted easier, because the law will be on the side of the employee. An exception can be the payment of daily days in non-working days appointed by the Company's internal regulations. It may be a day off for the holiday from one of the employees, the head of the company, the anniversary of the company's foundation and other similar cases. If the issuance of the daily days is not agreed by the company's regulatory acts, the situation will help to solve the arbitration court.

Daily and taxation

From the daily, the amount of which exceeds an undiluted amount of 700 and 2500 rubles (for local and foreign trips, respectively), payments are paid. Daily can not be considered an employee's income. For this reason, the daily allowance cannot be called income taxable income tax on personal income tax. Payments for daily mining, exceeding duty-free norms, will be taken into account when the tax base will be determined.

The tax within the legislation is also not subject to payments issued instead of daily. For example, with a one-day uniform business trip, an employer instead of daily can pay cash remuneration to employees.

When drawing up a tax base, it must be remembered that the daily payments paid to employees for any needs are an accountable amount. Until the final approval, the head of the advance payment report is not expense of the employer. Accordingly, before signing the report, the payment of tax with excess daily per diems cannot be carried out.

Payments on NDFLs with overtime daily days cannot be charged with an employee. All the unspent money is given back, in the cashier who issued their organization.

Many organizations, sending their employees to a foreign business trip, are given instead of daily other cash. At the same time, NDFL is held completely from the entire amount, not only in regulatory standards. This is a risky approach to the employer and it is recommended to resort to it as close as possible. With a tax audit, this will be noted as a violation, a penalty will be discharged. The fact is that in the Government Decree behind the number 749 directly indicates that it is necessary to issue a daily employee.

Filling an advance report

When filling out the advance report from the employee, the presence of documents with you, which confirm the waste of daily. Advance report This is the filled form No. AO-1.

The procedure for filling out the advance report:

The first point of the advance report - the name of the organization
Date and report number
Position in which a comma-friendly employee and division of work
This is indicated to draw up a report (business trip)
The report includes all the actual costs committed on the trip.
On a sheet number 2, all expenditure documents are listed on which each waste of issued money has been recorded.
Then the report is agreed into accounting, where the debit numbers are prescribed - loan
A ready-made advance report is filed with the manager, he claims and signs

Cancellation of daily in Russia

Talking about the fact that daily, finally, will be completely canceled and on traveling in Russia they will cease to pay them, they are being carried out long ago. But the Decree of the Ministry of Finance at number 749, it seems, puts the fat point in this story. Daily remain only for foreign trips. Will be able to reduce spending and save, because before they had to pay daily ever and everyone.

Often I travel on business trip, the size of the daily ideas is always approximately the same, since the trips do not go beyond the country. More employees who leave the country traveling of course above. It is important to provide all checks and tickets.

The most important thing is to maintain absolutely all checks from the trip from food and accommodation to a taxi and any vehicles, then there will be no complaints and problems with paying for daily business trips.

With foreign trials the size of the daily daily for each country is different, there is an average of 50-60 dollars, sometimes 100. In general, the daily daily - this is a purely tax concept, they are needed only to not pay income tax and attribute these funds for production costs, because This is considered an employee's income.

It is bad that the daily size sets each employer independently (((((in my organization, daily daily make up 200 rubles and how to eat all day for them ... Naturally, every time it falls on food to spend your money, which no one returns.

Daily - these are fixed payments that are produced daily during the business period. Their size is set by the local act of the employer. And for state employees, these are funny 100 rubles. The remaining payments are compensable (for housing, etc.). So do not quite agree with the interpretation given in the article.

Daily - rather relative concept. In the TC, they are fixed, but paid by each employer in the amount defined by the local act. And only the feds are still 100 rubles, one laughter.

(See Sample below). Such an order is distributed both to domestic and foreign business trips.

Daily NDFLs are normalized. So, you are not subject to this tax rate within:

700 rub. per day - when traveling in Russia;
2500 rub. A day - when logging.

These standards are registered in paragraph 10 of paragraph 3 of Article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Daily calculation

Daily employees pay:

Such an order is provided for by clause 11 of the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749.

Daily size during the employee's stay on a business trip to confirm the documents that are executed when it is directed to the trip. Conscribe what exactly the employee spent daily, do not need.

It should be noted that from January 8, 2015, the company, sending an employee to a service trip, should no longer make a business certificate and official task. Now the period of stay of the employee on a business trip is determined mainly by travel tickets.

Such a conclusion is supported by the controlling agencies (letters of November 24, 2009 No. 03-03-06 / 1/770 and on December 3, 2009 No. 3-2-09 / 362).

Situation: In what amount to pay the daily employee, if he returned from one trip and on the same day he sent it to the next business trip - according to a new service task

For this day, daily accrue for each of the business trips. Directing an employee on a business trip, pay daily:

for every day stay on a business trip, including weekends and holidays;
for all the days of location (including departure and arrival day), including during a forced delay.

Such an order is provided for by clause 11 of the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749. Therefore, if an employee returned from one trip and on the same day he was sent to the next business trip, the daily days need to pay twice.

The day of departure is the day of sending a vehicle on which the employee leaves for a business trip from the settlement, where the place of its permanent work is.

If the vehicle leaves up to 24 hours inclusive, the current day is considered to learn.

If the vehicle leaves after 0 hours - the next day.

Days that include the transportation time of the vehicle are the first business trip. Daily pay for this day in full size.

Example

The employee travels to a business trip by train. Railway station is located within the city. The time of departure of the train is 23 hours 56 minutes on November 10. The first day of the business trip is considered on November 10th. Daily for this day should be paid in full.

The day of arrival is considered the day of the arrival of a vehicle on which the employee returns from a business trip to the settlement where its permanent work is located.

If the vehicle comes up to 24 hours inclusive, the current day is considered the day of arrival. If the vehicle comes after 0 hours - the next day.

A day, which include the time of arrival of the vehicle, are the last day of the business trip. Daily for this day, too, pay in full.

Example

An employee returns from a business trip by train. Railway station is located within the city. Train arrival time - 0 hours 5 minutes November 11.

The last day of the business trip is considered to be November 11th. Daily for this day should be paid in full.

Determining the start date of the business trip, consider the time you need to travel from a permanent job to the place where the vehicle is away (railway station, pier, airport, etc.).

This should be done if the place of sending the vehicle is located outside the settlement in which the commander organization is located.

Similarly, you need to do and when determining the last day of the business trip, when the employee returns to the place of permanent work. The question of the employee's appearance to work on the day of travel on a business trip and on the day of arrival from the business trip is solved by agreement with the administration of the organization. All this is said in paragraph 4 of the provisions approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749.

Example

An employee flies on a business trip by plane. The airport is a 45-minute drive from the city, which has been an employee. The time of departure of the aircraft - 0 hours of 35 minutes February 20. The arrival time is back - 23 hours 35 minutes on February 23.

According to the purchased ticket, the registration of passengers ends 40 minutes before the departure of the aircraft.

Thus, in order to have time for registration, the employee must go from the city no later than 23 hours 10 minutes. In this case, the first day of the business trip, for which the employee is made daily, should be considered February 19.

The last day of the business trip is February 24th. Despite the fact that the plane arrived on February 23, when the daily accrual should be taken into account the time required to travel from the airport to the city. Thus, the employee has the right to get daily for six days - from February 19 to 24 inclusive.

Sometimes the employee is sent to the locality where he can return to its permanent residence. If we are talking about a business trip in Russia, then the daily per diem. The question of the feasibility of the daily return of the employee solves the head of the organization. At the same time, he must take into account:

the remoteness of the place of travel from the place of residence of the employee;
terms of transport links;
the nature of the task being performed;
the need to create an employee for recreation.

Such requirements are provided for in paragraph 11 of the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749.

With foreign business trips, the daily need to pay, even if the employee left Russia and returned back and the same day. It is necessary to pay them in the amount of 50 percent of the velocities of the daily determined by a collective agreement or a local regulatory act for foreign business trips (paragraph 20 of the provisions approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749).

If before going abroad, the employee moves through the territory of Russia, the daily payments are paid normally installed for internal business trips. From the day of the border crossing, when leaving Russia, there is a norm established for the country to which the employee is sent. And from the day of crossing the border, at the entrance to Russia, apply the norm for business trips to Russia.

This is stated in paragraph 18 of the provisions approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749, as well as in the letter of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 17, 1996 No. 1037.

If, during the trip, the employee visits several countries, daily per day the border crossing between states pay on the norms of the country to which the employee is sent. This procedure establishes clause 18 of the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749.

Example

The organization located in the city of Condratieva's economist A. S. On a service business trip to Madrid (Spain). Departure time from Moscow - 14 hours 25 minutes on April 8. To catch this flight, an employee must go to Moscow by train, which departs from Belgorod on April 7 at 18 hours 35 minutes.

The reverse plane, on which Kondratyev returns from Madrid, arrives in Moscow at 22 hours 12 minutes on April 13.

When departing in Madrid Kondratyev crosses the border of Russia on April 8. During this day, he is laid daily in the norm set for business trips to Spain.

Upon returning from a business trip, the employee crosses the border of Russia on April 13. For this day, it must be paid daily by the standards established for business trips in Russia.

Kondratyev arrives at Belgorod on April 15 at 8 o'clock 5 minutes (train arrival time). Consequently, for the 14th and 15 April, it is necessary for the daily rate, established for internal business trips.

Situation: Whether the daily employee is relying, if the hotel's account, where he stopped during a business trip, in addition to the accommodation cost, is included in the restaurant

Yes, rely. For a daily employee, pay in any case (Art. 168 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 11 of the Regulation, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749). Daily payments can confirm the documents issued in the direction of the employee on a business trip.

The provision of checks and receipts confirming the spending by the daily employee is not required. Similar explanations are contained in the emails of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 24, 2009 No. 03-03-06 / 1/770 and the Federal Tax Service of Russia of December 3, 2009 No. 3-2-09 / 362.

As for the tax accounting of nutrition costs, it depends on how the hotel has issued documents.

The composition of travel expenses that reduce taxable profits, consumer and costs for additional services provided in hotels. However, the cost of service in the rooms, bars and restaurants to the tax base cannot be included.

This is stated in subparagraph 12 of paragraph 1 of Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Therefore, if in the hotel's account the costs of nutrition are shown separately, it is impossible to take into account when calculating it is impossible. In the calculation of the tax, only the cost of living.

If the costs of nutrition in the account are not allocated, then in a decrease in the tax base, you will spin the entire amount paid by the hotel (minus VAT).

Situation: Whether the daily daily employee is relying when traveling to their permanent residence (where he has permanent registration). By the location of the employee of the employee, temporary registration

The question is controversial. A business trip is recognized as an employee's official trip for managing a manager to fulfill any assignment outside the place of permanent work (Art. 166 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Directing an employee on a business trip, the organization is obliged to pay him daily (Art. 168 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). An exception is the case when the employee leaves on a business trip to the locality, where he has the opportunity to return home daily.

In the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and the situation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749, the daily diopalists are called additional expenses related to accommodation outside the permanent place of residence (Article 168 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 10 of the Regulations approved by the Government Decree of the Russian Federation from 13 October 2008 No. 749). A permanent residence is the place where a citizen constantly or mainly lives and has permanent registration (paragraph 3, 16 of the Rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 17, 1995 No. 713). From the literal interpretation of this definition, it can be concluded - sending an employee for official affairs to its permanent place of residence (the place of permanent registration), the daily employee is not appointed.

However, such an order will lead to a violation of the rights of the employee. In order to pay daily, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of a commodent employee daily return to its permanent place of residence (paragraph 4 of paragraph 11 of the provisions approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749). In such a place, according to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, is the place where the organization is located in which the employee works (that is, the place of its temporary registration). The place of permanent registration is not essential.

Therefore, if an employee goes on a business trip to the region in which he has a permanent registration, but where he will not be able to return daily back, pay him daily. Confirms this conclusion of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia in a letter of March 30, 2009 No. 22-2-1100.

If the employee is on a business trip fell ill, for the entire period of the disease pay in full (paragraph 25 of the provisions approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2008 No. 749).

Example

The employee was sent on a business trip from 11 to 22 March 2015 (12 days). During a business trip, he fell ill and punched from March 17 to March 20 (this is confirmed by a sick leave).

The rate of consumer consumption during traveling in Russia is established by the organization in the collective agreement and is 700 rubles. in a day.

The period of the disease on the service life does not turn on. Accountant accrued an employee:

Compensation of hill employment costs.

In addition, an employee remains average earnings for working days on the organization's schedule for the period from March 11 to March 16, as well as from March 21 to March 26 inclusive.

Daily calculation Documentary, such as an accounting certificate (see Sample below). Such a document will help substantiate the amount of daily amounts paid in the event of a tax audit (see, for example, a letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia in Moscow of August 8, 2008 No. 28-11 / 074505).

The connection of the visible location
objects and geographic coordinates
Observer
Places
Observations
Daily movement of objects on different latitudes
Relations between Δ, h (or z) and φ

The height of the world and geographic latitudes
Places of observation
The height of the world's pole is equal to geographic latitude

The height of the world and geographic latitudes
Places of observation
∠pon \u003d φ (geographical latitude
Observation locations, point O)
OZ - Heat Line
SN - midday line
Sn⊥oz.
∠pon - World Pole Height (HP) ⇒
∠pon \u003d ∠ao1o (like angles with
respectively perpendicular
parties)
World Pole Height is equal
geographic latitude of the place
Observations: hp \u003d φ

Daily movement of objects on various
Lyting

Relations between Δ, h (or z) and φ
φ - geographical latitude
locality
Δ - Shone declination
H - Light height
z - anti-aircraft distance
φ \u003d Δ + z⇒
z \u003d 90 ° - h ⇒
φ \u003d Δ + (90 ° - h)
For upper climax
Culmination to the point of the south:
HBK \u003d 90 ° + (δ - φ)
Culmination to the point of the North:
HBK \u003d 90 ° - (Δ - φ)
For lower climax
Always HBK \u003d δ + φ - 90 °

Relations between Δ, h (or z) and φ

Relations between Δ, h (or z) and φ
Geographic coordinates of Moscow, Russia
Latitude: 55 ° 45'07 "S.Sh.
Longitude: 37 ° 36'56 "V.D.
Height above sea level: 144 m
Geographic coordinates of Bryansk, Russia
Latitude: 53 ° 15'07 "S.Sh.
Longitude: 34 ° 22'18 "V.D.
Height above sea level: 206 m
Example:
What the highest height reaches the vega (δ \u003d + 38 ° 47 ') in Moscow (φ \u003d 55 ° 45')?
Decision:
Make a drawing of the heavenly sphere in the projection on the celestial plane
Meridian.
At the time of the upper climax of Vega will be above the point of the south.
HBK \u003d 90 ° + (δ - φ)
HBK \u003d 90 ° + 38 ° 47 '- 55 ° 45' \u003d 73 ° 02 '
Answer: H \u003d 73 ° 02 '

Questions for self-control
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The shine dates back at the point of the East. Where will it be in 12 hours?
How are the daily drives of the stars regarding the heavenly equator?
What is the upper and lower climax of shining?
Where on earth there is no stars of the South Hemisphere of the sky?
As located the axis of the world:
a) relative to the earth's axis?
b) relative to the horizon plane?
6. What circle of heaven sphere all stars crossed twice a day if
Observations are conducted in medium latitudes?
7. As relative to the horizon there are daily parallels of stars for
Observer at the Earth Pole?
8. At what height takes place in St. Petersburg, the latitude of which is 60 °,
Upper climax of stars Altair (decline + 9 °)? To which constellation
Do Altair belong? Allocate this constellation on the KZN.
9. What is the declination of the star, if it cultures in Moscow,
The geographical latitude of which is 56 °, at an altitude of 63 °? What it is
constellation? Allocate this constellation on the KZN.
10. What is the geographical latitude of observation location, if the star is regulated
(Declination + 12 °) is observed in the upper climax at an altitude of 57 °? TO
What constellation refers to regulation? Allocate this constellation on the KZN.

The polar star, located near the North Pole of the world, remains almost at one height above the horizon on this latitude at the daily rotation of the starry sky. When moving the observer from the north to the south, where the geographical latitude is less, the polar star falls to the horizon, i.e. there is a relationship between the height of the world's pole and the geographical latitude of the observation location.

If we present the globe and the celestial sphere in the section of the celestial meridian of the observation places, then from the point \\ (o \\) the observer sees the pole of the world at the height \\ (∠pon \u003d h_ (p) \\). The direction of the axis of the world \\ (OP \\) is parallel to the earth's axis. The angle at the center of the Earth \\ (∠oo "Q \\) corresponds to the geographical latitude of the observation site \\ (φ \\). Since the radius of the Earth at the observation point is perpendicular to the plane of the true horizon, and the axis of the world is perpendicular to the plane of the geographic equator, then \\ (∠pon \\) and \\ (∠oo "q \\) are equal to each other as angles with mutually perpendicular sides. In this way, the angular height of the world pole over the horizon is equal to the geographical latitude of the observation location: \

On the other hand, \\ (∠Qoz \\) determines the magnitude of the declination of the zenith \\ (Δ_ (z) \\). Therefore, it can be written that \\ [φ \u003d Δ_ (z), \\] or \\ [φ \u003d h_ (p) \u003d δ_ (z). \\]

Equality \\ (φ \u003d h_ (p) \u003d Δ_ (z) \\) characterizes the dependence between the geographic latitude of the observation location and the corresponding horizontal and equatorial coordinates of the luminaries.

As the observer moves to the North Pole of the Earth, the North Pole of the world rises above the horizon. In the Pole of the Earth, the Pole of the world will be in Zenith. Stars here move around the circles parallel to the horizon, which coincides with the heavenly equator. It becomes an indefinite heavenly meridian, lose the meaning of the point of the North, the South, East and the West.

On medium geographic latitudes, the axis of the world and the heavenly equator is tilted to the horizon, the daily paths of the stars are also tilted to the horizon. Therefore, observed ascending and coming stars.

Under sunrise It is understood as the phenomenon of the intersection of the luminaire of the eastern part of the horizon, and under sunset - Western part of the horizon. In medium latitudes, for example, in the territory of the Republic of Belarus, there are stars of the Northern Occopolar Constellations, which never fall under the horizon. They're called software. Stars located near the southern pole of the world, we never go bend. They are called inmovers.

At the Earth's equator, the axis of the world coincides with the midday line, and the Poles of the World - with the points of the North and the South. The Heavenly Equator passes through the points of the East, the West, the points of Zenith and Nadir. The daily pathways of all stars are perpendicular to the horizon, and each of them is half a day over the horizon.

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