Second caliber. Caliber weapons and cartridges. Caliber smoothbore guns

Caliber (from lat. qua libra — how much per pound) - the diameter of the bore along the grooves or fields; one of the main quantities that determine the power firearms.

Caliber is determined for smooth-bore weapons by the inner diameter of the barrel, for rifled weapons - by the distance between opposite rifling fields (in countries the former USSR) or by the distance between the bottom of opposite grooves (NATO), for shells (bullets) - by the largest diameter. Tapered guns are characterized by inlet and outlet calibers.

Caliber rifled small arms

The caliber of rifled small arms in countries using the English system of measures is measured in fractions of an inch: in the United States - in hundredths (0.01 inches), in Great Britain - in thousandths (0.001 inches). In the entry, the zero of the integer part of the number and the designation of the unit of measurement (inches) are omitted (while in English-speaking countries, a dot is used as the decimal separator): .45 , .450 ... In Russian texts, traditional English and american calibers are written in the same way (with a period, not a comma, adopted in Russia as a decimal separator): caliber. 45, caliber. 450; in colloquial speech: forty-fifth caliber, four hundred and fiftieth caliber.

In countries using the metric system of measures (in particular, in Russia), the caliber is measured in millimeters, in the designation, the length of the case is added through the multiplication sign: 9 × 18 mm... It should be borne in mind that the length of the case is not a characteristic of the caliber, but a characteristic of the cartridge. With the same caliber, cartridges can be of different lengths. This digital notation is used primarily for army cartridges in the West. For civilian cartridges, the name of the company or a special characteristic of the cartridge is usually added to the caliber: .45 Colt, .41 S&W, .38 Super, .357 Magnum, .220 Russian... There are also more complex designations, for example, several designations of the same cartridge: nine millimeters, Browning, short; three hundred and eighty, auto; nine by seventeen... The above state of affairs is due to the fact that almost every arms company has its own patented cartridges different characteristics, and the foreign cartridge adopted for service or for civilian circulation receives a new designation.

In Russia until 1917 and in a number of other countries, the caliber was measured in lines. One line is equal to 0.1 inches (more precisely, 0.254 cm or 2.54 mm). In modern speech, the name "three-line" is rooted, which literally means a rifle of the 1891 model (Mosin system) in three-line caliber.

In some countries, the caliber is the distance between the grooves (the smallest bore diameter), in others, the distance between the grooves (the largest diameter). As a result, with the same caliber designations, the diameters of the bullet and the bore are different. Examples are 9x18 Makarov and 9x19 Parabellum. Makarov has 9 mm - distance between fields, bullet diameter - 9.25 mm. For Parabellum, the distance between the grooves is 9 mm, respectively, the diameter of the bullet is 9.02 mm, and the distance between the fields is 8.8 mm.

Small arms caliber classification:

• small-bore (less than 6.5 mm),
• normal caliber (6.5-9.0 mm),
• large-caliber (9.0—20.0 mm).

Caliber up to 20 mm - small arms, over 20 mm - artillery

As a rule, small arms differ from artillery weapons by the type of ammunition. Small arms are designed to fire bullets, and artillery systems fire shells. At the same time, for rifled firearms, the main difference between bullets and projectiles as ammunition is the fact that the bullets, when passing through the barrel bore, cut into the rifling with their shell. This creates a torque that increases the stability of the bullet in flight. When fired, the projectile is given rotation with the help of the leading belts (made of materials of lesser hardness than the shell of the projectile body). However, this is not the only existing difference and it is inapplicable for all types of artillery and small arms systems.

The most common calibers of pistols, rifles and machine guns are:

• .577 (14.7 mm) - the largest of the serial revolver "Eley" (Great Britain);
• .50 (12.7 mm), used for heavy machine guns and sniper rifles;
• .45 (11.43 mm) - "national" US caliber, the most common in the Wild West; in 1911, the Colt M1911 self-loading pistol of this caliber entered service with the army and navy and, repeatedly modernized, served until 1985, when military establishment USA switched to 9 mm for the Beretta 92, still in use in civilian use;
• .40 (10.2 mm) - relatively new pistol caliber; provides the best efficiency, for which it gained great popularity in the US law enforcement agencies;
• .38; .357 (9 mm), which is currently considered the best for short-barreled weapons (less - the cartridge is "weak", more - the pistol is too bulky and heavy, strong recoil);
• .30 (7.62 mm) - caliber of ammunition for Nagant revolver and TT pistol, Mosin rifle, AK assault rifle, sniper rifle SVD;
• .22 (5.6 mm) - caliber of TOZ-8 rifle ammunition (TOZ-10, TOZ-12);
• .223 (5.56 mm) - caliber of ammunition for the M16 automatic rifle;
• 5.45 mm - AK-74 assault rifle ammunition caliber;
• 2.7 mm - the smallest serial caliber; was used in the Kolibri pistol of the Franz Pfannl system (Austria).

Caliber smooth-bore hunting weapon

For smooth-bore hunting rifles, calibers are measured differently: the caliber number refers to the whole number of round bullets that can be cast from 1 British pound of lead (453.59 g). In this case, the bullets should be spherical, of the same mass and diameter, which is equal to the inner diameter of the barrel in its middle part. The smaller the barrel diameter, the more bullets are made from a pound of lead. Thus, the twentieth caliber is less than the tenth, and the sixteenth is less than the twelfth.

You can also use the formula for determining the caliber (K) by the barrel diameter (D, cm): K \u003d (453.6 * 6) / (Pi * D ^ 3 * 11.3415) ~ \u003d 76.3842 / D ^ 3.

In the designation of the caliber of cartridges for smooth-bore weapons, as in the designation of cartridges for rifled weapons, it is customary to indicate the length of the case, for example: 12/70 - 12 gauge cartridge with 70 mm long sleeve. Most common case lengths: 65, 70, 76 mm (Magnum); along with them there are 60 and 89 mm (Super Magnum).

The most widespread in Russia are 12 gauge hunting rifles. There are (in decreasing order of prevalence) 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36 (.410), and the spread of 36 caliber (.410) is due exclusively to the release of Saiga carbines of the corresponding caliber.

The actual bore diameter of a given caliber depends, firstly, on a specific manufacturer and, secondly, on drilling for a certain type of case: metal or plastic (folder). For example, a 12-gauge barrel, drilled for a folder (plastic) sleeve, has a bore diameter of 18.3 mm, while drilled for a metal sleeve is 19.4 mm. In addition, one should not forget that the barrel of a shotgun hunting weapon usually has of various kinds muzzle constrictions (chokes), through which not any bullet of its caliber can pass without damaging the barrel, so in many cases the body of the bullet is made according to the diameter of the choke and is equipped with centering belts that are easily crushed when the choke passes. It should be noted that the common caliber of signal pistols - 26.5 mm - is nothing more than the 4th hunting caliber.

The caliber of the weapon - along with the length of the barrel, is one of the most important characteristics of a firearm; this fully applies to hunting smooth-bore weapons.

The caliber of a smooth-bore hunting rifle indicates the bore diameter of its barrel. The word caliber is of Arabic origin, derived from the word "galib", which means "form".

Some hunters consider the classic double-barreled guns with horizontal barrels to be the best shotguns, the most common among them among our hunters: IZH-54, IZH-58,.

Domestic semi-automatic machines are very popular,. IN last years foreign-made 12-gauge shotguns have become very popular, and are gaining more and more popularity.

Both of these calibers are not intended for hunting, they are used for recreational shooting and self-defense purposes.

Which caliber is best for hunting

All novice hunters, when buying their first gun, are interested in the question of which caliber to choose. Let us warn you right away that there is no unambiguous question for this question.

The choice of caliber depends on what kind of game is supposed to be hunted, in what way, at what distance.

In choosing a caliber, hunters have strong personal preferences that outweigh any logical arguments in favor of a particular caliber. In any case, the choice should be reasonable, you should not go for a bear with a 410 caliber rifle, it cannot end well.

In our opinion, the most correct caliber for a beginner hunter is 12. It is the most versatile. widely represented in stores. Also, the choice of cartridges for it is the widest.

Interesting questions sometimes arise in the course of writing and then discussing materials about weapons. This also happened after my article on the standards for the protection of military personnel and security personnel. To be honest, it was somewhat unexpected for me.

An interesting conversation arose about which was used during the tests. More precisely, about the calibers of this weapon. The fact is that the given data corresponded to the standards of the producing countries. Which created some confusion in the perception of the material. The confusion caused precisely by a poor knowledge of the very concept of "caliber".

After some thought, I decided to make up for my mistake. Indeed, even those who are professionally involved with small arms rarely think about the theoretical part. What for? There are our weapons, there are European ones, there are American ones. And this weapon is used with the appropriate cartridges. When using others, unnecessary delays and other troubles arise.

So let's start with the basics. What is caliber? Gauge is a numerical expression of the bore diameter measured between opposite fields. Everything seems to be clear. However, existing on this moment weapons do not always fit this definition. Why did it happen? The thing is that rifled weapons are used in the work of military personnel. This circumstance makes the standard definition conditional.

Most of the weapons meet the standard. But there are exceptions. Rifling calibration is much less common. Simply put, the caliber is not determined by the barrel field, but from the rifling depth to the opposite groove depth. But that's not all. Very rarely, but a third method of measuring caliber is also used. On the opposite groove and the field of the trunk.

So the questions were quite correct. Although they arose already during the use of weapons. Cartridges of the same caliber "do not climb" or "dangle" in the barrel. But more on that below.

Now about the designation of calibers in different countries.

Many wondered about the famous Russian three-line. Why does this weapon have this name? Excellent rifle, 7.62 mm. Why a three-line?

The caliber measurement system adopted in tsarist Russia is to blame. 1 line corresponded to 2.54 mm. The attentive reader has already seen where the legs grow from. That's right, English inch. 1 "\u003d 25.4 mm. But since the calibers of small arms are still smaller, they were divided into lines. 1" \u003d 10 lines. And then simple arithmetic. 3 lines \u003d 7.62 mm.

What I wrote about above is a fairly well-known fact. But this fact has a continuation. When discussing the Mosin rifle, another name for the caliber was used: 30 points. Imagine: "the famous Russian thirty-point" ... Indeed, at that time this calibration system was also used.
1 inch \u003d 10 lines \u003d 100 dots \u003d 25.4 mm.

But back to our days. We are still more interested in modern designations of weapon calibers.

In most parts of the world, caliber is expressed in the record we know. Millimeters. It can be both whole numbers and fractional numbers. Fractions are usually written to the second decimal place. 9mm pistol and 5.45mm machine gun. Such a recording gives more precise definition caliber.

But the United Kingdom and the United States have retained the caliber designation in inches. By the way, this also applies to other countries where the English system of measures has been preserved. Preserved, albeit in a slightly modified form, and our "friends" - the lines.

In the UK, calibers are measured in thousandths of an inch. The Americans have simplified the measurement a little. They do it in hundredths.

For a complete understanding of this system, it is nevertheless necessary to return to our beautiful three-line. Officially, according to British requirements, the caliber of this weapon was recorded as 0.3 (3 lines \u003d 3 x2.54 mm).

In the English designation, this caliber will already be written as 0.300. In the US - 0.30. Zero was removed for convenience, and today we have two calibers left: .30 and .300. But even this is most often not used today. The point is also unnecessary. Calibers today are simply designated 300 in the UK and 30 in the United States. And for us it is the well-known 7.62 mm caliber.

30 (US) \u003d 300 (UK) \u003d 7.62mm (Russia).

So it looks clearer. Now, dear readers, you can easily calculate the caliber of any weapon and transfer it to the measurement system that is familiar to you.

The American caliber 30 is multiplied by 0.254 mm and we get our 7.62. We multiply the English caliber 300 by 0.0254 and get the same result.

By the way, I had one more question that tormented one of the readers. Why do Americans use a 5.6 mm rifle, and in russian army 5.45 mm machine gun? In principle, I already gave the answer at the beginning of the article. And this answer is in the method of measuring calibers. I'm not sure, but I think there was a willing person among those who like to dig into weapons who measured the bullet of our AK-74. Not when she's shot. And right in the cartridge. Surprise, but you were shooting with a 5.6 mm caliber. This is the diameter of the bullet itself.

The caliber of Russian weapons is measured according to the standard scheme. From field to opposite field. But if you measure the depth of the grooves, you get the desired 5.6 mm. But what I have just described does not apply to all bullets. There are many factors that "reduce" the caliber of the bullet to the caliber of the weapon. And they even make this caliber smaller than the caliber of the weapon. This is the amount of gunpowder in the ammunition, and the hardness of the bullet, and the number of rifling in the weapon, and the length of the leading part ... The barrel of the weapon is not rubber. And the wear of such a barrel is much higher.

I didn't want to "climb" into the jungle. But if the need arose, I will slightly open this side modern weapons, namely, cartridges. Today, most of the users of small arms (I mean rifled combat weapons) are sure that the designation of the cartridge corresponds to the caliber. And, alas, they are wrong.

The cartridge designation corresponds to the caliber of the weapon. No, the calibers of the cartridge and the weapon are very close to each other, but do not completely coincide.

American police use 38-caliber revolvers. Using the technique I described above, you can easily calculate this caliber in millimeters. 9.65mm! But this caliber does not exist in principle. And the cartridges used by the police are nothing more than regular 9mm cartridges! And such cartridges are used in weapons, the true caliber of which is only 8.83 mm.

And what is shown in Hollywood films, when a policeman takes out especially powerful cartridges from a safe and proudly equips a drum with them, turns out to be, in the light of this article, complete nonsense. The ".38 Special" cartridges used in these revolvers are generally 357 caliber!

By the way, the same is happening today with the Kalashnikov assault rifle, popular in the USA. Our cartridges and cartridges made by the USA are, as they say, two big differences. And in terms of equipment and caliber (true) bullets. But more about that some other time.

In general, the current system of designating the caliber of weapons is as simple as it is complex. It is impossible to count millimeters or inches primitively today. Existing weapons even the same caliber has different receivers. Cartridges for most rifles and machine guns are "ours". The unification, which was talked about recently, is becoming a thing of the past. Modern small arms are becoming highly specialized. The use of "alien" cartridges can lead not only to the failure of the weapon, but also to more dire consequences.

All hunters, employees of special units, the military and people who are simply fond of small arms are well aware of what a caliber is. The question is not simple: there are many calibers, they differ from each other, they are used in different units to hit the target.

general information

Let's try first to formulate in simple, understandable words what a caliber is: it is a barrel diameter from the inside that characterizes a certain firearm. It should be remembered that all weapons known in our time are divided into two large categories, depending on the internal arrangement of the barrel: it is smooth, rifled. Each type has its own unique calibers, the measurement of which is made according to certain rules that are characteristic strictly for this weapon category.

If we consider, for example, a rifled weapon, then the caliber for it will have to be calculated in millimeters or inches, or rather, its hundredths, thousandths. It should be remembered that an inch is equal to 25.4 mm. If the metering system with inches is used to classify small arms, then the zero in front of the dot in the designations is not put, only this symbol itself and the numbers after it are written: ".45". Such a rifled caliber is 0.45 inches, that is, 11.43 mm.

And what about the smooth barrel?

Weapons in this category are usually classified depending on the characteristics of the barrel device in a slightly different way. Quite a long time ago, a fairly harmonious, reasonable system was developed in Great Britain, and it is she who is in use to this day. To determine the caliber, it is necessary to predict which lead bullets of the maximum size can be used when firing a weapon. Calculate how many of these bullets can be made from a lead alloy weighing 0.454 kg. The weight was not chosen by chance, it corresponds to the traditional English pound. The higher the number in the description of a specific firing device, the larger the caliber, the more you can make from almost half a kilogram of lead bullets used in this product. It is logical to assume that the diameter of each individual shooting consumable will be smaller.

Traditional twelve-gauge shotguns are in great demand. Normally, their barrel is 18.4 mm in diameter, although much depends on the specific manufacturer: some make products with an 18.2 mm barrel, while others even reach 18.8 mm. The caliber of the weapon, characterized in the generally accepted system as the twentieth, can be described by a weapon diameter of the order of 15.7 mm. The specified is the minimum value, a specific manufacturer can make a product with a larger barrel. The twenty-eighth caliber is described with a diameter of 13.8 mm. However, wherever there are rules, there are exceptions. For example, barrel caliber .410: it is used to characterize shotguns with a smooth barrel, but is indicated by a parameter specific to rifled ones. A similar confusion is observed in the description of a relatively new development of the gunsmiths of our state - the cartridge 366TKM.

Many people wonder why bullet size and caliber are different parameters for weapons. This is due to the structural features of the products used to hit the target. For example, if we are talking about rifled ones, then the calibers here can be measured by as many as two methods, taking into account either the groove fields or the bottom part. Typically, the bullet is sized to match the bottom groove. Small tolerances are possible. That is, the caliber of the weapon is a somewhat more informative characteristic than the size of the bullet.

Previously in the Soviet Union, and now on the territory of our state, it is customary to measure the caliber on the rifled fields. Consequently, cartridges, when measured, showing 5.45 mm, in fact are characterized by a bullet diameter of 5.7 mm. The nine-millimeter caliber can be described as a 9.2 mm bullet. But abroad, they often prefer to focus on the bottom rifling. Considering what the Luger caliber is, they usually talk about the 9 * 19 cartridge, and when measuring the bullet, you can get an accurate characteristic of 9.02 mm.

The further into the forest ...

With regard to some types of weapons, the caliber becomes a very conditional, inaccurate characteristic. This is most typical for a parameter measured in inches. Thus, the caliber of cartridges for the revolver, marketed as .38 (special edition), when accurately measured the bottom rifling shows a bullet diameter of 9.1 mm, which in the English metric system is 0.358 inches (+/- 0.001). But for "Magnum" ammunition belonging to 357 is used. Their bullet diameter is the same as described above, but in comparison with the special edition. 38 the case is longer, and the powder charge is increased for greater strength.

A similar confusion is observed when considering different calibers of rifles. For example, a bullet diameter of 0.224 inches can be denoted by completely different symbols for different brands and types of weapons. For the Hornet it will be the 22nd caliber, for the Remington .222, .223, and for the Fireball it will be .221. For a non-professional, it is completely impossible to even assume that we are talking about the same parameter of the bullet diameter!

Caliber one, cartridges differ

It is this amazing discrepancy that is currently being observed. Indeed, the world of firearms classification is extremely confusing. On the other hand, to some extent this simplifies the work of experts who are able to determine from the charge from which particular gun it was fired. Currently, there are innumerable such cartridges that are on sale in the same caliber, but it will not work to replace one with another, since in fact these products are very, very different, despite the similarity of the bullet diameter. This also applies to hunting calibers, and to all others. Currently, for example, more than a dozen types of commercial twenty-second caliber are in use in the American open spaces alone. For all of them, the bullet diameter is described as 0.224 inches, but the products differ from each other in different parameters and characteristics. All currently used varieties have been included in a single standardized system called SAAMI. However, as can be seen from practice, even this systematization did not make the task of navigating the abundance of weapon ammunition for those who do not have specific knowledge any easier.

Considering what the caliber of a weapon is, one must always remember about this feature, understand that often the phrase has a rather broad meaning. In fact, it is possible to derive an accurate idea of \u200b\u200bwhat type of cartridge is used in the weapon, but it is rarely possible to understand which particular instance is suitable - here you already need to have specific knowledge about a specific model of firearms.

Marking

Smoothbore calibers are most commonly labeled according to a UK-developed system. This indicates how large the chamber is. So, with the designation 12/76, we can talk about interchangeability with the 12/3 widespread in America ”. Such a caliber is intended for use in firearms, the chamber of which is three-inch, which is 76 mm in millimeters. From practice it is clear that most of modern short cartridges can be used when firing from weapons, the chamber of which is larger, but in back side this rule does not work, such use of the gun will be extremely dangerous for the shooter's health and life. With 12/70 rounds at your disposal, you can use them if you have a 12/76 shotgun in your hands. When used in practice, a seventy-millimeter chamber and casings, the length of which is 76 mm, a person puts himself at risk.

If we consider the currently widespread rifled small arms, it becomes clear that the calibers of cartridges are often formal. In this case, the sleeve length is reflected in millimeters. It is not uncommon for a situation when, with equal metric parameters, the cartridges differ in any important indicators... In such a situation, the name is supplemented with suffixes or special unique names that make it possible to distinguish the products from each other, the arrow giving the opportunity to select a suitable consumable for sale, so that the process of using the products is not associated with a danger to life.

How does it work in practice?

Imagine that we are interested in a 9mm caliber. You can find two cartridges that formally belong to this class: police officer 9 * 18 and PM 9 * 18. In addition to the formal classification, they also coincide in the sleeve length - 18 mm. True, 9 * 18 PM in fact differs in a slightly larger bullet than the police "analogue". The reason for this discrepancy is that these cartridges were developed in different countries, the national weapons classification system was applied to them, local features of the manufacture of firearms were taken into account. As in the case of a mismatch between the caliber of the pistol and the consumables used, unpleasant consequences can be encountered with a careless choice of the described cartridges. For example, if you put cartridges intended for 9 * 18 PM in a police model of a weapon, this can end in disaster for the shooter himself.

In some cases, additional suffixes are added to help more accurately identify the features of a particular product by name. Most often in practice, you can find the suffix "P". If such is indicated, therefore, a prominent design feature is the protruding rim. In our country, such were exploited, for example, in some TOZ models. But the most famous and popular in different times the cartridge that had a protruding rim is on sale under the name 7.62 * 54P. It is intended for use in the respective rifle.

Curious features

As experts note, 12 gauge is currently in the greatest demand in our country. There is nothing surprising in this, because it is intended for hunting. Any hunter planning to hunt wild birds - pheasant, quail or goose - should get a gun in which such a consumable is applicable, and charges for it should be. Having the skills and a sufficient amount of ammunition, you can please the domestic wood grouse, black grouse, duck. However, prey will not be exhausted only by birds; with good luck, the hunter will bring a hare, a fox as a reward for talents and perseverance.

As professionals note, 12 gauge has a number of important positive features, thanks to which it became so common among hunters. With decent speed characteristics, a gun loaded with such cartridges will have a large firepower... Since the cartridge develops a good speed from the very beginning, it helps to save on the calculation of lead if the prey flies across. Consequently, even novice hunters who do not have much experience in this difficult hobby will have decent results. Even in winter conditions, the shot will be sharp, which means that the trip to the forest itself will be successful.

Rules and laws

Some time ago, a 308-caliber hunting carbine was considered completely unacceptable for ethical hunting, and people who used it were automatically transferred from the category of specialists to poachers. In principle, this approach applied not only to this model, but to all semi-automatic rifled machines in general. Indeed, the speed of the second shot makes it possible to shoot at the wounded animal several times in a row with minimal time intervals - the prey will definitely not go away.

Currently, there are quite a few rifled semi-automatic machines of the mentioned caliber on sale. Opinions still differ, but there is no such absolute, total condemnation from the public. Many believe that any person can poach, and even the shortcomings of a weapon will not prevent him, if that is the goal set for him, while an ethical hunter, even with a rifled semi-automatic, having high firepower among his capabilities, will still hunt adequately. in compliance with the standards. Since the issue is more ethical, and manufacturers have released several new products over the past few years that have attracted widespread attention, it is likely that the near future will show in which direction the pendulum will swing. public opinion and whether, finally, a stable position on this issue will be determined.

Systematics and metrics

Many are interested in whether there is any single standardized system for transferring between calibers. Professionals answer this question categorically negatively. Despite the serious confusion in this issue, to this day it has not been possible to develop a unified approach to designation. Many believe that nothing of the kind will appear in the future, at least not in the next few decades.

Artillery and small arms

Currently in our country it is customary to refer to small arms such specimens, which are characterized by a stem diameter within two tens of millimeters. If the indicator exceeds this limit, the product will have to be classified as small caliber artillery. However, such standards are typical for our country and for the present. But in different countries and at different time intervals, people's ideas about the correct classification of concepts were quite different. So, at a certain point, the Germans perceived as artillery only such weapons, the barrel diameter of which was 30 millimeters or more. However, exceptions to the rules seem to be the basic rule of the weapon world. In our country, there are two interesting domestic developments on sale - "Selezen" (a hunting gun of the fourth caliber), KS-23. Despite the barrel size exceeding the established limit, such products are not classified as artillery.

As experts pay attention, when using weapons, it is advisable to follow the operating rules, in particular, to select only suitable cartridges. The use of several excellent ammunition is always associated with an increased danger for the shooter himself. When choosing consumables, you need to take into account both formal calibration and the type of cartridge recommended by the manufacturer for a specific weapon.

Caliber Chamber

It is no secret that in our world standardization is the area of \u200b\u200bactivity of special state institutions. There are those who are responsible for the rules for measuring weight, others - for the footage. The chamber, which deals with weapon calibers, was introduced in the same way. At the international level, a permanent commission that tests hand-held firearms is running the show. All of Europe is subject to its provisions. Our country also became a member of this commission, so all weapons that are produced and sold within the state must comply with the standards of the Secondary Arms Control. This fact must be checked. The rule applies both to products for personal use and to those intended for officials.

The verification process involves identifying compliance with established standards in terms of chamber size, bore, and pressure level for a particular barrel. The characteristics of cartridges must be monitored.

The American commission SAAMI has a similar area of \u200b\u200bactivity. This organization is included in the large ANSI system, in fact it exercises the same powers as described for the PMK.

The largest is the first caliber. The barrel diameter of a gun of this caliber is 42.42 mm.