Description of the monument to bohdan khmelnitsky. “To Bogdan Khmelnitsky, United Indivisible Russia.” Some interesting facts

Location:

G. Kiev, pl. Sofiyskaya.

A king, a hero, or a military leader riding a horse is a popular theme in memorial art. The most artistically famous sculptures of this kind are the Bronze Horseman or the sculptural image of Peter I, installed on Senate Square in St. Petersburg in 1782, and the monument to Johann Saxon, towering over the Theater Square in Dresden. But! The growing interest in Ukraine is forcing travel organizers to take a fresh look at one of Kiev's old sights. We are talking about a monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky, which appeared on Sophia Square in 1888.

This is a monument, rare in its beauty and decisive dynamism, to the hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Army, one of the brightest and most controversial figures in modern Ukrainian history. Why controversial? On the initiative of Bohdan Zinovy Khmelnitsky, the lower lands of the Sich, part of the left-bank Ukraine in the Middle Dnieper region and Kiev itself "severed" ties with the Polish-Lithuanian state and became part of the Russian kingdom.

The memorial work is represented by the image of the hetman himself, who, at full speed, sharply upsets the lathered horse. The hetman is dressed in what today would be called a "full dress" - wide trousers "the width of the whole Black Sea", morocco boots, a traveling cloak and a hat with a feather, demonstrating the social status of the main arsonist and initiator of the Cossack uprising, which later turned into a national liberation war, against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648-1654.

V right hand the commander holds a mace, which sets the direction of movement for people who will complete with the energy of this person. A horse stopped at full gallop is placed on a relatively low stone. Its shape imitates a steppe mound.

All the details of the sculpture - the horse, the rider and his clothes, are carefully worked out, the statue bears a portrait resemblance to Bohdan Khmelnitsky, so the composition makes a tremendous impression on the viewer from almost any angle.

It is believed that one of the most powerful sights of Kiev in a sculptural form depicts the meeting of Bohdan Khmelnitsky with the inhabitants of the city immediately after the victory over Pilyavtsy.

At the same time, it is known for certain that that the original concept of the idea of the monument was very different from what we see now. The option under which Bohdan Khmelnytsky was supposed to trample and push from the cliff the Polish gentry and Jesuit falling on the corpse of the murdered Jew with the help of a horse was quite seriously considered. At the same time, the hand with Khmelnitsky's mace had to be turned in the direction of Moscow. A kobzar with the face of Taras Shevchenko was supposed to sit at the foot of the rock. Naturally, the kobzar sang, and he was listened to by a Belarusian, a chervonoross and a Little Russian, endowed with a characteristic appearance.

It is known exactly what made the sculptor refuse - Mikhail Mikeshin, from the original idea. In 1870, an all-Russian fundraiser began for an up-to-date project of the monument, by subscription. They collected only 37 thousand rubles. Therefore, the Governor-General of the Southwest Territory, Alexander Dondukov-Korsakov, proposed removing the anti-Polish and anti-Semitic component from the composition. In a very "stripped down" version, the statue of Bogdan Khmelnitsky with a horse in 1877 was cast in St. Petersburg, at the Berd factory. The city's maritime department donated 25.6 tons of scrap metal for this.

23 July (11 July - Old Style), 1888, a monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky was unveiled in Kiev.

It is estimated that in terms of the frequency of images on old Kiev postcards, this monument takes the second place, yielding primacy to the monument to Prince Vladimir.

Monument initiativeBohdan Khmelnitskybelonged to the historian Nikolai Kostomarov. It was back in the 1840s, but only in 1860 was the imperial permission received and created
Committee. And fundraising for an All-Russian subscription began in 1870. Collected 37,000 rubles. However, for the implementation of a large-scale project created by sculptor Mikhail Mikeshin, it needed 3 times more.

In 1879, the Naval Department provided great assistance. Scrap metal allocated by him (1600 poods) was used to cast sculptures of the hetman and the horse in St. Petersburg. A year later, they were transported to Kiev and temporarily placed in the courtyard of the House of Public Places. The people of Kiev joked about this: "Bogdan arrived in Kiev without a patchport. So he was harassed."

The sculptures remained "under arrest" for several years - the installation of the monument was delayed. There were difficulties in choosing a location. Back in 1869, it was decided to erect a monument on the current Bessarabskaya Square. And even the square was named in honor of Bohdan Khmelnitsky (officially this name remained with her until the 1910s). But in the 1870s, bargaining was already formed there. Mikhail Mikeshin and the public insisted on erecting the monument at its current location.

But ... there were objections from the clergy. According to the author's idea, the hetman had to point to Poland with his mace.- relentlessly threatening "damned lyahu". But in this case, the back of the horse would face the Wall of the Imperishable Hagia Sophia, which is unacceptable. We decided to turn the monument so thatthe hetman mace pointed to Moscow and the symbol oval ... think out for yourself what. H oh, and then there was a problem. The fact is that according to an established tradition, millions of pilgrims when leaving the Mikhailovsky Monastery were baptized on the crosses of St. Sophia, and here on this line was the tail of a horse. But we managed to agree on the issue with the clergy. Although the hetman does not point to Moscow, but somewhere like that.Wikipedia's assertion about Sweden, in general, does not hold water. You might as well have written Switzerland.
Finally, in 1881, a bronze figure was placed in the middle of the square on a temporary brick foot and ... everything froze. Although the original design has been modified. WITH There is even a legend that Emperor Alexander II, when considering the project, at first grunted approvingly, seeing thatthe hetman's horse pushed a Polish nobleman, a Jewish tenant and a Jesuit off a cliff, and then said: "These peoples have been defeated, but they exist in our state. They cannot be depicted on the monument." But there was still not enough money for the Belarusian, Great Russian and Ukrainian standing in involuntary positions, as well as for a pedestal.

For several years the bronze horseman stood, surrounded on all sides by a wooden paneling. He looked extremely unpresentable. It was said that once a verse inscription appeared on the paneling in chalk, as if in the name of Bogdan:

Have mercy, kind people!

If tsy nudi kinets will be?

I will know a dog from me,

I’m going to beat you up!

Only in 1886 business got off the ground.The celebration was approaching900th anniversary of the baptism of Rus. Hagia Sophia and the square in front of it were to become one of the most important venues for the celebrations. And here is such an ugliness in the center. The chief city architect Vladimir Nikolaev came to the rescue then. This he developed humble but acceptable pedestal design ... Only inscriptions: "We want an Eastern, Orthodox tsar" and "Bogdan Khmelnitsky, one indivisible Russia." In 1919 and 1924 the inscriptions removed, replacing the existing one"Bohdan Khmelnytsky. 1888 ".

And from the city treasury, funds were allocated, and the administration of the Kiev fortress handed over granite, which remained from the construction of the pillars of the Chain Bridge, the case has shifted. Vladimir Nikolaev worked for the city for free and at the expense of the savingshe built a fence with lanterns around the monument.

There is a monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky, probably the most famous hetman of Ukraine, under whose leadership the liberation war against Polish oppression took place on Sofia Square. On this monument, Bohdan Khmelnitsky with his right hand with the hetman's mace points to the north, in the direction of Moscow. Bohdan Khmelnitsky (1595-1657) - military and statesman, elected hetman of Ukraine in 1648.

It was under the leadership of this great Ukrainian that the liberation war of the Ukrainian people against the domination of the Poles on its territory began and ended successfully. At the Pereyaslavl Rada on January 8, 1654, Hetman Khmelnitsky declared the reunification of Ukraine and Russia.

The meaning of sculpture

The idea of erecting a monument to mark the unification of Ukraine and Russia appeared back in 1868. The implementation of the project was entrusted to the cult sculptor of those times - Mikhail Mikeshin. According to the author's intention, the sculptural group should contain the equestrian statue of the hetman, which rises on a granite rock, and under the hooves of his horse - the prostrate corpse of a Jesuit, covered with a torn Polish banner.

Behind the horse is the body of a Polish gentleman falling from a cliff, and a little lower - the corpse of a Jewish tenant, who grabbed with ossified hands into the church utensils he had stolen. The granite rock should be placed on a pyramidal pedestal, on the different sides of which bronze bas-reliefs should be placed. In the foreground, slightly below Khmelnitsky, there should be five more figures - a singing kobzar with listeners from different sides.

In 1870, the tsar gave the go-ahead for the start of fundraising for the construction of a multi-figured composition. However, the money was donated not so willingly, therefore, in order to save money and because of the outrageous "political incorrectness" of the project, it was decided to abandon most of the elements of the monument.

The naval department released 1,500 poods of old ship copper for the statue free of charge. In 1879, an equestrian statue of Bogdan Khmelnitsky was cast in the Russian city of St. Petersburg. There were no funds for the pedestal, so for a long time Khmelnitsky stood on a brick pedestal, and only in 1888, on the 900th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus, a worthy pedestal was erected.

Book a hotel in Kiev

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Issue "Heads and Tails" in Kiev

"Eagle and Reshka" is a travel program that shows one city from the point of view of an economical tourist and a tourist who does not limit himself in his means. In this episode, the participants of the program went to Kiev - the capital of Ukraine. For more information on how you can spend time in this magnificent city for an economical traveler and a traveler with no budget, see the video below.

Address: Sofievskaya square

How to get there: take the metro to the station. Maidan Nezalezhnosti, go down 2 blocks on the street. Sofievskaya; take the metro to the station. Golden Gate, walk down the street. Vladimirskaya to Sofievskaya Square

The monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky is the most famous monument of the city, a kind of symbol of Kiev. It was installed in honor of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky, who went down in the history of Ukraine as an outstanding commander, statesman who led the uprising of the Ukrainian people against the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Bogdan Khmelnitsky is also known thanks to the Pereyaslav Rada, which made Muscovy and Ukraine allies.

In the middle of the 19th century, Ukrainian cultural figures had the idea to erect a monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Kiev or Pereyaslav. There is no unequivocal answer to the question of who first came up with this idea. The authorship is shared by two professors: Mikhail Maksimovich and Nikolai Kostomarov. The implementation of the plan became possible thanks to Mikhail Yuzefovich, also a professor, who was the head of the Kiev Archaeographic Commission. The project of the future monument was to be developed by the then very famous painter and sculptor Mikhail Mikeshin.

The first project of the monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky was carried out on a grandiose scale.

On a granite pedestal, shaped like a mound, the hetman sat on a prancing horse. Under the horse's hooves, it was supposed to depict the sprawled body of a Jesuit priest, covered with a torn Polish banner, next to it lay the links of broken chains. Knocked down by a galloping horse, the figures of the Polish gentry and the Jewish tenant flew from the cliff. Below, in front of the rock, there were 4 more figures - a blind kobzar and his listeners: a Belarusian, a Little Russian, a Great Russian and a chervonoross. The bas-reliefs were supposed to depict episodes of the Battle of Zbarazh and the entry of Khmelnitsky's troops into Kiev.

Funds for the monument were supposed to be collected through a charity subscription, but donations were poorly received. Political motives and lack of funds have led to the fact that the composition of the approved monument has become much more modest. The trampled Polish banner and anti-Semitic themes were rejected, at the same time the figures of the kobzar, his listeners, and also the bas-reliefs disappeared from the monument.

The Maritime Department donated 1600 poods (25.6 tons) of old ship copper for the construction of the monument. In 1877, finally, a plaster model was made, and in 1879 in St. Petersburg, at the Byrd foundry, with the participation of sculptors Piy Adamovich Velionsky and Artemiy Lavrentievich Ober, the composition was cast from metal.

The site for the erection of the monument to Hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky was determined after long disputes - it was decided that it would be Sofiyskaya Square. But suddenly a ban came from St. Petersburg. The fact is that the monument erected on Sophia (Sophia) Square would be located between the altar wall of the Kiev Sophia (Sophia) Cathedral and the building of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral. The statue was oriented so that the hetman's mace was directed with a threat towards Poland. Accordingly, it turned out that the horse of Bohdan Khmelnitsky was turned with its tail towards the altar wall of the St. Sophia Cathedral, and this is what will be seen instead of the Christian shrine by numerous pilgrims rushing to the cathedral. In addition, the view of the cathedral from the Mikhailovsky Monastery and Khreshchatyk was obscured. This aroused the indignation of the Kiev clergy, and they wrote a complaint to the Synod. For some time he stood on Bessarabskaya Square.

The finished monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky stood for eight years in the courtyard of the Starokievsky police station, as there was not enough money to build a granite pedestal. The people of Kiev joked that the hetman was arrested for “arriving without a passport.” Finally, in 1886, 12,000 rubles were allocated from the city treasury, and the Kiev fortress government donated 30 cubic fathoms of granite for the monument, which remained from the construction of the pillars of the Chain Bridge, after what the architect Vladimir Nikolaev designed and built a pedestal for the monument. ”The Kiev architect worked for free, and the money that he managed to save was spent on setting up a fence with lanterns around the monument.

In order not to offend the feelings of believers, the sculptural composition was deployed, after which the mace began to threaten more towards Sweden than towards Poland. Contrary to popular belief, the mace was never directed towards Moscow. Only the inscriptions on the pedestal spoke of involvement in Russia: "We want an Eastern, Orthodox tsar" and "Bogdan Khmelnitsky, one indivisible Russia." In 1919 and 1924, these inscriptions were changed to “Bohdan Khmelnitsky. 1888 ", which has survived to this day.

On July 11, 1888, during the celebration in Kiev of the 900th anniversary of the baptism of Rus, the monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky was finally installed and consecrated.

The very monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky makes a strong impression with its dynamism. As if a rider, at full gallop, reined in his horse to address the people. The portrait resemblance to the prototype is quite accurately conveyed, as well as the details of the clothing. The pedestal of the sculptural composition is relatively low, in addition, it is accessible for a circular view, which makes it possible to examine in detail all the details of the composition, which have been worked out very carefully.

The monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Kiev is a landmark of the history and culture of Ukraine. The idea of creating a monument to the famous hetman was first put forward in the thirties of the last century by an outstanding historian, the first rector of Kiev University, Mikhail Maksimovich. The place for the installation of the monument was not chosen by chance. It was on the square opposite the Sophia Cathedral, after the victory at Pyliava and Zborov, that the people of Kiev met their glorious leader.

The famous sculptor Mikhail Mikeshin was entrusted with the work on the monument. The artist conceived a multi-figured composition, but the plan was not implemented due to lack of funds. The monument is of considerable size. The height of the bronze equestrian statue is over 10 meters. It is installed on a high granite pedestal imitating rough stone. The pedestal for the sculpture was designed by the Kiev architect V.

Nikolaev. The grand opening of the monument took place on July 11, 1888 on Sofia Square in honor of the anniversary of the baptism of Rus.

The commander is depicted on a horse, with which he holds back with a strong and dexterous hand. He is confident in the saddle, his figure is filled with strength and confidence. The hetman holds a horse reins with his left hand, and a mace is clenched in his right hand - a symbol of hetman power. The sculptor has detailed and thoroughly depicted the clothes of Bohdan Khmelnitsky: Cossack zhupan, retinue, trousers. On the side of the Cossack commander a saber gleams with bronze.

The look catches the hetman's face - the sculptor made him so expressive. Mikhail Mikeshin consulted with the leading historian Vladimir Antonovich for a reliable presentation of the portrait of Khmelnitsky. Deep wrinkles cut across the high forehead of the doer. The hetman's elderly faces make their long Cossack mustaches even stricter. Viewers can see the heavy thoughtfulness of the image, fatigue and anxiety in his eyes.

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Geo-Kiev

KHMELNYTSKY BOGDANA SQUARE

Khmelnytsky Bogdan Square (ex.

Sofiyskaya) - between the streets of Vladimirskaya, Kalinin, Rylsky per. and Vladimirsky passage (Shevchenkovsky district). Named in honor of Khmelnytsky Bogdan (Zinovy) Mikhailovich (c. 1595-1657) - hetman of Ukraine, will release the leader. Ukrainian wars. people 1648–54 against the Polish gentry. oppression, struggle for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. In the beginning. 11th century territory. the current X. B, p., as evidenced by the chronicle, was "a field outside the city." Here is Kievsk. Prince Yaroslav the Wise defeated the Pechenegs and erected the St. Sophia Cathedral in honor of this event (see also Vladimir's city, Yaroslav's city, Golden Gate). The area became societies. city center (see Vecha Kievskie). This area has been repeatedly destroyed. invasions, in particular in 1240 - the hordes of Batu, in 1482 - the Crimea, Khan Meng-li-Girey. In the end. 15th century settlements began to appear around the Sophia Cathedral; in the beginning. 16th century a settlement was formed. In the 16-19 centuries. there was a bargaining, fairs gathered.

On December 23, 1648, the people of Kiev met on the square the Cossack regiments led by B. Khmelnitsky, who entered Kiev after the victory over the Polish gentry. army. In January 1654, after Pereyaslavskaya Rada, the population of the city greeted Russian on the square. ambassadors headed by the boyar V.V. Buturlin. In 1888, a monument to Khmelnytsky Bogdan was erected. In 1903–17, rallies and demonstrations took place here, in particular on November 25 (9.3) 1914 in protest against the tsarist ban on celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of T.G. Shevchenko (dispersed by the tsarist troops and the police), in October 1917 - as a sign of solidarity with those released from arrest revolutionary.

soldiers (see Grenadiers trial 1917). 02/06/1919 units of the Red Army after the liberation of Kiev from counterrevolutionary. troops marched across the square of celebrations; in May of the same year, a plank man performed here in front of the fighters who were going to fight against Denikin. military commissar Affairs of Ukraine N.I. Podvoisky. To Soviet. During this period, the square hosted numerous celebrations and meetings of the city's workers (including in connection with the liberation of Kiev from the Nazi invaders in November 1943 and the awarding of the Hero-City of Kiev with the second Order of Lenin in 1961). In 1869 the square was named Sofiyskaya, in 1920 it was renamed into square. Red Heroes of Perekop; since 1944 wears modern name (in 1874–88 Bogdan Khmelnitsky Square was called Bessarabka). In a building at the corner of X. B. p. And st. Kalinin (not preserved) in January 1918 housed the first Sov. the government of Ukraine - the People's Secretariat. On the square are located the Archive-Museum of Literature and Art of the Ukrainian SSR, the Sofia Museum.

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