Rate in Mogilev. Russian BBC Service - Information Services. Bikes of different times
100 years ago 8 (21) August 1915 in Mogilev was translated The bid of the Supreme CommanderThe Armed Forces of Russia, which was created for the management of troops during World War II 1914-1918.
As you know, the reason for the beginning of the First World War was the murder on June 28, 1914 (here and then the dates are indicated on a new style) in Sarajevo (Bosnia) of the heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne of Ertzgertzog Franz Ferdinand. For the Russian Empire, this war began on August 1, 1914, when the ally of Austro-Hungary Germany declared her war. In total, 38 states (34, including the Russian Empire, on the side of the Entente and 4 states on the side of the Austro-German bloc) were drawn in the war. The First World War on its scale, human losses and socio-political consequences did not have equal in the entire previous history. The results of the war were the February and October Revolution in Russia, the November revolution in Germany, as well as the elimination of four empires: Austria-Hungary, German, Ottoman and Russian.
At the beginning of the war, the Supreme Commander was appointed Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, and the rate was in Baranovichi. But as a result of a breakthrough by the German troops of the front in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Polish city of Gorlice in May-June 1915, the Russian army were forced to retreat, and in August 1915 it was decided to translate a bet to Mogilev.
Second capital
Arriving in Mogilev, the top management of the rates, including the emperor Nicholas II, who took over the leadership of the army by this time, was located in the house of the governor (not survived) at the Governor Square, which is now called the Square of Fame. Together with the emperor in Mogilev, part of the courtyard, all the highest general general, hundreds of officers, missions and embassies of European countries are moved. So from August 1915, in the midst of the First World War, Mogilev almost becomes the capital city for a year and a half.
In Mogilev, the strategic military plans were not only developed, diplomatic moves were agreed, negotiations were carried out, but also secular rounds, the premieres of performances were held, the performances of the opera and pop stars were arranged. The troupes of several leading theaters of St. Petersburg arrive in Mogilev, the operetta moves, two cinema opens. Small streets of the city were filled with cars, and in the hotel "Bristol" and "Metropol" there were no free places. Peak The Life Mogilev reached when Empress came here here. Mogilev inans were amazed by the simplicity of royal daughters who walked around the city without any protection, went into shops and shops. Especially they liked the Gapanetere Store Bernstein. Even more closely communicated with the citizens of the heir to the throne Tsearevich Alexey. He easily played with the living in the neighborhood of Mogilev boys. The royal family loved to relax in Pechersk, on the banks of the Dnieper, went to picnics in the cavity. Usually to the Polykovich source floated on the walking boat up the Dnieper. In the afternoon, Nikolai sometimes went to the car, especially he liked places near Shklov. The emperor was often in the Epiphany Church, together with his family, Saint-Nikolsky and Bukinic monasteries also visited.
As a result of the February Revolution of 1917, Nicholas II renounced the throne. After his renunciation of the Supreme Commander, General M. V. Alekseev, A. A. Brusilov, L. G. Kornilov were alternately. In September 1917, L. G. Kornilov was arrested, the Supreme Commander was announced by the Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government A. F. Kerensky. After the October Revolution, the responsibilities of the commander-in-chief performed in Mogilev, the head of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Lieutenant General N. N. Dukhonin.
In the epicenter of the revolution
There was a great influence on the course of the October Revolution of 1917 and for further events in Russia had what was happening during this period in Mogilev. Already on November 8, 1917, General Dukhonin declared that he would fight to the last to fight for the restoration of the power of the Provisional Government. Dukhonin provided all sorts of support to the rebellion of Kerensky-Krasnov, and after the rebellion fails, immediately began to pull reliable military units to Mogilev. The leaders of the parties of SERIV, Cadets, Mensheviks arrived in Mogilev. They, watched by the support of military missions of England, France and the United States, decided to create a bourgeois government in Mogilev under the guide, headed by Eser V. M. Chernov, opposing him to the Council of People's Commissars. On November 21, Chernov at the General Meeting of the Mogilev organization of the ECEROV party spoke with a speech, which accused the Bolsheviks "In the criminal adventure" of the seizure of the authorities and inciting civil war. On the same day, the appeal "to all parties and organizations" was sent out of Mogilev with a proposal to immediately begin the organization of the government led by Chernov. To give this government, the visibility of legitimate was made attempt to use the All-Russian Congress of the Peasant Councils and for the sake of this is not to hold it in St. Petersburg, but in Mogilev in the building of the city theater. In all provisions of Russia, notifications were sent to send their delegates to Mogilev. But the delegates of the All-Russian Peasant Congress gathered at a preliminary meeting and decided to still hold a congress in Petrograd. So the education plan was not exercised in the Mogilev of the new bourgeois government, and the Mogilev Dramatic Theater did not become the second Smolny. In an effort to accelerate the decree on the world, the Council of People's Commissars on November 20 ordered Dudinin "Immediately, upon receipt of this notice, contact the military authorities of the enemy armies with a proposal for the immediate suspension of hostilities in order to open peace negotiations." Dukhonin on this prescription did not give any answer. All day on November 21, he was consulted with the rates general and with representatives of foreign military missions. In the evening of the same day, Lenin in a straight wire asked Dukhonin about the causes of the response delay. In the negotiations, which were conducted with interruptions from 2 to 4 and a half am on November 22, Dukhonin shied away from explaining his behavior. On the categorical demand of Lenin, immediately start negotiations on the truce, he answered with refusal. In response to this, Lenin said Dukhonin that he was removed from the post of the Supreme Commander "For the disobedience of government's prescriptions." Instead of General Duhonin, the Commander-in-Chief of the Bolshevik N.V. Krylenko. In turn, General Dukhonin appealed to the commander of the fronts and armies with the following telegram: "I do not consider myself to leave my post to the formation of a generally accepted legitimate authority, confident that I have in complete agreement with the ... team and military organizations." General Dukhonin was actively supported by the Government of England, France and the United States. They gave instructions to their military missions to have all the help of Dukhonin. After the open disobedience of Dukhonin at the suggestion of Lenin in Petrograd, a consolidated detachment was formed from the soldiers and sailors of the Baltic Fleet. The task was set in front of him: to master the bid, arrest Dukhonin and supporting his faces. On November 24, this detachment was departed in the direction of Mogilev. He headed the detachment of the new commander-in-chief of Krylenko. Generalized rates made urgent measures to organize defense. But soon it turned out that the troops that guarded the bid have mass disobedience to their commanders. And on December 1, when the echelons with the troops from Petrograd were approaching directly to Mogilev, it was decided to evacuate at a special meeting without resisting. On the same day, Mogilev left representatives of foreign military missions, and on December 2, the leaders of the parties left.
Spraus over dumunin
I was going to leave Mogilev and Dukhonin, but at the last moment I decided to stay. On December 3, at 10 am, the avant-garde of the troops of Kryleyko arrived in Mogilev, and the squad of the sailors went to the bet. After class, Dukhonin was arrested and delivered to the train station to the wagon of Krylenko. At that time, it became known that on the eve of his order from prison in Bykhov, the generals of Kornilov, Denikin and others were released, the crowd of soldiers surrounded the car and began to demand the issuance of Dukhonin. The soldiers shouted that if Kornilov managed to escape, they would not release him from his hands. The arguments of Krylenko about the need to deliver Dukhonin to Petrograd, where he will be judged for disobedience to the Soviet government, did not act. The protection could not hold back the excited crowd. Several soldiers went on the other side of the carriage and climbed into the tambour, the door to which was covered, but not locked. At that moment, Dukhonin unexpectedly came out in Tibour. Here, someone from the soldiers hit him with a pin in the back, and he fell face down on the railway canvas. Install who was the killer failed. In the history of the Russian army, cases of the death of the commander-in-chief, albeit the former, one. One of them occurred at the station in Mogilev on December 3, 1917. According to eyewitnesses, Kryglenko did everything possible to save Dukhonin. Later he turned to the army with a special appeal: "Comrades! I entered Mogilev at the head of the revolutionary troops. Surrounded from all sides the bet surrendered without a fight. I can not be silent about the sad fact of myself over the former commander-in-chief Duchonin. The flight of General Kornilov on the eve of the fall rate was the cause of the excess ... "
The bid of the Supreme Commander continued its activities in Mogilev until February 26, 1918 and was translated into an eagle due to the approach to our city of Austro-German troops. On the building of the regional local history museum, which is located on the Square of Glory, it would be correct to establish a memorial plaque about finding in Mogilev during the First World War, the rates of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Russia.
In the life of the last Russian emperor Nikolai II, the Belarusian city of Mogilev played a fateful role. But until recently, the king was told only a very modest section of the exposition of the Museum of Local Lore."In addition to copies of photos, there is nothing here. Still, a revolution, the fact that 80 years old has been silent one story and another has been emphasized, played their role. Emperor Nicholas II was in everyday life man modest. For him, no special palaces and apartments were built for him - explains the director of the Museum of the History of Mogilev Sergey Klimov.
Return of Colonel Romanova
From the Palace of the Governor, where on the second floor in two small rooms "quartered" along with the son of Nicholas II, after the bombing of the Mogilev, Soviet aviation in 1943, there were alone ruins. They later demolished, so as not to be reminded about the king.
In August 1915, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army moved from the city of Baranovichi to Mogilev. And in March 1917, a point was put here in the long-term reign of the Romanov dynasty.
"On March 2, 1917, Nicholas II left Mogilev, went to St. Petersburg, but he was not missing there. At the bottom of the bottom he renounced the throne and returned to Mogilev," says Sergey Klimov.
But Nikolai II returned is not the emperor, but Colonel Romanov. The building has survived the building of the former provincial court, where, in the premises of the duty officer, Nicholas II was forgiven with officers. They say, many of them cried and even fainted. Then at the Governor Square, the former monarch said goodbye to his soldiers. And on the street, which is now called Pervomayskaya, went to the station. His building has been practically not rebuilt since then.
The king works for Belarus
Mogilev adored the king. And love was mutual, the director of the enterprise "Mogilevoblist" Elena Karpenko says:
"I read a lot of letters from Mogilev to the Empress. There Nikolai II about Mogilev responded very well."
Together with his colleagues, Elena Karpenko developed a new tourist route - "Mogilev is the last residence of Emperor Nicholas II." According to her, this four-hour bus and walking tour of the year attracted more than 400 foreign tourists: Russians, Europeans, Americans, because Nicholas II - the figure, known all over the world.
The Holy Nikolsky Monastery is impressive, the left limit of one of whose temples is consecrated in the name of royal martyrs. Myself Nicholas II often came here to prayer.
At the beginning of the century, when the emperor and the killed members of his family were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, an unusual find happened to Mogilev.
"On the Street of Pionerskaya, a cache was found in the building, from where the portrait of Nicholas II of the Unknown Artist was removed. And today it is already an icon revered by Mogilevs. And Russians often come here to worship the Saint Nicholas," explains Lyudmila Supital's guide.
Monarch per hour
And the nun Evphrosiny complements this story about the story about the gift of the elder of Simeon, who remembered how the emperor came to the temple with his family to honor his stensel - the holiday of Nicholas Wonderworker:
"And when the king found out that this Simeon had a father at the front during the First World War, the sovereign gave him this five-mea gold coin. Simeon kept her all his life and widen her children, so that after death they brought a coin to St. Nicholas ".
Where ordinary tourists can not be visited, so it is in the royal bed in the Mogilev drama theater, from where Nikolay II looked not performances, but a military chronicle. The deputy mayor of the city Fyodor Mikheenko is proud of the magnificent acoustics of the theater hall, noting that the worst of everything in the royal bed is heard:
"There is draped, the curtains hang. And sit in the royal bed is not very convenient."
Despite the inconvenience, any honored guest, probably want to feel like a monarch at least for an hour.
The rate in Mogilev moved from Baranovich on August 8, 1915 and was located in the house of the provincial rule. For the resettlement of staff, representatives of neighboring states were requested by all city hotels, and a large number of people were required to accommodate. Only the staff workers were more than a thousand people. To this you need to add more than one and a half thousand soldiers and security officers.
The arrival of the emperor
Nicholas II arrived in Mogilev on August 23, 1915. He was accompanied by a huge retinue led by the minister of the courtyard Count Frederix. According to eyewitnesses of a solemn meeting at the station: "The emperor was dressed in a simple protective color to the shirt, without weapons, as always, in old, highly worn high boots. Bypassing all invited, feeding every hand ... ".
Nicholas II in Mogilev Newsreel
Under Nikolai Nikolayevich, the rate was a strict military camp. After the arrival of the emperor, everything changed. Following the king to our city, operetta arrived, the theater was filled daily to refusal. There are no evidence of what settings watched autocrats in the building of the Mogilev Theater. It is only known that a film installation and Nikolai II was mounted in the theater. I watched a military newsreel in it.
Very quickly, the provincial city turned into a royal residence with the appropriate entourage. Military problems for many went out to the background. Mogilev girls admired and flirted with bets officers, representatives of embassies, institutions escaped to the city from the occupied regions.
The officers of the headquarters of Glavkoverch lived in our city with his wives and children. One of the officers of the bet was Vasily Selim-Gary, the last descendant of the Grozny Onevo Dynasty of the Crimean Chanov Hires.
Those Khanov, who are well known not only from the course of history, but also by Bakhchisarai Fountain by A. Pushkin.
In many Mogilev, the religiousness of the last Russian emperor, who did not miss any Orthodox worship, made a profound impression. In the church, he was widely baptized, kneeling, touched the hands of the floor, after each service came to get the blessing of the priest. In order for Nicholas II to be more convenient to get to the church, in April 1916, an asphalt track was laid there from the house of the governor, where the autocrat lived. Made her for personal means of the king.
For the state, in particular, by order of the Minister of Railways to Mogilev, delivered a small steam yacht, on which the emperor in the summer committed a walk in. I really liked the king car trips for the city. Most often went to the pine forest surrounding the village of Soltanovka, where in 1812 there was a famous battle of Russian troops with French, and on the Orsha highway. Meets with peasants. The emperor often asked them about life. It is characteristic that none of them appealed to him with any requests. As they say, they understood the level and "observed the beat."
In Mogilev, Nicholas II led a measured life, whose regulations did not change literally for years. Coming out in half the tenth of the house, the king worked until the twelve day at the rate. At noon there was breakfast, after which - a walk by car. At five o'clock in the afternoon, the emperor drank tea and then took the mail until half the eight. Then followed the lunch that continued an hour. After that - work in the office. Have exercised in half the eleventh, the king went to rest.
However, exceptions were from the rules. The emperor periodically traveled to the front. Once, being in Tiraspol and being in front of the shelves, he ordered to raise his hands to those who participate in a military campaign from the very beginning. Only a few hands took off above the numerous. For the first time, Nikolai II felt the whole horror of the war ...
In August 1916, the ambassador of England Sir D. Buquinen arrived in Mogilev to hand the sign of the big cross of the Order of Bath, one of the highest awards of Britain. He was not the only foreigner who arrived at the time in the provincial center. Foreign military representatives lived in our city. According to the memoirs of contemporaries of those years, the British, General Barters, a gloomy and petorable cargo old man, was always unhappy with something. Serb was delighted with Russians. The French were quietly sitting in the hotel. Only sometimes their representative - General Jeanne - appeared at the station. Italians were concerned. A sufficient number of Mogilev beauties felt the signs of attention to the Italian general of Count Roma. The Japanese of Obath was externally indifferent to everything. Due to the failures of the Russian army because of the failures of the Russian army and did not rejoice in victories - he watched. What is characteristic, all foreigners liked the Mogilev climate: smooth winter and clear, cloudless sky in the summer. In their opinion, it would be possible to open a beautiful resort. At the same time, all of them without exception surprised the poverty of the peasants ...
The royal family was delighted with Mogilev surroundings. The Empress even looked at himself the estate of Dashkovka and wanted to buy it. But the owner of the estate is an old and rich landowner Zhukovsky - he opposed to the monarch of desire and refused to give his property.
Tsarist family
In Mogilev, heirly, Tsarevich Alexey lived with his father. But the spouse of Emperor Alexander Fedorovna and daughters were in our city. The inhabitants of the Mogilev spouse the emperor did not like from his first arrival. She impressed the "evil and arrogant woman." Alexandra Fedorovna stopped and lived, most often in a special car, at the station. The famous poet Sergey Yesenin was visited by the Empress Sperer in Mogilev. It was in this city that he had a desire to desert from the army.
The townspeople were literally fascinated by the royal daughters. Girls are free, without guard, walked around the city, went into the shop, where they made various purchases. Of particularly favorite place in Mogilev, they had a galantaser store Bernstein (located in the house, on the site of which now the building with the store "Perekrestok"). Mogilev has grown up with the fact that the princesses could not be often seen on the streets of the city. Together with the mother they lived in Petrograd and came to the Father only from time to time.
Most closely in contact with the life of the city and its inhabitants of Tsarevich Alexey. According to memories, he was "... a cute child, inquisitive, cheerful. Singing in the car near the Father, I read the signboard, smiled passersby. " For the heir often satisfied the games with Mogilev guys. That is not far from the house of the governor, then somewhere in the forest near the city. Moreover, children both rich meshans and poor played with Tsarevich. Mogilev ladies on the shaft, where the royal residence was located, different lotteries were often arranged. Once, Alexey came here, bought a ticket and, of course, won. Joyful, he grabbed his prize - a little hive with honey and honey, - ran to show his father.
"You can't leave destiny"
By studying state affairs, Nikolay II was often very frank. It is of interest to one of his statements: "If anyone had told me that the day would come when I signify the announcement of the war of Bulgaria, I would consider such a man with a madman. And so, however, this day has come. But I sign this fastening my heart, as I am convinced that the Bulgarian people are deceived by their king and that most of him retains attachment to Russia. Consciousness of tribal unity will soon awaken in it and he will understand his misconception, but will be late! "
Perhaps Nicholas II was characterized by fatalism. It seemed the impression that in his life he was guided by the principle of "from fate would not leave." This can confirm the chronology of the last days of the reign, by the will of the fate of the fate in Mogilev.
On February 5, 1917, the king for the first time (?!) Learned that the food situation had sharply deteriorated in Russia. Of course, the last year or two, the provision of Mogilev was significantly different from other cities of the country.
After the half-hour report, Rodzianko about the situation in the country and warnings about the pre-revolutionary situation, Nicholas II said: "Well, God will give ..."
On February 22, the emperor learned that unrest began in Petrograd, "the people demanded bread. However, no reaction of the king was not followed.
February 25, despite the disturbing messages from the capital, he remained absolutely calm. In my diary recorded: "I got late. The report lasted 1.5 hours. At 2 o'clock 30 drove into the monastery, attached to the icon of God's Mother of God. Made a walk along the highway to Orsha, I went to the vigil at 6 o'clock. "
The next day, it is almost an ultimative telegram from the empress: "If we give up to iota, tomorrow there will be no sovereign, nor Russia, nothing! It is necessary to be solid and show that we are the Lord Provisions. "
February 27, 1917 in Mogilev remembers as a wonderful day. The sun shone brightly, flowing the streams, a cheerful crowd filled the streets of the city, rejoicing in the opposite of spring. Although the coup was waiting for a long time, but when a message came from a revolutionary petrograd, no one believed in what was happening.
The events that occurred in the northern capital forced Nicholas II on February 28 to go to Peter urgently. On the way, he read the notes of the king.
Refraction from the throne
On March 2, the last Russian emperor renounced the throne. And no longer a self-container, but simply Colonel Nikolai Romanov came to Mogilev to say goodbye to the headquarters of the bet, meet with his mother Maria Fedorovna, who in those days the passage from Kiev stopped in our city.
On March 4, at the railway station, Mogilev Nikolai met an honorary guard. But on the central street (Dneprovsky Prospect), the red flags were already hung, and "Marselyza" was heard. The group of protesters, approaching the building, where the rate was placed, the king rugged, threw the three-color flags and the imperial coat of arms. No one accelerated them.
On March 6, a temporary government telegram came to Mogilev with a resolution of a royal family to go abroad. However, the next day, a different solution was made: former autocrat arrest and deliver to the royal village. When the Interim Government's emissary arrived, Kalinin, Gribulin with an order about arrest, Nikolai reacted to a not very decent visit with full indifference. He said that "I am ready to follow anywhere and submit to anything."
On March 8, 1917, saying goodbye to Mogilev with officers, the former emperor said: "The benefits of the Motherland and the need to prevent the horror of civil workers and civil war, as well as the ability to direct all the forces to continue the war on the front forced me to renounce me from the throne in favor of my brother Mikhail Alexandrovich . However, given the circumstances that were created, the Grand Duke, in turn, renounced the throne. I urge you, gentlemen, submit to the temporary government and make every effort to continue the war with Germany and Austria-Hungary to a victorious end. " The combat officers attended in the hall were crying, some even lost consciousness. Without withstanding, Nikolay Romanov with tears in his eyes came out of the hall (there is a testimony that the farewell was held in the premises of the Duty General of the Rate on the 2nd floor of the current regional local history museum).
The building rate (the house of the governor and the provincial government - was destroyed finally in the late 1940s, now in their place part of the memorial complex "fighters for the Soviet power") was a crowd of citizens with uncovered heads. Rewarding people already finally, the former king, along with his family, headed for the railway station. They silently accompanied a crowded crowd ...
Who was the last Russian emperor? From a legal point of view, this seemingly elementary question there is no accurate answer.
Nicholas II in the form of the Life Guard of the 4th Rifle Imperial Battalion Surname. Photo 1909
Late in the evening 2nd of March (15th on a new style) 1917 in Pskov, in the car of the Imperial Train Nicholas II signed an act of renunciation from the throne. Everything happened very quickly. On the eve of the evening, receiving news from Petrograd's uprising, the autocrat was barely agreed to the creation of the government of popular confidence in return to the ministers appointed by him. The next morning it turned out that only a radical measure can save the country from revolutionary chaos - his rejection of power. This was convinced of the Chairman of the State Duma Mikhail Rodzianko, and the head of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander, General Mikhail Alekseev, and commander of the fronts ... From the rate of the emperor, the project of Manifesta was sent over which he reflected the rest of the day.
Nicholas II put the signature at about 23:40, but the time in the act of renunciation indicated the daily, before the arrival of the State Duma temporary committee delegates to avoid suspicion, as if the decision was made under their pressure. And then the former emperor has written in the diary: "Pass ... signed and converted manifesto. At night, I left Pskov with a heavy sense of experience. Circle treason and cowardice, and deception! "
Act on the renunciation of Nicholas II from the throne
On the right of the emperor's signature made by a pencil, as many of his orders. On the left, ink, the countessignment of the act of the Minister in accordance with the requirements of the legislation: "Minister of the Imperial Yard General Adjutant Graf Frederix"
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Restary soldiers in February 1917
Fake or coercion?
There are several popular theories that the act of renunciation from the throne is actually fake or entirely or partially. However, the decision that has accepted and executed the emperor is recorded not only in his diary. However, Nicholas II thought about the renunciation, negotiated about him was and signed a document, there were many witnesses - the court and officials commanding the North Front Commander, the North Front Commander, Emissary from the capital Alexander Guccov and Vasily Shulgin. All of them later told about it in memoirs and interviews. Supporters and opponents testified testified: the monarch came to such a decision on his own will. The version that the text has changed the conspirators is also refuted by many sources - correspondence, diary records, memories. The former emperor knew perfectly well that he was signed and what was published, and did not dispose of the content of the act after his publication, as well as the Witnesses of the document preparation.
So, The act of renunciation expressed the true will of the emperor. Another thing is that the will of this contradictory law.
Salon of the Imperial Train, in which Nicholas II announced a renunciation of the throne
Cunning or negligence?
The rules of the Prepolyeny in the Russian Empire of those years was established by Paul I. This monarch was afraid of all his life, that his mother, Catherine II, will appoint a grandson's successor, and immediately, as he could, eliminated by Peter I, the right of the emperor to arbitrarily identify the heir to the throne. The corresponding decree was published on April 5, 1797, on the day of Coronation Paul. Since then, the emperor undertook to obey the law, according to which the successor was considered the eldest son if he was (or other close relatives in a clearly established order). Representatives of the Imperial House, reaching the majority, brought oath: "I undertake to comply with all the decisions about the heritage of the throne and the order of the family institution, in the basic laws of the Empire depicted, in their entirety and integrity." In 1832, the provisions of the document, with some additions, were included in the state of state laws. They persist in the joints of the main state laws of 1906, according to which the empire lived on the eve of revolutions.
According to the law, the throne after the renunciation of Nikolai II passed his 12-year-old son Alexei. However, on the day of the signing, the monarch consulted with a doctor Sergey Fedorov about hemophilia, a severe hereditary disease, which Zesarevich suffered. Fedorov confirmed that there was no hope of healing attacks, and expressed the opinion that Nikolai after the renunciation would certainly separate with her son. And then the emperor announced that Zesarevich was transferred to the Crown Brother, the Great Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich. However, according to the law, the monarch did not have the right to do so. Mikhail, the next in the turn of the throne, could climb on the throne, only if Alexey died or at the age of 16 he was renounced himself, without leaving sons at the same time.
Great Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov
The father's feelings of Nicholas are understandable, but what's the point of completing the document, whose unitylessness is obvious? The leader of the Cadet Party Pavel Milyukov suspected the trick: "Refusal in favor of brother is invalid, and this is the trick that was conceived and implemented in the absence of the Empress, but it all appreciated everything ... subject to the transfer of power to Mikhail, it was easier to continue to interpret the entire act of renunciation as invalid "
Salvation or usurpation?
Having signed an act of renunciation, Nikolai sent a brother's telegram as "his imperial majesty Mikhail Second." However, according to the law, the prince could not be considered the next monarch. The possibility of renunciation of Nicholas II is already heavenly from a legal point of view, since in the archway of the main state laws, the refusal to the throne is registered only for the "person with the right", and not for the reigning emperor (Article 37). However, Professor Nikolai Korkunov, as many prominent lawyers of that time, interpreted this position like this: "Could it be renounced from him who has already entered the throne? Since the reigning sovereign is undoubtedly the right to the throne, and the law provides all entitled to the throne, and the right of renunciation, then it is necessary to answer this affirmatively. " If I still recognize the renunciation of Nicholas II, Alexey was considered technically the next emperor, regardless of the desire of his father.
From a legal point of view, the next emperor after Nicholas II was considered to be Alexey, regardless of the desire of his father
The Grand Duke Mikhail was in a difficult position. He actually substituted. The brother laid on Mikhail the mission of preserving the monarchy in Russia, but if the Grand Duke accepted the throne, from a legal point of view he would be a usurper. March 3 (Art. St. He simply did not see another exit.
Act about the refusal of the Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich from the throne
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The assumption of Nikolai II, as if he was entitled to make Mikhail emperor, incorrectly, recognized the act of confusing the prince to draw up an act of refusing to Nabokov, "but under the terms of the moment it seemed necessary ... to take advantage of this act in the eyes of the part of the population for which he could have serious Moral importance, - solemnly reinforced the completeness of the power of the temporary government and the continuity of him with the State Duma. " With the filing of Duma lawyers, the Grand Duke did not become a usurper on the throne, but at the same time usurped the right to dispose of the supreme power, giving it to the temporary government and the future founding assembly who belonged to him. So the transfer of power was twice under the limits of the legislation of the Russian Empire, and the new government approved its legitimacy on this briefing basis.
The mass burial ceremony of the victims of the February Revolution on the Mars Field March 23 (n. Art.) 1917
At the highest level, the precedent was created at the highest level, when in the conditions of an unstable situation, laws neglected as a formality. To the logical end, this trend was brought to the Bolsheviks, who broke up in January 1918, a nationwide elected constituent assembly. In the same year, Nikolai and Mikhail Aleksandrovichi, the Rights of the Creator of the Eashable Rules of the Prepolyasing in Russia - Paul I, as well as Cesarevich Alexey, were executed. By the way, the descendants of the emperor Paul along the line of his daughter Anna and today reign in the Netherlands. Not so long ago, in 2013, Queen Beatrix renounced the throne by virtue of age, and her successor was the son, Villem-Alexander.
The news of the renunciation of the Russian emperor on the cover of the British tabloid Daily Mirror.
Victim of revolution
Liberal from the royal family
After the October Revolution, 17 representatives of the House of Romanov were executed. Among the victims - the cousin Uncle Emperor, the second chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society Grand Prince Nikolai Mikhailovich. The prince had merits in two areas of science: as a historian, the author of the work on the era of Alexander I, and the entomologist who opened six types of butterflies.
Prince-Volnoduumz, who had a reputation as a "dangerous radical", called Philip Egalit, named French Prince-revolutionary XVIII century. However, as it was with a rebellious prince of blood, with the prince revolution and dealt. In January 1919, Romanova shot, although scientists from the Academy of Sciences and the writer Maxim Gorky applied to his pardon. "The revolution does not need historians," said Lenin in response, in response to these requests.
Photo: Diomedia, Alamyy (X2) / Legion-Media, Rosarhiv (Archives.ru) (X2), Fine Art Images, Mary Evans / Legion-Media
There was a bet of the Supreme Commander, Nikolai II and the members of the royal family lived. In modern Mogilev, the buildings in which the last Russian emperor had been preserved and worked.
The bid of the Supreme Commander moved to Mogilev in August 1915 from the city of Baranovichi. By the time of appearance in Mogilev, the rate consisted of 16 offices, three stationery, two committees.
About a thousand generals, officers, officials worked here. For the protection of rates in the city there are two battalions of Georgievsky cavaliers, a car company, a detachment of barrier balloons.
Nikolai II arrived in Mogilev two weeks later, and another five hundred Guards Kuban and Terek Cossacks appeared in the city, as well as the consolidated majesty Guards Infantry Regiment. The garrison replenished with 2 thousand people and amounted to a total of up to 4 thousand military.
On December 17, 1916, the emperor suddenly left the bid. That day was an important meeting - the plan of the military campaign was discussed for 1917.
But the gathered officers did not wait for the Supreme Commander. Later they reported that the king received the news of the murder of Rasputin and urgently left to the royal village.
On the way to Pskov
In the diary records of Nikolai II from February 25 and 27, it was not noticeable to anxiety: I got early, I had breakfast, I received a mandatory report of General Alekseeva, and later I made a car walk along the road to the north, towards the city of Orsha.
Far, however, the emperor did not go - turned into a sacred-Nikolsky monastery to attach to the icon.
On February 27, and on some information on February 28, early in the morning, Nikolai II left the train to St. Petersburg. On the way in Pskov, a renunciation of the throne took place, and on March 3, Nikolai II returned to Mogilev, the emperor - Colonel Romanov.
In Mogilev, he said goodbye to his mother - Maria Fedorovna left here abroad.
The building has been preserved, where in the room of the dutyman of General Nikolai II said with officers - they say, many officers cried. C was started from the second floor, got into the car and on the street, which is now called Pervomayskaya, went to the station.
Unique buildings
The building of the railway station in Mogilev was practically not rebuilt since the times. At the governor, now Soviet Square has unique buildings who knew the last Russian king.In the former provincial court, where the premises of the duty officer was located, now the house of marriages. And on the spot where the military rate and the governor's house was there - there Nikolai II lived together with the son - the memorial complex of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War, erected in the era of the Brezhnev stagnation.
"Ruins of the bets and the governor's house have survived after the German occupation," says Mogilev historian Igor Pushkin, "but they were not going to restore them. Not only these buildings were demolished with the goal known in Soviet times: so as not to be reminded about the king."
According to the statements of historians, Mogilev liked the king. And the king - Mogilev.
On the city shaft, the heir played completely freely with local children. The daughter of Nikolai II also walked around the city and loved shopping in the Berstein store, which traded with haberdashery products.
The queen, however, disliked Mogilev and lived in his own car on a dead end of the road near the building of the railway station. In this car, Sergei Yesenin was quartered for some time - he left Mogilev to his village, leaving the front.
Bikes of different times
"The emperor, walking around the neighborhood, loved to talk to the peasants," says Igor Pushkin. "The peasants" held the beat "- did not ask anything from the king. And in the village Dashkovka Alexandra Fedorovna, the estate of the nobleman Zhukovsky was like. The royal family wanted to buy, but local family. The nobility was preparing, and the deal did not take place. "The emperor regularly walked to pray at the St. Nicholas Monastery. And urban officials, striking, built a special sidewalk for Nikolai. The king demanded an account, and paid for work from own funds, and not from the funds of the treasury.
"This, of course, impressed citizens," says Igor Pushkin. But in Soviet times they were impressed with a different bike - as the king on the Bukinsky field of the Raven shot.
Demolished "under the capital"
"Before the reconstruction of the urban theater, the audience in the hall argued, happily: in which emperor was sitting in," says Mogilev publicist Gennady Support. "Nobody knew not to know about such a fact in the history of Mogilev, but the legends went. Where- In the mid-1990 historians, they told us that in this auditorium Nikolai Іi did not look at the performances, but a military chronicle. Especially for the king, a film package was installed. "The Bolsheviks in the early 1917th in Mogilev was practically not - the first local council of workers and peasant deputies was headed by the Menshevik of the winds.
And it is here in the hotel "Metropol", and then in the town of Bykhov under Mogilev, the White Guard was organizationally formed.
"The old buildings in our city have not been lucky and for the reason that the late 1930s Mogilev was planned to make the capital of the Belarusian SSR. Demolished" under the capital ", built houses for the Soviet bosses. And the government's house in Minsk copied from Mogilev - our only A little less, built a little earlier, "says the history teacher, the coordinator of local democratic organizations Alexander Silkov.
In search of roots
Local museum workers explain the poverty of expositions with the absence of original documents of the period of February 1917. And they recognize that the "royal theme" is not great in demand: in recent years, experts and simple visitors are interested in the story more ancient - Belarusians are looking for their roots and the beginning of sovereign statehood in the depths.
Another sought-after topic is the defense of Mogilev in 1941. Konstantin Simonov wrote about these cruel battles and bequeathed to dispel his dust over the Ruffle field ...
City authorities, meanwhile, are looking for funds to create an excursion route related to the name of the last Russian king.
And in the church in the renitone there is a unique icon - not a canonical image of the new martyr Nikolai Romanova (the emperor and the killed members of his family were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the current century), and the royal portrait of the time of the beginning of the century past.
"This is an interesting story," says Igor Pushkin. - did repair in the building along the pioneer street, began to break the walls in the basements - suddenly there was a stirred niche. Thought, treasure! It turned out - portrait of the king Nicholas II. The portrait brought to the church and since then read As an icon. "