How spider-sifted. Black and white spiders in the house: how do they breed and what they eat? How many spiders live

The size of appearing kids fluctuates in a wide limit of 3-5 mm (for example, Cyclosternum SPP.. ) up to 1.5 cm in the swing of feet at the Goliath poultry Theraphosa blondi . The newborn spiders of wood species are usually larger than those born in terrestrial birds, and their number is usually noticeably less (as a rule, does not exceed 250 pieces).
Young spiders are very mobile and at the slightest danger, it takes off, runs away in the nearest shelter or rapidly buried in the soil. This behavior is also noted for ground, and for wood species.

The hatching of the lame from the eggs of one masonry occurs more or less in the same time. Before hatching at the bases of the pedipalp embryo, small spines are formed - "Egg teeth"With the help of which it bursts the sheath of the egg and appears "on the light". To the so-called posthambrium migra, as a rule, inside a cocoon, hatched spider has very subtle covers, the appendages are not dismembered, it cannot eat and lives at the expense of the yolk bag remaining in the intestine. This life stage is called "Prelava" (on another classification - nymph 1 Stage). After the next molting (3-5 weeks) prelaw enters the stage "Lickers" (nymphs 2 Stages), not yet eating, but slightly more mobile and already having primitive claws on my paws and developed heliers ( Vachon., 1957).

With the following ( postymbriumal) The mole is formed by young spiders, which, becoming more active and capable of themselves to eat, go out of the cocoon and first, as a rule, are held together, and then scatter in different directions, starting to independently.

Usually, after the way out of the Cocoon Cocoon, a mother no longer cares about it, but the feature of biology of species of kinds is interesting. Hysterocrates Sp.. From the island of San Tome, which is that young packed to six months live with the female after leaving the cocoon. At the same time, the female exhibits real concerns about his children, not marked by one of the representatives of the family of poultry spiders, actively protecting them from any possible danger and producing food them. Similar facts are known in relation Haplopelma schmidti. (E. Rybaltovsky), as well as poultry PampHobeteus SPP.. (Various sources).

Biology and lifestyle of young spiders are usually similar to those adult spiders. They are equipping asylum, actively hunt for suitable feed objects. The number of lines during the life is different, depending on the size of the spider and its sexuality (males, their number is always less), within 9 - 15 for life. The total life expectancy of females of spiders - poultry worship is also very different.

The only creatures that are hunters on birds in nature, - Wasp-hawks from the family Pompilidae. which are well studied types of labor Pepsis. and Hemipepsis (the largest reaches 10 cm long), paralyzing spiders who postpone the egg on his abdomen, hatching the larva from which throughout its further development It feeds on so peculiar "canned" ( Dr. F. Punzo., 1999, S. Nunn, 2002, 2006).

Watch the most interesting video about it.

Such a view of how Scolopendra Gigantea. , some specimens of which reach 40 cm long, able to cope with the spider of a significant size.

Also representatives of Roda Ethmostigmus. Australia is known as predators of birds of local fauna.

However, the scorpions of labor Isometrus., Liokheles., Lychas., HemilyChas. how probably some Uroducus. , it is not very away to reconstruct by juvenile poultry, and scorpions from the kind Isometroides. generally known as spiders specializing in eating, and can be found regularly in old noras belonging to poultry spiders ( S. Nunn., 2006).

In addition to listed as natural enemies, large spiders are marked in nature Lycosidae. , and for Australia also spider Latrodectus Hasselti. , in whose networks regularly found the remains of adult males poultry worship. And, undoubtedly, among invertebrate animals, the main enemy of poultry worships, like other spiders - ants.

Considering the natural enemies, birds should not be stopped on some vertebrate animals. Australian Arachnologist Stephen Nann repeatedly watched as the largest frog of Australia Litoria infrafrenata. (White Kvaksha) caught and eaten hawk males. Similarly, an American toad aga introduced in Australia ( Bufo Marinus. ), which is one of the natural enemies terafoside in Central America, eats in the latest Australia. In this regard, the fact of finding in a hole with a female and 180 young, which has just left the cocoon birds of the species Selenocosmia sp.. An unrigible copy of the toad Agi, which probably "submitted" young birds ( S. NUNN, 2006).

The development cycle from the egg to Imago is an average of 20-21 days.

These flies, referred to as a humpback, can be confused with other mushkas - well-known many drosophiles.

However, Drozophils are found in the terrariums of the poultry walkers extremely rarely and differ in red colorful eyes.

I also want to note that, in addition to the previously mentioned types of frogs, there are also representatives of a small group of double insects in the holes of spiders.

They lay eggs directly on the owner's spider itself or in the ground of his hole. In this case, the larvae is concentrated in the field of poultry poultry or in the substrate and feed on organic residues.

Interestingly, for three South American species, poultry Theraphosa blondi, Megaphobema Robustum. and Pamphobeteus vespertinus. Specific species of docks are characteristic.

In the home terrariums, as a rule, there are representatives of the two groups of winged insects - Mukhtki Family Flies Phoridae. (in lately Widely common among collectors throughout the world) and the so-called "potsens".

In the absolute majority of "potted flies", found in the terrariums of poultry worships, are species of mosquitoes of families Fungivoridae. and Sciaridae. , and are hardened in the capacitors of poultry wines in case of insufficient ventilation due to a long-term convergence of the substrate and its subsequent rotation, as well as decomposition in conditions of high humidity of food residues and spider feces, as well as plant remains, resulting in a fungal microculture, which feed their larvae .
Family-breeding lovers in greenhouses regularly face these insects. Also sometimes they are found in potted culture indoor plantsWhere, apparently, and got their name. They are smaller than the size, thinner than double families Phoridae. , with dark wings and actively fly.

Gobatki Flight Fly Phoridae. They look more pointed and selling compared to the "potted", very rarely fly - only being disturbed, mainly moving along the substrate with characteristic jerks.

You can get rid of them by replacing the substrate and rebifting the terrarium of the poultry panel by transplanting it to a new container. The suspension of the substrate also helps, with the obligatory provision of poultry with water tanks for drinking.

In general, they are completely safe for healthy spiders, but can cause their anxiety. At the same time, the indicated problems, as a rule, do not occur if there are good ventilation of the terrarium and the use of the ventilation grid, through which the penetration of the dug, is impossible.

However, it should be borne in mind that the larvae humpbacks can penetrate into cocoons that are crushed by poultry marks and eat eggs and developing larvae, as well as develop on weakened and sick individuals. Imago can also be a peddler of various diseases, incl. Carry nematode eggs.

Finally, I note that in the terrariums with poultry, there are occasionally enclosed, as a rule with a substrate, representatives of invertebrates - tembolts and wets, which also do not harm them. At the same time, some collectors specifically populate terrariums with poultry crop of tropical wets Trichorhina Tomentosa. because They feed on the productivity of spiders and destroy the excess of organic residues in the substrate.

What you need to know about poultry people, what difficulties arise when they are kept and handling them and what conditions need to be created so that they not only feel good at your home, but also multiplied?

Spiders surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is important to know which spiders are safe, and which it is necessary to bypass the side.

Spiders are one of the oldest inhabitants of the planet, known from the Devonian and coal period. It is believed that they appeared approximately 400 million years ago. The creation of the Paleozoic era had a characteristic web apparatus, but were more primitive. Their habitat is the widest - the whole planet, not counting the Antarctic.

Science about spiders: what is called?

Aranology is a science of spiders, which is part of the section of zoology - arachnologists. The arachnologists studies arthropods invertebrates. The origin of the name is ancient Greek.

Also, the arachnologists are the art of prediction of weather based on observation of spiders.

Spiders - what are: types

Researchers know about 42 thousand types of spiders. Spiders can be divided into three large suburbs, which are preferably distinguished by the structure of the jaws, more precisely, the position of Helice relative to the longitudinal axis of the body.

The arrival of Orthognatha.

More often than representatives of this subdomain call Migalomorphs. Characterized by the presence of thick hairs, large sizes and primitive structure of the jaws - claw is directed down and grows only on the upper jaw. The respiratory system is represented by pulmonary bags.

The main part of the migalomorphs lives in the warm climate. Noras arrange themselves underground.

Orthognatha includes:

• spiders - poultry
• funnile spiders
• ktenizidi
• spiders -umped

Araneomorpha crossing

Almost all the other, famous naturalists of spiders belong to the numerous group Labidognatha or Araneomorpha. They differ in that they have claws are equipped with both jaws. The respiratory system is represented by the trachea.

Types of spiders who catch prey without a network:

• spiders-crabs
• spiders-rapid
• wolf spiders

Types of spiders using a travelery network:

• linephids spiders
• spiders-Tenerns
• furue spiders, or houses
• spiders babies
• spiders-roundups

Among the araneomorphic spiders also allocate those who are not able to produce Crybellam - a substance from which spiders produce a durable web silk, and those who produce it.

Mesothelae cross

Lifestomorphic spiders are distinguished by the fact that the Helicers are arranged, and not directed down. This provision is considered more evolutionally advanced. But this subverse is considered the most primitive, his traces were found in carboxyous sediments. Spiders have archaic pulmonary bags, four pairs of spider warts, which are not yet shifted to the end of the abdomen. Live in earthen nonorahs that close the lid. Signal threads diverge from mink. Although one species prefers the cave, where she makes the walls on the walls.

These include:

• spiders Artistic Foruch
• primitive spiders arthrolyikoside
• primitive spiders arthrogenigalidovye

Spider: insect, animal or not?

Spiders belong to the type of animals - a detachment of arthropod in the class of spider-shaped. Therefore, spiders are animals, not insects.

Differences of spider from the insect:

• spider has four pairs of legs, and insects three pairs
• spiders do not have characteristic for insects
• a lot of eyes, to twelve couples
• spider's body always consists of pussy and abdomen
• some types of spiders have intelligence: distinguish others from their own, they can protect the owner, feel the mood of the owner, even dance to the music. No insect may not, unlike the animal.

Body structure spider

The body of spiders covered with outer skeleton chitin consists of two departments that are connected by a small tube:

• headband is formed with a thigh
• abdomen

Headband

• The headband is divided by a furrow to two departments: head and chest. In the front head office there are eyes and jaws - Helicers. In most spiders, the helicers are directed down, end with a claw. Poisonous glands are placed in cohot.
• The lower part of the jaws - pedpalp, are used as pappes and grabbing elements. There is a mouth for sucking between the pedipals. Some female males pedipalpa are also a cymbium - a composite unit.
• Simple eyes are also in the front head office.
• Four pairs of construction feet are also on pumped in the thoracic. Each foot spider consists of 7 segments. On the last shelter of each leg is two or more smooth or served cohesives.

Abdomen

• The abdomen can be in shape: round, oval with processes, angular, elongated worm-shaped. On the trousers are stigma - breathing holes.
• On the underside, the abdomen houses spider warts in which there are sputum glands. Near the base, the abdomen is a hearthole. The females surrounds his thickened chitinary plate, and the males look like a simple slot.

The sizes of spiders can grow up to 10 cm, and the swipe of their limbs - exceed 25 cm, it all depends on the type. The smallest representatives of the size of only 0.4 mm.

Color, drawing depends on the structure of the body covering the body and hairs, the presence of pigment and the type of spider.

How many spiders have legs, limbs?

• All spiders have four pairs of legs, which are located on pumped and usually covered with hairs.
• Each leg has sickle comb-shaped cream. Between the claws, most often, there is a sticky pad - a cogncepid appendage.
• For spiders, wearing web, there are auxiliary bodied claws that allow a spider to move freely on a web.

How many eye spider?

• Depends on the species. Some species have only two eyes, and some have to twelve. Most species have 8 eyes, which are located in two rows.
• In any case, two front eyes are the main (main). They are distinguished by the structure from other, side eyes: have muscles to move the retina and do not have a reflective shell. Also, auxiliary eyes are distinguished by the presence of photosensitive retinal cells. What are them more, the sharper spider's vision.
• Some spiders can see well as a person, distinguish colors. For example, spiders are hype. Night hunters, for example, Boko-Kochkitz spiders, see not only at night, but also during the day. But it is best to see stray spiders.

How does a spider fly a web?

The thread of the web consists of a variety of thin threads that the spider glues with a special fluid that quickly hardening in the air. Due to this, it is achieved as high strength of the web that spiders with its help are even traveling, overcoming the kilometers of distances.

A web can be dry, sticky, elastic - it all depends on the assignment of the thread.

Types of threads for web:

• for cocoon
• cat sticky
• for moving
• to confuse mining
• thread for fasteners

The design of the cobweb depends on the method of hunting. Spiders are used when weaving thread reflecting ultraviolet rays that see most insects. Moreover, spiderman reflecting the thread ultraviolet in such a way that they look like flowers, which also reflect ultraviolet. Therefore, insects fly to the mantite and sweet flower, and fall into the web.

Power Weaving Stages:

1. The first spider produces a long thread. Such a thread is picked up by air flow, rushing to the nearest branch and clings for it (Fig. 1, 2).
2. Then she woves another parallel previous free-on thread. The spider moves to the middle of this thread, which is tensioning under his weight, and weave another thread towards down until it finds the third support (Fig. 3).
3. On the Spider's support, fifthly fumes and the Y-shaped frame is obtained.
4. Following the overall contour and a few more radii (Fig.4).
5. An auxiliary spiral (Fig.5) is woven on these radius. Whole this frame woves from the nelite thread.
6. Next, the spider already sticks the second spiral, towards the middle of the web from its edge.

Construction can take 1-2 hours.

How do spiders breed?

• The males usually differ from females with dimensions (male smaller), long legs, brighter color, the presence of pedipalp, which appear in males only during the last molting.
• First, the males flew a special sperm web. Although some species are limited to several strained threads. Then the spider puts the sperm on the web and fills the pedipalps with sperm, with which he introduces sperm with a female in a semi-hand. And goes to search for females.
• Find a spider female by smell. Having found a suitable female, the male begins to close carefully. If the female is not located to courtship, then attacks the spider, may even eat it.
• If the female looks at the male favorably, then the male begins to plunge the female: performs "wedding dances", "rods" by the legs, brings production. Safding the female, the spider carefully approaches it, concerns the legs of the legs, then the pedipalpace and retreats. Also, the mahable "drum" on the substrate.
• If the female does not show aggression and the "drum" itself, then the male is carefully approaching and leads its pedipals to the sexual female. Lost ACT for a few seconds.
• Then the male runs away, so that the female did not eat it. Although this happens quite rarely. For one season, the female may have several males.
• Weekly after 6-10 female weave the cocoon, which sets up to 500 eggs. The female carefully guards the cocoon, holding it between the Helicers. After another 5 weeks, the pauses appear.

How many spiders live ordinary?

Most spiders live a year. But some species, such as a gramostola Pulch from Poultry Spiders, can live 35 years. And this applies only to females, males even poultry spiders live 2-3 years.

Not poisonous spiders: list with names

Not at all poisonous spiders do not exist. The poison is necessary in order to paralyze the victim to protect.

But the poison of most occurring spiders is not dangerous. In some cases, it is so little that no one will notice, or redness and swelling will appear. Although allergic to the poison poison is possible in isolated cases.

Safe for manfrequently foundspiders:

Spider Celebrate ordinary. Male size - up to 7 mm, females - up to 9 mm. Long-legged. Hunt at night. Love to gather in a pile so that it seems to be a stuff of wool. Sheets not sticky web. Scare up the enemies to the release of an unpleasant odor.

More than 5 thousand species. This is a small size of 5-6 mm spider, loving to bask on the sun and perfectly climbing on the glass. Good jumpers, can jump up to 20 cm. Web do not fly, attack the jump, have excellent eyesight.

More than 1 thousand species. Size up to 25 mm - females, up to 10 mm - males. On the trouser, he has several white spots forming a cross. Hunt with a round catchal, which in diameter can reach 1.5 m.

Size up to 10 mm. Huft from the ambush, instantly enough victim and paralyzes her poison. Networks do not break. It has camouflage - if necessary, changes the color from a saturated yellow to white. Those that hunt for the bark of trees have brown color, and those that in the leaves are motley.

House Spider or Funny Spider, the most famous and common. Weather plowing in a secluded place: on the ceiling, in the corner, behind the cabinet. The male is up to 10 mm, the female is a little more - up to 12 mm. The color is yellow-gray with brown spots.

Dimensions of females up to 10 mm, male - a little less. The painting is light yellow, it is greenish. On the bottom side of the abdomen stretched in the form of seeds - two light stripes. Build circular networks with large "holes" designed for mosquitoes. Website build near water, know how to run through water.

Male size - up to 16 mm, females - up to 12 mm. Rare spider, adapted to live in freshwater sloping water. Can swim. The abdomen is covered with hairs to hold air, so under water, the spider seems "silver". In the water, the bell filled with air, where he lives: rests, leaves reserves, eats caught prey.

Spider-bird (bird). Large, up to 20 cm with a blank of the legs. Possess a beautiful diverse color. Weave web. Some species are completely harmless to humans, swelling, redness, itching, heat, muscle cramps may appear from the bite of others. Deaths are not described. It is them most often contained in homes, females of some species live up to 35 years. Very unpretentious in care. Poultryadov can even train.

Top 10 most dangerous, poisonous, deadly spiders in the world, on the planet: list with names

A resident of the tropics and subtropics of South America is the most dangerous spider according to the Guinness book. Spider size is 10-12.5 cm. It is fast, active, web does not ride, in search of production is constantly moving. Loves bananas. It is powered by other spiders, insects, lizards, birds.

With danger, it becomes at all, shows fangs. Metal poison for weakened people, children. Without assistance, death from the bite of some individuals may occur in 20-30 minutes. In an adult healthy person, a strong allergic reaction usually occurs.

The habitat is the deserts of South America, Africa. May do for a long time without water and food - up to the year. Size, taking into account the scope of the paws up to 5 cm.

When hunting breaks down in the sand, let me closer and attacks the shelter. The poison is hemolytic-necrotic toxin, which dilutes blood and causes decomposition of the tissue. The victim dies from internal bleeding. Antidote is not created, but people die extremely rarely.

Habitat - Australia, within a radius of 100 km from Sydney. Size - up to 5 cm. Lives and hunts in stumps, under stones, on trees or open areas. The poison is not dangerous for most mammals, but mortals for humans and primates.

Spider for danger becomes at all, shows fangs. When bite dugs into the body of the victim and bites many times in a row. At the same time it is difficult to tear off. The poison is dangerous due to larger doses. At first, well-being deteriorates: nausea, vomiting, sweating. Then, blood pressure is reduced and blood circulation is disturbed, and at the end - the respiratory organs refuse.

One of the most famous species. Habitat - Mexico, USA, South Canada, New Zealand. Live preferred in the desert and prairies. Female size up to 1 cm. Females are more dangerous than males. If the female bites, then the antidote must be introduced within 30 seconds.

Poechi poison 15 times stronger than a poison of a rattle snake. A place from a bite heals up to 3 months. The bite is characterized by acute pain, which after 1 hour extends throughout the body, causing convulsions. Breathing makes it difficult, there is vomiting, sweating, headache, paresthesia limbs, fever.

Outwardly similar to black widow. Initially, he dwells in Australia, now spread throughout the world, with the exception of the poles. The size of up to 1 cm is powered by insects, flies, cockroaches, even lizards.

The poison is not able to kill a person, but after the bite, pain, convulsions, nausea, increased sweating, general weakness are felt.

6. Karakurt - "Black Worm"

From the genus of black widows, inhabits in the steppe and desert zones of Russia. The sizes of male - up to 0.7 cm, females - up to 2 cm. The most dangerous pois is most dangerous, having red dots on the trouser.

Spider bite himself practically do not feel, but after a few minutes the sharp pain is felt, gradually propagating throughout the body. A convulsions begin, red rash appears, the victim can feel unless fear, depression. Without assistance, the bite can become fatal for 5 days.

The second name is a violin spider. Habitat - North Mexico, South United States, California. The sizes of males are 0.6 cm, females - up to 20 cm. Not aggressive. Lives in dark dry places: attics, sheds, cabinets.

The bite is practically not sensitive. After the bite, the effect of poison begins to feel after it spread throughout the body, after a day. The temperature rises, nausea appears, rash, pain in the whole body, tissue swelling. In 30%, necrosis of tissues begins, sometimes bodies, deaths are registered only a few.

Initially inhabited only South America (Chile), now lives in North America, meets in Europe and Australia. Lives in abandoned places: srates, lunite, attic. Food insects, other spiders. Size taking into account the paws - up to 4 cm.

The bite is painful, according to the power like a cigarette burn. The poison has a necrotic action. The victim feels a strong pain. An renal failure can develop. Treatment lasts many months, and 1 out of 10 people dies.

9. Wolf spiders

The habitat is the whole world, except Antarctica, but prefer warm countries. Live in shrubs, on grassy meadows, in forests near water sources, in false foliage, under the stones. Dimensions - up to 30 mm. Food with cicades, clouds.

The bite of tropical species is able to cause long-term pain, dizziness, swelling, strong itching, nausea, rapid pulse. Their poison is not fatal.

10. Terafoz Blonde

One of the largest spiders, the second name - a poultry-goliath. Body size - up to 9 cm, swelling of the paws - up to 25 cm. It feeds on the toads, mice, small birds and snakes. It bits only in cases of danger.

The poison has a paralytic action. But for a person is fraught with only a tumor and itching. In the bite of large animals and humans, the poison is usually not injected. With the danger, the poultry man shakes sharp hairs from the back, causing irritation of the mucous membranes.

Although there are many dangerous spiders, they rarely attack. The attack is usually associated with protection, and in the usual life of spiders face, preferring for life secluded places. Deadly cases take place little, but caution in circulation of these animals is always needed.

Video. The strangest spiders and unusual spiders in the world

The categories of the most popular species include spiders that are well adapted for content in the conditions of captivity, completely unpretentious, and also have an unusual appearance:

• curly Wipe Spider-Bowdrows or Unshyrelma AlboriloSum- Unpretentious spider pepper, leading a night lifestyle. The perfect exotion option for beginners, thanks to its original appearance, sufficiently large body sizes, as well as amazing calm. It does not have bright staining, and an unusual appearance is due to the presence of sufficiently long hairs with black or white tips. The main color of the spider is brown or brownish-black. The average length of the body is 80 mm in the sizes of the paws at 16-18 cm. The cost of an adult individual reaches four thousand rubles;
• akantoskurria Antillensis or AsaNTHOSSURRIA Antillensis - Spider come from small Antilles. The view refers to the Poultry Family Family. This is a fairly active spider who is hiding in the shelter during the day and feeds on various insects. The body length reaches 60-70 mm at a movement of the legs at 15 cm. The main color is represented by dark brown shades with the presence of a minor metal gloss on Carapas. The average cost of an adult individual reaches 4.5 thousand rubles;
• chromatopelm Cyanopubescens SHRYMTORLMA SYANEORSUBESSSSSNS - A popular and very beautiful spider-bird, which is characterized by a body length of 60-70 mm, as well as a blank of the legs up to 14-15 cm. The main color is represented by a combination of a reddish-orange abdomen, bright blue limbs and green carapas. A hardy view capable of without food over several months. The average cost of an adult individual reaches 10-11 thousand rubles;
• c.rASSISRUS LAMAI- A safe view characterized by the presence of extended joints in the fourth leg area in females. The main color of the adult male black. The sizes of the male body up to 3.7 cm and Carapaks - 1.6x1.4 cm. Female females are significantly larger than males and the length of their body reaches 7 cm when the legs are swinging at 15 cm. Adult females are painted mainly in brown tones. The average cost of an adult individual reaches 4.5 thousand rubles;
• c.yCLOSTERNUM FASSITUM - One of the smallest, tropical species of spider-poultry from Costa Rica. The maximum scope of the feet of the adult individual is 10-12 cm at a body length of 35-50 mm. Body color dark brown with a noticeable reddish tint. The area of \u200b\u200bthe pumped is painted in reddish or brown shades, black abdomen with red stripes, and legs are gray, black or brown. The average cost of an adult individual reaches 4 thousand rubles.

Also popular with domestic lovers such types of spiders like SyriosoSmus Bürtaee, gramostol gold and pink, poisonous Terafoz Blondie.

Important! It is strictly not recommended to contain at home a red spider, which many is known as. This species is considered the most dangerous of Australia spiders and highlights a neurotoxic poison, so the owner of such an exotion must always have an antidote at hand.

Where and how to keep a home spider

Low-moving spiders with the absence of a characteristic roundness in the abdomen area are most likely sick, malnutrition or suffer from dehydration. In addition to exotes, you need to choose correctly and purchase a terrarium for its content, as well as the most important accessories for filling the home.

We select terrarium

In too voluminous terrariums filled with a large number of decor elements, such an exotion can be easily lost. It is also important to remember that many species are unable to get along with their neighbors, therefore, for example, poultry spiders are desirable to contain alone.

Cozy for spider will become a terrarium house, the optimal dimensions of which make up two lengths of the maximum sweep of the legs. As practice shows, even the largest copies perfectly feel in the dwelling with dimensions of 40 × 40cm or 50 × 40 cm.

According to its constructive features, terrariums are horizontal for terrestrial species and eccentrics, as well as vertical - for wood spiders. In the manufacture of terrarium, as a rule, tempered glass or standard plexiglass is used.

Lighting, humidity, decor

The creation of optimal, comfortable conditions for the spider is the key to the preservation of the life and health of the exotion when it is in captivity:

• at the bottom part of the terrarium, a special substrate in the form of vermiculite is falling asleep. The standard layer of such a backfill should be 30-50 mm. Also very well suited for these purposes coconut dry substrate or ordinary peat crumb, mixed with moss-sphagnum;
• temperature regime inside the terrarium is also very important. Spiders belong to the category of very thermal-loving pets, so the temperature range is optimal in the range of 22-28 ° C. As practice shows, a minor and short-term decrease in temperature is not able to cause damage to spiders, but should not be elapsed by the endurance of such exes;
• despite the fact that spiders are predominantly a nightlife, they can not be limited in the light. As a rule, to create comfortable conditions, it is quite enough to have natural lighting in the room, but without entering the container of direct sunlight;
• as a shelter for the normal types of spiders, special "houses" are used from pieces of bark or coconut shell. Also, in order to design internal space, different decorative squabs or artificial vegetation can be used.

Special attention requires moisture inside the housing of the spider. Provide optimal performance allows the presence of drinker and the correct substrate. Control the level of humidity is needed using a standard hygrometer. To increase the humidity, the irrigation of the terrarium with water from the domestic pulverizer is performed.

Important! It should be noted that overheating of the air inside the terrarium is very dangerous for the sweeping spider, since in this case the processes of rotting and non-digestible food become the cause of exotion poisoning in the stomach.

Safety terrarium

The terrarium for spider should be completely safe, both for the most exotic pets and for others. It is especially important to comply with the safety rules in the content of poisonous spiders.

It should be remembered that spiders are capable of deftly move even along the vertical surface, so the main condition of the safe content is the presence of a reliable cover. It is impossible to acquire too high container for terrestrial spiders, since otherwise the exotion may fall from a significant height and get a life-threatening break of the abdomen.

To ensure the ventilation sufficient for the vital activity, in the cover of the terrarium, it is necessary to make perforation in the form of small and numerous holes.

Than feeding home spiders

In order to make the process of feeding and careing the home spider as convenient as possible, it is recommended to purchase tweezers. With the help of such an uncomplicated device, there are insects, and also removed from the terrarium of feed residues and contaminants of dwelling products of vital activity. The diet should be as close as possible to the power of the spider in natural, natural conditions. The standard portion size is approximately third of the size of the exotom.

It is interesting! The drinking bowl is installed in the terrariums in adults and can be represented by a regular saucer, a little indulged in the substrate at the bottom of the container.

Life expectancy spider at home

The average life expectancy indicators of an exotic pet in the conditions of captivity can vary greatly depending on the type and compliance of the rules of content:

• asaNTHOSSURRIA Antillensis - about 20 years;
• chrotorLMA SyanerubessSsNS - males live on average 3-4 years old, and females - up to 15 years;
• tiger spider - up to 10 years;
• krasnikina spider - 2-3 years;
• ordinary ARGIOP - no more than a year.

For long-livers among spiders, the aghoin models are deservedly referred to medium duration The life of which is three decades.

Also, the lifetime records include some types of spiders from the Poultry Family Family, which are capable of living a quarter of a century in the conditions of Nilo, and sometimes more.

Detachment: Araneae \u003d spiders

The biology of reproduction of spiders by complexity and the peculiarity of the observed phenomena exceeds everything that is characteristic of other arachnemas, and this is due to the use of the cobweb.

Female spiders in the image of life and appearance, as a rule, are very different from females, although in some cases males and females are similar. Typically, the male is the smallest females, with relatively longer legs, and sometimes males dwarf, in terms of 1000-1500 times less females. In addition to sizes, sexual dimorphism often manifests itself in certain secondary signs: in the bright figure of males, in the special form of individual pairs of feet, etc. The males, as a rule, come across less often, and some species are not found at all. At the same time, the virgin development of eggs from spiders seems to represent the rarest exception. In the tental spiders, the milled males are usually no longer built by the casualties, but they roam in search of females and come across the champions of females in a short period of mating.

Internal organs The sexual system of spiders have in general a rather common structure. The seeds are paired, convoluted seven-parts are connected near the sexual opening, having a small gap at the male. The ovaries are paired, in some cases they grow together into the ring. Paired eggs are connected to the unpaid body - the uterus opens with the eggwall. The latter is covered with a folded elevation - epigino. There are semi-artes - bags from which the tubules move to the output part of the genital paths and to the epigin, where they usually open independently of the egg-hole.

The focusing organs are formed on male pedipals only with the last molt. Before mating, the male highlights a drop of sperm on a specially woven pawless mesh from the floor, fills the copigalp copilp organs with sperm and in pairing with their help introduces cum into seedy semifiers. In the simplest case, on the Pedipalp footpace there is a pear-shaped appendage - a bulbus with a spiral spherical channel inside (Fig. 35.5). The appendages are pulled into a thin spout - Embolus, at the end of which the channel opens. When pairing, Embolus is introduced into the channels of the female semifics. In most cases, copulation organs are more complicated, with the ways of their complications are traced within the detachment and somewhat different different groups spiders. Usually the pawpalp paws are increased. The articular membrane of the bugbus turns into a roof exploratory, which at the time of mating, bubblely swells under pressure from hemolyamph. The sperm channel forms complex loops and opens at the end of a long embolus, a bite or another form. Often there are additional appendages that serve to attach when pairing. The structure of co-repulsive bodies in the details is very diverse, characteristic of individual groups and species and is widely used in the systematics of spiders.

The male fills the Pedipalp Bulbas Seed shortly after the last molting. The spherical mesh has a triangular or quadrangular shape and hangs horizontally. A drop of sperm highlighting on it, the male immerses the ends of the Pedipalp. It is believed that sperm penetrates through the narrow channel of Embolus due to capillary, but now it has been established that at least the forms with complex copulatory authorities have a special semesoring channels. In some spiders, the male does not make a mesh, but pulls one or more webs between the legs of the third pair, produces a drop of sperm on a web and leads it to the ends of the Pedipalp. There are such species whose males take sperm directly from the floor.

The male with filled with copulatory authorities is sent to search for females, overcoming sometimes considerable distances. At the same time, it is guided mainly by smell. He distinguishes the odorless trail of the female female on the substrate and her web. Vision in most cases does not play a significant role: males with smeared eyes easily find females.

Having found a female, the male begins to "Cleaning". Almost always, the excitation of the male is manifested in certain characteristic movements. The male twisters the filament of the filament. The latter notices these signals and often rushes on the male as a prey, turning him into flight. Insisitious "Clearing", which continue sometimes for a very long time, make a female less aggressive and prone to mating. The males of some species weave next door to the senses of females, small "marriages", which lure the female rhythmic movements of the legs. Spiders living in minks, mating occurs in a mink of females.

Some species have a re-mating with several males and the rivalry of males who are going on the senses of females and trying to get closer to her, fight with each other. The most active drives the rivals and mates with the female, and after a while his place occupies another male and so on ....

A little known about the vital cycle of the overwhelming majority of poultry spiders. We can only assume that it is similar to the cycle of those few studied species, and make certain additions to it on the basis of such factors as seasons, temperature, humidity and habitat. Be careful! These assumptions can easily mislead you. Terafoside tried for too long to adapt to already available formulas. We are expected surprises, and assumptions can only serve as the starting point. For this, other areas of research are needed. Everything is described here, it may concern only the North American species, but not to be true for species from Africa, Asia, etc.

Maturation

In the life of each poultry there is one significant link (if he, of course, lives to it) is an adult or the largest molting.

The duration of the period of puberty is very dependent on the type of poultry, the floor of this individual, physical condition, food conditions and other factors unknown to us. For example, males poultry worst for a year and a half before their sisters, but insufficient food can tighten this process for two years or more (Baerg 1928).

One of the North American species, this molt occurs on 10-12 years of life (Baerg 1928). The males of the APHONOPELMA ANAX type can ripen at the age of two or three (Breene 1996), and some tropical birds (for example, Avicularia species), ripen even faster, perhaps even to age 8 months (CHAGENTIER 1992).

Among the individuals of one brood, males grow far earlier. One of the hypotheses explaining this fact is that it is ripening in different time Prevents pairing brothers and sisters, and accordingly, retains genetic diversity.

Another hypothesis suggests that the males need less time to achieve full body weight, as they have less than that of females. Hence the conclusion that females take more time so that they have developed large in the size of the reproductive organs and gained a large body weight for preparation for ovulation. If this hypothesis is true, then the avoidance of related crossing is only a secondary phenomenon. Before the next linky, all the birds belonging to the same look appear more or less similar, and even after ripening, the adult female still looks very similar to a big teenager.

The male, however, is subjected to a radical transformation during its ripening after the final molting. He develops longer legs and less abdomen than the female. Most varieties of the front pair of legs now have speakers pointing forward hooks on each leg.

Male BracHypelma Smithi. Tibial hooks and bouches on pedipalpacks are visible.

Male BracHypelma Smithi. Tibial hooks are visible on the first pair of his walking feet.

The character of the male also changes (Petrunkevetch 1911): instead of a balanced, reclusive behavior, it acquired an easy-to-carry, hyperactive temperament characterized by gustful starts, fast movements and a strong hunt for places. For male, this brewing molting is the final. In short, it is the beginning of the end. His days are considered.

One of the most important transformations occurs in its pedipalpa. While the pedipalips of his sister still resemble the walking legs, his pedipals look as if boxing gloves are put on them. But do not be mistaken: he is a lover, not a fighter! The bulbous ends of his pedipalp is now very difficult to arrange and adapted for use as specific genitals. The final segments on the pedipalps changed from relatively simple preliminaries and claws into complex secondary genitals used to enter sperm in the sexy paths of the females.

Sexy life

Little is known about the sexual behavior of wild birds. In fact, everything that we really know is the result of observations of spiders living in captivity, and such a content can radically change habits and instincts. We inform only a little bit here that we know about the wild habits of the birds and we can only hope for more extensive research in this area.

Charging

Shortly after the final molt of the poultry male, the poultry will hide a cum from sperm and it prepares himself to a sexual career (Baerg 1928 and 1958; Petrankevich 1911; Minzh 1979). This sperm web usually looks like a silky tent, opened on both sides. But at all, she can dating one of two options. Some varieties build it only with two open ends. Other weave it opening also from above. In this case, the male will be sprinkled inside an additional small patch from a special web (apparently, with its Epiandrus Glands), adjacent to the upper edge. If an open top will not be, then it will hide such a patch inside and adjacent to the edge of one of the open ends. Turning over this web upside down, he later will make a drip of his sperm on the lower side of that small patch. After that, he scrubbles to the top of the web, clinging to the pedipals, first one, then the other, stretches through the top (if it is open), or through an open end (if the top is closed) and charges his bulbs with sperm. This process is called sperm induction.

Sperm, which he charges his bulbs while inactive. After education in the seeds of sperm, they consist in a protein capsule and remain inactive until the male receives a call to fertilize the female (Foelix 1982).

After "charging" of his pedipalp, the male leaves sperm and goes to look for a female, which can be pious. During his wandering, the male is in conditions of ordinary for any predator in this environment, and therefore it should be hyperactive at least even in order to survive and mate. Thus, the Hyperactivity of the male is the necessary feature of survival. Where is the male weeping his first sperm web? Within its hole before he leaves a web or after leaveing \u200b\u200ba hole to search for females? Nora seems to be a very close place to perform the necessary movements, but it is much safer than the open space.

The male will weave a few sperm poutine and charge the tips of their pedpalp more than once. He is capable of mating several times during his sexual career. But still there are very scarce data, indicating how many times the male is capable of recharging its pedpalp, or how many females can be fertilized. Where does the male build an extra sperm over the sperm after he leaves his hole? Does he prefer to have secluded places under the rock or other shelter or simply stops anywhere where there is an item that can be used as a vertical support, not paying attention to the rest of the world? Most likely, the answers to these questions depend on the species affiliation of the poultry. Obviously, more extensive research is needed. The righteous girls, whom he usually looks for, staying at home, waiting for their boyfriends. Of course, the more distances he covers, the greater the chance he has to appease the female, ready for mating. The males, it happened, they were found, leaving almost two kilometers from their house (Janovski-Bell 1995).

The Taming of the Shrew

Females are found, probably due to some feelings (we cannot call them taste or smell with confidence) and tactics of weaving networks around their holes (Minzh 1979). When the sperm web will be woven, the male will begin to very carefully tapping his feet at the entrance to Noura females in an attempt to awaken interest. If this does not make a proper effect, he will try extremely carefully in her hole. At some point, he will come in contact with the female, and here two options for the development of events are possible. It can be met with an almost explosive attack. In this case, the female can pounce on it, like a fierce tiger, with naked fangs and a clear intention to dine instead of sex. The male should try to hastily relate from the hole or becomes the main dish in the menu of its bride.

With a friend of the scenario, the female first ignores him, leading himself modestly and persistently seeking its location. In this case, the male will lower its millet until it feels on the surface, while holding an opistine high in the air. He extends his front legs and pedipalps to the female and in this position, the extraordinary plea drags his body back. Such an inequating look almost always works, and while the male pulls myself back, the female modestly follows him. From time to time, he suspends his retreat, still withsting the subordinate position of the body, alternately put forward and pushing his pedipals and front legs, first on the left side, then with the right, then again with the left to support the interest of females. So, step by step, they move in an unusual procession from the hole to the surface.

Caring araneomorphic spiders (Families of Aranaida, Pizorid, Salta and Licoside, for example) are often very complex and bizarre. These spiders have a small dance or plucking the spider threads from the female network in a special way that it turns off its predatory instinct and replaces its willingness to accept the assistant in the continuation of the kind. Some males in the Pizorid family are even going to offer a female before mating recently caught insect.

Poultry worship courtship is relatively simple and uncomplicated. The males (and sometimes females) before mating are often twisted and hit with their pedipalpars and legs on the ground. However, it is not so complicated dance as Aranaomorph. To date, there were no seriously registered attempts to identify differences in marriage rituals in different types of poultry worship. These spiders are generally very difficult to determine, they are ready at the moment to mating or not. Perhaps it reminds us of what they are, and that the sign is mistaken by the male - the right way to be attacked and be eaten.

Somewhere in the open space, when the female is no longer on the familiar territory, the male can try to get closer to it. By this time, when he seduced her and lured him out of shelter, she already recognizes him as a Uhager and remains motionless. The male can touch it before her with the tips of the front pair of the legs or tapping them on the ground, or on the female several times in a row. After a short pause, he can resume his movements. Usually, the male makes these manipulations several times until it is convinced that the female does not find anything criminal in its respect. In fact, the sequence of events, the exact amount of all movements and the type of foreplay differ depending on the species affiliation of the poultry, and can be an important key to understanding their phylogenesis (seal 1971). However, no one has not yet really serious studies of sexual behavior in these spiders.

Copulation

If the female is still passive or if it approaches too slowly, the male is carefully moved closer, moving its front legs between its pedipalpars and heliters. At the same time, the female will raise and push their fangs. This is an expression of not hostility, but rather ready to mate. The male captures her fangs with its own tybial hooks in order to give a sustainable position as herself and his girlfriend. It is mistaken to assume that in this way the male makes the female stationary and as if disarming it. Nothing like this! At this moment, she also strives for intimacy, as he. The authors witness a lot of cases when the female took the initiative, the very beginning mating with the male! After the male reliably captured the fangs of the female, he pushes her as a might and back. At this moment, he pulls his pedipals and gently strokes her abdomen her lower part. If it remains calm and obedient, he will open the Embolus of one pedpalp and carefully insert it into the female epigastric furrows. This will be the actual act of copulation. After penetrating into it, the female is dramatically bent almost at right angles to the male, and he, emptying one pedipalpu, quickly inserts and empties the other.

After the copulation of the male holds the female so far away from herself, as far as possible, until it can safely push his front legs and ask stringly! The female often pursues him for a short distance, but it is extremely rarely determined. Although she is one of the predators, from which he should run away, is usually more interested just to drive him away from himself. Contrary to the legend that the lover's spider lives in order to seduce as much of innocent virgins as possible, there is a serious reason to assume that he can simply be returned to another evening to mate with a compliant female in the second or third time.

A few weeks or months after ripening, depending on the species, the poultry male begins to slowly fade and in the end dies. Rarely, they are experiencing winter, even less often - spring (Baerg 1958). To date, there are no reliable data on the life expectancy of males most varieties, although the authors contained several males who lived even about 14-18 months after the final mol.

Undoubtedly, the old weak males in nature are becoming easy prey and probably therefore have a shorter life expectancy than in captivity. In West Texas, the authors collected a numerous collection of males birds as in early springAnd in mid-April. Most of these males, judging by their exhaustion, were obviously survivors from the previous autumn. A small, but essential part of them (perhaps every fifth or sixth) did not seem to be exhausted nor show signs of loss of bristles or any physical damage.

It would be necessary to assume that in warmer areas, some species of poultry worships can impact and multiply much earlier than once assumed. Subsequently, Brin (1996) described the pairing cycle of Anax Afonofelm from Southern Texas, in which the males ripened and matered with females at the very beginning of spring.

In many parts of the tropics, some birds (for example, the genus Avicularia) are linked and multiply regardless of the time of year due to stable temperatures, humidity and abundance of food (CHARPENIR 1992).

Baerg (1928, 1958), and later Minch (1978), argued that the female had a sufficient number of time to postpone the eggs between the reproduction at the beginning of the spring and the molting in the midst of the summer. If it were true, such a mating would be inconsistent. However, Brin (1996) carefully described the situation that occurs with AFONOPELM Anax.

The experience of the authors with the birds contained in captain of the birds of Brachiplm showed that pairing until December and after the middle of the winter (January in Canada) are usually fruitless. Thus, it turned out that the seasons of mating and laying eggs differ for each species, and often radically. These creatures are constantly presented to us unexpected surprises, especially when we think we know the answers to all the questions.

Motherhood

Baerg (1928) reports that wild females of birds living in Arkansas (for example, APHONOPELMA HENTZI), postponing eggs, plug inlets into their holes shortly after mating and so winter. Cum, which transmitted the male, carefully granted the shelter in its sperm before the next spring. And only the next spring it will be a meal of a cocoon size with a walnut, accommodating a whole thousand eggs or more. She will take care of him, carefully airing his hole and protecting him from predators. Protecting offspring, the female can be quite aggressive.

The laying time of eggs is significantly different. Here are some of the factors defining the timing of the tab:

1. Poultry species;
2. Geographical latitude of the Motherland of the female Tarantula;
3. Predominant climate;
4. Hemisphere.

It is also likely to be other factors, but there are so many of them in reality that any generalizations here may be inappropriate.

Poultryists from Arkansas (Afonofelm Entszi) usually put eggs in June or July (Baerg 1958), and those that from West Texas - a month earlier. In captivity, exotic species of poultry whales can postpone eggs in early March. Apparently, this is the result of their content in the house in the artificial climate.

The fertilization of eggs occurs during their laying, and not when mating, as it would be assumed. The insemination of female, apparently, performs at least two functions. It can stimulate it to produce eggs, and at the same time isolates inactive cum in a convenient, protected place to the desired moment.

The females of most vertebrates ovulate regardless of whether or not there is contact with the male. Kura constantly lay eggs (fertilized or not), people have ovulation and monthly cycles with the complete absence of sexual intercourse. It is still unclear, this is also happening in the birds or not. The authors contained many females who did not begin to produce eggs to the fertilization by the male. Being smooth and slender before, they became swollen and severe for several weeks after mating. It can be assumed that the mating or the presence of viable sperm in spermatem females prompted her to start producing eggs.

On the other hand, Baxter (1993) believes that the females of poultrying can produce eggs and without mating. This can happen due to the start of the breeding season, the abundance of available food, or even the simple proximity of the male of the corresponding species. The authors have many females that look extremely heavy and fasten, but who did not pair over many years. If they were full of eggs, Bakster's hypothesis would be confirmed. If they would simply be full of adipose tissue, it would be confirmed by the previous hypothesis. But the authors can not sacrifice any of their pets, so this question remains unanswered. These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and both may be correct depending on the circumstances. These creatures exist too long, so as not to develop an extensive repertoire of small tricks in order to confuse us.

With a constant population of 150-450 adult birds, most of whom are females, for more than 25 years, the authors had only one female, putting eggs, without being a fertilized male. In this case, the Afonovel's female from Texas lived in captivity for more than 3 years and underwent three links. For the fourth spring, she produced a cocoon, but the eggs did not develop. Baxter (1993) also informs about the laying of fruitless eggs by unopodent females of the Psalmopeus Cambridges. In a personal letter, Brin reported that he watched this phenomenon almost thirty times! We are not sure about the time of developing cocoons of most birds in nature, but it undoubtedly varies depending on the ambient temperature and the species affiliation of the spider. Several more information is known about the period of development of some species of poultry worships, when eggs were kept in the incubator. Periods related to the development of eggs of various poultryists are presented in Table XII. It should be emphasized that these data is valid only for the conditions of the artificial incubator.

The larvae of the Poultry worship of Afonofelm Antii appear from cocoons in July - early August and leave the mother's noura in about a week or a little later (Baerg 1958). Soon after, the female will go to the mol. If she did not pair on time to postpone fertilized eggs, it will begin to lift a little earlier, perhaps in the late spring or early summer. Athonopelm Anaks from South Texas laying eggs in June - July, and lens in August - early September (Brin 1996). Thus, as soon as pairing happened, the schedule for the remaining females becomes approximately the same as in the variety of Afonoflm Enti.

Along with the rest of the exoskeleton, the lining of sperm coverings with the residues of sperm will be discarded, and our lady will again become a virgin.