Presentation on the history of "Soviet rear during the war." Presentation - the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War to home front workers

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Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War

The directive of June 29, 1941 provided for: - the introduction of labor conscription - operational regulation of the work of enterprises and institutions - the transition of railways to a military schedule, which ensured priority and - rapid movement of military echelons.

Evacuated Plant "767" - press shop. Autumn 1941 The evacuation of industrial enterprises from front-line areas was carried out in two stages: - summer-autumn 1941 - summer-autumn 1942.

Evacuation plan: First of all, finished products, uninstalled equipment, raw materials and basic materials were removed. Secondly, technological equipment to be installed at existing enterprises, power equipment and machine tools. In the third phase, vehicles, property and auxiliary materials were evacuated.

As a result of the colossal efforts of the people, the Soviet Union in the shortest possible time was able to carry out a radical restructuring of the economy on a war footing, evacuate and put into operation enormous production capacities in extremely difficult conditions.

By the autumn of 1941, the enemy had captured a vast territory, which provided 38% of grain production and 84% of sugar. in the autumn of 1941, a card system for the distribution of basic food products was introduced, which made it possible to avoid cases of mass starvation throughout the war.

The victory of the Russian people in the war gave rise to hopes among farmers for the dissolution of collective farms, among the intelligentsia for a weakening of political dictatorship, and among the population of the Union republics (especially in the Baltic states, Western Ukraine and Belarus) for a change in state policy.

In an effort to suppress the emerging social tension, the regime moved on two fronts: on the one hand, along the path of decorative, visible democratization, and on the other, intensifying the fight against “freethinking” and strengthening the totalitarian regime.

Taking into account the current situation, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, by its resolution of June 25, 1941, entrusted the NKVD troops with the task of protecting the rear of the active Red Army. To protect the rear of each front, NKVD troop directorates were created. On June 26, 1941, by order of the NKVD of the USSR, chiefs of troops for guarding the rear of the fronts were appointed. The tasks of the rear security troops included: establishing order in the military rear, regulating the movement of refugees on the roads, detaining deserters, identifying saboteurs and spies and fighting them, regulating the supply and evacuation of property, etc.

The NKVD troops guarding the rear of the active Red Army are entrusted with: fighting saboteurs, spies and bandit elements in the rear of the front; liquidation of small detachments and groups of the enemy penetrating or being thrown into the rear of the front (submachine gunners, paratroopers, signalmen, etc.), in special cases (by decision of the Military Council of the front) protection of communications in certain areas. “

In accordance with the decree of April 20, 1933 of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 775/146 “On the organization of labor settlements of the OGPU,” the GULAG of the OGPU was reorganized into the Main Directorate of Camps and Labor Settlements of the OGPU. M. Berman was appointed head of the GULAG and TP of the United State Political Directorate. Statistics show that as of June 1, 1944, only in the system of forced labor camps and colonies of the Gulag there were 56 central and 69 republican, regional and regional directorates and departments of camps and colonies.

During the years 1941-1944, 117,000 soldiers and officers were mobilized from among the legal citizens of the Gulag and transferred to the Red Army, including 93,500 people from the paramilitary guards. Between 1941 and 1944, 43,000 Polish and 10,000 Czechoslovak citizens were released from the Gulag. During 1941-1944, more than 2,000,000 former convicts entered the national economy.

By the Secret Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated April 19, 1943, the SMERSH Counterintelligence Directorate of the NKVMF of the USSR and the SMERSH Counterintelligence Department of the NKVD of the USSR were created.

The activities of the GUKR SMERSH included the filtering of soldiers returning from captivity, as well as the preliminary clearing of the front line from German agents and anti-Soviet elements (together with the NKVD troops to protect the rear of the army and the territorial bodies of the NKVD). SMERSH took an active part in the search, detention and investigation of Soviet citizens who were active in anti-Soviet armed groups fighting on the side of Germany, such as the Russian Liberation Army.

The activities of GUKR SMERSH are characterized by obvious successes in the fight against foreign intelligence services; in terms of effectiveness, SMERSH was the most effective intelligence service during the Second World War.

The country would not have withstood such a terrible and severe test if it had not lived with a single thought: “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” The country “forged victory” through the common efforts of the entire people. Instead of those who went to the front, their fathers and mothers, wives and children stood at the machines.

The initiator of the creation of the people's militia was the party organization of Leningrad. On June 30, 1941, the creation of volunteer divisions began in Leningrad, which began to be called militia divisions. On July 2, they began organizing the people's militia of the party organization of Moscow and the Moscow region.

The people's militia was created not only in the front-line regions and republics, but also in the deep rear: in many regions of the RSFSR, in Ukraine, in Belarus, Karelia, communist and workers' regiments - in Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova, in Latvia - detachments of party-Soviet activists . Militia units were formed in the republics of Transcaucasia. Many units of the people's militia from Kyiv, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kursk, Kharkov, Murmansk and other cities also heroically fought against the advancing enemy troops.

Soviet T was during the war years

Completed by: 11th grade student

Ivleva Irina

Teacher: Yushechkina E.G.

Unity of front and rear - guarantee of victory

The war radically changed people's lives. At first there was hope that the fighting would move to enemy territory, but it soon became clear that the fate of the country itself was being decided during the war. The atrocities of the fascists led the Soviet people to the need for a merciless fight against the aggressor. Stalin, in his speech on July 3, unexpectedly said: “Brothers and sisters!” People understood the need for unity and dedication in the struggle and this became a prerequisite for the partisan movement.

N.M.Shvernik

A.N. Kosygin

The threat of occupation of the front-line areas forced the removal of all the most valuable equipment, raw materials, people, etc. from there. this activity was headed by the Evacuation Council. In a short period of time, a huge amount of cargo was transferred to the East. Over 5 months, 1,500 large enterprises and 10 million people were evacuated. In a new location, new production facilities were built for them, or merged with existing enterprises (Tankograd).

Chelyabinsk "Tankograd"

Tank assembly at Chelyabinsk

tractor factory

In December 1941, the decline in production stopped and its growth began. In mid-1942, the restructuring of the country's life into a military one was successfully completed, although Western experts believed that we would need at least 5 years for this. The Soviet economy eventually won the competition against the economy of Nazi Germany and this was one of the reasons for our victory in the war.

By the fall of 1942, more than 830 evacuated enterprises were operating in the Urals

Transferring the economy to a war footing

Work at evacuated enterprises

Wartime school

The war dealt a heavy blow to the education system. Thousands of schools were destroyed, and there were not enough textbooks and notebooks. But the work of schools continued even in besieged Sevastopol, Leningrad, Stalingrad and other cities. In the occupied areas, children's education stopped. Scientific centers moved to the East during the war. Research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences were evacuated here

Scientists: contribution to victory

During the war, Soviet scientists worked for the needs of the army. Academician E. Paton developed a new method of steel welding, which made it possible to obtain heavy-duty tank hulls.

Evgeny Oskarovich Paton

Scientific research in medicine

Doctors developed a blood transfusion technique and began using penicillin for the first time.

Zinaida Ermolyeva -

penicillin

Nikolay Burdenko – developer of new

wound treatment methods

Development of new weapons

In 1943, the development of Soviet nuclear weapons began. Designers worked on creating new types of weapons.

Mikhail Timofeevich

Kalashnikov

Life goes on…

Movie posters,

filmed during the war

Art and war

From the first days of the war, thousands of Soviet cultural figures went to the front. A. Gaidar and E. Petrov died defending their homeland. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, A. Fadeev and others worked as front-line correspondents. O. Bergoltz, V. Inber, D. Shostakovich continued to work in besieged Leningrad. The events of those days were reflected in the “Front-line Diaries” of K. Simonov, N. Tikhonov and others.

Writer A. Tolstoy

speaks to the soldiers

Conclusion:

The creation of a strong economic base in the east of the country, the unity of the front and rear, and the moral and political unity of Soviet society became one of the most important prerequisites for a radical change and victory in the war.

Germany's attack on the USSR required the country to transfer its economy to a war footing, i.e. development and maximum expansion of military production. It was envisaged to transfer the economy to a military footing, taking into account the current situation at the front and in the country, to increase the production of weapons, ammunition, the production of fuels, lubricants and other products of primary importance, to relocate enterprises from the front line to the east, and to create state reserves. During the war, the Soviet economy went through two stages in its development: the first was the restructuring of the national economy on a war footing (June 1941, autumn 1942), the second was the growth of the military economy (autumn 1942, September 1945). Perestroika proceeded along two main lines: first, the switch to military production of almost all industries, a sharp reduction or cessation of the production of civilian products; secondly, the relocation (evacuation) of productive forces to areas remote from the front.

During the war years, the labor force declined sharply. If in 1940 31.2 million workers and employees were employed in the national economy of the USSR, then in 1942 only 18.4 million. The reduction in the number of workers and employees was closely related to the increase in the number of armed forces, which since June 1941 By May 1945 it grew from 5.4 million to 11.4 million people. During the war, agriculture found itself in an extremely difficult situation. In The most important agricultural areas were lost. The number of collective and state farms, tractors, cars, and horses decreased by 40-60%. Investments in rural areas were reduced to a minimum. The situation with labor resources in rural areas remained exceptionally acute. The number of working-age population in the village decreased by 38%. The most difficult year was 1943. Drought affected the main agricultural areas. Gross agricultural output in 1943 amounted to 37% of the pre-war 1940 level. Grain yields sharply decreased. The turning point came only in 1944.

Despite the successes of industry, 1942 was a particularly difficult year for the country's agriculture. Due to the enemy's occupation of important food supply regions of the USSR, the area under cultivation and the gross grain harvest were significantly reduced. The losses suffered by agriculture were significant, its material and technical supplies deteriorated sharply, and there was an acute shortage of labor. By the end of the year, the number of able-bodied collective farmers had halved compared to pre-war times, the machine stock of MTS and state farms had decreased, there was a shortage of fuel, and the production of mineral fertilizers had decreased. All this affected agricultural production. The village workers were given the task of developing new lands in the east. In a short time, the sown area was increased by 2.8 million hectares.

Scientific and cultural workers worked for the needs of the front, in the interests of victory. Science focused on developing military-technical problems and mobilizing the country's raw materials for defense needs. In 1943, work began on the creation of a Soviet atomic bomb, which was carried out by a special laboratory for the fission of uranium nuclei under the leadership of Academician I.V. Kurchatov. Soviet T-34, KB tanks surpassed the best German models. Aircraft designers A.S. Yakovlev, S.A. Lavochkin, S.V. Ilyushin (creator of attack aircraft, the best of which was the IL-2 “flying tank”), A.N. Tupolev, N. N. Polikarpov, V. M. Petlyakov, V. M. Myasishchev, the creators of aircraft engines A.D. Shvetsov, V.Ya. Klimov, A.A. Mikulin and others. Doctors, in particular, the chief surgeon of the Red Army, academician N.N. Burdenko, provided great assistance to the fighters. The method he proposed for treating skull wounds with sulfa drugs made it possible to sharply, from 65 to 25%, reduce mortality among the wounded. N.N.Burdenko

Soviet rear Youth to the front In the second half of 1941, 360 thousand students in grades 8-10 joined the work. Already in the third year of the war, the share of workers and employees under the age of 18 in various industries ranged from 40 to 60% Fundraising Voluntary assistance from workers made it possible to send to the front: More than 2.5 thousand aircraft More than 5 thousand tanks Loans and lotteries over 118 billion rub. Village workers to the front! 80% of the total workforce in the village were women, old people and children. collective and state farms gave the country 4.3 billion poods of grain. Working class to the front! From 1941 to 1944 the production of aircraft increased by 3.3 times, aircraft engines by 5.4 times, tanks by 2 times, and diesel engines by 4.6 times.

Slide 2

1.Soviet society during the war. 2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing. 3. Education and science. 4.Cultural figures to the front. 5. The Church during the war years. Lesson plan.

Slide 3

Prove that home front workers made a significant contribution to the defeat of the Nazi invaders? Lesson assignment.

Slide 4

The war radically changed the lives of people. At first there was hope that the fighting would move to enemy territory, but it soon became clear that during the war the fate of the country itself was being decided. The atrocities of the Nazis led the Soviet people to the need for a merciless struggle with the aggressor, Stalin in his speech on July 3 unexpectedly said: “Brothers and sisters!” People understood the need for unity and dedication in the struggle and this became a prerequisite for the partisan movement. 1.Soviet society during the war. Refugees.

Slide 5

The threat of occupation of the front-line areas forced the removal of all the most valuable equipment, raw materials, people, etc. from there. this activity was headed by the Evacuation Council. In a short period of time, a huge amount of cargo was transferred to the East. In 5 months, 1,500 large enterprises and 10 million people were evacuated. New production facilities were built for them in a new place, or combined with existing ones enterprises (Tankograd). 2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing. Evacuated plant in a new location.

Slide 6

Many industries were repurposed for the production of military products. In December 1941, the decline in production stopped and its growth began. All R. In 1942, the restructuring of the country's life into a military one was successfully completed, although Western experts believed that we would need at least 5 years for this. The Soviet economy eventually won the competition against the economy of Nazi Germany and this became one of the reasons for our victory in the war. 2.Restructuring the economy on a war footing. Poster. 1943

Slide 7

The war dealt a heavy blow to the education system. Thousands of schools were destroyed, there were not enough textbooks and textbooks. But the work of schools continued even in besieged Sevastopol, Leningrad, Stalingrad and other cities. In the occupied areas, the education of children ceased. During the war, scientific centers moved to the East. Scientific research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences were evacuated here. 3. Education and science. Military school. 1942

Slide 8

During the war, Soviet scientists worked for the needs of the army. Academician E. Paton developed a new method of welding steel, which made it possible to obtain super-strong tank hulls. A. Ioffe created the world's first radars. Doctors developed a method of blood transfusion and began to use blood transfusions for the first time. take penicillin. In 1943, the development of Soviet nuclear weapons began. Designers worked on creating new types of weapons. 3. Education and science. Designer P. Degtyarev.

Slide 9

From the first days of the war, thousands of Soviet cultural figures went to the front. A. Gaidar and E. Petrov died defending their homeland. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, A. Fadeev and others worked as front-line correspondents. O. Bergoltz, V. Inber, D. Shostakovich continued to work in besieged Leningrad. The events of those days were reflected in the “Front-line Diaries” K. Simonova, I. Erenburg, N. Tikhonova and others. 4. Cultural figures to the front. A.P. Gaidar at the front

Slide 10

Other representatives of culture went to the front as part of artistic brigades. In Central Asia, films continued to be made at the united film studio. Lyrical songs (“Ogonyok”, “In the Dugout”, “Katyu-sha”, etc.) by D. Shestakovich gained enormous popularity in the besieged In Leningrad he wrote the Seventh Symphony, which in the summer of 1942 was performed in the besieged city. Theaters continued to operate in Moscow and Leningrad. 4.Cultural figures to the front. A.N. Tolstoy with the pilots

Slide 11

By 1941, 7 bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church remained at large. The locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Sergius, on June 22, 1941, called on believers to defend the Motherland. Other denominations followed his example. The church not only carried out ideological work, but also collected funds for the needs of the front. Under these conditions, Stalin in September 1943 restored the patriarchate and released some of the priests. 5. The Church during the war years. Metropolitan Sergius.

View all slides

Sections: History and social studies

Class: 9

Appendix 1 (Lesson stages)

Appendix 2 (Cards)

Goal: to expand and deepen students’ knowledge about the role of the rear during the war, about the emergency conditions of life, work and life in the rear.

To characterize the transition of the economy to a war footing, to show the contribution of home front workers, scientists, and cultural figures to the common cause of victory;

Continue to develop the skills of independent work with a textbook, additional literature, the ability to analyze historical facts and draw conclusions; develop students’ ideological beliefs and expand their social experience;

Create conditions for the education of citizenship and patriotism using the example of hard work in the rear - the work of our relatives and friends.

Lesson type: learning new things and initially consolidating new knowledge.

Equipment: textbook; copies of documents, the book “Tobolsk” by Kopylov D.I., Pribylsky Yu.P., the book “Chronicle of the Tobolsk Region” by Samotslov V.A., map “The Great Patriotic War”, multimedia equipment.

Preparatory work: messages about the contribution of our fellow countrymen, home front workers of the city of Tobolsk and the Tobolsk region, to the cause of victory.

New concepts: evacuation, locum tenens.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

(One verse of the song “Holy War” is played).

Hello guys! Sit down. Almost 70 years have passed since the beginning of that terrible war, but not after 70 or even 170 years, we should not forget about it.

2. Repetition of previously studied material.

“Those who do not remember their past are doomed to have it repeat themselves,”

said D. Santayana. (Slide No. 1) And we, guys, should always remember those terrible years and those thanks to whom we live like this now. I present to your attention a test of 10 multiple-choice questions (we work for 7 minutes). (Slide No. 2 - self-test)

3. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. Goal setting.

Look carefully at the illustrations on the board. What is shown in the picture? (students' answers). Pay attention to the tables (Slide No. 3). Here are the indicators of weapons production in the USSR in 1940 and 1944. What can you say about these numbers? Thanks to whom was it possible to achieve such military superiority? (Students' answers). That's right, guys, it was in the rear, with the labor of ordinary workers, these very tanks and mortars, airplanes and rifles, bread and everything that no army in the world could fight without. We will talk about the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War today in class. (Slide No. 4 - topic) The war caused a huge moral and political upsurge, enthusiasm and personal interest of most people in defeating the enemy and ending the war as quickly as possible. Everyone realized that the enemy must be fought by any means necessary. How else can you “forge victory” in the rear? (Students' answers). (Slide No. 5 – goals and objectives of the lesson)

4. Learning new material:

Work in pairs. (students are given excerpts from documents, books, etc.) After analyzing the proposed facts and documents, additional literature, tell what role they played in the victory:

Evacuation;

Church;

Fiction and culture;

After the pairs report, fill out the table (Slide No. 6).

5. Physical education (exercise for the eyes).

6. Consolidation of the studied material.

a) What is the contribution of home front workers to the common cause of victory? What conclusion did you come to? (Slide No. 7 – checking that the table is filled out correctly)

7. Primary control.

Test (5 multiple choice tasks - slide No. 8)

Homework (optional) : - paragraph 31, questions No. 2, No. 4, No. 5;

Prepare a message about some of the greatest scientific or technical discoveries made at this time and which played a big role in the defeat of the enemy (for example, a message about “Tank T-34 - a weapon of victory”;

Write an essay “My family’s contribution to the cause of victory.”