Presentation on the topic of development of Western Siberia. Development of Siberia in Soviet times. Who went to Siberia and why?
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With an area of 13.1 million square kilometers, Siberia makes up about 77% of the territory of Russia, its area is larger than the territory of the second largest country in the world - Canada. With an area of 13.1 million square kilometers, Siberia makes up about 77% of the territory of Russia, its area is larger than the territory of the second largest country in the world - Canada.
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As the Russian centralized state took shape and strengthened, its territory expanded, mainly through the development of new peripheral lands, such as Siberia. As the Russian centralized state took shape and strengthened, its territory expanded, mainly through the development of new peripheral lands, such as Siberia.
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The Russians advanced across Siberia along two routes. Along one of them, lying along the northern seas, fearless sailors and explorers moved to the northeastern tip of the continent. In 1648, one of the expeditions made a major geographical discovery: Cossack Semyon Dezhnev, using small ships, discovered the strait separating Asia from North America. The Russians advanced across Siberia along two routes. Along one of them, lying along the northern seas, fearless sailors and explorers moved to the northeastern tip of the continent. In 1648, one of the expeditions made a major geographical discovery: Cossack Semyon Dezhnev, using small ships, discovered the strait separating Asia from North America.
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Another route to the east ran along the southern borders of Siberia. Here the explorers also reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean in a short time. The writer Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov proved himself to be an outstanding discoverer of new lands. In 1645, he went down the Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk and made a brave voyage on river boats along its coast. Another route to the east ran along the southern borders of Siberia. Here the explorers also reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean in a short time. The writer Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov proved himself to be an outstanding discoverer of new lands. In 1645, he went down the Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk and made a brave voyage on river boats along its coast.
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In the 18th century, when the colonization of Siberia became forced. From that time on, Siberia began to gradually turn into a place of all-Russian exile and hard labor. The government began to resettle the most “restless,” “less useful,” or “harmful” elements of society here. Moreover, the authorities tried to use the settlers in supposedly state interests, attracting them to distant borders, the development of agriculture and industry. At the same time, free migration to Siberia continued in the 18th century, when the colonization of Siberia became forced. From that time on, Siberia began to gradually turn into a place of all-Russian exile and hard labor. The government began to resettle the most “restless,” “less useful,” or “harmful” elements of society here. Moreover, the authorities tried to use the settlers in supposedly state interests, attracting them to distant borders, the development of agriculture and industry. At the same time, free migration to Siberia continued
Development of Siberia in Soviet times. In the 1930s - industrialization of the economy. During the Second World War it took in hundreds of evacuated factories and millions of people from the western regions of the USSR. After the Second World War, electricity developed (on the Angara and Yenisei) Aluminum smelting using cheap electricity. Smelting of copper and nickel in Norilsk. Oil and gas production in the north of Western Siberia. The military-industrial complex is developing. “Closed cities” are emerging. Related to the nuclear industry.
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“Western Siberia” - Complete the task: Especially a lot of information has been preserved about the campaign of the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich to Siberia. Why? Introduce the history of exploration and development of Western Siberia. Geographical position. Climate. Climate of Western Siberia. Western Siberia. Working on climate maps. Match: 1 North A. Ural Mountains 2. South.
“West Siberian Economic Region” - Among the sectors of specialization, the fuel industry stands out. "Business card". The area is rich in water resources. Share of Z-SER in Russian industry. West Siberian economic region. The area is characterized by heavy swampiness. Z-SER is located at the intersection of large rivers and railways.
“Geography of the Tomsk Region” - Foreign economic activity. Geography of the Tomsk region. Lesnaya. Fuel and energy complex of the Tomsk region. Oil production, million tons. Structure of industrial production. Gender and age composition. Estimated cutting area. The basis of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. Geographical position. Oil industry. Producers: 60% – private households, 38% – state agricultural enterprises, 2% – farmers.
“Lesson Western Siberia” - Gas –78%. Taiga is valuable wood. Tundra is a pasture for deer. Come up with adjectives characterizing Siberia based on the first letters of the word. Natural areas. The environmental problem is caused by the disruption of natural landscapes by heavy equipment (all-terrain vehicles). The houses are heated with gas, triple glazing. A wake was held for the killed bear.
Siberia is my homeland!
Compiled by: Ostapenko Alena Yurievna
History teacher, MBOU Secondary School No. 82
It has long been known that there is nothing worse than oblivion. The loss of roots threatens the loss of a sense of reality, which means – prospects. Without history, the development of any culture is unthinkable, because the magical fundamental civilizational triangle is torn: past – present – future. Siberia has great prospects because it remembers its history.
1. First mentions of Siberia
2.Struggle for the territories of Siberia
3. XVII century – active development of Siberia
5. 19th century – “gold rush”
6. XX century – Siberia - rear of Russia
7. Siberia today
First mention
The first mentions of Siberia in Russia were in the 12th century. The chronicles mention the campaigns of Novgorod merchants to the east to collect furs.
The struggle for the territory of Siberia
Early records speak of the Novgorodians’ campaigns to the “Iron Gates” in 1032, which, according to the scientist Solovyov, were the Ural Mountains. But these campaigns ended with the defeat of the Novgorodians by the Yugras, and from the middle of the 13th century, Yugra was a colony of the Novgorod volost. Veliky Novgorod took tribute from Ugra.
- In 1582, On October 26, the Khanate of Siberia was attacked. This attack was carried out by Ataman Ermak, who captured Kashlyk and began to annex the Siberian Khanate to Russia.
17th century – active development of Siberia
Having conquered the lands of the Siberian Khanate, the Russians began building fortresses. New fortresses appeared, such as Tyumen, Tobolsk, Berezov, etc. In the 16th and 17th centuries, these fortresses became cities.
1648 - Semyon Dezhnev, passing from the mouth of the Kolyma river at the mouth of the Anadyr River, opens a strait separating Asia and America.
From 1615 to 1763, the Ministry for Siberian Affairs, or as it was then called the Siberian Order, operated in Moscow. His task was to monitor the management of the new lands of Siberia.
In 1747, a number of fortifications appeared to protect against attacks by nomadic tribes; these fortifications were called the Irtysh Line
Scientific research in Siberia began to develop under Peter I. It was he who organized the Great Northern Expedition.
- In 1822, Asian Russia was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. The center of the West Siberian land was Tobolsk, and the East Siberian land was Irkutsk. During the division, such regions as Tobolsk, Tomsk and Omsk passed to Western Siberia, and Irkutsk, Yenisei provinces, as well as the Yakutsk region to Eastern Siberia.
In the 19th century, the gold industry developed in Siberia, which exceeded all other industries combined.
The main event in Siberia was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Siberia and the Far East with European Russia. Its construction began in 1890 - 1900.
In the 20th century, Siberia acts as a rear during the Russo-Japanese War. Siberia continues to develop. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Soviet power is overthrown in Siberia, and it becomes the center of the White Army, led by its leader Kolchak. Kolchak sets up his residence in Omsk.
In the 30s of the 20th century, the coal industry developed in the Kuznetsk coal basin.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the population of large cities increased. This is due to the evacuation of industrial equipment to Siberia from the European part of the then republic. And if it weren’t for Siberia, it would have been much more difficult for the Soviet Union to win the war.
Siberia today
Today Siberia occupies an area of 9,734 thousand km2. And this is approximately 57% of the entire area of Russia. Its population is 23,893 thousand. Human. The largest cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Tyumen, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk.
11/14/18
Development of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century.
Itelmens
WHO WENT TO SIBERIA AND WHY
service people
collected taxes from the local population
hunters
for fur-bearing animals and walrus ivory
merchants
they carried flour, salt, fabrics, copper cauldrons, knives, axes (profit per 1 ruble was 30 rubles)
Cossacks
were looking for freedom and prey
peasants
were looking for free land
Remember who started the conquest of Siberia at the end of the 16th century?
Ataman Ermak with the Cossacks in 1582. captured the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk, and renamed it Tobolsk.
DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIA
Surgut
Tyumen
Mangazeya
Tobolsk
Tomsk
The governors and archers sent after Ermak to Siberia founded the cities: Tyumen (1586), Surgut (1596), Mangazeya (1601), Tomsk (1604)
DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIA
Okhotsk
Yakutsk
Surgut
Tyumen
Mangazeya
Tobolsk
Krasnoyarsk
Tomsk
Nerchinsk
Irkutsk
The Cossacks, setting out in search of a “new land”, founded Krasnoyarsk (1628), Yakutsk (1632), Okhotsk (1639), Nerchinsk (1653), Irkutsk (1661)
Explorers are travelers exploring new lands.
TOMSK ITSTROG 1604
In the most difficult conditions, explorers explored unknown lands, built fortified points - forts, which later turned into cities.
Cossack ataman Semyon Dezhnev served in Tobolsk and Yakutsk, collecting yasak from local peoples. It happened to him that he fought with the rebellious and was wounded.
1648
90 people per
Kochakh ships left the mouth of the Kolyma.
In September 1648, three Kochas reached the northeastern tip of Asia and rounded the cape, which Dezhnev called “Big Stone Nose.”
“The shores of the old earth are nowhere connected with the New Earth,” Dezhnev wrote in his report.
Koch, on which Dezhnev and 24 comrades were located, was thrown onto a deserted shore by a storm. Along the seashore, the Cossacks reached the Anadyr River, where they built the Anadyr fort and spent a difficult winter, many died. Dezhnev compiled a description of the nature and population of the Chukotka Peninsula and discovered a rich walrus rookery.
“And we kept walking up the mountain, we didn’t know the way for ourselves, cold and hungry, naked and barefoot. And I walked with my comrades in Anadyr - the river for exactly ten weeks.”
Cape Dezhnev - extreme eastern point
Russia (Eurasia) on the Chukotka Peninsula.
Russia
In 1665, by royal decree, it was decided “for her, Senkina, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, become atamans” . Unfortunately, by the end of the 17th century. Dezhnev's discovery was forgotten; the cape was named after him only in 1898.
Kolyma
Cape Dezhnev
S. Dezhnev
1649-53
Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov was a peasant not far from Vologda. Leaving his family, he went to Siberia, where he was engaged in trade, bought furs, built a mill and a salt pan. Having borrowed money and weapons from the governor, Khabarov, at the head of a detachment of 70 Cossacks, went to the banks of the Amur River, in search of rich Daur settlements, which other Russian travelers had told about.
In 1649-1653 he visited the Amur twice:
With battle he took the fortified “towns” of the Daurs and Nanais, imposed tribute on them, and suppressed attempts at resistance. He captured many prisoners and livestock and forced the local population to accept Russian citizenship.
Khabarov compiled the “Drawing of the Amur River” - the first schematic map of the Amur region and laid the foundation for the settlement of this territory by Russian people.
Monument to E. Khabarov in Khabarovsk
For his labors, the tsar granted Khabarov one of the “children of the boyars” and appointed him manager of several villages in Siberia . The city of Khabarovsk, the village of Erofey Pavlovich, streets in several cities are named after him...
Kolyma
Cape Dezhnev
S. Dezhnev
Yakutsk
E. Khabarov
Khabarovsk
by 1676
by 1645
by 1696
by 1676
by 1613
by 1696
by 1676
by 1696
by 1696
by 1676
By the end of the 17th century, about 200 thousand immigrants already lived beyond the Urals, and 140 cities were built.
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Russian pioneers of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century. The presentation was compiled by Natalya Vasilievna Baysungurova, a history teacher at the MKOU "Pervomaiskaya Secondary School" of the Kizlyar district of the Republic of Dagestan. Very little documentary evidence has been preserved about the very first explorers of the 17th century. But already from the middle of this “golden age” of Russian colonization of Siberia, “expedition leaders” compiled detailed “skasks” (that is, descriptions), a kind of reports about the routes taken, the open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. Thanks to these “skasks,” the country knows its heroes and the main geographical discoveries they made.
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The great movement of the Russian people to Siberia received its full development in the 17th century. In the first half of the 17th century, the development of northern Asian lands - Siberia - began. Russian explorers - fishermen-hunters, Pomors, Cossacks, in 50 years, passed all of Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean. They sailed along the rivers and seas of the Arctic Ocean, and walked through the taiga. The coincidence of private and state interests in the development of the East produced amazing results. The rapid development of Siberia by Russians began immediately after the end of the Time of Troubles. On the most important river routes, fortified towns arose - wooden forts (fortresses). They were a kind of milestones of this historical movement. Fortresses were erected at the mouths of rivers and at the intersection of trade routes: Yenisei (1619), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1631), Yakut (1632), Irkutsk (1661), Selenga (1665). “Soft junk” - skins of sables, arctic foxes and other fur-bearing animals - were brought to the forts from the surrounding lands. The indigenous inhabitants of Siberia used furs to pay tribute to the distant Russian Tsar. New expeditions set out from the forts.
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Reasons for the exploration of Siberia in the 17th century: Search for riches The conquest of Siberia was led by brave explorers who dreamed of seeing unknown countries and finding fabulous riches. Usually these were Cossacks and “walking people”, always ready for risky and difficult undertakings. Behind them stood rich merchant-industrialists who equipped distant expeditions. Upon returning, the participants of the campaigns were obliged to give them 2/3 of the spoils. Search for raw materials Private interest was combined with public interest in the development of Siberia. The Russian state urgently needed its own deposits of precious metals, iron and copper. Not without reason, they hoped to find them in Siberia. In addition, Moscow knew that the Siberian forests conceal huge reserves of “soft gold” - the most valuable sable fur. The government declared the sale of furs abroad its monopoly. Income from transactions with Siberian furs amounted to. about 1/4 of all treasury revenues. Where Moscow power appeared, local residents paid a special tax - yasak, which consisted mainly of furs.
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Development of Siberia and the Far East 1632 - P. Beketov founded the Yakut fort 1651 - Albazinsky fort 1652 - Irkutsk winter quarters 1654 - Kumarsky fort 1655 - Kosogorsky fort 1658 - Nerchinsky fort 1642 - M Stadukhin reached Chukotka in 1643-1646. - V. Poyarkov reached the river. Amur 1648 – S. Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America 1649-1653. – E. Khabarov compiled the first map of the Amur region in 1697 – V. Atlasov explored and annexed Kamchatka 1689 – Treaty of Nerchinsk with China. The Russians retreated from the banks of the Amur and avoided a possible war.
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Who went to Siberia? “Industrialist” hunters went for fur riches and walrus tusks. The merchants brought to these lands the goods needed by the service people and the aborigines - flour, salt, cloth, copper cauldrons, pewter dishes, axes, needles - a profit of 30 rubles per ruble invested. Black-growing peasants and artisans-blacksmiths were transferred to Siberia, and criminals and foreign prisoners of war began to be exiled there. Free settlers also sought new lands. Cossacks went there, recruited from the townspeople and “free walking people” from the northern cities.
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Monument to Beketov in Yakutsk Pyotr Beketov - governor, explorer of Eastern Siberia, discoverer of Buryatia; annexed Yakutia and Buryatia, founded Yakutsk and Chita. Not far from the confluence with the river. Beket's Cossacks cut down Lena Aldan's fort, which was later named Yakutsk. As a clerk in the Yakut fort, he sent expeditions to Vilyui and Aldan. After Ivan Galkin arrived to replace him, Peter returned to Yeniseisk, from where in 1640 he brought yasak worth 11 thousand rubles to Moscow. In Moscow, Beketov received the rank of Streltsy and Cossack head. In 1641, Pyotr Beketov was granted headship in the Yenisei Ostrog among the Cossacks. In November 1654, ten Cossacks of Beketov’s detachment, led by Maxim Urasov, reached the mouth of the Nerch River, where they founded the Nelyudsky fort (now Nerchinsk). In 1660, Beketov from Yeniseisk went to serve in Tobolsk, where in 1661 he met with Archpriest Avvakum (with whom Beketov had a conflict) and with Krizhanich.
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Ivan Alekseevich Galkin (? - 1656/7) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, Yenisei ataman and son of a boyar. In 1631, he was the first European to sail in the upper reaches of the Lena and along the Angara and Yenisei to the mouth of the Ob. He founded a winter quarters at the mouth of the Kuta River, from which the city of Ust-Kut began.
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Stadukhin was the first to visit Kamchatka. In 1663 he first delivered information about the Kamchatka River to Moscow. For his discoveries in Siberia he was promoted to Cossack chieftain. In 12 years, he walked over 13 thousand kilometers - more than any explorer of the 17th century. The total length of the northern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk that he discovered was at least 1,500 kilometers. His geographical discoveries were reflected on the map of P. Godunov, compiled in 1667 in Tobolsk. He kept records of his “circular” journey, described and drew up a drawing map of the places he visited in Yakutia and Chukotka. Mikhail Stadukhin - Russian explorer
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Ivan Moskvitin Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin (c. 1603-1671) - Russian explorer, ataman of the foot Cossacks. In 1639, with a detachment of Cossacks, he was the first European to reach the Sea of Okhotsk, discovering its coast and the Sakhalin Bay. The main purpose of the campaign, in addition to “searching for new unknown lands” and collecting furs, was to search for the Chirkol River, where, according to rumors, Mount Chirkol was located, supposedly containing silver ore.
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Kurbat Ivanov - discoverer of Lake Baikal, compiler of the first map of the Russian Far East and the first map of the Bering Strait region, Yenisei Cossack, discoverer of Lake Baikal. Compiler of the first map of the Far East based on data collected by the ataman and explorer I. Yu. Moskvitin. He led a detachment of Cossacks from the Verkholensky fort, which set out in 1643 and reached the lake for the first time, news of which, according to the words of the indigenous inhabitants, had already spread among the Cossacks. As archival documents testify, Kurbat Ivanov’s detachment climbed up the Lena River and its tributary Ilikta, crossed the Primorsky Range and along the bed of the Sarma River on July 2 went through the Oblique Steppe to Lake Baikal opposite Olkhon Island. Already on site, Ivanov assessed the lake from an economic and strategic point of view. Later, the Russians finally settled in the Baikal region, building the city of Irkutsk.
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Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (before 1610 - after 1667) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, “writing head”. He came from the service people of the city of Kashin. By order of the Yakut governor, stolnik P.P. Golovin, Poyarkov undertook an expedition to the country of the Daurs, who were first learned about thanks to the expedition of his predecessor, the writing head Enalei Bakhteyarov in 1640. Poyarkov’s detachment consisted of 133 people, equipped with arquebuses and a cannon with 100 cannonballs. Poyarkov left Yakutsk on July 15, 1643 and in 2 days on 6 planks he descended the Lena River to the mouth of the Aldan. Then they had to swim against the current, which significantly slowed down the expedition's progress. The journey from Aldan to the mouth of the Uchur River took a month. The movement along Uchur lasted ten days, after which Poyarkov’s ships turned to the Gonam River. Navigation along the Gonam is possible only 200 kilometers from the mouth, after which the rapids begin. Poyarkov's people had to drag the ships on themselves. And this had to be done more than 40 times. The journey along the Gonam River took 5 weeks. With the onset of cold weather in the fall of 1643, Poyarkov decided to leave some of the people to spend the winter near the ships on the banks of the Gonam River, and he, lightly, with a detachment of 90 people went on a winter road on sledges through Sutam and Nuyam. In 2 weeks he passed the Stanovoy Ridge and for the first time penetrated the river basin. Amur, having first discovered Mulmuga, and then, after 2 weeks, went to the Zeya River (Daurian country). On December 13, 1643, 80 km from the Amur River, the Cossacks of Poyarkov had a skirmish with the Daurs of the “prince” Doptyul. They set up a camp (fortress) and immediately demanded from the local agricultural Daurs that from now on they pay tribute to the Russian Tsar. And in order to back up his words with action, he captured several noble people as amanats (hostages). At the beginning of January 1644, Poyarkov's winter quarters on the Umlekan River were besieged by the Daurs. The fear of unknown aliens receded, and their small numbers gave confidence to the besiegers. However, several assault attempts they made did not bring success: apparently, the superiority of the Cossacks in tactical skill and weapons affected. Then the Daurs took the Poyarkovites into the blockade ring. The Cossacks began to mix tree bark into flour, ate roots and carrion, and often got sick. The pestilence has begun. Then the surrounding Daurs, who had been hiding in the forests all this time, became bolder and organized several attacks on the fort. But Poyarkov was a skilled military leader. But finally, in the spring of 1644, the siege ring broke up. Poyarkov got the opportunity to continue the campaign. He sent one group back to Gonam to hurry up the wintering Cossacks, and the other - 40 Cossacks under the command of Petrov - further to the Amur for reconnaissance. Faced with resistance from the Daurs, Petrov’s detachment retreated back to Poyarkov’s camp. On May 24, 1644, winterers arrived from Gonam. Poyarkov's detachment reached 70 people. They manufactured new vessels and continued rafting along the rivers at a speed of 40 km/day.
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Along the Zeya, by June 1644, Poyarkov's Cossacks descended to the Amur River (which they mistakenly took for Shilka). The local population was very hostile towards the explorers, not allowing them to approach the shore. Poyarkov went down the Amur to its mouth, where he wintered again. On the middle Amur, Poyarkov met the agricultural people of the Duchers, whose militia at the mouth of the Sungari exterminated a reconnaissance detachment of explorers (20 Cossacks died). After the Duchers, the lands of the fishing people of the Golds began, with whom there were no military clashes. In the fall of 1644, Poyarkov went to the mouth of the Amur, where Gilyak fishermen lived. Here the Cossacks of Poyarkov breathed calmly for the first time. From them he learned about Sakhalin, inhabited by hairy people. The Gilyak “princes” swore allegiance to Russia and voluntarily gave the first yasak - 12 forty sables and six sable fur coats. At the end of winter, the Cossacks again had to endure hunger. They again began to eat roots, bark, and feed on carrion. Before setting off on the campaign, Poyarkov raided the Gilyaks, captured the Amanats and collected tribute in sables. In the battle, Poyarkov lost half of his remaining squad. At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was freed from ice, Poyarkov and his Cossacks went to the Amur Estuary. Poyarkov made a historically proven 12-week (3-month) voyage along the southwestern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk from the mouth of the Amur to the mouth of the Ulya, where Poyarkov’s detachment was caught in a storm and spent the winter in the fall of 1645. Here, already in 1639, the “Russian man” Ivan Moskvitin set foot, and local peoples paid tribute to the Moscow “white tsar”. Then, across the Maya River, the Cossacks of Poyarkov began their return home. According to various sources, 20, 33 or 52 Cossacks from Poyarkov’s expedition returned to Yakutsk in 1646. The direct goals of the campaign were not achieved, but the Russian authorities received valuable information about the territories traversed.
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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (circa 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - Russian traveler, explorer, sailor, explorer of Northern, Eastern Siberia and North America, Cossack chieftain, fur trader. The first navigator to pass the Bering Strait, separating Asia from North America, Chukotka from Alaska, and did this 80 years before Vitus Bering, in 1648, along the way visiting the islands of Ratmanov and Kruzenshtern, located in the middle of the Bering Strait.
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Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673), an Ustyug Cossack, was the first to circumnavigate the easternmost part of our Fatherland and all of Eurasia by sea. A strait passed between Asia and America, opening the way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. By the way, Dezhnev discovered this strait 80 years earlier than Bering, who visited only its southern part. The cape is named after Dezhnev, the same one next to which the date line runs. After the discovery of the strait, an international commission of geographers decided that this place was the most convenient for drawing such a line on the map. And now a new day on Earth begins at Cape Dezhnev. Please note, 3 hours earlier than in Japan and 12 earlier than in the London suburb of Greenwich, where universal time begins.
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Khabarov came from peasants from near Veliky Ustyug. The successor to the work of Enalei Bakhteyarov and Vasily Poyarkov in the development of the Amur region. Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov is a famous Russian explorer. At the beginning of the 17th century he traveled in the Lena River basin. Khabarov's biography is very interesting; he lived a difficult life, full of ups and downs, traveled a lot and saw a lot. Through the efforts of this brave explorer, new lands suitable for agriculture were discovered, as well as salt springs. Erofey Khabarov was born near Veliky Ustyug. The exact date of birth is not known, but he was probably born in 1603. In his youth, together with his brothers, he was engaged in fur trading in the Taimyr Peninsula area. Then fate brought him to the Arkhangelsk region, where he was engaged in salt production. In 1632, Erofey leaves his family and goes to the Lena River. For almost seven years he walked in the vicinity of the basin of this river, engaged in fur fishing. Then he began farming at the mouth of the Kuta River. In 1649 he went to the Amur region, research continued until 1653, during which time the scientist made a number of trips that were not in vain. The knowledge Khabarov gained about the area was reflected in his drawings, in which he described in detail the area near the Amur River. compiled the first Russian map of the Amur region and began its conquest; built the first industrial enterprise in Eastern Siberia
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In 1655, Khabarov sent a petition to Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, in which he described his merits in the conquest of the Daurian and Siberian expanses. The king, having studied the petition, recognized his merits. He was elevated to the rank of “son of a boyar.”
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Vladimir Atlasov - annexed Kamchatka to Russia and compiled its first map and description, discoverer of the Kuril Islands; delivered the first Japanese to Russia. Atlasov’s father was a Yakut Cossack, formerly an Ustyug peasant who fled beyond the Urals. Vladimir Atlasov began his yasak collection service in 1682 on the Aldan and Uda rivers. In 1695, having risen to the rank of Pentecostal, he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. Having scouted about Kamchatka through the Cossack Luka Morozko, whom he had sent, he began to prepare for the expedition. Alexander Pushkin called Vladimir Atlasov “Kamchatka Ermak”, and Stepan Krasheninnikov - “the finder of Kamchatka”. (However, the first Russian explorers of Kamchatka were the expeditions of Luk Morozko)
Slide no. 21
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In 1701, the governor sent Atlasov with a report on the campaign to Moscow. Among other things, he brought with him a captive “Indian” named Dembey, who had been shipwrecked in Kamchatka, who turned out to be a Japanese from the city of Osaka and who was referred to as a “Tatar of Japan named Denbey” in the papers of the Artillery Order, where he began to serve as a translator. For a successful campaign that ended with the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Atlasov was awarded the rank of Cossack head and given a reward of 100 rubles.
Slide no. 22
Slide description:
Conclusions: Local tribes maintained animal and fishing industries, grazing lands and were suppliers of yasak. Yasak people had to transport government cargo and provide garrisons with fish, firewood, and berries. Russian governors were sometimes cruel and greedy, but they also stopped bloody feuds between the clans and tribes of Siberia. Russian garrisons protected the local population from raids by nomads - Kazakhs and Yenisei Kyrgyz. The Russians founded new villages in areas that were free and suitable for arable land. Peasants setting off on long journeys were provided with benefits - exemption from duties for several years, loans in money, seeds, and horses. By the end of the 17th century, about 200 thousand migrants already lived beyond the Urals - almost as many as the aborigines. The peasants provided Siberia with bread. In the 17th century The first maps of Siberia were compiled, deposits of non-ferrous and precious metal ores began to be found. The settlers dressed the same as the locals, and rode dog and reindeer sleds. And the indigenous people began to build log huts, use new tools and grow agricultural crops previously unfamiliar to them.
Slide no. 23
Slide description:
Today, 85 percent of all Russian reserves are located in Siberia, which strengthens its leading position in the development of the country’s economy. Siberia is one of the main places visited by residents not only of Russia, but also of foreign countries. Siberia contains enormous potential, which only becomes greater every year.
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