The larvae stage of development of the spider are a crosst. Is it worth afraid of a spider-cruster, his appearance, bites and poison? Main differences of mysterious creation
Habitat and the external structure of spider-cross
In the garden or in the forest in the summer, going through a narrow track, we often stumble upon a web. This most often catching a spider-crusher network. Often, the octopic builder itself is sitting in the center of his wheellike network. His body with a sharp transverse battle in the middle - a stem, or a waist separating a small front part, called head Hrought, from the back - smooth ball-shaped bushness. Abstorming on a dark background has a cross-shaped pattern on a dark background (hence the name of the spider - a crossed). On the upper side of the heads of the front, the organs of vision are 8 simple eyes. 8-walk legs depart from the back of the bottom, and the mouths are noticeable in front of them, namely: the first pair - jaw, second pair - tentacle. There are sensitive hairs in the feeder, which are part of the touch bodies.
Picture: External structure Spider-crushes. Catching spider-crushing network.
Spider is a predator, it is armed with devices for killing victims who most often have different flies. Each jaw on the top has a segment in the form of acute moving claw. Under the foundations of jaws are placed to poisonous glands that produce poison. When the jaws are constructed into the body of the victim, the poison through the holes of the jaw claws is frightened and killed her.
All segments of the abdomen merge together. Three pairs are visible at its back end cowital wartsin which open ceatian glands. The semi-liquid substance highlighted by them is hardening in air, forming sputum threads. The spider connects them with the help of the comb's cohesives of the rear legs into one common thread.
Cutting a spider-cross
From the spider threads of the female spider-cruster builds a large delicate network, stretching it vertically between branches of bushes, near fences and other places. Initially, a polygonal frame with rays converged in the center is built from thick nelipers. This is the basis of the spider searches a long thin and very sticky thread, having it in the form of a spiral.
Hunt Spider-Cross
Waiting for the production of spider is usually located near the network in a hidden nest arranged from a web. From the center of the network to it extends a signal thread. When fly, a small butterfly or other flying insect falls into the network and begins to fight it, the signal thread fluctuates. According to this sign, the spider rushes out of his shelter for prey and dense her web. He is stuck in her claws of the upper jaws and injected the victim of the poison inside the body. Then the spider leaves prey for a while and is covered in shelter.
Powder-Cross
The contents of poisonous glands not only kill production, but also acts on it as digestive juice. Approximately an hour later, the spider returns and sucks already partially digested liquid content of mining, from which only chitinic cover remains. There can be a solid food spider. Thus, spiders have pre-digestion of food occurs outside the body.
Picture: internal structure Spider-Cross
Spider-shrinking
In front of the abdomen lies a pair of pulmonary bags communicating with environmental. The walls of the bags form numerous leaf folds, inside which blood circulates. It is enriched with air oxygen located between the folds. In addition to the pulmonary bags of spider in the babes, there are two beams of breathing tubes - tracheryopening outward breathing hole.
Blood Schedule-Cross
Blood Schuka-Crossing System is the same as that of RA.
Spider-Cross Spider
Female spider-cruster larger than male. In the autumn, she laying eggs into a cocoon, woven from thin silk cobwebs. Cocoon Shears in various secluded places - under the crust of the stump, under the stones. By winter, Pauka's female dies, and the eggs winter in the warm cocoon. In the spring, young spiders come out.
- Araneus Mitificus. or "Puccule Pringles«
a typical representative of Asian fauna, common from India, Nepal and Bhutan to Australia. A remarkable feature of a spider-cruster is an exact copy of the tedied face with packages of the Prinjls chips, located on the site of the traditional cross. These spiders hunt only from the ambush, and in their networks always lacking one section, but there is a signal thread stretched into asylum. The size of adult females is 6-9 mm, males - 3-5 mm, but modest sizes do not interfere with spars proud to carry "face" of popular chips.
- Araneus Ceropegius., Aculepeira Ceropegia.)
lives in thickets of shrubs and high grass of forest edges, groves and gardens moderate climatic zone. Oak crosses live in Europe, Russia, in the north of Africa, as well as in Asian countries north of Himalayas, excluding the Arabian Peninsula. For females and males, it is characteristic of the abdomen and well-pubed headband. The length of the sovereign female is 1.2-1.4 cm, male - 0.7-0.8 cm. The top side of the brown abdomen is decorated with a bright "Christmas tree", the yellow spot is located below.
- or Cross meadow(Araneus Quadratus.)
it occurs on a wet, open herbal terrain. It lives in Europe, Central Asia, Russia, in Japan. The shape, sizes and color is very similar to the contest of ordinary. On the top of the abdomen, the spider-crusade has 4 round light spots or 4 dark points, depending on the main color of the body. Bottom is the blurred leaf pattern. The main color of the body varies from light green and carmine to black and brown. On the paws can be light stripes. The length of the females is 1.7 cm, the males are twice as shorter. Adult female spider-crushes can change color and merge the color with the area surrounding them.
- Araneus Sturmi.
rarely encountered spider-round, dwells mainly in coniferous forests In the Palearctic region (Europe, Russia, Asia north of Himalayas, north of Africa). The maximum length of the body of these spiders is 5.5 mm, females are usually longer than males: the length of the females is 5-5.5 mm, the length of males is 4 mm. The modest sizes of the cross are compensated by the variety of colors. The usual color of the individuals of both sexes is reddish brown, but there are very beautiful, red-yellow-green copies. A distinctive feature of the spider-cruster of this species is "Epoletti", dark areas in the front of the abdomen.
- (Araneus Alsine)
typical inhabitant of moist deciduous forests of a moderate zone. Outwardly, this spider resembles a cross-luging cross and has 4 similar large stains on the trouser, but differs in color, in which orange and beige tones prevail. The abdomen of the spider is littered with small blond spots, so spider looks like a strawberry (hence his English name "Strawberry Spider" - Strawberry Spider). The females of the Cross of the chilly grow from 7 to 13 mm, the length of males is 5-6 mm.
Reproduction and development of a spider-cruster
Marriage Crosses fall on autumn when the milk-plant males roam the forests in search of females sitting in their web. Finding the appropriate option, the slicer of the male is gossy with the edge of the web of the thread, which serves as to retreat and at the same time invitations to mating. Such a vibration of the female recognizes as a signal to reproduction and leaves its network, and immediately at the end of the mating, the male dies.
The fertilized female of the spider-crusher constructs a cocoon of soft silky threads, which very soon puts the eggs. For several days, she leaves a cocoon with him, and then hides in a secluded place, hiding it in the cracks of the walls of residential buildings or under the crust of trees, where the cocoon is safely punishant. After that, the female dies.
The offspring appears in the spring, and by the summer, young spiders are already able to multiply.
Stock Foto Taken from TravelSwithmusti.net website
- Due to the high strength and elasticity, the spout threads of crosses from a long time were used to make tissues and jewelry, and the inhabitants of the tropics still fly from her saccs and fishing nets.
- The spider-cruster spider is used in microbiology to determine the composition of atmospheric air and as the finest fiber.
- The spiders themselves inside the web are moving along radial, dry threads, so they are not glued to their own mobile network.
In the garden, forest and other places can always be seen spider-Cross (Fig. 75a). He himself either sits in the center of his web, or hiding in the shelter near the branch or trunk. If we throw onto the construction of a fly or some other small insect on his construction, he will immediately run to frightened mining.
The crosst spider is the most typical representative of the spider detachment, so it is characterized by most of the processes of vital activity of all spiders.
External structure
The body of the spider-cruster consists of two departments: a small, elongated pumped and a large spherical abdomen, between them there is a narrow interception. In front of the front, there are 4 pairs of eyes, from below - a pair of powerful chelieces - Helicers.
The vertex of each jaw with a movable sharp croche-com, the spider-cruster grasps and kills prey. In Oshannia, Helisser is poisonous glands, the canal reveals on the end of the jaw hooks. Next to the jaws are the nippers. They are thick, soft, covered with sensitive hairs - these are the bodies of the spider-cross. On the sides of the heads are 4 pairs of walking long legs.
The abdomen is a spherical, smooth from above. A spider-cruster in front of it is visible a bright cross-like drawing - hence the name of it. There is no feet on the trouser, but on the bottom at the end of the abdomen there are 3 pairs of spider warts - we are selected by web.
Pokrov at Spider-cross chitin, light. Body cavity is mixed (like river cancer).
| Fig. 75a. Spider-crusade |
Catching network (web)
The crushes spider builds a delicate web from the sticky and non-gallery of the web (Fig. 75b). Casual network build females.
At the same time, first of non-sturdy filaments, he makes the base in the form of an irregular polygon. Then in this frame also stretches radii from non-slip threads. Finally, the spider screws the spiral of the adhesive thread on these radii. Paving in the network (that is, it was sticking to the sticky threads) fringing beats, trying to free themselves. Feeling a concussion, spider runs to the victim, using non-flog radial threads. If a fly beats in the network, the spider immediately kills it. If the mining is larger, for example, a butterfly, a spider is pre-burned-nods it allocated by the same web so that it turns into a ripe cocoon. Material from site.
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| Fig. 75b. Catching network spider |
Food
After killing prey, the spider does not immediately begins to eat it. It can only absorb liquid food. For this, the spider is in sacrificing a drop of saliva, which dilutes dense tissues. Salus turns the contents of flies into liquid food and spider sucks it. If the victim is large, the same reception of the spider repeats several times, and in the end, only an empty chitinary shell remains from the extraction. So all spiders eat.
Position in Systematics (Classification)
The spider-crusade is one of the types of numerous spider detachment.
What thoughts come to mind when you hear the word crossed? Something necessary in construction, repair of cars, a detail of something or a fragment of embroidery with a cross. But the "crossed" is also called spiders, from a family of circle, belonging to the genus araneomorphic, and has more than 2000 species.
What is the appearance of the Spider Cross?
Like most representatives of the spike-shaped crosses of 8 legs, rounded belly, on the upper side of which there are white or light spots that form some like of the cross, due to which the name occurred. Four pairs of eyes, but such an impressive amount is not an object for envy, because as many spiders, the crossed does not see anything, distinguishing only fuzzy contours and shadows. The female larger males, although those and others are very small on the raiders, females reach a maximum of 4 centimeters, and the males are only 1 centimeter. Weave the web of the crossbars at night, every day or every 2 days, so that everything is ready for fishing for fishing. Such activity is due to the fact that large insects are in the web all the time, which are crushing without need. The cresset poison is not dangerous for a person, only for small insects.
Marriage and reproduction of crosses
The males wander in search of females and her web. Finding the appropriate, the male rods for himself on the edge of the web for himself, so that the female noticed him, slip it down and not be eaten. When a female understands that the signals do not give her extraction, but the male, she goes to him and mating, after which the male dies. The female begins to weave the cocoon, which will put eggs, and hide in a safe place. It all happens usually at the end of autumn. Spheres appear in the spring, by the end of the summer become warm-cold, after which the female's mother dies.
What crosses eat
The female spider is weaving the web, after which it seats in her very center or nearby, on the signal thread, which reads vibrate if the long-awaited mining came across. Fellow crossings of flies and, larger insects, they can even free out of the trap, or just leave without attention, madding themselves a new network for catching extraction. For one reception, the crossed can eat more than a dozen insects! But if the spider is not hungry, he will wrap the victim of the web, and hide himself nearby in foliage, on the "black day".
Weaving web - a favorite night occupation of spiders of crosses. The habitat of the spiders of crosses
In the gardens, forests and groves, crosses build their modest asylums in crowns of trees or under the leaves. You can rarely see the cassetting web in thickets of shrub or under the cornice of an abandoned house.
Enemies in nature and contact with man
Since the crossed is weaving the web at night, the chance to stumble upon birds or those who can enjoy them, minimal. However, there is still a big danger emanating from larger insects. So flies and wasps can take care of a spider pretty, and put their eggs in his body.
From ancient times, people tried to come up with the use of spider's web. And the objects of jewelry, clothing and much more were made of cobwebs. But a large-scale project did not come out of this, as I would have to build whole spike farms, and this is not a very profitable thing. But the web found its use in various optical devices for which thin fibers are necessary. Microbiologists have found the use of a web by adding it to an air analyzer.
It belongs to the family of circle, the genus of the aranomorphic spiders. In total, there are more than 1,000 species of representatives of this kind, but in Russia and the CIS countries can be detected from 15 to 30 species.
Habitat
Crusters live mainly in wet and raw places - in the fields, meadows, forests, on the shores of the reservoirs and rivers.
Spider Cross
Spider Cross
The structure of the Spider Cross
Dimensions, Description
Dimensions of the male 10-11 mm, the female is bigger - 17-26 mm. At the crusade 8 legs and a large rounded abdomen. On the upper side of the spider, the abdomen is white or light brown spots form the semblance of a cross, hence the name of the spider was born. At the crusade 4 pairs of eyes, like most spiders; They look B. different sides, providing its owner a rather extensive horizon. Nevertheless, they see spiders badly, they are short-sighted and distinguish between the shadows, movement, outlines all that surrounds them.
Features Spider Cross
Spiders are separate animals. After mating, the male dies, and the female begins to weave the cocoon for eggs from the web, which is usually delayed in autumn. Cocoon is quite dense; For some time, the female wears him on himself, and after hiding in any safe place - in the gap in the crust of trees or for the retained piece of bark. Spring from the cocoon appear young (juvenile) spiders. They are getting warm towards the end of summer, after which the female, which triggered them, dies.
The male spider-cruster in the first days of his life also builds the network - it is necessary for him to eat something. But upon reaching maturity, he begins to wad in search of adventures and, of course, wonders in weight. During this period, only one desire moves to them - find the cobweb of female.
When the female spider is found, he makes all his strength so as not to get to her for lunch. To do this, he rows for himself a thread down from the edge of the cobweb - for retreat. Then carefully pulls the thread. The female is instantly rushing to search for production, and the male is retreating down the rescue thread.
This is repeated several times - until the female does not understand that it is not mining pulling a web, and its long-awaited partner. Then she changes anger to grace, and spiders mate. But the male can not lose vigilance, because After mating in the female, the hunting instinct again wakes up. If it does not run away on time, it may well be eaten.
Spider breeding Cross
In a cocoon, which autumn is a female female, from 300 to 800 eggs of amber color. Under the protection of the cocoon, the future pauses are not terrible, neither cold, nor a flood - it is very light and not floss. In the cocoon eggs we lose the winter, and small spiders appear from the eggs. For a while they sit inside the cocoon, fearing to leave such cozy shelter. But gradually sprawling and begin to live on their own.
It is clear that such a huge offspring will be very difficult to settle in life. Competition is very high, someone will die of hunger, and someone will eat conifers. Therefore, the young pack is a major task - as soon as possible dispersed in order to increase your chances to survive.
They have small legs, weak, so spiders move, planning with their own web, like gas warning airways. With passing wind, the spider can fly a distance in 300-400km. When the wind pokes, the web is lowered to the ground, the spider throws it and begins to get confused in a new place. If he is lucky with a plot, he will be able to catch up with its networks up to 500 insects per day. Hunting is constantly.
According to the estimates of naturalists, millions of spiders, destroying entire insect legions, including those dangerous for humans and its farms live in the meadows, fields and forests. If you do not spiders, the number of flies, mosquitoes, mosquitoes, midges, moths and threes would be more for several orders of magnitude and seriously could poison our lives. Specialists do not even exclude the probabilities of using spiders in biological pests.
Custom spider prey either eats immediately on the spot, or, if not too hungry, drags it into a secluded corner or ends the cobweb. Around the web under the sheets you can find a whole product warehouse made of enchanted web flies, harvested for a black day.
Peace behavior Cross
How is the spider hunt? When a fly or any other insect falls into the web, the spider feels the vibration of a catchal, he sacrificed and kills her bite of poisonous jaws, or Helisser. The fly ceases to shake the web, and the spider calmly shook her a bunch of thin threads, pulling them out of the abdomen a couple of their feet.
Rebuilding the surrounding threads, the spider takes his breakfast and departs to the center of the web. He mnates his prey, bothering digestive juices into it. When the fly digested inside his shell, the spider sucks the semi-liquid content, into which the fly turned into, and the skirt of the victim throws away. During a successful wrestling, spider can eat about a dozen flies. The poison of crosses is dangerous only for small insects, he cannot harm it.
Habitat
Live crossings mainly in the crowns of trees, from the leaves they make themselves a secluded shelter, and the web is stretched between branches. Wheel-shaped web can be found in the forest, grove or in the launched garden. Sometimes it can be detected in the thickets of shrub or in the window frames and under the eaves of abandoned houses.
Catching network constantly requires repair, and small, and large insects are destroyed, and therefore every couple of days, spiders-crushes disseminate the web and make a new one. Usually they do this at night, and by the morning a new web is ready for new production. Thus, at night, the spider is relatively greater security, because its natural enemies, insectivorous birds are sleeping at night. He does not need light for the construction of a cobweb, quite a well-developed feeling of touch.
The enemies of the spider-cruster are also flies and wasps, laying eggs in the body of their victims. For example, Mug of melanofor Rugalis - taking advantage of spider's immobility, she can take care of him, sit on his back and put an egg in his body in the blink.
Powet of Cross
The casset female web has exactly 39 radii, 1245 points of attaching radii to the spiral and 35 spiral turns - nor less. The networks of all spiders are similar to one another as two drops of water, because all the necessary data is fixed in their heredity genetically. Therefore, even small spiders know how to build a web and catch prey.
Any web is not only beautiful with its symmetrical and openwork, it is very rationally arranged. All the thread forming it is very easy and, nevertheless, very durable, and are connected so that they work only on the gap.
How can the spider manages to build such a flat symmetrical web that exceeds it in a size of several tens of times? Spider (more precisely, Pouchikha), climbing on a branch or trunk of a tree, releases a long spider thread from his abdomen. She picks up the flow of air, and the spider is patiently waiting until the thread cares for something suitable.
If this did not happen, and the thread hung, the spider pulls her to himself and eats. After that, he moves to another place and repeats an attempt. And so until the thread caught up. Then the spider crawls to the clinging end of the end of the thread and it consolidates it. Then goes down on his thread to any support. There he also firmly fixes this thread - now 2 threads are fixed.
According to the second thread, the spider returns and drags the third, it fixes it at the starting point, i.e. Where the first thread came from. The triangular frame is the basis of the future web - ready. Inside this frame, the spider stretches several threads that intersect in the center. The spider lumps the center of the web and begins to stretch all his numerous radii from him, fastening them with a spiral thread, and then paving the curly threads. At the points of intersection of the spiral and the radius, the spider binds their legs.
Note that the angles between all the radii and the distance between the brits of the web are strictly constant values. How can such a small creature manages to withstand its web in strict accordance with the geometry? For this, you need at least the simplest measuring instrument. And, imagine, she has a spider! This is his first pair of legs that can perform the functions of a large-scale line.
Working on the web, the crossed regularly checks the distance between the spirals. Its natural tool is so accurate and reliable, which allows you to work in the pitch darkness. The last chord of the creation of the web will be a signal network, the end that is laid before shelter spider. For the construction of the whole web, the spider requires several hours of painstaking work and about 20 meters of web.
From the point of view of chemistry, the web is a complex protein polymer - fibrine. The many glands of the spray abdomen form this viscous liquid, which quickly freezes in the air in the form of the finest threads. Spider can produce several different species Web with different properties. For a frame of a web, it makes a dry and thick thread, for a cocoon - silky and soft, for catchal spiral - thin and adhesive. Why does the spider himself not stick to his web? Everything is very simple - he runs only on non-slip threads, and the adhesive spirals diligently avoids touching.
The polymer fluid comes out from the glands on the poultry of the spider through thin tubes and freezes very thin threads. If a spider is needed special strength, it can weave together several such threads. Scientists B. last years It is seriously engaged in the study of the properties of spider silk. It turned out that it has a multitude of unique properties.
The technology of manufacturing the threads of the web is akin to the production of synthetic fibers. But in strength, no synthetic fiber can be compared with sparse - it can withstand the load up to 260kg per 1 square meter, which is superior to steel. Residents of the tropics are so made from the cobweb sutin for fishing, bats, insects, and even fly fishing tackle.
A web is so elastic that can stretch up to 30% of its length and reduce to the original length. Its lightness and subtlety are involuntarily amazed, because 340 grams of the web is enough to guess the globe on the equator!
Application of web in the farm and Medez
People have long been trying to make web-based fabric. In Germany, in the 16th century in the villages of the web fabric tapes and various decorations. Then in France, artisans came up with the gloves and stockings from the web, which caused the utmost delight of fashionistas.
But it was impossible to launch this technology into large-scale production, and this convincingly proved the physicist and zoologist Reomyur. So that such production has become profitable, it is necessary to contain and feed hundreds of thousands of spiders. But for their proceding it would have to catch several million flies daily, which was absolutely impossible to be implemented in practice.
Nevertheless, people still use a web, even today. For Viziers (Crosshairs) in various optical devices (microscopes, telescopes, sights, etc.), spheres of the spider fits just perfectly. Microbiologists also found her use by developing a unique air analyzer with its help.
Spider-crushes launch on a special frame, fed, and a spider clad on the basis of this framework its network. Then, through the frame with the network, pump air, and the finest cobweb perfectly catches the microbes that are in the air. Such an air analysis method was recognized as the most effective of all existing in the world.
In folk medicine, we used the cobweb elaborate to disinfect open wounds. Studies confirmed that the web kills pathogenic bacteria, and with its help preparations were developed, harmless to animals, but deadly for all sorts of bacteria. As you can see, the crushes spider is extremely useful for a person, in every sense.
