The organism is an adaptation and its nature is the meaning of adaptation. The fitness of organisms and its relativity. Which statement is correct
Change in breathing pattern... Diaphragmatic breathing persists until the second half of the first year of life. As the child grows, the ribcage drops down and the ribs take an oblique position. At the same time, mixed breathing (abdominal) occurs in infants. In connection with the development of the shoulder girdle (3–7 years), chest breathing begins to prevail. By the age of 7, breathing becomes predominantly chest breathing.
From 8-10 years of age, there are gender differences in the type of breathing: in boys, diaphragmatic breathing is predominantly established, and in girls - chest breathing.
Changes in the rhythm and rate of breathing with age... In newborns and infants, breathing is irregular. Arrhythmia is expressed in the fact that deep breathing is replaced by shallow breathing, the pauses between inhalation and exhalation are uneven.
Respiratory rate in children decreases with age and by the age of 14–15 it approaches that of an adult.
Up to 8 years of age, the respiratory rate in boys is higher than that of girls. By the time of puberty, the respiratory rate in girls becomes higher, and this ratio persists throughout life.
Change with age in the size of the respiratory and minute volumes of the lungs, their vital capacity. The vital capacity of the lungs, tidal and minute volumes in children gradually increase with age due to growth and development. chest and lungs.
In a newborn baby, the lungs are inelastic and relatively large. During inhalation, their volume increases insignificantly: by only 10–15 mm. The provision of oxygen to the child's body occurs by increasing the respiratory rate. The tidal volume of the lungs increases with age along with a decrease in the respiratory rate (Table 1).
Table 1
Ventilation rates in boys
(for girls they are 10% lower) (Sonkin V.D.)
From 18 to 25 years old, the vital capacity of the lungs is maximum, and after 35–40 years it decreases. The value of the vital capacity of the lungs fluctuates depending on age, height, type of respiration, gender (girls have 100-200 ml less than boys).
The respiratory surface of the lungs and the amount of blood flowing through the lungs per unit time are relatively higher in children than in adults. Due to the great development of the capillaries of the child's lungs, the surface of contact of blood with alveolar air in children is also relatively larger than in adults. All this contributes to better gas exchange in the lungs of a growing organism, which is necessary to ensure an intensive metabolism.
In children, breathing changes in a peculiar way during physical work. During physical activity, the frequency of respiratory movements increases and the respiratory volume of the lungs almost does not change. Such breathing is uneconomical and cannot provide long-term performance of work.
The total lung capacity during exercise may decrease slightly due to an increase in intrathoracic blood volume. At rest, the tidal volume (TO) is 10-15% VC (450-600 ml), with physical activity can reach 50% VC. Thus, in people with a large VC, the tidal volume in conditions of intense physical work can be 3-4 liters. The tidal volume is increased mainly by the inspiratory reserve volume. Expiratory reserve volume during severe physical exertion changes insignificantly. Since during physical work the residual volume increases, and the functional residual capacity practically does not change, VC decreases somewhat.
The Stange and Genchi samples provide some insight into the body's ability to withstand a lack of oxygen.
Stange's test. The maximum breath holding time after a deep breath is measured. In this case, the mouth should be closed and the nose is pinched with the fingers. Healthy people hold their breath for an average of 40-50 s, athletes highly qualified- up to 5 min.
With the improvement of physical fitness as a result of adaptation to motor hypoxia, the delay time increases. Consequently, an increase in this indicator during a second examination is regarded (taking into account other indicators) as an improvement in the readiness (fitness) of an athlete.
Genchi's test. After a shallow breath, exhale and hold your breath. In healthy people, the breath holding time is 25–30 s. Athletes are able to hold their breath for 60–90 s. With chronic fatigue, the time for holding the breath decreases sharply.
The value of the Shtange and Genchi tests increases if observations are carried out constantly, in dynamics.
UDC 57.032
P. V. Mikhailov, I. A. Osetrov, A. A. Akhapkina, A. A. Muravyov
Age-related changes in external respiration in humans
The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation, agreement 14.B37.21.0214 and with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant No. 12-04-00550-a.
It is known that with age, the adaptive capacity of the human body decreases, structural and functional changes occur at the level of systems, organs and tissues. The article presents the results of a study of the external respiration system in individuals different ages from 20 to 70 years old. To analyze the degree of reliability and reliability of indicators, as well as their relationship, we used modern methods mathematical statistics.
Key words: vital capacity of the lungs, age-related changes, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, biological marker.
P. V. Mikhailov, I. A. Osetrov, A. A. Akhapkina, A. A. Muravyov
Age Alterations in Parameters of the Person "s Respiration
It is known that an adaptability of the organism is reduced with age. The structural and functional changes at the level of systems, organs and tissues are appeared. In this paper are considered some results of the respiration research in subjects of the different age: from 20 to 70 years. To analyze the dynamics, reliability and the relationship of indicators the modern methods of mathematical statistics were explored.
Keywords: a lung vital capacity, age-related changes, a coefficient of variation, a correlation analysis, a biomarker.
External respiration is the initial link in the oxygen transport system to the tissues and cells of the body. On the different stages ontogenesis, structural and functional changes occur in the respiratory system, which can have a significant impact on the course of adaptation processes in the body. Numerous studies have shown that with aging of the body, age-related changes in the respiratory system appear, including the airways, respiratory muscles and the lungs themselves. At the same time, the respiration rate at rest increases, its minute volume increases, the ratio between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation changes, the coordination of ventilation and gas exchange processes decreases, the physiological dead respiratory space significantly increases and the proportion of alveolar ventilation in the structure of the respiratory minute volume decreases.
In old age, a combination of respiratory, circulatory, hemic hypoxia can be found, the intensity of tissue respiration decreases, which explains the originality of hypoxia.
mental states at this age. All these changes lead not only to a pronounced decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the body of an elderly person, but can also be a factor of pulmonological risk.
The aim of the study was to determine age-related changes in some characteristics of human external respiration.
Material and methods
We examined 77 healthy men aged 20 to 70 years. The healthy were those who did not have chronic diseases(both registered in medical documents and in anamnesis) and did not present any complaints on the day of the examination. The vital capacity of the lungs (VC) of the subjects was determined with the Spirotest spirometer and the vital index (VI) was calculated. The proper value of VC (VC) was also calculated according to the formula VC = 5.2 * height -0.029 * age-3.2. The ratio VC / VC was determined, which most fully reflects the capabilities of the respiratory system. To characterize the dispersion of the average value (M) when -
© Mikhailov P.V., Osetrov I.A., Akhapkina A.A., Muravyov A.A., 2012
the values of the standard deviation (o) and the coefficient of variation (CV) are given. The significance of differences between age groups was determined using the% 2 nonparametric test. The assessment of the closeness of the relationship between the studied indicators was carried out using correlation analysis.
To analyze age-related changes in external respiration parameters, all subjects were divided into 5 age groups(Table 1).
Weight-height characteristics ist
Results and its discussion
Measurement of anthropometric indicators in persons of different ages showed that body length in groups 1, 2 and 3 did not differ significantly, and in groups 4 and 5 it was significantly less (p<0,05). Наиболее высокие средние значения массы тела были зарегистрированы в группах 2 и 3, они достоверно отличались от показателей группы 5 (р<0,05).
Table 1
in different age groups
Groups 1 2 3 4 5
Age 20-29 years old, (n = 21) 30-39 years old, (n = 20) 40-49 years old, (n = 14) 50-59 years old, (n = 10) 60-69 years old, (n = 12 )
Body length, cm 182.3 ± 5.9 182.6 ± 6.8 180.0 ± 4.1 177.3 ± 7.6 172.0 ± 6.2
Body weight, kg 80.5 ± 12.3 89.0 ± 16.3 88.9 ± 12.4 83.9 ± 10.8 71.5 ± 7.3
Table 2 shows the indicators of external respiration in different age groups. The VC value is progressively decreasing, as indicated by the increasing difference between neighboring age groups. Between 1 and 2, as well as 2 and 3 groups, the difference was 5%, between 3 and 4 -6%. The maximum differences were recorded between groups 4 and 5 - 16%. The differences between neighboring groups were statistically significant (p<0,05). Изменения величины ЖЕЛ в сформированных возрастных группах с высоким уровнем надежности описывает уравнение линейной регрессии у = - 42,5х+6708,3 (Я2=0,96) (рис. 1). Величина КВжел с возрастом
Indicators of external respiration in
decreases, which indicates an increase in the reliability of the VC indicator.
The results obtained are consistent with the literature data, in which the authors indicate a decrease in VC with age, and more pronounced changes are observed from 30 to 50 years. In our study, the greatest involutional changes were recorded in the period of 50-70 years. Along with a decrease in VC in elderly people, there may be a decrease in the vital capacity of expiratory and inspiratory capacity, which are referred to as restrictive restrictions leading to a change in the mechanics of respiration.
table 2
other age groups (M ± a)
"" ------ Indicators of the Group ~ "- ■ - ^^ VC, ml VC / VC,% VC, rel.
1 20-29 years 5555.3 ± 780.5 97.8 69.7 ± 7.3 14.0 10.4
2 30-39 years 5263.6 ± 791.8 99.5 60.4 ± 11.3 15.0 18.7
3 40-49 years 4992.3 ± 608.9 101.4 57.1 ± 10.8 12.2 18.9
4 50-59 years 4216.7 ± 360.1 104.0 52.8 ± 6.6 8.5 12.8
5 60-69 years 3954.5 ± 307.8 102.5 56.0 ± 6.8 7.8 12.1
The indicator VC / VC shows the actual value of VC as a percentage of the required VC. In groups 1 and 2, the actual values of VC were slightly inferior to the proper ones.
values, and in groups 3, 4 and 5 exceeded them. But the differences did not exceed 4%. Exceeding the proper values of VC of any degree is not a deviation from the norm, individual
VC values sometimes exceed VC by 30% or more. VC is considered reduced if its actual value is less than 80% of VC.
The LI value characterizes the relative capabilities of the individual's respiratory system. The data obtained indicate a decrease in this indicator with age, which is confirmed by significant differences between the first and other groups (p<0,05). Разница величины ЖИ в 1 и 2 группах была наиболее выраженной и составила 13 %. Различия между следующими
Correlation analysis showed that there is a relationship between the characteristics of external respiration and age. In the combined group, the correlation coefficient between VC and age was 0.57 (p<0,05). Известно, что ЖЕЛ зависит от весоросто-вых характеристик индивида. Поскольку в старших возрастных группах длина и масса тела снижались, то возможно влияние этих показателей на направленность изменений параметров внешнего дыхания. Для исключения влияния весоростовых характеристик проводили частную корреляцию. При этом теснота взаимосвязи ослабевала (г= - 0,37), но оставалась статистически значимой (р<0,05). Регрессионное уравнение, описывающее вышеуказанную взаимосвязь в возрастном ряду от 20 до 70 лет, позволило установить, что величина ЖЕЛ снижается в среднем на 340 мл (6-7 %) каждые 10 лет.
In a study by L.B.Kim, it was determined that respiratory minute volume with age
neighboring groups were less pronounced and did not exceed 5%. A slight increase in LI in the older age group is associated with a lower body weight in people 60-70 years old (Table 2). The equation describing the relationship between life expectancy and age has the form: y = - 0.35x + 75.0 with the value of the data approximation reliability R2 = 0.73 (Fig. 1). The value of KVzhi varies in the range of 10-19%, which indicates a decrease in the reliability of the LI indicator with age, compared with the absolute value of VC.
decreases on average by 6% every 10 years, while the respiratory rate does not change significantly. In a number of works it is noted that in persons over 30-40 years old, there is a decrease in the elastic traction of the lungs, a limitation of the functional capabilities of the expiratory muscles, which limit the air flow rate in the large and medium bronchi. Consequently, age-related changes cover both the morphological structure of the bronchial system of the lungs and the respiratory muscles.
Thus, age-related changes in the parameters of external respiration occur naturally, continuously and unidirectionally. The value of VC is a reproducible and objective indicator that reflects the adaptive capabilities of the respiratory system and can be a satisfactory marker of biological age.
ZHEL --A --- ZHI
■ Linear (VEL)
Linear (LI) 90.0
y = -42.5x + 6708.3
y = -0.35x + 75.0 R2 = 0.73
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Age, years
Rice. 1. Age-related changes in VC and LI
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In this part, we are talking about the change in external respiration with age: about the change in the type of breathing, about the change in the rhythm and frequency of respiration with age, about the change with age in the size of the respiratory and minute volumes of the lungs, their vital capacity.
Changes in external respiration with age.
Change in breathing pattern.
Diaphragmatic breathing persists until the second half of the first year of life. As the child grows, the ribcage drops down and the ribs take an oblique position. At the same time, in infants, mixed breathing (abdominal) occurs, and a stronger mobility of the chest is observed in its lower parts. In connection with the development of the shoulder girdle (3-7 years), chest breathing begins to prevail. By the age of 7, breathing becomes predominantly chest breathing.
From 8-10 years old, sex differences appear in the type of breathing: in boys, the diaphragmatic type of breathing is predominantly established, and in girls - chest breathing.
Change in the rhythm and rate of respiration with age.
In newborns and infants, breathing is irregular. Arrhythmia is expressed in the fact that deep breathing is replaced by shallow breathing, the pauses between inhalation and exhalation are uneven. The duration of inhalation and exhalation in children is shorter than in adults: inhalation is 0.5-0.6 seconds (in adults - 0.98-2.82 seconds), in exhalation - 0.7-1 seconds (in adults - from 1.62 to 5.75 sec). Some researchers believe that in newborns in the first days of life, inhalation is 25% longer than exhalation. Most support the opinion that, from the moment of birth, the ratio between inhalation and exhalation is the same as in adults: inhalation is shorter than exhalation.
Respiratory rate in children decreases with age. In the fetus, it fluctuates between 46-64 per minute. A gradual decrease occurs by the age of 14-15, when the respiratory rate approaches its value in an adult.
Due to the mild excitability of the respiratory center, the respiratory rate fluctuates not only within one age group, but also in one subject during the day.
The breathing of newborns and infants in the waking state is very uneven, it is more relaxed during sleep.
Up to 8 years of age, the respiratory rate in boys is higher than that of girls. By the time of puberty, the respiratory rate in girls becomes higher, and this ratio persists throughout life.
Respiratory rate in children is much higher than in adults, it changes under the influence of various influences. It increases with mental agitation, small physical exercises, a slight increase in body temperature and the environment.
Change with age in the size of the respiratory and minute volumes of the lungs, their vital capacity.
The vital capacity of the lungs, tidal and minute volumes in children gradually increase with age due to the growth and development of the chest and lungs.
In a newborn baby, the lungs are not very elastic and relatively large. During inspiration, or the volume increases slightly, by only 10-15 mm. The provision of oxygen to the child's body occurs by increasing the respiratory rate. The tidal volume of the lungs increases with age, along with a decrease in respiratory rate.
Change in the size of the respiratory volume of the lungs with age.
The relative volume of respiration (the ratio of tidal volume to body weight) is greater in children than in adults; in newborns, it exceeds the size of adults by 2 times. Thus, in adults, the ratio of respiratory air volume to body weight is 6, and in newborns it is about 12. This is due to the high metabolism in children and, consequently, to the high demand of the growing organism for oxygen. Very variegated data are given on the value of the minute volume, depending on the measurement method. With age, the value of the minute volume of the lungs increases. But the relative minute volume of the lungs (the ratio of the minute volume of respiration to body weight) decreases with age. In newborns and children of the first year of life, it is twice as large as in adults. This is due to the fact that in children with the same relative tidal volume, the respiratory rate is several times higher than in adults. In this regard, pulmonary ventilation is 1 kg of body weight in children more. The amount of pulmonary ventilation per 1 kg of body weight in newborns is 400 ml, at 5-6 years old it is 210, at 7 years old - 160, at 8-10 years old - 150, 11-13 years old - 130-145 , 14-year-olds - 125, and 15-17-year-olds - 110. Due to this, a large need for a growing organism in О 2 is provided.
The vital capacity of the lungs increases with age due to the growth of the chest and lungs. For a child 5-6 years old, it is equal to 700-800 ml, at 14-16 years old = 2500-2600 ml. From 18 to 25 years old, the vital capacity of the lungs is maximum, and after 35-40 years it decreases. The value of the vital capacity of the lungs fluctuates depending on age, height, type of respiration, gender (girls have 100-200 ml less than boys).
The vital capacity of the lungs is more or less constant with fluctuations not exceeding 100 ml. It largely depends on the physical development and training of children. The highest value was observed among skiers, rowers, swimmers, and runners (up to 6000 ml). The increase in the vital capacity of the lungs occurs due to the growth of the alveoli.
The respiratory surface of the lungs and the amount of blood flowing through the lungs per unit time are relatively higher in children than in adults. Due to the great development of the capillaries of the child's lungs, the surface of contact of blood with alveolar air in children is also relatively larger than in adults. All this contributes to better gas exchange in the lungs of a growing organism, which is necessary to ensure an intensive metabolism.
In children, breathing changes in a peculiar way during physical work. During physical activity, the frequency of respiratory movements increases and the respiratory volume of the lungs almost does not change. Such breathing is not economical and cannot provide long-term performance of work.
Pulmonary ventilation in children during physical work increases by 2-7 times, and at high loads (running at medium distances) by almost 20 times.
The maximum oxygen consumption in an adult at rest is 150-300 ml per minute. In children, it is much less and increases during work. When performing physical work in trained children 10-13 years old, the maximum oxygen consumption is 49 ml per 1 kg of body weight per minute, in untrained children - 47.3 ml. The increase in oxygen consumption during work in children from 9 to 18 years old occurs in the same way and after 3 minutes it becomes maximum: in the first minute it reaches 45% of the maximum value, in the second it rises to 75%, and in the third it reaches a maximum.
The dependence of the maximum oxygen consumption on training in children is less pronounced than in adults. In adolescents, the maximum oxygen consumption is reached faster, but since they cannot (like adults) keep oxygen consumption at the maximum level for a long time, they stop working faster.
At the end of the work in the recovery period, the repayment of the "oxygen debt" in children is faster. Recovery is carried out already during operation. In girls and boys aged 14-18, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emission during the recovery period are somewhat higher than in adults. Recovery in younger schoolchildren of 8-12 years old when running 50 m proceeds faster than in older schoolchildren, and when running 100 m faster in older ones - 12-16 years old.
With age, the ability to recover from work decreases, and the oxygen debt increases. The amount of oxygen debt per 1 kg of body weight in older children is greater than in younger children.
The absolute value of oxygen consumption in boys aged 8-9 years is 2 times less than in boys aged 16-18. When performing maximum work, girls have less oxygen consumption than boys, especially at 8-9 years old and 16-18 years old. All this should be taken into account when engaging in physical labor and sports with children of different ages.