What placed the French in 1812. Where Napoleon hid the loot in Russia. To retreat - it means to win! The enemies called Kutuzov "Sly Northern Fox"

This year we celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. Now, thanks to the artistic films and books, it seems incredibly romantic to many. Galanted French, cavalryman girls, sorry, madam, do not want with me to Randevo? However, you should not be mistaken. Contemporaries considered Napoleon by the embodiment of the devil, and in plans he had a targeted destruction of the Russian people.

The war of 1812 was completely different than all wars before her. In addition to the most powerful ideological, propaganda support with the help of the press, books, rumors fabrication, visual agitation in pictures, which were hung at the fences for ordinary people, a large-scale financial scam was carried out. In the economy of the enemy of Napoleon - Russia, England and Austria, a huge number of false money was drawn. For destabilization of the financial system, the enemy was released before, but for the first time it took such a large-scale nature. It was a real financial war.

The case was put on a blank: two printed courtyards worked in Paris and two in Warsaw. Even a special "dusty" room, in which fresh banknotes were taken by the dirty floor, giving them the appearance of the applicant. During the occupation, the printing house for rubles was opened right in Moscow, on the Rogozhskaya Zoom, in the courtyard of the Old Believer Church.

Fake

A note of the Minister of Finance Dmitry Gurieva was preserved, where he reported Alexander I, which in 1811, according to agent information, "the French were released in Warsaw through Duke de Bassano and some banker of Frankel to twenty million rubles by the dignity of 100 rubles, 50, 25 rubles. " This is 4.5 percent of all money, which in general in Russia at all!

The ruble began to crack on the seams. Some historians believe that in 1811 - 1812, up to 120 million fake rubles were influenced by the economy of Russia. The General Controller of the General Directorate of Revision conveyed to Emperor Alexander I: "Your grandmother's wars were a toy in comparison with the current ... You must stop Emissia." To war for the ruble by the assemilations, 25 kopecks were silver.

According to the quality of execution, the French fakes exceeded the originals - they differed a bluish tinge of paper, a clearer watermark, deep embossed embossed, even location of the letters. This, by the way, was faced with counterfeiters: it was possible to distinguish them if desired it is due to the quality of work. However, ignorance by the French of the Russian language led to a funny confusion of letters: "stately owner", instead of "state" and "kolasi", instead of "Khodiach". But the masses - and the peasants, and the nobles, too, were mainly illiterate, so such mistakes came from the hands.

The question is subject to: But how did the Russian economy survive after such a huge infusion of no secured money? Very simple. Russia quickly won the war, and the fakes simply did not have time to spread in a sufficient amount. At Christmas, 1812, the last occupant was thrown out of Russia. Then one important factor played his role - in the country, especially among the peasants, natural relations reigned. And they did not see the paper money. At best, silver and copper. The cow is the main wealth of the peasant - cost from the ruble to two, the bucket of vodka - 30 kopecks, and Napoleon released bills of 25, 50, 100 rubles. There were no place to exchange them. By the way, and salary by their troops he paid fake money, for which his army could not buy anything. By the way, the same thing happened in 1941. In the collective farm USSR, where natural and economic relations reigned, the fakes printed by Hitler also did not have success.

But back to the Napoleonic Facility with fakes. Even those peasants who agreed to sell food, and there were a little such, refused to take paper money such a nominal. French soldiers who received a salary could not spend it. During the retreat of fires of freezing invaders, fake assemblences were often inflamed. Millions burned. But the part still remained in the country. After the victory for the restoration of the economy, the ministers were offered to conduct a reform, release new money and thus cut off fakes. After a long random, Alexander I refused this plan. Chose the most expensive, but the most humane method. Said: "For some of my poor subjects, a piece of 50 or 100 rubles fell into their hands is a whole condition. And I can't deprive them. " The emperor equated the batch of false and real money, which is already made of them only through banks. Only by 1824 issued a decree that mostly all fake money were withdrawn. But they came across until the end of the 1840s. Russia has survived not only against invasion, but also to economic provocation.

Anarchists

This miracle I explain the thought that the famous Russian publicist Ivan Solonevich was formulated. He writes: "Russia ... always represented a higher type of state than the state attacked on it. Because state organization The Great Principality of the Moscow and Empire of the Russian always exceeded the organization of all of their competitors, opponents and enemies - otherwise neither the great principality nor the kingdom, nor the empire would have to withstand this struggle not for life, but to death. " This can be safely added to the Soviet Union, which for the same reasons survived in the Great Patriotic War. All wars who conducted the West against Russia, that in the 1812, which in 1941, which now, only, may, less noticeably, were reduced to the destruction of the Russian, Russian civilization, the nation itself.
Nikolay Berdyaev in the "Philosophy of Inequality" Metko noticed that "the nation includes not only human generations, but also stones of churches, palaces and ussers, gravestones, old manuscripts and books and to understand the will of the nation, you need to hear these stones, read the exile pages".

So they destroyed the faith, stones, and churches, and manuscripts. To destroy the essence of the people. By the way, as a result of the invasion, the greatest work of the Russian people was killed - "The Word about the regiment of Igor", many chronicles. Moreover, the West always declares that civilization bears our "high". Very funny. Anyway, like bombing Belgrade or Tripoli, "human rights" and "Universal Values"! I carry the "Torch of Freedom", Napoleon took no less than Hitler on our land. It just had less time, only six months. The phrase of this herald of European values \u200b\u200bis known: "For victory it is necessary that the simple soldier will not only hate his opponents, but also despised them." Napoleon's soldiers officers led agitas about the barbarism of Slavic peoples. It was since then that the consciousness of Europeans consciously consciously entrusted the idea of \u200b\u200bRussians as a second-rate, wild nation.

So they despised us. Destroyed the monasteries, the monuments of architecture exploded. The altars of Moscow churches were deliberately turned into a stable and stretch of space. The priests who did not give out church shrines were killed by death, nuns raped, ancient icons were melted. At the same time, the soldiers firmly knew that they came to the barbaric wilderness and that they carry the world's best culture in the world - European.

Varvara

Banal robbery began with long approaches to Moscow. In Belarus and Lithuania, soldiers destroyed gardens and gardens, killed cattle, destroyed sowing. And the military necessity was not there, it was simply avenue shares. As Evgeny Tarla wrote: "The ruin of the peasants by the army of the conqueror, countless marauders and simply robbing French deserters was so great that hate to the enemy grew every day."

Taking Moscow, the peeled invaders arrange mass executions
This robbery and horror began on September 3, 1812 - the day after the entry into Moscow, when officially, the order was allowed to rob the city. The numerous Moscow monasteries were ruined. Soldiers squinted with silver salaries icons, collected lamps, crosses. For the convenience of review, they blew up near the Novodevichy Monastery Church of John the Forerunner. In the High Palm Monastery, the occupiers staged a slaughterhouse, and the cathedral temple was turned into a meat shop. All monastery polishers were covered with a laundering blood, and in the cathedral on panicadiles and on the nails traded in the iconostasis, slices of meat and animal insides were hung. In Andronievsky, Pokrovsky, Znamensky monasteries, French soldiers pole on the firewood icons, the faces of the saints were used as a target for shooting.

In the miracle monastery, the French, putting on themselves and on their horses Mitra and the vestment of the clergy, went and very laughing. In the Danilov Monastery, Prince Daniel cancer was struck and torn clothes from the throne. In the Mozhaisk Puddle Monastery, the icon of St. John the forerunner here has traces from a knife - the French used it as a cutting board, cut the meat on it. From the historical relics located on the territory of the Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery of the palace of the king Alexei Mikhailovich almost nothing left. The bed of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was burned, dear armchairs were risen, the mirrors are broken, the furnaces are broken, the rare portraits of Peter the Great and princes of Sophia are abducted.

The Jeromona of the Znamensky Monastery Pavel and the priest of St. George Monastery John Alekseev were killed. The priest of the church of the forty of Saints Peter Velmyaninov was bilted with butts, pokyoks and sabers for not giving them the keys to the temple. All night he lay on the street, exposed by blood, and in the morning the French officer who passed by the French officer graciously shot Peter's father. The monks of the Novospassky Monastery buried the priest, but the French then squinted his grave three times: seeing fresh land, they thought the treasure was buried in this place. IN Epiphany monastery The treasurer of the Aaron's monastery was dragged by the hair, pulled out his beard and then drove goods on it, harboring in the cart.

The killers

October 10 - 11, 1812, under the tower, walls and buildings of the Kremlin laid powder mines. If everything happened as I wanted the creator of modern Europe Napoleon, then Russia would lose the symbol of his thousand-year history. But the rain went to God at night, rushed part of the wicks, the rest, risking life, extinguished Muscovites.

However, part of the charges worked. The water tower was demolished before the foundation, Nicolskaya washed half. Arsenal was partially destroyed, the grainbed chamber was damaged, Philaretova extension, a curfew. The building of the Senate was injured, and the bronze georgy victorious, who adorned the dome of the round hall, disappeared without a trace. According to one version, he, together with another two items that made up the pride of the Kremlin, - an eagle with the Nikolsky gate and a cross from the Ivan the Great bell tower - was taken out in the mound of "civilized" invaders. Until now, these historical relics are not found. Leaving Moscow, the French tried to blow up also Novodevichi, Christmas, Alekseevsky monasteries.

A miracle also happened here: the monks managed to put fire on time and thereby save their abode.

These are just touches to the behavior of the invaders. The whole truth is still worse. That already did the doomed invaders, retreating, does not succumb to common sense. The depraved French officers forced the peasants to oral sex, that for many girls and women was then worse than death. Disagree with the rules of the French kiss killed, part consciously went to death, biting his teeth into the flesh of the invaders. But despite this, the Russians treated sick and wounded enemies. In the Novodevichy Monastery of Ill French soldiers treated, and in Christmas, they were shared with the hungry occupiers of their food. Talking about it, one of the nuns explained: "Again, they are sorry for their hearts, do not die them hungry death, but they did not go on us for their will."

Forgiveness

Dob Russian. Sometimes even unnecessary. Apparently, and therefore, the huge part of Napoleon's troops remained in Russia just live. For different reasons. The majority of Russian people helped Christ for the sake of the sake of the sake of them, pose them frostbitten and hungry. Since then, the word "charming" appeared in Russia - from the French "Cher AMI" (expensive friend). They became janitor, Swiss. Educated to be embarrassed into French teachers. We perfectly remember them on numerous units, governors, who walked in Russian literature after 1812 ... They were quite consistent in Russia, they became quite Russians, appeared by the people of many famous names like Lurie, Masherov (from Mon Cher - my dear) , Mashanov, Zhanbrov. Bergs and Schmiddes with numerous children are also mainly from Napoleonic German soldiers. Interesting and in many ways, the fate of Nikolai Andreevich Savina, or Jean Batista Saven - the former lieutenant of the 2nd Guards Regiment of the 3rd Corps of the Army Marshal, a member of the Egyptian campaigns, Austerlitz.

"Civilized French" arranged stables in orthodox churches
The last soldier of the Great Army. He died surrounded by numerous offspring in 1894, having lived 126 years old. He taught in Saratov gymnasium for more than 60 years. He until the end of the days retained the clarity of the mind and remembered that one of his students was not anyone else, like Nikolai Chernyshevsky. He recalled a very characteristic episode, as the Cossacks of Platov captured him. The rapid fees immediately gave him a face, then ordered to drink vodka so as not to frozen, feed and send to warm traffic so that the captive was not cold. And then he was constantly coped to his health. That was the attitude of Rus to the defeated enemy. Therefore, they remained in Russia with tens of thousands.

We asked the fate of monuments and items that bind our area with a great historical event.

The bell tower built in honor of the victory over Napoleon falls apart

About the war of 1812 reminds the bell tower of the Trinity Znamensky Church in Lenjnev. It was built on the Central Square of the village in 1823 in honor of the recent then victory over Napoleon. Its height is 76.6 m. It is the second height of the bell tower in the region after the bell tower of the Resurrection Cathedral in Shua.

But now a memorable building in Lenjnev in a deplorable state. " Overhaulwhich and the capital will not call, there was in the early 80s- tells the former specialist of the Lenznev administration Marina Smirnov. - Many years have passed, there is no trace from repair. On a wooden staircase leading to the bell tower, walk dangerous. The stucco is falling off the building. Naturally, the bell tower does not function ". But it is regularly ticking the watches installed on the bell tower for a long time. In 1858, the specialists of the company Brothers Butenopov were constructed. Interestingly, they previously installed chimes on the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin earlier.

Restaging the bell tower on their own villages can not. "But if funds from the federal budget come, then I think it will go,- says Marina Smirnova. - True, it has never been able to get into the federal program for many years to our project. "

Refairted bell tower, believed in Lenjnev, could attract in the village of tourists. Employees of the local administration even developed a project according to which viewing platforms are provided on the bell tower. But without repairing the construction, embody the idea of \u200b\u200blife is unrealistic.

Behind the grave of General Vlasov is a village residents

Among the heroes of the Patriotic War, there are many of our countrymen, including Lieutenant-General Egor Vlasto. In 1812, his regiment was part of the 1st Corps of General Wittgenstein. The commanding team, Vlasto bravely fought in the first battles with the French under Yakubov, staggers and godds and for fighting feats was produced in Chin Major General. Then he was appointed head of the avant-garde of the building, participated in the assault of Polotsk. In the Berezinsk operation, troops under his team were forced to fold the Arms of the French division of General Patuno. In 1813, Vlasto headed the Hsenther Brigade in battles with Napoleonic troops in Dresden and Leipzig. Different and during the storming of the fortifications of Paris, for which he was produced in Lieutenant General.

Egor Vlasto in 1822, having retired, settled in his estate Knyazhovo Shuisky County. Not far from her - in the village of Highria (modern Ivanovo district - it was buried. "In 2009, the territory of the monument landscaped students, "says Angelina Fedelieva, the deputy head of the Balahonkinsky rural settlement, to which the Highness belongs. - So the grave is now in good condition. "

Behind the grave of the authorities are watching the five inhabitants of Egoria. " People are proud of this monument to culture, " - says Angelina Fedelieva.

An employee of the Department of Culture Alexander Martynov said that for a long time the grave of the author, a monument of the culture of federal significance, was in running, but now this object is restored.

In Ivanovo, caricatures are stored on Napoleon

Already almost a century, objects resembling war with Napoleon are stored in the museum. Burylin. In the century of victory over France presented the city itself the founder of the museum. " In our collection related to the period of the Patriotic War of 1812, almost 400 items, "said Alexey Zobnin Museum Director. - From the most interesting exhibits I can note the letter of Napoleon to Josephine in French. Napoleon reported that he was in a foreign hike, and complained that Josephine he did not write. "

The museum stores many vintage scarves of machine and hand working with scenes of battles with Napoleon. Bonaparte on them is presented comical. "On one handkerchief, they were pictured, as he runs from Russia, on the other - he is tested by Russian troops ..." - Describes the collection director of the museum.

The abundance of cartoons on Napoleon Alexei Zobnin explained so. " Alexander I until 1812 forbade print cartoons on Napoleon - it was necessary to preserve the world with France. And after the start of the war, he canceled this order. "

In the collection of the museum you can also see Russian and French weapons, antique coins with the image of our commander, anniversary stamps and even the alphabet, published in 1812.

There are no one historical documents to study

The regional archive stores many documents of the War of 1812. But they are not systematized. "There are decrees, statements, manifestos, - tells Olga Zakharov archive employee. - Preserved ads for the set of peasants in the militia. There is also the expenditure book of the Luhsky district, where monetary amounts are written on financing the 1st Kostroma Infantry Regiment. "The documents describe the moments of battles, the appearance of the peasants who went to the militia, how much money was made by sacrifices.

According to these documents, it was probably possible to deepen the idea of \u200b\u200bthe war of 1812 and even discover not previously known facts. But for such work, no one is taken. "It takes time and serious cash investments. Probably need a custom project, such as, for example, to study the events of the troubled time "- says Ivanovsky historian Alexander Semenhenko.

By the way, Gavrilovoposadian local lores can be made a new line in the history of war of war of the war of 1812. Not so long ago, they were on the expedition and found the remains of the old cemetery on the territory of the current Ilinsky district. As evidenced by the document to which local historians focused in search, participants of the war with Napoleon are buried on the cemetery. "This version is believablea, - the head of the Ivanovo branch of the Russian Geographical Society Oleg Volynkin believes. - We will try to get permission to carry out excavations in this place. In the spring of 2013, I plan to start work. "

Live "next door" with famous commander

In Ivanovo, the events of the war of the 1812 reminds the names of the streets - for example, Kutuzov Street, Bagration Street. Perhaps there are such names in the areas of the region.

This is curious

In the central square of the village of Leznevoo was going to establish a monument in honor of the 200th anniversary of the victory in the war of 1812. His author - Clevero from Ivanov Vladimir Volkov - Made from the metal of the Napoleonic army soldier in the form of those years. However, they did not like the fiery that they would remind a soldier of the enemy army about the historical event. The administration went to people towards and refused to install such a monument.

Only facts

In the Vladimir and Kostroma provinces, which included our region, a folk militia was formed.

Among the heroes of the Patriotic War there are our countrymen: Lieutenant-General Egor Vlasto, Major General Pavel Smolyaninov, Colonel Peter Kondratyev.

It was in charge of a fire of 1812 in Moscow, when metropolitan manufactories died in fire, the production of tissues in the village of Ivanovo and its surroundings increased significantly.

During the war of 1812, our countrymen were given a shelter evacuated, he was treated in hospitals wounded.

"So, although hostilities in the territory of the current Ivanovo region, and there was no involvement of the inhabitants of our region to this historical event obvious", "said the historian Evgeny Smetanin, a student of Professor IVGU Vasily Babkina (specialist in the history of the Patriotic War of 1812).

Photo: The bell tower in Lenzhev could attract the tourist area, but there are no funds from her restoration.

In December 1812, Napoleon dropped his retreating army from Russia and fled to Paris under the protection of two hundred selected guardsmen. December 14, 1812 is considered to be the end of the end of the Patriotic War. It is these days that Napoleon said one of his legendary aphorisms "from the Great to Funny - only one step, and let him judge the offspring ..."

Napoleon twice watched to Russian princesses

Napoleon, as you know, the title of Monarch was not inherited. At one time he had the idea of \u200b\u200bFix - to marry a representative of some monarchical house, which would allow him to legitimize his coronation. In 1808, he woves to the Grand Duchess Catherine, the sister of Alexander I, but receives a refusal. He was reported that the princess was engaged to Prince Saxen-Koburg. In 1810, persistent Napoleon attempt repeated. This time the Great Princess Anna became the object of his lust, which at that time was 14 years old. But Napoleon refused again. Of course, the reasons for the beginning of the war these events did not become, but the Russian-French "friendship" was significantly "jumped".

Napoleon wanted to enter the serve in the Russian army

It is known that Napoleon was an excellent mathematician and even revealed a way to build a square with one line with two sneakers. He loved the opera very much, but at the same time he never distributed applause and did not allow it to do others. Back in 1788, Lieutenant Napoleon wanted to enter the serve in the Russian army. But just up to a month before Napoleon filed a petition, in Russia issued a decree that ingeneses, entering Russian service losing one rank. Careerist-Napoleon on this, of course, did not agree.

Map with errors

Barclay de Tolly military intelligence worked just fine. It is known for certain that Napoleon in 1812, unaware nothing, used a copy of the "capital" map of Russia, which the French intelligence in St. Petersburg was mined before the war. But, by advancing Moscow, the French collided with a problem - errors were deliberately included in the map.

Russian officers died and from their

Simple soldiers at the recognition of "their own - strangers" were focused primarily on speech, especially if a person was approaching in the dark and from afar. Russian officers preferred to communicate in French, not in Russian. For this reason, the educated Russian officers died from their hands.

"Sharmery" and "Bistro"

In the autumn of 1812, the soldiers who were exhausted by cold and the partisans of the Napoleonian army became the "brave conquerors of Europe" and hungry overannants. They no longer demanded, as a few months ago, but they asked for the Russian peasants to eat. Appeals "from Ami" ("Dear friend"). The peasants in French were strong not and the French soldiers began to call "charming".

When the Russian army entered Paris with a response, so to speak, a visit after the Napoleonic army was unclearly expelled and Moscow, Russian soldiers in Parisian restaurants behaved without a special ceremony, did not bother her careful relationship to the interiors and loudly demanded vodka with a snack , accompanying the requirements of the words "quickly! Fast!".

A certain enterprising Frenchman, seeking to avoid the ruin of his institution, invented to meet Russian soldiers at the entrance with a tray, which immediately stood "drink and eat." This is an institution and laid the foundation of a new type of restaurant business - "Bistro", and the word in France gothes.

Kutuzov did not wear a black bandage

Mikhail Illarionovich Glenchev-Kutuzov, headed by the Russian army in the war with Napoleon, received one after another 2 injured in the head. And each medicine of that time was regarded as death. The bullet was twice from the left temple of Kutuzov in the right. "Death through chapter it was rushed!" - spoke of Kutuzov Derzhavin.

Simple soldiers talked about him not otherwise, as a chief of heaven. This is understandable: bullets of smooth-bore pistols and the rifles of the end of the XVIII-th was delivered to the skull to smithereens. Scary injuries though the vision of the great commander, but he had finished her right eye before the end of the days and could read. I put on the eye on the eye of Feldmarshal Kutuzov just a few times in life - as a rule, on marches, when dust rose. There is no one lifetted image of the cutuzu with a bandage. On the commander she was put in 1944 the creators of the film "Kutuzov".

Most of the prisoners of the French remained to live in Russia

The Patriotic War of 1812 became the first after the Mongol-Tatar invasion with massive infusion of alien blood. At the beginning of 1813, the number of French prisoners of war in Russia amounted to 200 thousand people, and most of them remained to live in Russia. Many prisoners of Russian noblemen took to their service. Of course, they were not suitable for work in the field, and teachers, governors and managers of serf theaters were perfect.

Terentyev Andrey

In the process of working on a book on the Temples of Moscow in 1812, I simultaneously collected mention of the monuments of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square during the French invasion. The source served both special literature devoted to individual monuments and numerousmemories of the Russian and French on the entry of the Napoleon's army to the Kremlin, his undermining and condition after the departure of the French from the ancient capital. ..

Kremlin until 1812

View of the Moscow Kremlin from the side of the stone bridge. Artist F.Ya. Alekseev, beginning XIX century

Before the fire of 1812, there was no direct path between Borovitsky and Spasskit Gates. Between the Borovitsky gates and the place where the South-West Angle of the Grand Kremlin Palace was now, the oldest church of Moscow was consecrated in the name Nativity of John the Forerunner on Borbuilt in stone in 1461 and rebuilt in 1508-1509 by Zodhi Alasis. This temple was demolished in 1846, when the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace ended, as she overthrown the view from the palace to the West Zamoskvorechye.

Plan of the Moscow Kremlin. Sotin P.V.

For the alasis church on the site of the Big Palace was old Palace,built by V. V. Rastrelli back in the 1750s and by 1812 a very dilapidated.

Old Rastrelli Palace, view from the south of Zamoskvorechye. Figure F. comporesi, 1780s.

In 1812, the building of the palace suffered from a fire arranged in the Kremlin the retreating Napoleonic army.

Southern facade of the Winter Palace Rastrelli. Figure M.I. Makhaeva, 1763

By arrival in Moscow Alexander I in August 1816, the palace was restored on the project of architects A.N. Bakarev, I.L. Mironovsky and I.T. Taman with the participation of architect V.P. Stasova. In 1817 he was injected with the third floor. In 1839, Nicholas I approved the draft of the new Greater Kremlin Palace of architect K.A. Tone. The old palace was disassembled.

From the old palace to the clove of the slope to the Moscow River there was a launched regular garden. Left from Borovitsky gate stood old stables and small houses.
In 1862, the currently large Kremlin Palace was already standing on the site of the old palace, in the place of the same stable - the modern building of the Armory, between which the Square was formed. Between the Borovitsky and Trinity Gate, the Commandantskaya Street continued this area, on the left side of which in 1862 they had passed the fun palace and before the fire of 1812. Other houses, residential buildings, so-called cavalier corps were built on the right side.

In Ivanovskaya Square near the bell tower of Ivan the Great from 1735 to 1836 there was a large pit, in which the king bell was lying, hot in the fire of 1737. And giving a fragment. Only in 1836 A. A. Montferran raised the bell with a fragment and put on the granite platform, on which he stands and now.

On the eastern side of Ivanovo Square in 1812 stood Miracles monastery With the house of Metropolitan in the southern end of it.

Miracles Monastery.

In 1812, the house of Metropolitan was two-story, and in 1824 he was prescribed by the third floor. Behind the house of Metropolitan, in 1820, transformed into the Nikolaev palace, was with several churches.

Alekseev F.Ya. The view in the Kremlin on the Senate, Arsenal and Nikolsky Gate 1800.

From Ivanovskaya Square to Trinity Gate extended Troitskaya Square. In 1812, it was the building of the Armory, built in 1807-1810 by the architect I. V. Echotov, but in 1852 converted to the barracks with removing all decorations from him. After 1812, ancient Russian artillery guns were delivered near this building. On the eastern side of the Troitskaya Square stood in 1812, as worth it, Arsenal. In the 1830s, along the main facade of Arsenal were laid on special layers of 879 guns, shot down from Napoleon's troops in 1812. Along the face of Arsenal facing south, the Senate Square was held to the Nikolsky gate. Opposite the arsenal on it stood the building of the Senate (now the House of Council of Ministers of the USSR).

View of the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin. Jacomo Kurengy, 1797.

East of Ivanovo Square to Spasskaya Gate goes Spasskaya Street. Until 1817, on the verge of it with Ivanovo Square stood ancient church of Nikola GostunskyBut in 1817 she was demolished.
The south side of the Spasskaya Street was freed from the buildings back in the XVIII century. In 1850, Spasskaya Street and the square formed on the site of the south side of her to the blocking of the slope to the Moscow River were called the Tsarist Square.

Red Square until 1812

In 1812, the Red Square was a space closed from the East to the living room yard (upper trading rows).

Alekseev, Fyodor Yakovlevich. Red Square in Moscow. 1801.

On the western side of the square, the RVA in front of the Kremlin walls, there were two-story trading series, also with large risals to the East - opposite the rizalits of the living room. Between those and other risals were in the south a small space, through which there was no temple of Vasily blissful nor the SPRC gates of the Kremlin. On the north side of the area, the Nikolsky gates of the Kremlin and the building of the present places were closed (where the State Historical Museum is now).

In the fire of 1812, trading rows of the Rib burned, part of this building and the upper trading rows also collapsed from the fire. Architect O. I. Beauov demolished the remnants of trading rows at the RVA, reduced the rizalitis of the living room, corrected his facade and put a portico with the columns and the fronton, over which the small dome was built, echoing with the dome of the Senate Building in the Kremlin. Before Portorik, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky was delivered. Ditch fell asleep and the boulevard put on his place. Bridges through the ditch in Spasski and Nikolsky gates as unnecessary were demolished. The Church of Vasily Blessed, standing on the "forehead" of the slope from the square to the Moscow River, from the East, from the South and from the West was supported by the wall of granite counterparts. The Kremlin embankment from the modern street of Lazz to Moskvoretskaya Street already at the end of the XVIII century was planted by the Alley of Trees under the Kremlin Wall. In 1812, they burned down, but then the alley was restored. From the side of the Moscow River, the embankment was dressed in a dashest stone with stairs and congresses to water for water suits and water carriers.
Large stone bridge, built in 1686-1692, in 1857-1859. It was replaced by a new, iron, on stone bulls.

Wooden Moskvoretsky Bridge was burned with Cossacks on September 3, 1812 and was restored after the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, burned down again in 1829. The iron bridge in its place appeared only in 1870.

The entry of French in the Kremlin 14 (2 Art.) September 1812.

On the eve, on Sunday, 13 (1) of September at 9 am A.D. Bestuzhev-Ryumin "... went to the Assumption Cathedral. Divine Liturgy sent a vicarious bishop, and the ministry with extraordinarily was produced. "

Moscow in September 1812. Artist: S. Cardelli.

Alexey Dmitrievich Bestuzhev Ryumin, the former witness to the joining of the French in the Kremlin wrote: "At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the gunshot shots by idle charges, the entrance of the enemy in the Moscow Apartments was announced through the Arbat and other streets. I counted the shots, there were 18. The ringing on the Ivanovo bell tower of duck. Soon the Trinity Gate in the Kremlin, which were tightly clipped, and only one wicket for the passage was left, broken, and several Polish Ulann drove into the Kremlin through it. Place this from the windows of the Vulture Department is visible, for some windows right against the Trinity Gate. I cried: "True, it's an enemy!" - "E, no!" I answered my sign, who came to the Department with me to say goodbye; "This is our arjergard retreating." But we saw that those who drove the Ulans began to chop the arsenal several people with a weapon, which they had just been taken, and already a man had fallen over, and the rest, throwing the weapon and becoming knees, asked for pardons. Ulans came up with their horses, beat off the guns from the guns, and without taking the use of unwanted, they took the people and planted them in the newly arms of the Armory / ... / Soon, for the advanced Polish Ulann, the enemy cavalry began to enter. The general was driving ahead, and the music thundered. When this army was part of the Kremlin, then on the wall clock, which in the Department showed 4 and a half hours. This army was part of the Trinity and Borovitsky Gate, passed by the Senate Building and entered the China-City through the Spasskit Gate; The procession of this cavalry continued to deep twilight continuously. Entered the Kremlin cannon and shot to the Nikolsky gate, single charge; Probably this shot served as a signal. "

French in Moscow. Unknown German artist, 1820s.

Francois Joseph D "Isarn de Vilor recalled:" The detachment of the French avant-garde, under the team of General Sebastiani, who belonged to the King of the Neapolitan king, headed to the Kremlin. Passing into the Gate of the Kremlin, who goes to Nikolskaya Street, the general saw about two hundred armed citizens who gathered a crowd In the Kremlin; he turned to some kind of curious, who was at the goal with him and told him: "You speak French. Flight and tell these people so that they put the weapons - otherwise I will shoot on them." Curious is very embarrassed This assignment (he knew very little in Russian), but a prompted by a sense of compassion, which was invited to prove to prove in fact, went to the Russians with negotiations to warn too unequal battle. Despite this, the French, all navigating forward, were met by several rifle shots, For which they responded with two cannon; but thanks to the negotiators, the battle stopped on it. The Russians dismissed the guns and peacefully diverged "

Fire of Moscow. Artist: V. Mazurovsky.

According to the memories of F.N. Shcherbakov: "French troops joined the Kremlin at two o'clock; The people were Russian thousands, on the occasion of parsing in the arsenal of weapons, including me, Shcherbakov, with the two such comrades, took a gun, two guns and a saber; The French, seeing such a confluence of the people, made a shot from the gun by a single charge shot, for dispersed. The people, the whole drunk, violent, shouted: "The Frenchman entered, charge the guns! Up the enemy from Moscow! " There were no cartridges, the silica had wooden rifles, the folded were in the boxes, the new ones were not yet used. At this time, I jumped out of the iron grid in the Arsenal window on the cornice, and then descended on the Sazhen board 3 on the moss, which is now from the pool, the first Kremlin garden, the weapon threw everything and came to Kudrino to the house of Prince Dolgoruky to his parents. "

Fire of Moscow. Artist Yogan Adam Klein.

On Monday 14 (2 Art.) September, the merchant Yakov Chilikin went to the Kremlin. Later he recalled: "... I go past the commandant to the old arsenal, I see many people crowded around it; I go, ask the reason; I have been told that I am allowed to take anything as much as you like, and coming out for another day, i.e. 3rd with other and I was rejected, took 2 guns and 2 sabers, but for what? Right and I do not know myself, brought to the apartment; After lunch, I decided to go to arsenal to choose a couple of pistols / ... / went to arsenal, I went to it, I choose a saber and a couple of guns, suddenly the shot from the gun at the arsenal himself and followed the other. People came from this to extremely excitement; I rushed to the courtyard; People run back and forth; between them and the Cossacks on horseback also did not know where to go; I resort to goal, but what see? The French horse guard flies, as on the wings, by the Commandant's home and us to Nikolsky goal; Imagine in what position we were! I was so frightened that my hands and legs trembled, I got through the great power to the corner of the gate, then a shot of a cannon from our side was still made; Friendly a little, moved away from the wall and see two winds from the soldiers with guns shooting in the French, and the other was shouted! Hooray! But the French did not leave their order, jumping with naked sabers by us and, despite the audacity of our two soldiers, did not shoot a single shot against us. Some of us began to say that they will not be touched; I, hoping at this, came out from the gate and went to the angle to get into the Nikolsky gate, and did not have time to move 10 kept, as one French officer jumped out of the corner (where should I go) for our Russian, which I fled to meet me with a gun, caught up and cut him out; I see Sie, I do not remember how I got again to the gate; Seeing that death is inevitable, I do not know what to do, however, I frank from fright, ran into the inside of the arsenal, relying on the power of God, but did not have time to run up to half the stairs, as a blow from the gun followed; I looked around, smoke stacked the entire passage at the gateway; it can be seen, already the French were very annoyed by our drunk brands that such a folknet; / ... / I'm going with the Spirit, running into the inside of the arsenal, the people in He runs back and forth, looking for each of their salvation, but nowhere can everywhere can Find, and there is no reason in such a place. "

Fire Moscow in 1812. I. L. Ruegans, 1813.

MOSCOP I.K. Kondratyev wrote in 1910: "In 1812, on the day of the French entry into Moscow, September 2 (Art.), The advanced detachment of them, who was under the entry of the Neapolitan King of Murat, coming to the Trinity Bridge, noticed that the gate was locked and The walls around them are devoted to armed people, whereas according to the verbal agreement of the king with General Miloradovich, military actions were discontinued for all the time speeches of Russian troops from the capital. The French stopped, but at the same moment a volley came from the guns installed against them. Then the French saw that they were not dealing with troops, but with unfortunate residents who in hatred of enemies wanted to repel Napoleonic army from the Kremlin. "

Chapel of the Iversky Icon of the Mother of God at the Resurrection Gate Built in 1782 on the site of the old chapel of 1669 was demolished in 1929 and restored along with the Resurrection Gate in 1994-1996.

In 1812, a miraculous icon of the Iverland Mother of God was located in the chapel, who participated in the Cross of Augustine. On the eve of the entrance of the French to Moscow, O. Grigory (Warriors) wrote: "Take the Iver Icon from the chapel from the Voskresensky gate sent immediately Archimandrite of Lawrence. This is what he transmits in his notes about the Pervertensky Monastery: "I came to the chapel, although at night (in the first hour), oneklog found many of the emerging, then in the chapel for the fusion of the miraculous icon; And the candles burning in the lamps poured bright light along the street itself. Therefore, in order to be increasingly the icon, so to speak, to hide from praying, I ordered Yieromonakh Isaac to fit in priestly clothes, to carry a burning candle in front of the icon, and with singing of the psalters of the Virgin verses, to transfer the icon in the celi of monastic, which raises others Icon rises for the sore, like that, as usual, it happens, and in place, put a list of the icon that unhindered from the people was fulfilled. Icon, by bringing to the Celi, was put in the prepared box and sent to the house of the Holy .

Under the French: "In the Iverly chapel there was Gauptvakta, Savior Savior was preserved at the Napoleon horses; In the Senate and in the Armory Chamber was his headquarters. Borovitsky and the Tyaninsky gates were the worsen of the Rips, the shafts have done around them and put on them the guns for the strict supervision of the guard. Nikolsky gates were in the same position. In the Kremlin and the French included with a special allowance of the authorities: QUI VIVE? - We asked the hourly, and, after two-time demand, fired in the wrong ".

According to Tolovyevaya's stories (Novosilleva): "Before the entry of Napoleon, we could not take all warehouses of copper coins from Moscow, and the huge bags of Pyatakov and the pennies were in the hands of the French, who were established from the Resurrection Gate, near the stone bridge and in other parts of the city, the genus of changeable shops, And they sold our copper coin with a huge concession for gold and silver. "

24 (10) NOVE IVER IKON was returned to the chapel: "1812, on November 10, Augustine, served in the Sretensky monastery, reading a special prayer with tears who interrupted the reading of it; Then he suffered with the congestion of the icon of the Iverland of Our Lady to the chapel at the Resurrection gate and, before writing an image to the previous place, made a water department for the door of the chapel, around which the area, the ruins of buildings and the burnt walls of houses were covered with people. "

Cathedral of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Ravy , more known as the Church of Basil Blessed was erected between 1555 and 1561.

Pokrovsky Cathedral. Engraving, 1839

L.E. Belyankin, in a book dedicated to the history of the temple, wrote: "In 1812, at the time when Moscow hesitated from the enemies, this cathedral was ruined, excluding appearance; In all the pasties, everything was scattered, even with the thrones themselves not only clothes, but also sneaks; Some thrones and altars were broken. It survived only what happened in Vologda under the supervision of the Dyakon Peter Mikhailov. Temples bottom filled with horses. / ... / In 1812, December 1st of the day after the ruin, the Lower Cathedral Temple of Vasily Blessed was consecrated by the republic's represented by Augustine Bishop Dmitrovsky, vicar of Moscow. At the end of the Divine Ministry, there was a procession around the city of China with a sprinkling of holy water than the city of China consecrated. "

Large Moscow Fire 1812 and Kremlin

Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky personally saw the French in the Kremlin 16 (4) of September: "I entered the Kremlin through the Nikolsky gate; Senate area covered with papers. All guns were put forward from Arsenal; The Grenadiers of the Napoleonic Guard went through the square and sat on a large cannon; They occupied the inside of the arsenal. Further, the steps of the Red Porch were watch versals, two equestrian grenaders in the front uniforms. / ... / weather was pretty good; But the terrible wind, reinforced, and maybe produced by the raging fire, barely allowed to stand on his feet. Inside the Kremlin there was still no fire, but from the site, behind the river, it was seen only the flames and terrible smoke clubs; Occasionally, somewhere where it was possible to distinguish the roof of the unfortunate buildings and the bell tower; And to the right, behind the grain chamber, behind the Kremlin wall, risen to heaven black, thick, smoky cloud, and was heard a crackling from the collapsed roofs and walls. "

Fire Moscow 1812, 1965. Artist V. Astaltsev.

On the same day, 16 (4) of September, the fire came close to the Kremlin walls.Napoleon transfers the main apartment in the Petrovsky Palace for the city so that the fire does not cut it off from the troops.

According to A.D. Bestumeva-Ryumin, - "On September 4, the fire acouted the range of the Kremlin, and the Trinity Tower with a clock has already burned out, in the reasoning of which all the old guard soldiers, apartment in the Senate House, there were about 5,000 people (they themselves told themselves), sent Were to the extinguishing of fire. "

Moscow in 1812: Napoleon leaves the Kremlin. Artist: M. Orange.

According to P.V. Sytin: "The fire of 1812 destroyed all the wooden buildings at Moskvoretskaya Street. After the fire on the site of old wooden houses and the shops were built stone. Kremlin wall in the Kremlin wall in 1817-1819. There was a loose, and in his place was opened to the south of Spassky Gates, between the Kremlin Wall and the Cathedral of Vasily Blessed, Vasilyevskaya Square. "

Kremlin with french

Cathedral of the Savior Transfiguration on Bor in the Moscow Kremlin (1882).

IN Cathedral of the Savior Transfiguration on Bor from 16 (4) on September 17 (5), he was captured by Vasily Alekseevich Pepovsky. That's what he wrote in his memories: "One of the adjutants of General Beatier approached me:" Follow me, "he said, and came down from the stairs; I am behind him; He stopped at the door of the Church of Savior on Bor, and asked to enter it. "You will not wait here for a long time, beyond a little, you will immediately come." - "What did General Beatier decide about me, will they let me go?" - Without giving me any answer to me, he came out, locked the heavy iron door behind him, pulled a thick valve, put the castle, turned the key and left! Left alone, I came to despair; Losing hope to avoid captivity, I was in a painful position; However, it was consumed by the fact that at least not locked me in the basement. Having stayed a few hours in the church, and seeing that no one comes after me came to mind that I had forgotten about me. I was not mistaken; I spent the whole day in a sorting place, no one came to the door! From the morning I was on my feet, I walked a lot, did not eat anything, and although hunger did not feel, but moral and bodily weakness mastered me.

View of the Kremlin and the Church of the Savior Transfiguration on Bor. Gravy Demerter. XIX century.

I was in some volatile, severe infection. The evening came, and night came; I lay on the stone floor. Zarechny fire through the window illuminated the inside of the church. The shadow of the ancient iron grilles fell to the floor; Everything calmed me around me, it was heard only a deaf, distant noise of fire and sent signals. " 17 (5) September in the church is located on the post by the soldiers of the old Napoleonic Guard. The temple of Savior-on-Bor was demolished on May 1, 1933

The Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin in the Kremlin. The Blagoveshchensky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin was erected between 1484 and 1489. IK Kondratyev wrote: "An Annunciation Cathedral has four attacks: 1) the equity of Christ in Jerusalem; 2) Archangel Gabriel, 3) Cathedral of the Most Holy Virgin and 4) St. Alexander Nevsky. - In the first 3 tails in the iconostasis, all the images of high ancient Greek work and are all decorated with silver sacrifice salary and crowns. It is wonderful that in 1812, all these three faces remained inviolable, so that there were not even touches of locks and seals. "

"Arkhangelsk and the Annunciation Cathedrals were subject to the same participation with the Assumption and Kremlin Certicals; Only to surprise, in the last three top churches with iconostasis in silver remained completely inviolable. " "The fourth only above the church was robbed and the iconostasis is destroyed; In it, on the highest permission, the temple was arranged in the name of St. Alexander Nevsky and in the iconostasis, the images of the saints, tessented by all the states of the Romanova House, ranging from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to Emperor AlexanderI. , in the name of the cartridge of which this throne was built in the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral. "

In the 1827 guide, it was indicated: "In the invasion of enemies in 1812, a lot was lost and stolen. In proof, let's say that by the exile of the French found between the wreckage of copper and iron, of course, who was not accustomed to predators, the broken gold frame from the image of the Mother of God weighing 12 pounds, which is placed on the present image. "

Ivan the Great belltower It was elevated between 1505 and 1508.

In one of the stories about the 1812 year, the collected T. Tolovycheva (Novosillezova) described about one person, who under the French "was more than once in the Kremlin and saw on Gauptvakta, which was then for Ivan the great, arranged by the French for a blacksmith: a few people worked on it . They were piles of crosses, riz, salaries with images and various stuff from precious metals. They were poured into ingots or burned. "

Ivan the Great belltower. Artist: Alekseev F.Ya. 1800.

Dominique Jean Larrey (DJ Larrey) - Father "Ambulance", the main field surgeon of the French army, who participated in all Napoleon's military campaigns I left the description of the Ivan's Great Bell Tower: "There is almost a cylindrical tower between the two temples, known as the Ivan's bell tower. Great. She looked like an Egyptian minaret. Inside it was suspended, many bells of various values \u200b\u200bwere suspended, and one - the amazing magnitude, which historians mention, stood near her on Earth. From the height of the tower, you can see the whole city, which was presented in the form of a star with four forked ends, and the multicolored roofs of houses and gold and silver tops of numerous churches and the bells are attached to the picture of a very picturesque view. "

On Wednesday, 16 (4) of September, according to an eyewitness, "New Savitat: from the bell tower of Ivan the Great Golden Cross took off; They will take it, heard, in Paris and the dome of the house of the disabled wrapping. Napoleon himself from the Kremlin Palace observed zi workers. Russian workers from such a godless business, it is clear, flatly refused. Then carpenters and roofers caused from their own French army. The huge cross, one, was not forces for them; To restrain on the chains could not, and it crashed from a height of the bridge. No one, fortunately, did not kill. "

In the guidebook of 1827, a curious legend is given: "Someone said Napoleon, that the cross this is gold, and that the people retain a legend, as if with the removal of this cross inevitably there should be freedom and glory of Russia. The predator wanted to take advantage of the simplicity of the people and weaken his spirit, and maybe he wanted to turn this Mnimo-Golden Cross into money, or in the form of trophy to send to Paris. He ordered his removal; When it was presented to him conjugate with sim inconvenience, that is, the making of the stage, for a long time and finally a special courage to work at such a height, then he ordered to ask if there was no Russian who remained in Moscow who wanted to take up this business - Of course, The case was promised to promise - the latter was captivated by some unhappy Russian and - the former emperor of the French himself witnessed, with what ease and agility this hunter on the rope climbed to the cross, flattened and lowered it; But when Napoleon saw that the cross was only born with copper stuffed sheets, then, or annoying to deceiving his hope, or wanting to enroll on a well-known rule, he was preached, ordered immediately to shoot a traitor. "

The bell tower of Ivan the Great after the leaves of the French. Figure 1812

"Moscow Vedomosti" on March 29 (Art.) 1813: "The cross from the head of Ivanovo bell tower is now found in the Kremlin at the wall of the Grand Assumption Cathedral, the relatives of the northern doors between different iron fragments, with the chains belonging to it and screws, koi, Like the cross, they were messed with worr-gold. It is damaged in many places, probably from falling with big height» .

According to rumors who were broadening among Muscovites with incredible speed, "Napoleon, worried about doubt and despair, drove the windows on the head of Ivan the Great to find out and observe our troops."

The evidence was preserved, which was able to penetrate the Kremlin, immediately after the expulsion of the enemy: "... He (Ivan the Great) did not suffer damage, but the part of his bell tower was blown away ... The destroyed part of the bell tower was presented in the form of a huge heap of crushed stones, It was lying three big bells (from a thousand to three thousand pounds), like light wooden vessels, turned upside down the bottom of the explosion. "

Augustine (Vinogradsky), Archipel. Moscow. Portrait. Unless Artist (TSL. Patriarchings).

"The Great Bell of Assumption - the Moscow Anniversary of the victories of the celebrations and the festivities - from the fall of his in the explosion of the bell tower loose and lay on Earth without language; He should have been pouring. After many of the Master's quest, who would take care of this important thing, finally reinforcedly introduced it to the kelcon of the bell plane in the Balkan, the merchant Mikhail Bogdanova, who also lived the master, the 90-year-old old man of Jacob Zavyalov, a former employee at the Alderman Mercles at the casting of the Assumption Blagovette In the penultimate year of the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. On March 8, 1817, Augustine himself was consecrated and made the bookmark of a new bell in four thousand pounds; When, when casting it, it came a decisive minute to descend from the casting furnace of melted copper into the form set in the same pit, where the previous bell cast, the previously retired in a special room to pray for a successful commitment of this, from which all the welfare of the breeder depended on which all the welfare of the breeder. God won his prayer. Already shortly before his death, Augustine, listening to the Troitsky coupling of this bell on the bell tower, thanked God that he helped him arrange this monument for Moscow; They are also made and the inscription depicted on it in order to convey to the posterity of the memory of the castings of this huge bell in Russia, which in the simple people and Donyne will hear Augustine. "

The view of the bell tower and the bells of Ivan the Great to the explosion by the French. Engraving, 1805.

After the expulsion of the enemy from Moscow, rush work began on the restoration of destruction in the Kremlin. The observation of the works was led by a specially appointed Commission, which the Moscow Bishop of Augustine (Vinogradsky) has relied. "In 1813, when dealing with the material of destroyed Bells, four large bells were open to Ivan, there were four big bells, on these bell tower first hanging. In surveying by the Commission on the resumption of the Greater Assumption Cathedral at the Mossener of the Bell Business Moskovsky merchant Mikhail Efimov, Astrakhantsev, turned out to be: 1) on Greater Assumption the bell (which after overclit) the former crack outside, measure 8 1/2. The appearance arrived at 2 1/2, inside the bracket, at which the language was hanged, broke; 2) at the bell Reut of eight ears, four ear on one side broke out ... 3) Sunday bell with tongue safe, and 4) daily bell is also safe. "

Contemporaries wrote about the surviving large bells: "With a terrible explosion (1812), three of the big bells: Reut, swan and Sunday (seven) remained unscathed and only among the first of them, the ears are repulsed ... the most big bell called Uspensky, Weight in 3555 pound, perfect crashed ... The bell is replaced by a new one, there is a weight of 4000 powder; he will Lithing the Master Bogdanov and the previous portrait of the imperial pictures of more images ... It's a pity that you can not praise the finishes of these, which was incomparably more than on Former ... "

Synod by decree of 1813, November 10, he prescribed two bells Sunday and daily to hang on the pillars so that the Blagoves in these bells belong to the last three cathedrals ... In the end of the same November, the bells on the pillars, under the tent, near the altars Arkhangelsk Cathedral hanged ... "

In 1624, the Master of the North side of the bearer, the Master Benzen Cucumbers elevated the so-called Philaret brazing, ended with white-named pyramids and a tile tent. The second and third of her floors were allocated to the patriarchant sacristy. In 1812, Napoleon's troops retreating from Moscow tried to blow the bell tower. She survived, but the belfry and philaret extension collapsed. In 1819, they were restored by the architect D. Livelyadi in the type of old, but with some elements of the XIX century architecture. "The supervisor of the Emperor was entrusted with the will of the emperor, the renewal of the Ivanovo bell tower, which one of the philaret bell tower and the church, with her the church under the bells) was undermined by the enemy and fell in the ruins of his own, and the other part, Gosunovskaya, only cracked to the bottom from terrible explosion. When reviewing the reprehensive surviving Ivanovsky pillar, when architects dispelled in opinions about the strength of a two-year-old building, then Augustine sent Simonovsky Archimandrite Gerasim to inspect the bell tower. He entered on her, rang in the bell. Hearing the ringing, Having said: "If Ivan-Great was resistant from the French, he will now stand, hear how calling!". He agreed with those who were offered only to break the crack and in the same form to resume this monument. Lacking still cross with Ivanovo bell tower. It was believed that he was taken from Moscow among the trophies of Napoleon, however, he was found in the stomgests. "

Vereshchagin V.V. Marshal Davu in the miracle monastery. 1887-1895. GIM

IN Miracle monastery A short time was placed headquarters Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davu. In the Altar of the Cathedral Church In the name of the miracle of ArchReart Mikhail, a bedroom Marshal was arranged. Power of St.Alexy was desecrated and thrown out of cancer.

Arkhangelsky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Photo from here.

Cathedral Mikhail Archangel (Arkhangelsk) in the Kremlin It was built in 1505-1508. In 1812, the French kidnapped silver cancer from the Arkhangelsk Cathedral with the relics of St. The wonderworkers of Chernigov, Grand Duke Mikhail and Boyarin of his Fedor.

Deputiation of the Old Believers of the Preobrazhensky cemetery to Napoleon. Artist I. M. Lviv. Postcard, published in 1912 in Moscow I. E. Selino /

Researcher A. Lebedev leads interesting storyassociated with the holy relics of St. Tsarevich Dmitry in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. "Tradition transmits such a story: the French did not touch the relics and only robbed decorations on cancer; The Russian Old Believers immediately at the exit of the French from Moscow, the power of Tsarevich was taken out of cancer and wanted to carry from the cathedral, the priest of the Ascension Monastery, Ivan Yakovlevich Veniaminov, who lived in Moscow during his enemy, and with the help of passers-by Orthodox, took away from the Old Believers . Relics and hid them in his monastery, in the main cathedral behind the iconostasis, on the choir. The splitters as if he had slept for this and beat so much that he soon died, opening himself shortly before his death about the place of finding the relics to his native Brata, Kazan Priest, in the land of the church. The latter, on returning to Moscow of the Holy Augustine, brought him about St. Recents, for which I received a gairr's reward. "

Robbery in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. Postcard start. Xx in.

In the French, according to Tolovyevaya's stories, "... In the Arkhangelsk Cathedral [it was arranged] Pantry: they lay bags of oats and rye, finally, the reserve of potatoes and cats with Solonina." According to an eyewitness: "French cook is sleeping for the Altar of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral; It is preparing a kushan near the window; She sewed a dress from Riz Popovsky, velvet and others. "

A. Lebedev: "By the way, to tell another living, eyewitnesses, the recorded story about this enemy invasion, who left the horrible footprints and an indignant soul memory. The enemies not only came from local icons and cancer with St. the reels of dear silver - the murcled rhizes, but even the icons themselves disappeared, using them instead of doors, shops, beds, etc. Little, they, despite the considerable height of 3 and 4th belts of the main iconostasis, tried and there with icons to rip copper Gold-plated salaries, which seemed to them with gold, or at least sober-aging; Deceiving in the calculations, they, nevertheless, many salaries were drunk, leaving here the traces of their barbaric act. By entering into the temple of various unceasing, they defiled it, and the exposure of the throne and the altar from the closures and damage them clearly proved wild ignorance, and the greedy to the robbery was likened to ancient Tatars. In addition to this raininess over the shrine, they did not spare and tombstones over the ashes of Prince Afanasia-Yaroslav Vladimirovich, who is near the Western entrance, to half the destroying, in the hope of discovering anything precious, and the time to satisfy the greed of his predatoryness; But, without having received the desired, no longer decided to break peace of other dead. Examples of the frenzy, they all the cast-iron platforms in the cathedral were closed by barrels with different wine, which were taped from urban cellars, and barrels with the same product rolled into the tombs. "

"When leaving Moscow," annoyed and embittered predators broke the barrels and kegs with wine in the cathedral; Wine, leaked from the barrels, flooded the cathedral for a few tops, as eyewitnesses told, soon by the flight of enemies, returned to Moscow. Priest of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral , Athanasius Mikhailovich Näkovyev lived at the cross head at all the time of his enemy stays in the capital, and several times, the spread and rolled them, was encouraging to transfer different gravity for them to the distant distances. On the night of their flight from Moscow, the father of the lowered all the terrible powder The explosions in the Kremlin, and on the other day, coming through the Cossack chain, came to the Archangel Cathedral and was an eyewitness as broken barrels and boots with a vulnerable floor and a semi-dilated monument of Prince Afanasia-Yaroslav Vladimirovich, equal to the rules of the shrine. On outrageous I have repeatedly had to hear from Afanasiya Mikhailovich himself who served in the Cathedral of 40 le T from 1800 - 1841 " .

The restoration of the cathedral began at the end of 1812. "Highly-minded Augustine for the Cathedral in the continuation of three months, November and December 1812, and especially January 1813, managed to prepare the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, before other cathedrals for sanctification, which, to the great joy of Moscow citizens, was solemnly with the clergy. February 1 in countless concrete people of all classes. During this all-headed Kremlin church festival in the glooring of the Cathedral, the rebels of all monasteries, archpriests with the priests of the Cathedral and Rouge Churches of the Kremlin, and the whole Chinese forty, with a bell tower in the Kremlin, Chinese and Zamoskvoretsky forty. The main shrine in this course was the relics of St. Tsarevich Dimitri, who, after 200 summer peace in the Sea, were acquired by the circle of it; Equally, on the other day, on February 2, the power of Sia was carried out in the godpanition of the Kremlin around the Kremlin, which was accompanied by bell tower, in the continuation of a whole day with a ringing at all Moscow churches and a cannon. Such celebrations were opened the entrance to the Kremlin for all classes, Dotola is not available anyone available, on the occasion of the work in the Kremlin for cleaning it and correction ".

Total Palace and Home Temple of Mother's Praise . The racing palace, and now located between the Commandant and Trinity Tower of the Kremlin, was built in 1651. According to N.M. Snegherev: "In 1812, the racing palace who served as a premises for the French Guard was preserved from a fire and exploding, and in 1813 he was contained in him a tweeted French general vandam." General Dominic-Joseph Rena Wandam, Count D "UNSEBURG (1770-1830) was captured in the battle at Culm 18 (30) August 1813.

Church of the relocation (position of honest ridea of \u200b\u200bthe Most Holy Virgin in Velvern) in the Kremlin. Built in 1484-1486 on the site of the burnt church of the same name 1451. Researcher of the church of N.D. I have written Izov: "In 1812, a large crack was discovered in the altar arch of the temple, of course, from the explosions made by the enemy. / ... / But besides damage in the wall, the church suffered from the hands of predators. Although the best utensils were taken away in advance, but the remaining plundered, as well as three small icons, as well as salaries and will be robbed with some images. Therefore, as an on-line exposed with other temples, the Vicoarensk Church demanded that consecrated in 1813. "

In the church Catherine Great Martyr, located in adjacentness with the Church of the State Risea of \u200b\u200bthe Virgin, had an image of St. The martyrdom of Catherine, Evdokia and Joasaph, Tsarevich Indian. According to I.K. Kondratieva: "On the image of sv. Catherine is a precious crown, generously decorated with diamonds - Dar Catherine II, happily preserved from looting in 1812. "

Savior Savior Cathedral (Veroshospassky) in the Kremlin was built in 1635/1636

"In the invasion of enemies to Moscow in 1812, all the richest church utensils [Spassky Cathedral] was exported in advance from Moscow to Vologda, and therefore was preserved safely, and the remaining in the temple was looted. The iconostasis remained in the main temple, but the royal gates were crammed, the walls of the temple were beaten with nails, the altar is broken and on it at the exit of enemies from Moscow, there were unloaded bones and crumbs of white bread, in the church and the meal stood beds without beds, and on windows and semi empty bottles» .

According to A. Popov, in 1812, after the care of the enemy from Moscow, in the Verkhospassky Cathedral, except for looting, the entire wall painting turned out to be beaten nails. The cathedral was again decomposed in 1836. In the Verkhospassky Cathedral, the throne served as a table for dinners, there were beds in it.

As written by N.D. I licked, - "In early January 1813, the abbot of the cathedral, Archpriest John Alekseev, denounced the conveyance. Augustine that the congregation of the Cathedral was safely returned from Vologda with church property, at the same time requested permission to print the cathedral and give him, noticing at this that the temple did not have any kind, no kindness. "The handing of the temple was made by the abbot of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, Archpriece Alekseyev. To correct damage, both in the cathedral itself, and in the limit church was allocated from the amounts released by the Commission of Spiritual Schools, 651 p. 65 To. From the damage that came at the time in the cathedral, first of all, the chapters and crosses were noted, with the inspection of which the architect, it turned out that the moored crosses lacked some jewelry, like that of the tops and the contamines, copper were nailed on the main Emoxed sheets, and some of them did not exist on the roof. "

Konstantin and Elena Church, view from the North-West. Photo of the 1880s.

Church of St. Constantine and Elena. In 1812, the French ruined the Church of St. Constantine and Elena, built by the Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy when erecting the Kremlin between 1362 and 1367. According to I.K. Kondratieva: "In 1812, the church was completely broken and was intended for broke, but, according to the will of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich resumed and solemnly consecrated by Metropolitan Philaret on September 22, 1837."In 1928, the Church of Saints Constantine and Elena was demolished.

Patriarchal Assumption Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin in the Kremlin. (Built between 1475 and 1479). Among the stories, the collected Tolovycheva there is one curious story: "..Hooked Napoleon to see the bishop service. Dylasev, or Flaw, as he was nicknamed, the priest of the Novinsky Monastery, volunteered to treat Napoleon's new spectacle for him. He appeared to the Assumption Cathedral (which was subsequently addressed to the stable) and served the liturgy under the bishop closure, for which Napoleon awarded him by Kamilavka. Death saved dilute from a strict court assigned to him after removing the enemy. "

In the Assumption Cathedral. Artist: V.V. Vereshchagin.

According to A. Popova, in the Assumption Cathedral instead of Panadilov hung the scales on which the glued gold and silver from the loose church and other treasures were hanging; Figures were written on the iconostasis: 325 Silver Pone and 18 Gold Pud. There were melted mountains and were arranged a stall for horses.

"Inspecting the Kremlin on the night of 20 (8th st .st.) November after mulabaling in the Sretensky monastery, Vladyka approached the Assumption Cathedral, which was locked and sealed. The accompanying Vladyka was afraid to enter the Cathedral from the fear of the explosion similar to what Napoleon did before leaving Moscow. But the archpastyr did not be frightened. Armed by the power of faith in the providence of God, he ordered to challenge the doors of the cathedral, said satellites: "pray" and bowed on the church threshold three times. Then, squeezing input cross sign, the first one entered the cathedral and exclaimed: "God will resurrect and spread his gaze!" In the cathedral, there were traces of blasphemy, sacrifices, unbridles and anger ... / ... / On the site of Panadilov hung the scales, on which the enemies hung out of the head gold and silver. Chips, coal, manure lay along with stolen snow, applied in broken windows. Decorations with iconostasis removed. Icons together with broken utensils and vestments are scattered along the floor. The arrogance touched more than a century not opened cancer of the relics of St. Peter, - she was open enemies. Silver, adorned by Cancer of St. Philip, was kidnapped. With such an outrageous spectacle, Vladyka exclaimed the words of the Psalm: "God, Kidoshoha in the wealth of your own, desecuring the temple of Holy Your" (Psal. 78, 1). But a few more steps - and the sorrow of the Lord and the former with him quickly changed the feeling of reverent joy and tremble delight when approaching St. The relics of the saint ions: everything remains integrated here: St. Power, silver cancer, the image of the Savior in the Silver Oklade, Lampade and Silver Candlestick! According to old-timers, Muscovites, an invisible force did not allow predators to the relics of the saint ions, although they were attended several times; Once even they clearly saw. As the saint raised the threatening hand. Napoleon wanted to approach the cancer himself, but by making a few steps, quickly turned back and left the cathedral with the orders to lock and seal it. "

Procession to the Assumption Cathedral. Engraving 1749.

"According to the evidence of G.I. On the Cancer of St. Ions found after the enemy exit, rather Chervonians. Others affect that a miracle from St. The hand kept the hand of sacredtresses. " Essays of the life of the Moscow Archbishop of Augustine. M., 1848. Approx. S. 113. "In the cathedral, melted mountains were placed and the stalls for horses were arranged. The grave of St. Philip was destroyed, the heads of the graves of the Moscow Patriarchs were naked. And the Patriarch of Hermogene, who stayed in an intense state, lay on the floor. Only cancer of the saint ions remained untouched, like a silver candlestick before it. "

IK Kondratyev: "On the right side of the royal gratis, there is a local image of the furnace sack, called Golden Ryasa. / ... / In 1812, Icon was abused, but then completely pronounced. / ... / The image of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary / ... / In 1812, the enemies deprived of his rich salary, replaced by the new same Ustyuzhanov in 1818, as evidenced by the inscription at the bottom of the image. On the southern pillar - the image of the Mother of God, called Jerusalem. / ... / Genuine icon in 1812 disappeared and replaced with an accurate, also an ancient copy, which since ancient was in the Palace Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, that in the Seine. "

"The relics of St. Peter Metropolitan, the founder of the temple and the first Moscow saint. They are gained at the restructuring of the cathedral in 1472. Until 1812, they were under prior. Upon exit from Moscow, the enemies are found open and, with the blessing of the Holy Synod, were not again closed " .

About the Old Believers, who stole the icon of the Ierusalem Mother of God.

Voznesensky Cathedral of the Ascension Monastery. Fig. nach XIX century

Voznesensky maiden monastery On the right side of the SPRC gates inside the Kremlin survived the fire and was given in the proper form at the end of 1812.

It was not possible to find data on the stay of the French in the Church of the Twelve Apostles in the Patriarchal House in the Kremlin and the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, that in the Seine.

Kremlin before the exits of the French from Moscow

According to memories collected by Tolovycheva: "Napoleonic generals did often reviewers from the Kremlin ponds [the ponds were on the place where the Alexandrovsky Garden]" .

According to M. Korelin: "Very many surrounding peasants came to the city, but not to sell life supplies, but to buy copper money in bags of 25 rubles in each, and a salt of quarters, as well as collect everything that remains in burnt houses and shops and that they could take away on their carts. A bag of copper money in 25 rubles (their huge mass was lying in the cellars of the Kremlin) cost as much as a quarter of the salt (which was also in large quantities) - 4 rubles or one silver ruble. Similarly, several silver rubles could buy entire packets of old credit tickets. The number of buyers increased daily as the peasants with whole shipments of salt and copper money were accidentally returned from Moscow in their villages. "

"After the execution of the French from Moscow, robbery resumed with a new force. When a French garrison was still in the Kremlin, who prepared the explosions, and the gates were guarded by soldiers, the peasants nevertheless tried to penetrate the Kremlin for salt and copper money and, without understanding the French okhikov, sitting under the shots of the sentries. After making sure that the usual entrances to the Kremlin became unavailable, they brought the passage in the wall to the place where copper money lay. "Now - the author says, - everyone was able to take so many copper money as he wanted, or, it was better to say how much could; But at the same time, people dressed like flies, because as soon as anyone came out of the bags made in the wall, they wanted to take prey from him; The bloody struggle began, and the one who remained alive was traveled with money..

Undermining the Kremlin by the French 23 (11) October 1812

At 5 o'clock in the morning on Monday 19 (7 st .st.) October, Monday Napoleon left Moscow and left Kaluga from the main army. In Moscow, sowing in the Kremlin, the division of Marshal Mortie remained. Mortita detachment left Moscow on the night from 20 (8) at 21 (9) October. When retreat, Napoleon gave an order to undermine the Kremlin. For many Kremlin buildings, including under the towers, mines were summed up. Six explosions one after another thundered at 10 am on October 23 (11) of October.

Fire of Moscow. Colored engraving. Unknown engraver. The first third of the XIX century.

According to Tolovyevaya's stories: "On the very day of their [French], the care of us was awakened by one in the twelfth such thunder and crackle, that we didn't have the lights. The earth was trembling under us as a living, and it seemed to me that another minute, and the coded vaults would collapse over our Heads. We began to wrap each other to make sure that everyone is alive, and ran out to see what happened. The fire covered it with the straight, it came silence again, and some of them fled, they were also injured by fear of their shelters. Once another explosion , And the stones were flying with Grad from all sides. Everyone was shattered. We rushed again into our basement. Finally, at the third explosion, it shook our church over our heads, that she cracked on top to bottom. The family did not sleep all night, and on the other day Vasily Mikhailovich saw scary traces of destruction. The Kremlin walls collapsed in several places, the bell tower of Ivan the great cracked, the palace burned down, the upper half of the Nikolskaya Tower was destroyed, and part of the iron roof of the arsenal is ripped and listed on Nikolsk Yu Street. "

Yakov Chilikin told how after the Blooming of the Kremlin, "we went to the embankment in such fear to the embankment [in an educational house], and imagine what were the blows! Even in Moscow, the water river became like milk white and smelled powder and gray, the fish sailed over the surface of the water already sleepy! And the water was so confused that the mouth could not be taken, and there was one day. "

P.V. Sotan: "Nevertheless, the bell tower" Ivan Great "bells were blown off the bells, took off to the air, the 1st Unnamed and Petrovskaya Tower, the Nikolskaya and little damage were very damaged and the corner arsenal towers were injured. The part of the arsenal was blown up. "

Nikolskaya Tower 24 (11) of October 1812. Book engraving.

Nikolsky gate. "In the original form, your gate existed until 1812. This year, with the explosions of the Kremlin, the upper part of the gate was not led by the very image of St. Nicholas. As for the rest, the lower part of the gate, then not only she, but even the glass in the image of the wonderworker, despite the terrible shock caused by the explosion, remained unharmed. This wonderful event is testified by the head of the inscription. The gate was resumed by the architect of Rossi on the sample of Spasski. " Kondratyev IK Moscow Kremlin, Shrine and Estracy East. Description of cathedrals, churches and monasteries. M., 1910. P. 111.

Spas gate F. Alekseev.1800-1801.

Spassky gate. "In 1812, when the French wanted to blow up the Kremlin to the air, a subpople was made and under the Spasskit Gate; But still the fire did not reach the pub to the subpople, as the heavy rain shed, which wrapped her wick, and thus preserved both the Kremlin and the shrine, and this, memorable in the history of Moscow, the Spassky Gate with their gothic tower. During his stay in 1812 in Moscow, the enemies of our Fatherland, many of them were repeatedly taken to skip Riza from the image of the Savior, which did not have the goal, but did not have success. " Exile from the Kremlin on October 10, 1812 by the Cossacks of Ilovaysky residues of the detachment of Marshal Morty, who produced the explosions of the Kremlin. Ivanov I.A. (1779 - 1848) 1810th.

In October 1812, Napoleon, leaving Moscow, gives an order: lay the powder charges and blow up historical buildings in the Moscow Kremlin. The monstrous explosions were destroyed arsenal, water-contained and partially Nikolskaya Towers, the Kremlin's walls, arsenal and the grain chamber were severely affected. Most structures in the Kremlin destroy, nevertheless failed, due to the fact that he began heavy rain, and because Moscow residents had time to put out many already burning phytilites. But the Kremlin belfry with large bells to save, nevertheless failed. The blown bells collapsed, and the multi-tiered Ivanovo bell tower resisted.

The state of the Kremlin after the exit of the French

Plan of the destruction of the Moscow Kremlin in 1812. Black marked completely destroyed buildings. Ivan Eotov, 1813.

Around October 11, 1812, a list of burnt, blown and surviving structures was drawn up after leaving Moscow by the French. "Split and burned. In the Kremlin, the 1st Palace, 2nd Granovic Chamber, 3rd an extension to Ivanovo Bell Tower, 4th Commandant House, 5 Arsenal, 6th Tower Alekseevskaya to the sole, 7 Nikolskaya first damaged, 10th Senate is a bit damaged. Cathedrals have remained intake, the head is removed from the Ivanovo bell tower and the head is damaged, the Towers of Spasski and Trinity, also the Ascension Monastery. "

Moscow Arsenal. The destruction of 1812 (below) and the recovery project (at the top). View from the external (western) side. 1814.

Consecration of churches of the Kremlin

"Burrying his father and benefactor, an unforgettable Metropolitan Plato, who died on November 11, Augustine received the command from the sovereign to manage the Moscow Diocese to continue before the appointment of the new archpastor. With regard to the beneficiaries of the needy, Vladyka acted and as a petitioner about the benefit, and as the height of the selected charitable sums and as a benefactor from its own funds. / ... / December 1, to consecrate the Pokrovsky, Vasily of the Blessed, Cathedral, the Lord with a congestion arrived at the frontal place on the Red Square against Spasskit Gates. From here, when making a prayer service with a water construction, the Lord is crucified by the city with the words: "The Say's prominent grace of God sanctifies the ancient pious hail of this, boring the enemy of God and the enemy, dedicated. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. " By making a prayer, the procession was divided into three compartments: one went to the Nikolsky gate, the other went on the embankment near the wall of China-Cities, and with the Third Redeement, the Lord marched himself for the Ilyinsky Gate. All three compartments came together with the barbaric gate and then returned to the Pokrovsky Cathedral. The solemn consecration of the White City followed December 12 - on the birthday of the sovereign. The necessary corrections in the Kremlin took about three months. In all this time, it was not allowed to be thoughtful. The discovery of the Kremlin began on February 1, 1813 by the consecration of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. The relics of St. Tsarevich Dimitria, preserved by the zeal of the priest of the Resurrection Monastery, on this day were acquired around the cathedral, and the other day - around the whole Kremlin. The congestion inside the Kremlin was performed to consecrate the miracle of the monastery. Consecration of the Assumption Cathedral, which was replaced by the personal daily observation of the Lord, was postponed until August 30, the day of the asochimenitis of the Emperor's sovereign. Previously, this number, it was on Saturday Lazarev that was so consecrated in the Cathedral of the SVV. Ap. Peter and Paul, and 2 June, with the blessing of Holy Synod, was solemnly opened cancer of the relics of St. Peter, in order to "post-residents of Moscow, looking at the power of the relevant of God, could comfort himself in their sorces and, touching them with the lobsia of Holy, - Consistent with the hope that short-term sadness will be renewed by continuous and undisturbed benefits. " "On the day of the asoimenitis of the sovereign of the emperor of the previronment. Augustine committed a consecration of the Assumption Cathedral, and the relics of St. Peter were acquired around the cathedral, and within the cathedral to the undelated delight of the upcoming, we had Easter songs by order of the Lord "4. Chilikin Ya. November 13, 1812. Memories of the French stay in Moscow in the form of writing By G. P. Vonifatyev from November 13, 1812 - "An image of hostilities of 1812 / year / the composition of Barclay de Toll. St. Petersburg, 1912, p. 93-94.

35. Lebedev A. Moskovsky Cathedral Arkhangelsky Cathedral. M., 1880. P. 89-92.

"Little revolutionary revenge"
The grandmother wrote about the order of the French emperor, given at the leaving of Moscow, to blow up the Kremlin: "Napoleon also cherished the secret hope to return to the Kremlin, but in case he could not have succeeded, he gave orders to Marshal to blow up the palace as a sign of a little revolutionary revenge and arsenal, although already looted and Russian, and the French, but where the trophies were still kept much Torn away from the Turks. "

Moscow fire. Hood V. Mazurovsky, 1812

The Great Army left Moscow after the emperor. In the city there were only wounded in hospitals and a detachment of 8 thousand people led by Marshal Mortie. It was he who was given an order to undermine the mined walls and the towers of the Kremlin, set fire to the palace and all public buildings. This fate should not have comprehended only an educational house, which was turned into a lazaret for the French and Russian patients who remained in Moscow and the wounded.

Marshal Moriat immediately took up the execution of this order. Over the course of three days, the detachment of Mortier Smel Podopkop in the Kremlin and laid mines. Mortie ordered the Russians left in the city on this work. One such worker who was forced to dig subpopkins, recalled: "They took me there French, and other many workers from ours brought and ordered us to dig to the Kremlin walls, under the cathedrals and the palace, and they themselves were smashed. And we just did not ride hands. Let everything dies, even though not our hands. Yes, the will was not ours: no matter how bitterly, but a corop. The appearances are then standing here, and how they will see that which of us is badly digging, so now go butches. My whole back is beaten. "

Wincingerode captivity
In such circumstances, it is not surprising that the rumor that the French want to blow up the Kremlin spread very quickly. Many residents, not wanting to participate in this, fled from the city. General Vinzingerode, who stood with his squad in the village of Czhechniki not so far from Moscow, having learned about all this, said: "No, Bonaparte will not explode Moscow. I will give him to know that if at least one church takes off the air, then all the Frenchmen who fell into captivity will be hanged. "

Zarovo Zamoskvorechye. Hood V. Vereshchagin

Wincgerode, together with a small detachment, tried to meet with Moriat as a parliamentary, but he appeared before the marshal in the face of the prisoner of war.

Sinister flame fire
On the night of June 20-21, a detachment Mortier spoke from Moscow. Following them, the explosions of pre-marked mines began: "The extensive, wounded by fragments of glasses, stones, iron, unfortunate ran in horror on the streets. Impermeable darkness wiping Moscow; Cold autumn rain lil flows. Wild cries, screams, moans of people crushed by falling buildings were heard from everywhere. Calls were heard about help, but it was worth helping. The Kremlin was illuminated by an ominous flame of a fire. One blast followed the other, the earth did not stop fluctuate. Everything reminded it seemed the last day of the world. "

Fire of Moscow. Hood A. Sirnov. 1813

Three towers were exploded in the Kremlin, arsenal along the line from Nikolsky Gates to the Nagal Tower and from the Trinity Gate. Tassed the top of the Nikolsky gate - to the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, on which even glass of kyot survived; The palace burned down, the grainbed chamber burned, the cathedrals were brutally suffered. According to the memories of contemporaries, the damage would be much stronger if it were not for a happy rapidity: he began heavy rain, which wet phytili. It is believed that only therefore the bell tower of Ivan the Great and Spassky Gate survived.

Bell tower Ivan the Great after explosions of 1812. Hood J.T.James, 1813 g

The Kremlin and the area adjacent to him after each explosion was announced with screams and moans of wounded, frightened people. The population was in a panic. The explosions were so strong that some buildings were collapsed in the city of China, the glasses were knocked out, the frames were crushed.

As a nun Sarra saved the monastery
But not only the Kremlin subjected to explosions. The French minted several temples. On October 19, the wine yard was blown up and Simonov burned down the monastery, who had previously survived the fire. The French and the Novodevichy Monastery were mined. They blew up the temple of the court of Head of John the Forerunner, planned to blow up and the entire monastery, even built the ditches filled with gunpowder, but they did not succeed. One interesting story is connected with the Novodevichy Monastery.

At the end of August 1812, the monastery had to leave the abode and take all valuable things in Vologda. There are only a few nuns in the monastery. With the arrival of Napoleon, the French were powered inside and arranged there batteries. Sarah's nuns begged the French to spare a monastery. There is information that Murat ordered not to stop worship in the cathedral. However, in early October, Napoleon inspected the monastery himself and eventually ordered to blow up the parish church in the name of John the Forerunner. But on this, their actions were not over. Before leaving Moscow, they scattered candles around the monastery, they lept them to wooden buildings, iconostasis. The nuns were seen under the Cathedral of 6 boxes of cartridge powder and 6 barrels with gunpowder. Sarah's nun Surra has soaked, powder poured with water. It is thanks to the efforts of the nuns the Novodevichy Monastery was not blown up and was saved with the least losses.

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Chronicle of the day: the Great Army began digging

Having received the news of the fighting under beggar, Kutuzov thought that Napoleon was going to take a district maneuver and bypass the Russian troops from the beggar. To counteract this, the Russian commander-in-chief sent a division I.F. Passevich, and the main forces sent to the village of Diekino. This maneuver Kutuzov was going to cover the road to Kaluga from the side of the beggar. By evening, Russian troops have reached a linen plant.

Meanwhile, Napoleon refused to move to begging. The Great Army began digging from Russia, heading for Smolensk through Mozhaisk.

Person: Adolf-Eduard Casimir-Joseph Morty

Adolf Eduard Casimir-Joseph Morty (1768-1835)
Mortier came from a dinner, but a wealthy family. He received a good education, graduated from English College in Doue. The Mortie began in 1789, in September 1791 he was elected captain volunteers of the North. In February 1799, he became a brigade general. September 25, 1799 in the battle near Zurich, right on the battlefield, Mortier was produced in the divisional generals.

In May 1803, by order of Bonaparte, he took Hannover, having arrived in a month the enemy army to surrender. Napoleon appointed Mortier to the artillery commandant and the Sea Consular Guard. On May 19, 1804, General Mortier became Marshal Napoleon. In the military campaign of 1805, Mortie commanded the Guards Infantry. In 1806, Mortier led the occupation of northern Germany, and then joined Great Army And he commanded her left wing in the battle of Friedland. In July 1808, Mortie was awarded the title of Duke Tronissky. Until 1811, he commanded the corps on the Pyrenean Peninsula, leading the war with Spain.

In the war of 1812, Mortie commanded the young guard. In September, he was appointed Moscow Commedine. After leaving the Great Army of the city (October 19-20), his corps remained in Moscow in order to blow up the Kremlin. But the order of Napoleon could not fully fulfill: the explosions thundered, but the walls of the Kremlin were withstanding. Mortier took part in the battles under the red and on the Berezine River. In the campaign of 1813 in Saxony, he participated in all battles. In 1814, Mortie, commander of the Imperial Guard, participated in the defense and passing of Paris.

For a hundred days, Mortier first accompanied the king to Lilly, and then joined Napoleon, but because of the disease he could not participate in the last battle of the Empire under Waterloo. In 1814, he was appointed Pyr France, but in 1815 he again moved to the side of Napoleon. During the lawsuit over Marshal, Mortie was among sympathizing to him. He declared a sentence of the death penalty illegal. As a result, Mortier was in the opaire, lived in poverty, devoid of all titles and privileges. Only in 1819, he again received the title of Par. In 1830, he was an ambassador in Russia, and in 1832 he received an appointment to the post of military minister. The cum of Moriat is connected with the attempt on the life of King Louis Philip. Joseph Fieseca created a "hellish car", consisting of 24 rifle stems. July 8, 1835, when the king with his retinue was returned from a military parade, a volley of this car was heard. The king was only a bit scratched, but 12 people from his suite were killed. Among them, general Moriat.

Person: Pierre Augusten Bermia
Why did Napoleon come out of Moscow?