Scientist linguist east. Avtographs A. Ordokovav by the Russian National Library. A. Kh. Vostokov in the Imperial Public Library
East (pseudonym; Real Surname Ostenek) Alexander Khristorovich, Russian Philologist, Paleographer, Poet, Translator, Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841), Valid Stat advisor (1843). In 1794-1802 he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Secretary of Volny Society Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts (from 1802). In 1803-44 in the service in various government places, including from 1815 in the Imperial Public Library (in 1828-44 the keeper of manuscripts), since 1831, a senior librarian in the Rumyantsev Museum. Since 1820, a member of the Russian Academy. In 1839-45, the chief editor of the Archaeographic Commission. Projects on the comparative grammar of Slavic languages, grammar of the Russian language, lexicography of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages, Paleography.
The founder of comparative historical linguistics in Russia ("reasoning about Slavic language ...", 1820); Allocated 3 periods in the history of Slavic languages, established a phonetic matching in the field of vowel sounds between Slavic languages \u200b\u200bas proof of their original proximity; He opened the existence of nasal vowels in the old Slavonic language. The basis of the study of grammar put a living spoken language.
The East revealed a number of promising ideas in the field of studying Russian syntax: offered a new understanding of the most common types of proposals such as bounced (twisted), raised the question of the forms of expression of a composite faugible, showed a variety of nominal, verbal and nasal types of phrases, made valuable observations in the area of \u200b\u200bthe word. Allocated the noun Singularia Tantum and Pluralia Tantum (see the number), nouns of the general kind, etc.
The East has prepared and carried out in 1843 the first scientific publication of Ostromirov Gospel. "The description of Russian and Slovenian manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum" (1842), compiled by the East, contained a fundamental paleographic, archaeological and literary description of 473 monuments of the Old Russian language.
Debuted as a poet in 1802; The author of the collection "Experiments of lyrical and other small essays in verses" (part 1-2, 1805-06). The experimenter, the East, contacting the ancient classics directly to the ancient classics, created Russian equivalents antique Logadam ("Vision in May Night" and others). Another area of \u200b\u200binterests of East was Russian "People's" Size: 4-stop kernels with loyal dactilic endings ("Sissida and Zora") and a tonic clock ("Russian rivers", "Serbian songs"). East's poetic experiments, expanding the boundaries of poetic thinking in the era, when a new artistic taste was established in relation to the classic canon, theoretically substantiated by him in the "Executive Russian Station" (1812, a separate edition - 1817), where the connection between the properties of languages \u200b\u200band systems is scheduled Reching and developed a tonic theory of Russian folk poems.
So.: Russian grammar A. Vostokova, on the drawing of its abbreviated grammar, is fully outlined. St. Petersburg, 1831. 12th ed. St. Petersburg, 1874; The dictionary of the Church-Slavic language. St. Petersburg., 1858-1861. T. 1-2; The grammar of the Church-Slavic language, set out on the oldest written monuments. St. Petersburg, 1863; Philological observations. St. Petersburg, 1865 (Bible); Poem. M., 1935.
Lit.: Karelkin N. P. A. Kh. Eastov, his scientist and literary activities // Patriotic notes. 1855. T. 98. No. 1; Grotto Ya. K. A. Kh. Eastokov // Slavic Review. 1892. No. 4; Mikekov L. N. to the biography of A. Kh. Eastokova. St. Petersburg, 1896; Orlov V. N. Russian enlighteners 1790-1800-years 2nd ed. M., 1953; Amirov T. A., Olkhovikov B. A., Christmas Yu. V. Essays on the history of linguistics. M., 1975; Zeitlin R. M. Academician of the East as Slavist // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1982. No. 2; Golubeva O. D. Vostokov A. Kh. // Employees of the Russian National Library - Scientists and Culture Factories: Biographical Dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1995. T. 1; Wheels V.V. The history of Russian linguistics. St. Petersburg, 2002; Szrenevsky I. I. Review of scientific works A. Kh. Eastokova. St. Petersburg., 1865.
T. A. Golikova, A. P.
Famous philologist. Born in Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Osten. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years he knew in Russian and listened to the fairy tales of the garrison sergeant Savelia. Love ... Biographical Dictionary
Alexander Christorovich Eastov, Alexander Voldemar Osten, A. H. East. Miniature 1800 x Years Date of birth: 16 (27) Martha ... Wikipedia
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - True surname Otenshenek (1781 1864), Russian philologist, paleographer, poet, academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). Laid the basics of Slavic and comparative linguistics, the basics of grammatical theory in Russia. Works on comparative grammar ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Large biographical encyclopedia
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - East (pseudonym; real surname Osten, Alexander Khristorovich, Russian Philologist Slavist, poet. Academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). He studied in St. Petersburg ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - East (Nasten. Ostenek) Alexander Khristorovich (1781 1864) Russian philologist, poet, academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). Researcher of Russian tonic poems, monuments of the Vine Slavic writing, grammar Slavic, in T ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - (1781-1864), Russian poet, philologist, academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). Sat "The experiments of lyrical and other minor essays in verses" (part 1-2, 1805-06), "Experience about Russian verses" (1812, separate ed. 1817), "Correction of Glory ... ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - Famous philologist; Rod. In Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Areden. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years, brought up in Rive at Majorshi Treiblut, he knew in Russian and listened to fairy tales ...
Eastov, Alexander Khristorovich - Famous philologist; Rod. In Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Areden. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years, brought up in Rive at Majorshi Treiblut, he knew in Russian and listened to fairy tales ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - (1781 1864), Russian linguist, philologist, poet. 16 (27) March 1781 was born in Arensburg (Kuressaare) on O.Saarea (now Estonia). By origin, the German, real surname of Ostenen. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Cadet Corps, then at the Academy ... ... Encyclopedia Color
Famous philologist. Born in Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Osten. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years he knew in Russian and listened to the fairy tales of the garrison sergeant Savelia. Love ... Biographical Dictionary
Alexander Christorovich Eastov, Alexander Voldemar Osten, A. H. East. Miniature 1800 x Years Date of birth: 16 (27) Martha ... Wikipedia
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - True surname Otenshenek (1781 1864), Russian philologist, paleographer, poet, academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). Laid the basics of Slavic and comparative linguistics, the basics of grammatical theory in Russia. Works on comparative grammar ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Large biographical encyclopedia
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - East (pseudonym; real surname Osten, Alexander Khristorovich, Russian Philologist Slavist, poet. Academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). He studied in St. Petersburg ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - East (Nasten. Ostenek) Alexander Khristorovich (1781 1864) Russian philologist, poet, academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). Researcher of Russian tonic poems, monuments of the Vine Slavic writing, grammar Slavic, in T ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - (1781-1864), Russian poet, philologist, academician of St. Petersburg An (1841). Sat "The experiments of lyrical and other minor essays in verses" (part 1-2, 1805-06), "Experience about Russian verses" (1812, separate ed. 1817), "Correction of Glory ... ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - Famous philologist; Rod. In Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Areden. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years, brought up in Rive at Majorshi Treiblut, he knew in Russian and listened to fairy tales ...
Eastov, Alexander Khristorovich - Famous philologist; Rod. In Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Areden. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years, brought up in Rive at Majorshi Treiblut, he knew in Russian and listened to fairy tales ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich - (1781 1864), Russian linguist, philologist, poet. 16 (27) March 1781 was born in Arensburg (Kuressaare) on O.Saarea (now Estonia). By origin, the German, real surname of Ostenen. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Cadet Corps, then at the Academy ... ... Encyclopedia Color
Eastov Alexander Khristorovich
Eastov, Alexander Christforovich is a famous philologist. Born in Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Osten. The initial spoken language was German; But already seven years he knew in Russian and listened to the fairy tales of the garrison sergeant Savelia. Litted to the St. Petersburg Land Shuttle Corps, he completely blister and has already written poems for 13 years. He showed great abilities, but he prevented a lot of stuttering. In view of this, the authorities transferred it in 1794 to the Academy of Arts, where he learned French. After graduating, he was left for three years by a pensioner; But he did not attract art completely. In magazines of liberty society lovers of literature, sciences and arts (see XI, 535), whose member he became in 1801, the first literary and scientific works appeared. His poem was collected and published under the title: "Lyrical experiments" (St. Petersburg, 1805 - 1806; New Edition 1821). They are in artistic terms very weak, although there are no thoughts and sometimes an animation, as, for example, "to the harpocrat"; Curiously an unsuccessful attempt to East to write those meters that were used in classical poetry. Non-religiously important articles of East, which he wrote as a "censor" of society and who are extracted from E. Petukhov magazines; The analysis concerns only the correctness or incorrectness of any expression. He served in the Commission for the compilation of laws, in the Public Library and in the Department of Spiritual Affairs. Already in 1803, he began to study the monuments of the Old Russian and Church-Slavic languages. In 1810, he was already well acquainted with such monuments as "Russian True", "the teachings of Vladimir Monomakh," the chronicle of Nestor "," the Word about the regiment of Igor "," Collection of Svyatoslav 1076. " In 1810, he reads (probably in the society of literature lovers) its translation of Dobrovsky's notes to the argument of the Schlezer about the Old Slavonic language, equipped with its own notes. In 1808, he joined the "brief leadership to Russian grammar" Born a few notes that detect the future of a thorough and accurate observer and the descriptor of the linguistic facts. In the "St. Petersburg Bulletin" of 1812. They are placed "Experience about Russian verses", released and separately (St. Petersburg, 1817). Here, for the first time the East, quite correctly determined the size, that is, accepted folk verse. In 1820, Eastokova's labor appeared, who gave him European fame: "The reasoning about the Slavic language, which serves as an introduction to the grammar of this language" (in the "writings of the Society of Russian Literature Society at Moscow University", t. XVII). Here the East pointed out the chronological place of the monuments of the Church-Slavic language, determined his differences from the Old Russian, indicated the meaning of the nasal and deaf vowels, the use of wide vowels after the posterior, the presence of nasal vowels in Polish, explained the education of endings in adjectives, found in church-Slavic absence Tempecism and Supin's cash, called them the achievatory ignition. All these findings were full news not only for Russians, but also for European scientists; Only the achieved ending was noted before Dobrovsky under the name of Supin. This scientist, who has printed at that time, "Institutiones Linguae Slavicae Dialacti Veteris", having familiarized himself with the difficulty of East, wanted to destroy the beginning of his work and did not do it, only giving way to the convictions of a copy. The Russian Academy and other scientists of the Societies elected East to their member. Then the East was engaged in the description of the manuscripts of Kiev Metropolitan Eugene and the Lavrentiev List of the Nestorova Chronicles; Participated in the "bibliographic sheets" Keppen, where he placed, by the way, an article about the suprate manuscript. By 1827 his article refers: "Grammatical explanations for three articles of the Freyzingen manuscript" (in the "meeting of Slovenian monuments outside Russia"), important both on the impeccable edition of the text, and by faithful to now comments. The edition of the East of Legends was of great importance: "Killing Saint Vyacheslav, Prince Czech" ("Moscow Vestnik", 1827, | 17). Freed in 1824 from service in different institutions, east workers, tied before intercourse with a graph N.P. Rumyantsev, got the opportunity to make a description of the manuscripts of his meeting. By the death of Count Rumyantsev, his meeting was enrolled in the treasury, and the East in 1828 was appointed to heal them. Having stayed for some time the keeper of manuscripts in the Imperial Public Library, the East was determined by the Senior Librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum. In the same year, the East issued two grammar: "Abbreviated Russian grammar" and "Russian grammar, according to the abbreviation grammar, the textbooks are wonderful for that time, in which, however, the fear of East was threatened to easily follow the established philological traditions. In 1841 - 1842 Under his edit, published: "Acts of historical, related to Russia, learned from foreign archives and libraries" (2 tons). In 1842 his "Description of Russian and Slavic manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum", having a huge price ; Only after this work it became possible to study the ancient Russian literature and Russian antiquities. In 1843, it was just as important of his work: "Ostromiro Gospel with the Greek Text app and with grammatical explanations" (St. Petersburg), now lost its importance due to the new phototypical publication. At the same time, they were written by the analysis of the Rimsky Gospel. Of the other works of East, the most vocabulary is issued. Back in 1835, he was appointed "by a member of the Committee for the publication of a vocabulary dictionary"; But he was especially diligently asked for dictionaries when in 1841 was appointed an ordinary academician. In 1847, he came out under his editorial board of Tom "Dictionary of Church-Slavic and Russian", in 1852 - "Experience of the regional Great Russian language" ("Supplement" to Him, St. Petersburg, 1858). Responsibility for these works is largely removed from East, because the 2nd branch of the Academy of Sciences has made their hand on them. For many years, the Slavonic-Russian Ethiological Dictionary was "Slavic-Russian Etymological Dictionary", which began about 1802, and maybe earlier and for its time largely wonderful, but the remaining unnecessary (see S. Bulchov "Essay In Russia, "t. I, 653 - 667). In return, he published an extensive "Dictionary of the Church-Slavic language" (St. Petersburg, 1858 - 1861, 2 tons.). Together with the "grammar of the Church-Slavic language" ("Scientific Notes", 1863, VII) this work is the capital acquisition of Russian science. February 8, 1864 the East died. The merits of East were recognized in Russia, and abroad. Especially the philological works of East are collected by I. Szrevnevsky in the book "Philological observations of A.H. Eastokova" (St. Petersburg, 1865), where in the preface they are made and evaluated. The Eastokov's Correspondence is also published by Szreznevsky ("Collection of II Branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", vol. V, Issue 2, St. Petersburg, 1873). In the Personality of the East, his love for the Russian language, who made him even change the native surname of Ostenen on the surname of East. The amazing modesty of East was the reason that the Academy, so generous to material rewards towards its members, went around him. So, when the German Academy Secretary P.I. Sokolov ("Consist" - in the Satire of Waikova "House of Crazy") was issued "for tireless works and zeal" 13,000 rubles, the East was awarded the same award as the 14-year-old Shakhov girl who received 500 rubles per poems. - See I. Szrenevsky in the "Solemn Assembly of the Imperial Academy of Sciences on December 29, 1864" (St. Petersburg, 1865, p. 86 - 138); His "Proceedings and Anniversary of the East" ("Scientific Notes 2 Departments of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", Book II, Issue 1, 1856); N. Korelkin "Alexander Christorovich Eastov, his scientist and literary activities" ("Patriotic Notes", 1855, | 1); N.I. Greek "Memory of Alexander Christophore Vostokova" (St. Petersburg, 1864); Ppm Khmyrov in the "portrait gallery of Russian figures", published by A. Münster (t. II, St. Petersburg, 1869); E. Petukhov "Several new data from the scientific and literary activities of Alexander Christophore Vostokova" ("Journal of the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment", 1890, h. CCLXVIII); Ya. Grotto "Alexander Christorovich East" ("Slavic Review", 1892, | 4); IN AND. Szreznevsky "Notes of Alexander Christophore East about his life" ("Collection of the Russian language and literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, t. LXX and separately, St. Petersburg, 1901).
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, the meanings of the word and what is East Alexander Christforovich in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- Eastov Alexander Khristorovich in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(pseudonym; real surname Osten, Alexander Khristorovich, Russian Philologist-Slavist, poet. Academician Petersburg ... -
famous philologist; Rod. In Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Areden. Initial spoken language of his ... - Eastov, Alexander Khristorovich in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? Famous philologist; Rod. In Aerezburg, on the island of Ezel, on March 16, 1781 in the German family of Areden. Initial spoken language ... - Eastov, Alexander Khristorovich in the Color dictionary:
(1781-1864), Russian linguist, philologist, poet. 16 (27) March 1781 was born in Arensburg (Kuressaare) on O.Saarea (now Estonia). By origin, German ... - ALEXANDER in the illustrated encyclopedia of weapons:
Slad, Master of Crossow. Belgium. ... - ALEXANDER in the dictionary of Jewish names:
(Husband) This name is the Jews in honor of Alexander the Great, Tsar Macedonia. Talmud says that when Alexander saw the high priest of the Jerusalem Temple, ... - ALEXANDER in the biblical encyclopedia of Nikiphor:
1Mak 1: 1 - Macedonian king, son of Philip on the 11th, the greatest of the conquerors. His glorious history is no doubt known to every reader worldwide ... - ALEXANDER in the Myth Dictionary of Ancient Greece:
1) The name of Paris, when he lived with shepherds and did not know about his origin. 2) Son of Eurisfay, King Mikten, and ... - ALEXANDER in a brief dictionary of mythology and antiquities:
(Alexander, ??????????), called the Great, King of Macedonia and the winner of Asia, was born in Pelle in 356 to R. X. He was ... - ALEXANDER
Alexander, Aleksandr1) See Paris; 2) Tirana's nephew of the Feresky Polyphron (in Fessels), killed him and was made by Tyran in 369 ... - ALEXANDER in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, ruled in 912-913. Son Vasily I. Died on June 6, 913. Alexandr reigned with Konstantin, Son ... - ALEXANDER in the biographies of monarchs:
Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, ruled in 912-913. Son Vasily I. Died on June 6, 913 Alexander reigned with Konstantin, ... - Easterns
(Nasten. Fam. Ostenek) Alexander Christorovich (1781-1864) Russian philologist, poet, academician of St. Petersburg Academy (1841). Researcher of Russian tonic poems, monuments of the Version Slavic writing, ... - ALEXANDER in the big encyclopedic dictionary:
VIII (Alexander) (in the world Pietro Ottoboni Pietro) (1610-1691), Pope from 1689. Cardinal (1652) and Bishop Brescia (1654). Achieved ... - ALEXANDER in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. - The 2nd Son of the Grand Duke Yaroslavavsevolodovich, the great-grandfather of Monomakhov, Rod. May 30, 1220, on Velibency Vladimir was ... - ALEXANDER in the modern encyclopedic dictionary:
- ALEXANDER in the encyclopedic dictionaries:
I (1777 - 1825), Russian Emperor with 1801. The Senior Son of Emperor Paul I. In the beginning of the reign, he conducted reforms prepared by the unlawful ... - Easterns
East (Nastya Fam. Ostenen) al-Dr Christof. (1781-1864), Ros. Philologist, Paleographer, Poet, Acad. Petersburg. An (1841). Laid the bases of the Slavs and compare. ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander North (Alexander Severus) (208-235), Rome. Emperor from 222, from the northern dynasty. In 231-232 led a successful war with ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Nevsky (1220 or 1221-1263), Prince Novgorod in 1236-51, led. Prince Vladimirsky with 1252. Son KN. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Victories over ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Mikhailovich (1866-1933), Rus. led. Prince, grandson Imp. Nicholas I, ADM. Both Gen.-Adjutant (1909). In 1901-05, the ministerial bargaining. Waving and ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Mikhailovich (1301-39), led. Prince Vladimir (1325-27) and Tverskaya (1325-27 and from 1337). Son KN. Mikhail Yaroslavich. I rival with Ivan ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Macedonsky, Alexander Great (356-323 BC), one of the greatest commander of antiquity, king of Macedonia with 336. Son of Tsar Philipp II; ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander I Karageorgievich (1888-1934), from 1921 King of Yugoslavia (up to 1929 Cor-in Serbs, Croats and Slovenians). Participant of the Balkan Wars 1912-13, in ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Kazimirovich, Yagellon (1461-1506), led. Prince Lithuanian with 1492, Polish king with 1501. Casimir's son IV. With it intensified ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Kind (? -1432), Mold. Lord from 1400. He promoted the strengthening of the independence of Mold. State-Wa, successfully fought against Ottoman aggression, encouraged trade and ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Battenberg, see Battenberg ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander Aphrodiysky, Dr. Greek. Philosopher Peripatetich. Schools (Kon. 2 - Nach. 3 centches). Aristotle's commentator, influenced the Paduan school, P. ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander VI (1431-1503), Pope from 1492. In 1493, published Bullah about the division of spheres of influence in Zap. Hemisphere between Spain ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander III (? -1181), Pope from 1159. It sought to top. Putty authorities over secular sovereigns. In the fight against Friedrich I ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander II (? -1605), King Kakheti from 1574. Fought Iran. aggression. In 1587 he swore to the loyalty to Rus. Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander I Georgievich (? -1511), King Kakheti from 1476. Found with Iran-tour. Aggression, in 1491-92 sent friendships. Embassy to Russia. IN … - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander III (1845-94), Ros. Emperor with 1881. The second son of Alexander II. In the 1st floor. 80s. Performed cancellation of pillow, ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander II (1818-81), Ros. Emperor from 1855. The Senior Son of Nicholas I. carried out the abolition of serfdom and conducted a number of reforms (Zemskaya, ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander I (1777-1825), Ros. Emperor C 1801. The Senior Son of Paul I. At the beginning of the board, there were moderately liberal reforms developed by the unlawful ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander (1603-78), church. Worker, Bishop Vyatsky in 1657-74. Enemy church. Patriarch Nikon's reforms, patronized Old Believers. After church. Cathedral 1666 brought ... - ALEXANDER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Alexander from Galsis (OK 1170 or OK. 1185-1245), philosopher, prest. Augustinovsky Platonism, Franciscan. He taught in Paris. In his ... - ALEXANDER in the dictionary of the synonyms of the Russian language.
- Easterns in the modern explanatory dictionary, BSE:
(Nastr. Fam. Ostenek) Alexander Christforovich (1781-1864), Russian philologist, poet, academician of St. Petersburg Acan (1841). Researcher of Russian tonic poems, monuments of the Version Slavic writing, ... - East of Avdii in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "Tree". Avdiy East - Lit. pseudonym archite. Anatoly (Martynovsky) (+ 1872). Under this pseudonym in 1857 ... - Sabinin Anatoly Khristorovich
Sabinin (Anatoly Khristorovich) - a writer, was born in 1850, graduated from the course at the Medical and Surgery Academy in 1875, consists of a senior doctor ... - Reiterne Mikhail Christorovich in a brief biographical encyclopedia:
Reiterne (Count Mikhail Christorovich, 1820 - 1890) - the statesman, education received in Tsarskostsky Lyceum; He started service in the Ministry of Finance, ... - Palauzov Nikolai Khristorovich in a brief biographical encyclopedia:
Palauzov (Nikolai Khristorovich) - Russian-Bulgarian figure, originally from Gabrov, censor of Odessa censorship and a member of the Odessa customs, the pupil of the Richelian lyceum, where ...
March 16, 1781 in the city of Arenasburg (later Kingisepp, Kuzrssssaare), which is on the banks of the Gulf of Riga, a boy appeared in the German family of Osten. Who could then assume that in the near future Alexander (so called the newborn) will change the German surname of PA Russian East, will consider himself Russian and will enter the history of world science as an outstanding Russian scientist, although they predicted a different future, prepared for another career. In 1788, the seven-year-old boy was given to the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, and then, since he stuttered a little and after the end of the military school to fulfill the duties of an officer, he was transferred to the Academy of Arts. However, the life of his Alexander Christorovich Eastov dedicated philology.
It can be called one of the first lexicing scientists: he participated in the compilation of the "Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Languages" (1847), "Experience of the regional Great Russian Dictionary" (1852) came under his editorial office (1852) and addition to it (1858) , he is the author of the "Church Slavonic language dictionary" (1858-1861).
Several generations in the XIX century. We studied Russian by textbooks A. X. East.
His Peru belongs to the "abbreviated Russian grammar" (1831), which was published 16 times (until 1877), and "Russian grammar" (1831), published 12 times (until 1874). V. G. Belinsky called Grammar East to the best teaching benefits of their time.
European fame came to A. X. East in 1820, when his work appeared "reasoning about the Slavic language, serving the introduction to the grammar of this language, drawn up on the oldest ongoing written monuments."
In his study, he defined the chronological place of the monuments of the Church Slavonic language, his difference from the ancient Russian language in the field of phonetics, morphology. The value of Labor A. X. East for general linguistics will become clear if they say that all his conclusions were new, not only for Russians, but also for European scientists.
The brilliant connoisseurs of Starroslavlyansky and Old Russian languages, A. X. East workers not only investigated the texts of the oldest monuments, but also prepared them for publication. In 1842, "Description of Russian and Slavic manuscripts" comes out. The next year, he publishes the first of the dated Manuscripts of the "Ostromirov of Gospel" (1056-1057), which is considered one of the best and sole typical edition (1843). Of particular value for scientists are a detailed linguistic comments by A. X. Eastokova to the text of the monument.
Study of monuments in Older Slavonic and Old Russian languages, their description, comment on them; Selection of vocabulary for compiling dictionaries; Writing a gramman - all this was connected with work on the word, his meaning; phonetic and semantic transformations in the Word, and the main thing - its origin, his etymology.
A. X. East of the Etymology was a pioneer. He began to study it when a methodology for collecting language material was not yet developed in the domestic linguistics, the goals and objectives of the etymological spanings were not formulated, no one has yet determined the principles of the formulation of an etymological dictionary, no one has substantiated the need for etymological analysis on a scientific basis, did not show His theoretical and practical significance. This will make it later. So what's the merit of A. X. East? What questions he tried to solve? What did you write about this in my articles, notes, manuscripts?
It is known that even at the beginning of the XIX century, when they tried to reveal the etymology of the word, they did quite primitively, they were at similar to the sounding word and its importance was transferred to that, whose origin was necessary to explain. At the same time, the researcher did not embarrass that the community of sound was often very remote, and maybe random.
To whom, for example, will come to mind to compare the words of Etruscans and Khutrushki to bring these etymology the names of the oldest tribes that inhabited in the first millennium BC. e. The North-West of the Apennine Peninsula, the developed civilization of which had a beneficial effect on Roman culture? Etruscan is a scientific term of foreign-speaking origin, A.Kitrushki - the word Russian, conversational, stylistically reduced. What can merge them? Is only a partial sound coincidence? However, it was on this basis that V. K. Tomredo, built as an explanation of the origin of the word Etrusca, so with the ethnology of Igor's own name, comparing him with adjective playful.
A. X. East workers perfectly understood the inconsistency of such comparisons, so she tried to prove the feasibility and possibility of scientific etymological research. It was primarily necessary to change the method of processing language material. In the handwritten work, which the scientist called the "etymological situation", read: "I know how much it is confused, I know that the etymology is called a useless occupation that serves only to satisfy empty curiosity. But whether it is impossible, guided by caution and for the analysis of the little things, without losing sight of the whole, go into etymology, however, not far, but it is reliable, to extract from this chaos so much at least light, how much is needed for solid and philosophical grades? "
As tactfully and figurative expresses his thoughts A. X. East! He calls to show caution in etymological analysis, do not miss the little things, but not forget about the whole. If the analysis has a scientific basis, it is carried out reliably, then the incomprehensible will become understandable, knowledge light will go to the darkness.
Further, A. X. Eastyok determines the purpose and purpose of research: "My goal ... was, to, approve, if possible, historical and logical evidence of the wordwork of the Russian language, clarify this historical part of the grammar for the future of our lexicographers and stop via those once forever Any arbitrary and unreasonable wiring, which we have thrown out self-sustained irregularities or non-coming sepure. "
How the tone is changing! A. X. East workers arise to protect science, which always requires hard work, deep knowledge, erudition, conscientious attitude to research and its results.
That is how A. X. Himself worked for the East: "All the archaeological and etymological studies of the Russian language occupied the archaeological and etymological studies of the Russian language, and they already about a year already make up my main exercise in free hours. I'm working on an etymological comparative dictionary, Iln Glossary, Slavonic-Russian and other uniforms with him European languages, i.e. not only by the Polish, Bohemian and other Slavs' dialects, but also German, Greek, Chensky with their dialects for the testimony of various degrees of affinity between all languages \u200b\u200band gradual origin and the reversion of words from one language to another. "
A. X. Eastov understands that for scientific analysis it is necessary to compare the words of several languages \u200b\u200bthat are not only close to the relationship, but also distant, not only modern, but also ancient. Then the study will be scientifically justified, and the result is reliable.
In the archive of manuscripts A. X. East is stored a small notebook, on which his hand is written: "Corsnaya and primary words of Slavs' language". What are these words that researcher called indigenous and primitive? So, not all words were interested in A. X. East, but consisting only of the root, the most ancient, primitive. What a capacitive definition for words is the first-shaped one and the first formed (then derivatives will be created from them, the nests of related words will be created, and the first-shaped entangle them will become vertices of word-forming nests), and as if transmitting the first image, so on. That sign that served as the basis for the name.
Each page is written by words with a mass of inserts, advertisements, additions. It can be seen that the owner of the notebook filled her day or two and not a month, and a long time, constantly returning to it, making all new ones. What languages \u200b\u200bdid he take the words for comparison? Next to the Russians are Old Slavonic, Greek, Latin, English, German. With this notebook, etymological locations of A. X. Eastokova begins.
This is what he writes about the method of his work: "I divided each page in my notebooks on 8 columns, of which the first and second appointed for Slavic languages, the third and fourth for the German, the fifth for Greek, the sixth for Latin, the seventh for the Chensky, which The remains are preserved in France and the UK, the eighth column remains for the impression of notes and additions against each word. "
Annormar the language researcher is forced to do real archaeological excavations to establish an etymology of one word. But how is it exciting and interesting! What satisfaction should receive a scientist when the origin of the word is solved and can give the right answer to the question why so, and not otherwise they called the subject, phenomenon, action!
Let us give a reasoning to illustrate A. X. East about the term Slavs: "It has long been written about the language of Slavic or, or rather, Slovenian, and which is transferred to the IX century. Church books for Bulgarians and for Moravs. " Next to the word Slovenian is given a note: "Greeks, and for them and other foreigners use and in the name of Slavs: Sllava, Wavlaviyi, wreckage, but the Slavs themselves call themselves as described, the words, Slovaks: and I believe more than foreigners. However, glory and the Word occur, as notes the good, from one root, from the verb I will hear, hears (old, word, servants), and according to the general laws of verbose, used in one case, but in another o, in the third or s , since from the verb plov, the swim is made by swimming, swimmer, etc. The end of the glory in the names of your own (Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, etc.) meant, according to Dobrovsky, Incevitations or referred to, but not the main or famous, under the words or Sloveii - as much of the scientists, according to interpretation, people have been missing, which can be understood as opposed to the Germans. "
This etymology is considered the most correct and now. So, in the "brief ectoological dictionary of the Russian Union" N. M. Shanskogo, V. V. Ivanova, T. V. Shanskaya read:
Slavs. Overall. Sovr. The form developed from Slovenia under the influence of the words of Tina Romans, Polonyan, citizens, etc. Most likely (etymologies, very much) is a suffix derivative (CP. Polonyan, passing, etc.) from the ex. word.
The initial value is "understandable, clearly speaking" (as opposed to German).
The word German, as the same dictionary explains, also the general Slavonic, formed with the help of a suffix, who passed on, then in-pin. It is "unclear, incomprehensible speaking." The primary meaning is "any ingenian who speaks someone else's incomprehensible language."
Comparison of "uniform" languages \u200b\u200bleads to thoughts about their relationship, about which A. X. Eastov writes in the article "The task of fans of etymology": "Language, despite all changes, it is necessary in it produced by centuries and local intercourse, if only it is not exterminated Some more violent means, not losingly, after the Millennium, in the most distant and most simple climates, the general similarity or the root identity, in the reasoning of their sound and meaning. This is proved by the comparison of ancient languages \u200b\u200bwith the newest, if written monuments are preserved from the first. According to SIM, monuments with reliability can be argued about the affinity of Arab
c go with the Jewish, Greek, Latin, German and Slavic with Persian and Sanskrit. "
Comparing the data of various languages \u200b\u200bby establishing their relationship, A. X. East develops a new method for that time, which was called comparative historical. On the example of his research, he clearly showed the methodology for the application of this method.
The comparative historical method, in the development of which A. X. East was considered to be one of the main methods of linguistics. Its essence define the following principles:
- each language has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other languages;
- these features are in comparison;
- comparison detects relationship in some languages; Related languages \u200b\u200bare grouped into language families;
- the difference in child languages \u200b\u200bcan be explained only by their continuous historical change, which is recognized as the most important property of any language;
- sounds are changed faster than other elements; Their transformation within the same family is strictly natural; The main elements of the language (roots of words, flexions and affixes) are maintained, sometimes for thousands of years; According to this data, a scheme of the original general language, "Praevka" can be reconstructed.