Radar presentation to the lesson in physics (grade 10) on the topic. Radar Presentation to Physics Lesson (Grade 10) on Radar Topics Presentation

In school and the institute, we were explained that if the ship flies from the ground with a subsettle speed, the light from the ground comes to him with a big delay, and it seems on the ship that the time (all processes) slows down on Earth ... and it turns out that Einstein speaks only On the illusion of "deceleration" and "acceleration" of time for different observers.

It turns out that how much time has "slowed down" when removing from the ground, it also "accelerated" when returning to Earth. If in the first case the signal caught up the ship five seconds, now the signal meets the ship earlier for the same 5 seconds. There is no Einstein with his relativity.
Replace in your story by the land of Moscow, spacecraft - by train, destination - Vladivostok, signals - telephone calls. And immediately it becomes clear that no theory of relativity here does not smell. Although there is really some kind of effect, but it is completely insignificant in comparison with the fiction that appears in your legend.

So, what is real? Really, there is a mass of experiments that verified a hundred. I chose the most simple and understandable. Actually, I did not find a report about this experiment. But I believe that this is indeed one hundred thousand times or rather than the 1938 experiment.

Canadian physicists asked to use the accelerator at the Institute of Max Planck (there is such in Germany). The essence of the experiment: lithium ions are excited by a laser and then measure the radiation frequency of these ions. We call the number of "humps", roughly speaking, radiated waves per unit of time. First, the frequency in the restricted (laboratory) reference system is measured. Get the value f 0.. Then the ions are accelerated at the accelerator. If Einstein's theory correctly predicts a slowdown in time, then during the time, say, 2 s in the laboratory system, in a system moving at a certain speed can pass only 1C. Having entered the moving ions of lithium, we will get the radiation frequency in this case F 1.twice the smaller f 0.. Actually this canadians and did. And they received a discrepancy with the theory of less than one ten millionth second.

But we are not interested in it. Interesting to the background of the philosophical criticism of a hundred, from, quantum mechanics. Studying the current "commentators" of persecution of physics in the USSR, it seems that Soviet physicists were in the very physics in the teeth of the foot. Really, the problem was that the physics of the 20th century was able when "matter has disappeared, some equations remained." In other words, physics refused to look for models of material reality, and having received the equations, quite successfully describing the processes, simply began to inform their interpretations. And this moment was equally well understood both the physics of the USSR and the physics of the West. Neither Einstein, nor Bor, nor Dirac, nor Feynman, nor bom ... no one was satisfied with this situation in theoretical physics. And Soviet criticism often took the arguments of Made in Otdenov.

I will try to illustrate, which is understood as the physical model of a hundred, for example, unlike its mathematical model, built by Lorenz and Poincaré, and in more accessible form - Einstein. As an example, I chose the model Gennady Ivchenkova. We emphasize, it is only an illustration. The truth of her I will not defeat. Moreover, one hundred Einstein is physically impeccable.

Let's see the decision of Einstein first. According to one hundred time in the moving system flows slower than in fixed:

Then the frequency of oscillations (indifferently) in the moving system (measured by a fixed observer) will be less than in fixed:

where ω ν - frequency of oscillations in a moving system, and ω 0 - In fixed. Thus, measuring the radiation frequency, which came to a fixed observer from the moving system, with respect to frequencies ω ν / ω 0 You can calculate the speed of the system. It turns out everything is simple and logical.

Model Ivchenkova

Suppose that two identical charges of the same name (for example, two electrons) moving relative to the laboratory coordinate system in one direction at one rate V. on distance r. Parallel to each other. Obviously, in this case, the Coulomb forces will sweep charges, and Lorentsevsky - attract. In this case, each charge will fly in a magnetic field created by the second charge.

The total force (sometimes it is called the power of Lorentz, since it turned it first) is described by the formula

Consequently, Lorentseva The force of attraction of moving charges (second part of the formula), which, when driving, the currents, will be equal to (in a scalar form):

Coulomb force repulsive electric charges will be equal to:

And the speed of charges, in which the force of attraction is equal to the power of repulsion, will be equal to:

Consequently, as V.< C Coulombs are prevailing and flying charges are not attracted, but repel, however, the repulsion force becomes less pendant and decreases with increasing speed V. According to the dependence:

This formula can be represented differently:

So, we obtained the dependence of the interaction force of moving charges in the laboratory system. Further, we take into account the general view of the oscillation equation without going into the specifics of it (in this case, it can be borne in mind the de Broglie model for the main and first excited states of the hydrogen atom).

F \u003d - ω 2 m q

those. The radiation frequency at a fixed mass of the electron and its "displacement" is proportional to the root square of the force module. In our model, we are not important details of the structure of the atom, it is important for us only to know what will be observed in the laboratory reference system with the ratio of the interaction force of charges. In this way,

which coincides with the conclusion of Einstein:

MIB, it is not "legend." So we were explained in school the theory of relativity.

The same thing happens not only with light, but also with sound waves.

So I say, as you "taught." Or how did you "study"? You interpret the Doppler effect, and the theory of relativity is based on the equalization of inertial reference systems and on the limb of the maximum interaction speed. It is these two provisions that give rise to geometry with a Lorentz group.

As far as I read, Michelson-Morphy's experience was repeated only once. In the United States in the middle of the 20th century.

But the point is not in this ... The case in the physical (philosophical) interpretation of the equations ST.

Not Morphy, but Morley.

Below is a list of articles related to theme. In the context of physics, the most interesting two articles are most interesting. In the context of philosophy there is nothing sensible - you yourself demonstrate who, how and what "philosophy" and "physics" taught you.

But why the sand in a moving train will be slowed slower if Einstein himself wrote that the basic package of his theory is that physical processes in all inertial reference systems flow the same.

M-yes ... how everything is running ...

Let's start with the beginning, with the "started" Newton. The fact that physical processes in all inertial reference systems proceed equally - the opening of Galilee, and not a Newton, and even more so - not Einstein. However, Newton has a three-dimensional Euclidean space, a parameterized variable t. . If we consider this design as a single space-time, we get a parabolic geometry of Galilee (i.e., geometry, excellent from both flat Euclidean and hyperbolic Lobachevsky and spherical Riemann). An important feature of Newtonian mechanics - an infinite interaction rate is allowed. This corresponds to a group of Galilee space-time transformations.

Now Maxwell. Equations of electrodynamics do not allow infinite interactions speed, electromagnetic fields are distributed at a final speed - light speed with . This generates an unpleasant fact: Maxwell equations are not transformed by the Galilee Group, or, as they say, are not invariant with respect to this group, which sharply weakens their cognitive value, if there is no specific group for them, turning into the limit with → ∞ in the Galilean group. In addition, we want to preserve the principle of causality, i.e. Avoiding the situation when the event has already happened in the same reference system, and in others or has not yet happened, or has happened even earlier. Essentially, the equality of the speed of light in all inertial reference systems is a consequence of the principle of causality. From here there is a requirement to exist a certain amount, a certain invariant, the same in all inertial reference systems. Such an invariant turned out to be an expression

s 2 \u003d R 2 - (CT) 2

(I do not write in differentials to not scare). This value is called the interval. As we see, it is simply the hypotenuse of a four-dimensional triangle with three valid (spatial) categories and one imaginary (temporary). Here with - Maximum interaction rate (we accept its equal speed of light, but physicists have reason to doubt that there are no interaction with greater speed).

The interval binds a couple of events in any inertial reference system (ISO) and the same for the same pair of events in all reference systems (ISO). Next - the case of technology. When moving from one ISO to other spatial and temporal coordinates, the Lorentz group is converted, leaving the interval invariant. Lorentz transforms is a group of rotations of our triangle in a 4-dimensional space-time in such a way that all 4 coordinates change x, Y, Z, ICT but the length of hypotenuse s. It remains constant.

With the desire with → ∞ Lorentz transformations are transferred to Galilee conversion.

On the fingers somewhere. If I missed or put it inaccurately - clarify, ask.

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Radar (from Latin Words "Radio" - Imit and "Lokatio" - Location) Radar - Detection and accurate determination of the position of objects using radio waves. RDDAT.

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In September 1922, in the United States, H. Tyalor and L. Yang conducted an experiments on radio communications on decaderal waves (3-30 MHz) across the Potabiv River. At this time, the ship passed on the river, and the connection was interrupted - that they also came across the idea of \u200b\u200busing radio waves to detect moving objects. In 1930, Young and his colleague Highland discovered the reflection of radio waves from the aircraft. Shortly after these observations, they developed a method for using radio to detect an aircraft. The history of radar development A. S. Popov in 1897 during the radio communications experiments between the ships discovered the phenomenon of reflection of radio waves from the side of the ship. The radio transmitter was installed on the upper bridge of transport "Europe", which was anchored, and the radio - on the cruiser "Africa". During experiments, when the lutent Ilyin cruiser came between the ships, the interaction of the instruments was stopped while the vessels did not go from one straight line

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Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt The first in 1935 built a radar installation capable of detecting aircraft at a distance of 64 km. This system has played a huge role in protecting England from German aviation raids during World War II. In the USSR, the first experiments on the radio operating aircraft were held in 1934. The industrial output of the first radars adopted by arms was started in 1939. (Yu.B. Kobzarev). Robert Watson-Watt (1892 - 1973) Radar Creation History (Radar - Abbreviation Radio Detection and Ranging, i.e. Radio Operation and Distance Measuring)

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Radar is based on the reflection of radio waves from various objects. Noticeable reflection is possible from objects in the event that their linear dimensions exceed the length of the electromagnetic wave. Therefore, radars operate in the microwave range (108-1011 Hz). As well as the power of the radiated signal ~ ω4.

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The antenna of the radar for radar is used antennas in the form of parabolic metal mirrors, in the focus of which is the emitting dipole. Due to the interference of the waves, there is an increasing radiation. It can rotate and change the angle of inclination, sending radio waves in different directions. The same antenna alternally automatically with the pulse frequency connects to the transmitter, then to the receiver.

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The operation of the radar transmitter generates short pulses of the alternating current of the microwave (pulse duration 10-6 s, the gap between them is 1000 times more), which through the antenna switch is entered on the antenna and emitted. In the intervals between the antenna radiation takes the signal reflected from the object by connecting to the input of the receiver. The receiver performs gain and processing the received signal. In the simplest case, the resulting signal is supplied to the radial tube (screen), which shows the image synchronized with the antenna movement. A modern radar includes a computer that processes the received antenna signals and displays them on the screen in the form of digital and text information.

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S is the distance to the object, T is the distribution time of the radio pulse to the object and inverse the distance determination of the distance to the object. Knowing an antenna orientation during the purpose of detection, its coordinates determine. By changing these coordinates over time, the target rate is determined and calculated its trajectory.

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The radar reconnaissance depth is the minimum distance on which the target can be detected (the signal propagation time of the signal there and back should be greater than or equal to the pulse duration) maximum distance, but which you can detect the target (the signal distribution time there and back should not be greater than the pulse reproduction time) - Pulse duration T-period of pulse

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According to the signals on the radar sprockets, airport dispatcher controls the movement of aircraft aircraft, and the pilots accurately determine the height of the flight and the outlines of the area, can be focused at night and in complex meteo conditions. Aviation Applying radar

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The main task is to observe the airspace, to detect and lead a goal, if necessary, to bring air defense and aircraft on it. The main use of radar is air defense.

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Winged rocket (unmanned aerial launch vending machine) Rocket control in flight is completely autonomous. The principle of operation of its navigation system is based on comparison of the terrain of the particular area of \u200b\u200bfinding a rocket with reference areas of terrain on the route of its flight, pre-laid in the memory of the on-board management system. Radio-solemomer provides flight on a pre-laid route in the rind of the relief coasting due to the exact support of the flight height: over the sea - no more than 20 m, above the land - from 50 to 150 m (when approaching the target is a decrease of up to 20 m). The adjustment of the flight trajectory of the rocket on the marching area is carried out according to the subsystem of satellite navigation and the facility correction subsystem.

Zubareva Valery

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Radar. / Prepared: Zubareva Valery, class 11 student

Radar (from Latin Words "Radio" - Imit and "Lokatio" - Location) Radar - Detection and accurate determination of the position of objects using radio waves.

In September 1922, in the United States, H. Tyalor and L. Yang conducted an experiments on radio communications on decaderal waves (3-30 MHz) across the Potabiv River. At this time, the ship passed on the river, and the connection was interrupted - that they also came across the idea of \u200b\u200busing radio waves to detect moving objects. In 1930, Young and his colleague Highland discovered the reflection of radio waves from the aircraft. Shortly after these observations, they developed a method for using radio to detect an aircraft. The history of radar development A. S. Popov in 1897 during the radio communications experiments between the ships discovered the phenomenon of reflection of radio waves from the side of the ship. The radio transmitter was installed on the upper bridge of transport "Europe", which was anchored, and the radio - on the cruiser "Africa". During experiments, when the lutent Ilyin cruiser came between the ships, the interaction of the instruments was stopped while the vessels did not go from one straight line

Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt The first in 1935 built a radar installation capable of detecting aircraft at a distance of 64 km. This system has played a huge role in protecting England from German aviation raids during World War II. In the USSR, the first experiments on the radio operating aircraft were held in 1934. The industrial output of the first radars adopted by arms was started in 1939. (Yu.B. Kobzarev). Robert Watson-Watt (1892 - 1973) Radar Creation History (Radar - Abbreviation Radio Detection and Ranging, i.e. Radio Operation and Distance Measuring)

Radar is based on the reflection of radio waves from various objects. Noticeable reflection is possible from objects in the event that their linear dimensions exceed the length of the electromagnetic wave. Therefore, radars operate in the microwave range (10,8 -10 11 Hz). As well as the power of the emitted signal ~ ω 4.

The antenna of the radar for radar is used antennas in the form of parabolic metal mirrors, in the focus of which is the emitting dipole. Due to the interference of the waves, there is an increasing radiation. It can rotate and change the angle of inclination, sending radio waves in different directions. The same antenna alternally automatically with the pulse frequency connects to the transmitter, then to the receiver.

Radar Operation The transmitter produces short pulses of the alternating current of the microwave (pulse duration 10 -6 C, the gap between them is 1000 times more), which through the antenna switch arrive on the antenna and emit. In the intervals between the antenna radiation takes the signal reflected from the object by connecting to the input of the receiver. The receiver performs gain and processing the received signal. In the simplest case, the resulting signal is supplied to the radial tube (screen), which shows the image synchronized with the antenna movement. A modern radar includes a computer that processes the received antenna signals and displays them on the screen in the form of digital and text information.

S is the distance to the object, T is the distribution time of the radio pulse to the object and inverse the distance determination of the distance to the object. Knowing an antenna orientation during the purpose of detection, its coordinates determine. By changing these coordinates over time, the target rate is determined and calculated its trajectory.

The radar reconnaissance depth is the minimum distance on which the target can be detected (the signal propagation time of the signal there and back should be greater than or equal to the pulse duration) maximum distance, but which you can detect the target (the signal distribution time there and back should not be greater than the pulse reproduction time) - Pulse duration T-period of pulse

According to the signals on the radar sprockets, airport dispatcher controls the movement of aircraft aircraft, and the pilots accurately determine the height of the flight and the outlines of the area, can be focused at night and in complex meteo conditions. Aviation Applying radar

The lavnaya task is to observe the airspace, to detect and lead a goal, if necessary, to bring air defense and aircraft on it. The main use of radar is air defense.

Winged rocket (unmanned aerial launch vending machine) Rocket control in flight is completely autonomous. The principle of operation of its navigation system is based on comparison of the terrain of the particular area of \u200b\u200bfinding a rocket with reference areas of terrain on the route of its flight, pre-laid in the memory of the on-board management system. Radio-solemomer provides flight on a pre-laid route in the rind of the relief coasting due to the exact support of the flight height: over the sea - no more than 20 m, above the land - from 50 to 150 m (when approaching the target is a decrease of up to 20 m). The adjustment of the flight trajectory of the rocket on the marching area is carried out according to the subsystem of satellite navigation and the facility correction subsystem.

Stels -Technology reduces the likelihood that the aircraft will be blinded by an opponent. The surface of the aircraft is collected from several thousand flat triangles made of material well absorbing radio waves. Locator beam falling on it dissipates, i.e. The reflected signal is not taken to the point where he came from (to the enemy radar station). The aircraft is invisible

One of the important methods of reducing the accident is to control the speed mode of motor transport on the roads. The first civilian radars for measuring the velocity of the transport of transport, American police officers have already used at the end of World War II. Now they are used in all developed launches. Radar for measuring the speed of transport

Meteorological radar for weather forecasting. Objects of radar detection may be clouds, precipitation, thunderstorm foci. You can predict degrees, shower, squall.

Application in space in space studies Radar rods are used to control the flight and tracking of satellites, interplanetary stations, when docking ships. Radar planets allowed them to clarify their parameters (for example, the distance from the Earth and the speed of rotation), the state of the atmosphere, mapping the surface.

What is called radar? What phenomena underlie the radar? Why should the radar installation transmitter emit a wave of short-term pulses through equal intervals? What is the sharp direction of the radar radiation? What determines the minimum and maximum distance on which the radar can work? Fastening.

What is the distance from the ground to the moon, if when it is radar, the reflected radio pulse returned to the Earth after 2.56 s from the beginning of its parcel? Determine the duration of the pulse emitted if the minimum distance on which this radar station can operate 6 km. The duration of the radio pulse during radar is equal to 10 -6 s. How many wavelengths is one impulse if the frequency of 50 MHz wave? Fastening. Solving tasks

Radar

Radar - Duration and accurate definition of the position of objects using radio waves.

A.S. Popov In 1895, an outstanding Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov, in the walls of a mine officer class in Kronstadt, opened the possibility of using electromagnetic waves for practical communication objectives without wires. The significance of this discovery, which is one of the greatest achievements of world science and technology, is determined by the exceptionally wide use of it in all areas of national economic life and all kinds of armed forces. Invention A.S. Popova opened a new era in the use of electromagnetic waves. It solved the issue of communication not only between stationary, but also between moving objects and at the same time prepared the soil for a number of discoveries that made possible wide use of radio in all areas of science and technology.

The history of the creation of Radar Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt first in 1935. Built a radar installation capable of detecting aircraft at a distance of 64 km. This system has played a huge role in protecting England from German aviation raids during World War II. In the USSR, the first experiments on airplanes were held in 1934. The industrial release of the first radars adopted in service was launched in 1939. Robert Watson-Watt (1892 -1973)

radar is based on the phenomenon of reflection of radio waves from various objects noticeable reflection possible from objects in the event. If their linear dimensions exceed the length of the electromagnetic wave. Therefore, radars operate in the microwave range as well as the power of the emitted signal.

The antenna of the radar for radar is used antennas in the form of parabolic metal mirrors, in the focus of which the radiating dipole is located. Due to the interference of the waves, there is a sharply directed radiation. It can rotate and change the angle of inclination, sending radio waves in different directions. The same antenna alternally alternately automatically with the pulse frequency connects to the transmitter, then to the receiver

Determining the distance to the object Knowing the orientation of the antenna during the detection of the target determines its coordinates. By changing these coordinates over time, the target rate is determined and calculated its trajectory.

Application of radar

The radar for measuring the velocity of the transport movement by one of the important methods of reducing the accident is to control the speed mode of motor vehicles on the roads. The first civilian radars for measuring the velocity of the transport of transport, American police officers have already used at the end of World War II. Now they are used in all developed launches.

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