Myth in visual art. Mythology in the art of myths and legends in art

Those who want to see what they did not actually refer to the pictures of a certain genre. For such webs, fabulous creatures, heroes of legends and legends, folklore events are depicted. Artists of the mythological genre are written in such a manner.

How to revive the picture

Undoubtedly, in order to display events that did not see with their own eyes, the master must have an excellent fantasy and know the plot of works, on the basis of which he is going to create. In order for the viewer to like the picture, you need to use the brush, then the images that exist in the artist's head will revive and turn into a fairy tale. Masters who can do it have become famous all over the world. Among famous names: Botticelli, Vasnetsov, Manteny, Cranes, Georgeon.

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Mythological genre in art appeared when people stopped believing that they were told by their ancestors. The works on the theme of the former events became simple stories in which the existence of their heroes actually was questioned. Sometimes the artists were able to give will to their imagination and portray the participants in the participants of the ancient events as they represented them. The mythological genre in the visual arts specially flourished in the Renaissance Epoch. Moreover, in every age, various legends became plots for creativity, the benefit of the lack of them was not. Initially, mythological genre assumed the image of the heroes of ancient Greece and events related to their lives. Gradually, in the 17th century, plots filled with special meaning, affecting the aesthetic and moral problems approximate to life realities appeared in the pictures. And already in the 19-20 centuries, the field of activity of the artist operating in this direction, as the mythological genre, has become especially broad. Celtic, German, Indian, as well as Slavic myths are used as a basis for the image.

Sandro Botticelli

This painter was the first to begin to use the mythological genre to create the plots of such subjects used for decorative decorations. Private customers made an order, often inventing what should be depicted and what semantic load it will carry. Therefore, they were understandable only to those who bought such work. Interestingly, the master wrote his paintings so that they are combined with any objects of furniture and life. Therefore, an unusual size or shape of his cloth is justified by the fact that in the aggregate with the subject, which they wrote, everything looked quite harmoniously. Among his works are known "Birth of Venus", "Spring". Also Botticelli used mythological genre in order to paint altari. The famous works of this kind include the "Annunciation of Chestello" and together with John the Baptist.

Andrea Mantenya

Mythological genre in the visual art brought fame to this artist. In particular, in this direction his painting "Parnas" was performed. Only such a connoisseur of antiquity, as Manteny, could create such a canvas filled with subtle allegories, some of which still have not solved. The main plot of the paintings is the love of Mars and Venus. It is their figures that the artist placed in the center. This is an adulter, so Manteny found it necessary to reflect the indignation of the deceived husband - Hephaest. He left his room and stands at the entrance to the blacksmith, sending curses towards the in love. Two and Mercury, contributing to the rapprochement of Mars and Venus, are also present in the picture. In addition, nine dancing muses are depicted here, which are capable of their singing cause an eruption of a volcano. But on the right of the center of the picture stands Pegasus. This winged horse, according to legend, was able to stop the eruption, stuck with hoof.

Georgeon

The master wrote several paintings in the mythological genre. Among them, "Sleeping Venus", which the author could not finish, because in the process of creating a chuma and died. There is still disputes about who completed the canvas. Also famous "Judith". This picture is based on the biblical plot. This topic also occupied other artists, but on the canvas of Georgeon, it is depicted modest, tender and complete self-esteem. She comes on the head of Oloferna. This is a negative character, but his appearance does not repel the viewer, although at that time negative heroes were depicted ugly.

Victor Vasnetsov

The creator of the canvases, which came to life with all the favorite fairy tales, represents the mythological genre in painting in their works. His paintings are not very much like children. After all, they depict the heroes of all the favorite and familiar works of the works of Russian folklore. Mythological genre allows the artist to show fantasy and portray on the canvas what he represents in his imagination. But Vasnetsov's work so affect the spiritual strings of a person who find a response in every heart.

Maybe because he loved and knew how to transmit the many-sughd of Russian nature in his works. All beloved birches cannot not touch their quiet sadness. Everything that the man sees in the pictures of Vasnetsova, he is familiar to him. Even recognizable, although they could not be seen anywhere before. The works of the master are not just portrayed, they teach how pure female beauty should look like, masculinity and heroes. Therefore, his work is familiar to everyone. These are such pictures like "Snow Maiden", "Alenushka", "Bogatyri", "Ivan Tsarevich and a gray wolf", "Koschey Immortal".

Mikhail Vrubel

Mythological genre became the basis of creativity of an equally famous painter Mikhail Vrubel. Everyone known for his painting "Tsarevna-Swan", written on the motives of Pushkin's fairy tales. Although the image is completely mythological, in fact, Vrubel depicted his wife in she sang in the opera, the scenery for which also painted her husband. The colors that the master used fill the image with tenderness and ease. The author tried to pass the moment when the bird turns into an excellent princess. It was quite good. Until now, the magic effect of his paintings makes many people become fans of his work.

Mythological genre is interesting, awakens fantasy not only by the artist, but also at the viewer. And most importantly - sources for inspiration many, so that the expanses for creativity are endless.

The ancient Greeks were active, energetic people who were not afraid to know the world, although he was populated by a hostile man creatures that have fallen into him. In their searches for protection against the terrible natural forces of the Greeks, like all the ancient peoples, passed through fetishism - faith in the spirituality of inanimate nature (stones, wood, metal), which was then preserved in worshiping the beautiful statues depicting their numerous gods. In their beliefs and myths, traces of the animism and the richest superstition of the primitive era can be seen. But the Greeks came pretty early to the anthropomorphism, creating their gods in the image and likeness of people, at the same time, having endured them with indispensable and irreversible qualities - beauty, the ability to take any image and, most importantly, immortality. The adventures of Odyssey, the campaign of the Argonauts for the Golden Rooms - these are imprinted in poetic form all the same aspirations to learn as much as possible about the land on which a person lives. Great Russian Philosopher Losev A.F. argued about the unscientific origin of the myths: "The scientific functions of the Spirit are too distracted to lie at the base of mythology. For mythical consciousness there is no exactly scientific experience. Its impossible to convince him.

It is said that the constancy of nature phenomena should have been made from the earliest to interpret and explain these phenomena and that the myths, therefore, there are these attempts to explain the natural patterns. But this is a purely a priori idea, which with the same success can be replaced by the opposite. In fact, why, in fact, constancy plays a role here and exactly such a role? Since the phenomena proceed constantly and invariably (as a change of day and night or the seasons of the year), which is what it is surprised here and what exactly will make a scientific and explanatory myth? The mythical consciousness rather, perhaps, thinks about some rare, unprecedented, spectacular and single phenomena, and rather, it does not give their causal explanation, but some expressive and picture image. The constancy of the laws of nature is thus the observation on them exactly nothing speaks of an essence or the origin of the myth. "

What we call "Greek mythology," is a complex of legends and legends, heated on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, the islands of the Aegean Sea and the western part of Malaya Asia and those who received literary form. Thus, "Greek mythology" is a cultural heritage not only the Greeks - Ahetsev, Ionians, Doriytsev, Achnians, but also the vigorous tribes - Pelasgov, Tirren, Thracians, Kariytsev, Lidians, Middle, as well as the Phoenicians colonized by a number of Aegean Islands. Hence the extraordinary variety of images, as well as the latitude of the geographical range of the actions of Greek myths. Westerns from the Greek gods and heroes that constantly moved from one place to another - from Crete in Kariya, from Liki to Peloponnese, from Peloponnese to Frace, reflect not so much the mobility of the population already familiar with the seafling, how many complex nature of the formation of myths. Removing the same similarity according to the function of God or Hero in different, often far away from each other, the creators of the myths easier to explain the fact that God himself or hero visited all the places of his worship. So the myths about the wandering of Dionysus, IO, Europe appeared. The exploits of Hercules that have enjoyed almost the entire inhabable world, reflect both the colonial processes (Cretan, Mycenaan, Phoenician, Great Greek Colonization) and the merger of the Argos Hero Hero Hero with many other Greek and non-degraded mythological characters.

Greek felt around himself a varied and powerful life of secret forces. Trees grow like a miracle, and a quiet rustling of leaves are their language; Rivers flow to an unknown distance, and their water - life-giving soil fertilizers; Fire is born, devours his food and dies; The wind rushes more in the mountains, ominous howling, - the incomprehensible forces are opposed to from everywhere, in front of which a primitive person leans and tremble. In an effort to know them and tie a friendly relationship with them, she calls them names and, finally, surrounds itself with many gods. The wretched Greek village had his deity, who was often not known in the nearby settlement. Each phenomenon, almost every occupation had his patron. The names of these special purpose IDs were forgotten when the Olympic gods were established in Greece, who took them, their functions and attributes. In ancient religion there were many evil spirits, the unclean strength that harmed a person in everyday life. They tried to defend themselves with all sorts of magical means: changing, dancing, loud music.

But there were also beautiful gods and goddesses: Persephone (goddess fertility and the kingdom of the dead), Reia (the mother of the Olympic gods), Gaya (Goddess of the Earth), Aphrodite (Goddess of Love). Artemis (always a young goddess of hunting), Gera (patroness of marriages), Ilfia (Rodovnadmogenty). Helios (God of Sun), Poseidon (God of the Seas), Hephaest (God of Fire).

"Not fan, windy goddess Aphrodite interfere in the bloody battle. She wakes up in the hearts of gods and mortals. Thanks to this power, she reigns over the whole world. No one can avoid her power, even gods. Only the warrior of Athena, Gestiya and Artemis are not subordinated to her Power. High, slim, with delicate features of the face, with a soft wave of gold hair, like a crown of lying on her beautiful head, Aphrodite personification of divine beauty and unfavorable adolescence. When she goes, in the brilliance of his beauty, in fragrant clothes, then the sun shines. Flowers bloom more. Wild forest beasts run to her from the thickets of the forest; the birds fly to it, when she walks through the forest. Lions, panthers, leopards and bears lacquer caress her. Quietly goes among wild animals of Aphrodite, proud of their radiant beauty . Her companions of Olya and Harites, the goddess of beauty to the grace, serving her. They dress the goddess into luxurious clothes, combing her malleable hair, walked her head with a sparkling diadem. Near the Kiefe Island Eres were born aphrodite, daughter of uranium, from a snow-white foam of sea waves. Lightweight breeze brought it to the island of Cyprus. There were surrounded by young direph, the goddess of love came out of the sea waves. They enhanced it in golden clothes and crowned a wreath of fragrant flowers. Where only Aphrodite did not step, flowers were growing up lush. All air is full of air fragrance. Eros and hymerto led the wonderful goddess on Olympus. Great gods greeted loudly. Since then, it always lives among the gods of Olympus, Children's Aphrodite, forever young, the most beautiful of the goddesses. "

In the ancient Greek mythology of sirens - supernatural demonic creatures, the floor - women, the floor - birds. They were the daughters of the Muse of Terracian and the river god Aheeloy. From the father of the sirens inherited free, wild temper, and from the mother - a charming, divine voice.

Initially, the sirens were beautiful devices. According to one of the legends, they were turned into birds of Aphrodite, which accepted them for their pride and arrogance. Another legend states that the sirens so have been treated with their singing, which was caused to the competition of music, for which they were punished.

Another version suggests that the sirens were originally nimphs surrounded by the beautiful goddess Persephone. When the goddess stole AID, the angry goddess of the fertility of Demeter turned a siren in birds. And finally, according to the latest version of the legends of the siren, they themselves wanted to turn into birds to find Persephone, but people did not want to help them, and then they settled on a deserted island and began to take revenge on the human genus. Sweet singing Siren Manico sailors to a dangerous island where the ships were broken about the rocks.

• 4. Mythological plots in art
• 1. Greek vases were extremely diverse in shape and sizes. Large amphoras were intended for storage of wine and oil, hydrota with three handles for transferring water, slender narrow leeks for incense, saw wine from a wide ciliary. Compared to the Homeric period, the shape of the VAZ became stricter and more beautiful. Placing paintings on vases and their compositional system are closely related to the plastic form. The development of vase paintings went from schematic, decorative images to a storyline composition.
• 2. The so-called black-phi vasopcript has become greatest during the archaic period. The drawing of the ornament or figure was poured with a black varnish and well released against the background of burnt clay. Sometimes for greater expressiveness, black silhouettes were scratched or covered with thin white lines that emphasize individual details of the crater of masters of clime and ergotim "Vase François", approx. 560 BC, Florence, Archaeological Museum. The famous painter of the middle of the 6th century BC. There was an exeke. His painting at Cilica with the image of Dionysus in Frequent (after 540 BC) is characterized by poetry, a subtle sense of rhythm and perfection of a composition organically related to the appointment and form of a vessel.
• 3. For Peter I, knowledge of mythology meant an introduction to one of the parties to Western civilization, and he not only took possession of these knowledge, but also with the energy peculiar to him in life.

First acquisitions. "Ceres" and "Flora" in the winter of 1707-1708, the first statues and busts in the summer garden appeared. Contemporaries are alone and the fact that they were brought from Poland. However, most likely, under Poland, the current Western Ukraine was implied here, where Peter Great himself was in the spring of 1707. It is known that at the beginning of May, he sent pictures to St. Petersburg, could then lead and works by plastics. From the first collection of summer garden sculpture, most statues did not reach our time. Nevertheless, the plots of them do not cause doubts. It was probably a series of antique god sculptures, personifying seasons. Ceres and, perhaps, "Flora" still decorate the summer garden.

Flora (Heinrich Meyring) is the Italian Goddess of Flowers, in the newest time it was usually considered as an impersonation of spring. It is depicted in a long shirt, in her hands and with her colors, on the head - a wreath of roses. A steam statue depicting the god of the western wind of Marshi, the beloved flora lost. Sculptor Henry Meyring (1628--1723), apparently, came from the Rhine Region. From the late 1670s. And to death worked in Venice and its surroundings, and at the turn of the XVII - XVIII centuries. It was considered almost the most respected among local scales. "Flora" is the last work of the old master marked by the seal of fatigue. It is characteristic that he repeats the composition of his earlier statue of "Flora" here, which was previously stored at Villa Dzaguri in Alticierro (near Padua, Italy).

The book of French painter Rene Menara is a unique phenomenon in world literature. For several decades, it is rightfully called the best work on mythology and art. Menar is the first of scientists who did not just retreat antique myths, but also managed to find their reflection in art.
"Myths in art old and new" is the best guide to the most famous museums of the world! You will open the secrets of great cloths, you will touch the mysteries of the story and know the meaning of the immortal creations of famous painters and sculptors.

Childhood of the gods.
Initial, or primitive, mythology is the figurative, the poetic language that the ancient peoples consumed to explain the phenomena of nature. Everything visible in nature was taken by ancient for the visible image of the Divine: Earth, Sky, Sun, Stars, Mountains, Volcanoes, Rivers, Brooks, Trees - All these were the deities, whose history was chased by ancient poets, and their images were dug out sculptors. The sun was represented by their imagination with a brilliant God, forever struggling against the dark deity - the night; Volcano emanating Lava flows for distant distances, was a giant daring to attack the sky; When the eruption was discontinued, this meant that the Jupiter-winner dropped the doried to hell (tartar); The storm personified the anger Neptune, and wanting to explain the earthquake, the ancient peoples said: "Neptune struck the land with his trident." For the explanation of actions and actions of these gods, countless myths were signed. Pulls in nature, even everyday incidents gave rise to them. So, for example, the myth of the abduction of Gilas Nymphs clearly shows how to understand the poetic language of the ancient myths. The modern language of the newspaper reporter told today, this incident would have introduced us to us in this form: "Our place is excited about the next sad incident: the young Gilas, going to swim in the morning, drowned." The Greeks also set up a touching myth about him, which says: "Gilas was so beautiful that the nymphs kidnapped him and fascinated them on the bottom of the river."

In the initial era of the appearance of the myths of the image of the gods were not, so to speak, portraits of the gods, but only their symbols, and the heads tried to give the features characteristic of each God or turn, the hands held many attributes; Often thanks to the too much of these attributes, the images became scary or comic. They turned with them as people: they were soapy, diminished with fragrant oils and ointments, dressed and decorated with jewels (see Fig. 1). Over time, art was improved, and the Greeks always give their gods human forms, "because," as FIDIA says, "we didn't know any perfectness of human forms." Statues then are then real works of art, immortal masterpieces; The mass of travelers begins to visit the temples, moving no longer only with the piousness, but also the desire to admire these beautiful images. So, for example, Prakkitel Aphrodite in the book attracted all lovers of art and fans of pure beauty.

CONTENT
Childhood of gods 7.
Jupiter (Zeus) 19
Juno (Hera) 27
Fate, or Rock 35
Sleep and Death 43
Hell (Tartar) 52
Conscience 58.
Neptune (Poseidon) and his retinue 69
Polyfem and Galatia 73
River 75.
Nymphs 78.
Warming 82.
Ceres (Demeter) 93
Apollo 104.
Treating Apollo 108.
LIRA (KIFAR) Apollo 115
Music 119.
Orpheus 124.
Apollo arrows 126.
Apollo and Eskulap 129
Helios, or Sun 133
Diana (Artemis), Sister Apollo 138
Castor and Pollux (Dioskurs) 145
Volcano, or Hephaest 148
Prometheus 153.
Dedal 160.
Minerva, or Athena Pallada 164
Gorgon and Perseus 173
Mars, or Ares 180
Venus, or Aphrodite 184
Adonis and Grace 191
Cupid, or Eros, or Cupid 196
Hermes, or Mercury
Pan
Vesta, or Gesti
Vakh, or Dionysis
Silen. Centaur
Birth and Education of Vakha
Heroic or Mystical Vacc
Hercules, or Hercules
Twelve feats of Hercules
Other feats of Hercules and his apotheosis
TEXE
The beginning of the Trojan War. Apple of discord
Elena abduction
Greek kings
Hector
Achilles
Allies Priama
Fate Troy
Drop and Strengthening Troy
Return to the homeland of Greek heroes
Eney and Trojan
Gods of Egypt
Afterword 358.

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Myths and legends of the peoples of the world. T. 1. Ancient Greece Neemirovsky Alexander Iosifovich

Myth in Fine Arts

Myth as a word (this is the meaning of Greek "mythos") was born together with painting on the walls of Paleolithic caves along with singing and dating their inhabitants as part of the ritual. The development of the Greek myth occurs in other conditions - the caves have long been changed to the huts, houses, palaces and temples, stone guns - metal, instead of fingers, artists began to use the brush, even solid rocks of stone, dishes made with the help of a pottery circle were available, not only durable, but also perfect in shape.

Myth gives the themes for ceramics, sometimes used in the burial rites. Gomer's contemporaries were huge vessels decorated with paintings of geometric style, some researchers found a discrepancy between the high technique of gomer stying and "primitivism" of geometric paintings. However, this is not primitivism, but symbolism, far from primitive illustration of mythological plot. Recall that Homer was not a simple retellor, but by the converter myths.

At the Attic Crater VIII century. BC e. A forty-contemplate ship with rowing figures sitting in two rows and a man and a woman who are out of the ship, whose growth is more than in five figures of sitting are depicted. The drawing is called the first researchers "climbing the ship". But on the ship for these giants, there was no place left. Was this amphora was an offer to Kenotaf, delivered by the sailors of the Power Ship? In this case, big figures are mournful gods.

To the first quarter of the VII century. BC e. The largest vessel of a geometric style, signed by clicking and Ergotim, called "Queen VAZ" or, named by the opener, is Francois Vaza. He is an encyclopedia of Greek mythology. In six pictures belts are presented Kalidon hunting, the game in honor of the Patrole, the pursuit of Achilla for Troil, the battle of Pygmeev with cranes and many other plots.

Vase Francois, created by Greek artists, was found in the Etruscan monumental tomb. In Etruria, the Greek myth gained a favorable soil. Regardless of who was the artist - the Greek-migranet or the indigenous etru, the interpretation of the same myth in Etruria and in the actual Greece differs not so much the fact that the Greek names were transmitted to them with the corresponding Etruscan, but a special orientation that takes into account the environment in which images There should have been going on, the mood of society as a whole and its individuals, aristocracy, simpleness, as well as local addictions to those or another heroes.

In the V-IV centuries. BC e. When various art types of painted ceramics existed in Greece, the myth penetrates the Greek life. The gods and heroes depicted on the walls of the vessels become participants in the Greek feasts and a favorite game in Cottab. Together with drinking and food enriched with vision, imagination, spirit. Greek recognized his gods and heroes "in the face" and got used to their new realistic appearance for him.

At the same time, the plots of Greek myths were written monumental paintings by polygnot, Parracia, Appelles and many other artists, which were exhibited in public places. None of these works has been preserved. But their detailed descriptions in the work of the "Description of Eldla" and the book of Philostrat "Pictures", allow us to imagine not only the skill and manner of artists, but also various variants of myths. Monumental painting influenced images of mythological plots on vases.

The creation of a new polis era was the temple thoughtful to the habitat of the Divine and Space in Miniature. His columns, original wooden, saw many goddesses and gods like Nymph, Kuredov, Coribants. And the statues of the gods retained a long time a columnal form. The triangle formed by extreme logs of a roof, the fronton, began to be used to express the art of certain mythological ideas and motifs. At the front of the temple of Artemis on Kerkira, Gorgon is depicted surrounded by a smaller panther. With her repulsive appearance, she was called upon to scare away from the dwellings the Gods death and any evil. The frontones and metops of the archaic temples were decorated with images of the episodes of Greek myths - the abduction of the doskurists of the bull, giantaehi, the exploits of Hercules and Tenese, etc. In the temple itself, the place was allocated for the statuaries of the deities having lived in them. In the second half of the V c. BC e. There were ambitious stones from marble, gold and ivory, creating a majestic look of Zeus, Athens and other Olympic gods, comparable to the power of influence on believers with the works of Homer.

Victims of Greek mythology. These are cult statues and figurines that served offering (guidelines), mythological scenes reproduced on the friezes and fronstones of temples, vessels, funeral steles, mosaics, frescoes, mirrors, carved stones (gemmahs), coins and a variety of artistic craft items. Mythology throughout the centuries-old history of the ancient world gave the art of ideas, topics, images, regardless of whether or not believed in the gods, a primitive or developed society was.

Of course, artists, sculptors, engravers that created works on mythological topics have experienced the influence of classical mythological texts. But if they created not the objects of an antique "shirpotreb", but worked on the temples, the palaces, public buildings, on rich customers, they gave the myths their interpretation. They created great creations, competing with literary works on mythological topics.

From here there is a number of challenging problems when using works of art as a source of study of myths. It is very difficult to say whether the discrepancies between works of art on mythological topics and literary presentation of the myths of the artist's fantasy, the liberty of its approach to their tasks, insufficient awareness or use did not reach us an option of myth. In each case, modern art historian has to answer these questions. These answers, in turn, depend on the belonging of researchers to one or another schools, from their preparation.

5. Treatises on the art of aesthetics of proportionality took more and more complex forms; We find it, in particular, in painting. All treatises about fine arts, from the Byzantine texts of the Afonov monks to Cennino Chennini treatise (XV century), indicate